1
|
Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells use focal adhesions to pull themselves through confined environments. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310067. [PMID: 38889096 PMCID: PMC11187980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical compositions. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin independent. Here, we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix proteins to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal cell focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cells preferentially follow tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions modify the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated focal adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caillier A, Oleksyn D, Fowell DJ, Miller J, Oakes PW. T cells Use Focal Adhesions to Pull Themselves Through Confined Environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562587. [PMID: 37904911 PMCID: PMC10614902 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic and able to migrate through environments with diverse biochemical and mechanical composition. Their migration has classically been defined as amoeboid under the assumption that it is integrin-independent. Here we show that activated primary Th1 T cells require both confinement and extracellular matrix protein to migrate efficiently. This migration is mediated through small and dynamic focal adhesions that are composed of the same proteins associated with canonical mesenchymal focal adhesions, such as integrins, talin, and vinculin. These focal adhesions, furthermore, localize to sites of contractile traction stresses, enabling T cells to pull themselves through confined spaces. Finally, we show that Th1 T cell preferentially follows tracks of other T cells, suggesting that these adhesions are modifying the extracellular matrix to provide additional environmental guidance cues. These results demonstrate not only that the boundaries between amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes are ambiguous, but that integrin-mediated adhesions play a key role in T cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panayotov IV, Végh AG, Martin M, Vladimirov B, Larroque C, Gergely C, Cuisinier FJG, Estephan E. Improving dental epithelial junction on dental implants with bioengineered peptides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1165853. [PMID: 37409165 PMCID: PMC10318435 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1165853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The functionalization of titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) implant surfaces via material-specific peptides influence host/biomaterial interaction. The impact of using peptides as molecular linkers between cells and implant material to improve keratinocyte adhesion is reported. Results: The metal binding peptides (MBP-1, MBP-2) SVSVGMKPSPRP and WDPPTLKRPVSP were selected via phage display and combined with laminin-5 or E-cadherin epithelial cell specific peptides (CSP-1, CSP-2) to engineer four metal-cell specific peptides (MCSPs). Single-cell force spectroscopy and cell adhesion experiments were performed to select the most promising candidate. In vivo tests using the dental implant for rats showed that the selected bi functional peptide not only enabled stable cell adhesion on the trans-gingival part of the dental implant but also arrested the unwanted apical migration of epithelial cells. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the outstanding performance of the bioengineered peptide in improving epithelial adhesion to Ti based implants and pointed towards promising new opportunities for applications in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Panayotov
- LBN, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CSERD, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marta Martin
- L2C, University Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Boyan Vladimirov
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Christian Larroque
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Elias Estephan
- LBN, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The impact of α-synuclein aggregates on blood-brain barrier integrity in the presence of neurovascular unit cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:305-320. [PMID: 36535359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to control trafficking of biomolecules and protect the brain. This function can be compromised by pathological conditions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates (αSN-AGs) such as oligomers and fibrils, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Here we study how αSN-AGs affect the BBB in in vitro co-culturing models consisting of human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells (to overcome inter-species differences) alone and co-cultured with astrocytes and neurons/glial cells. When cultivated on their own, hCMEC/D3 cells were compromised by αSN-AGs, which decreased cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, wound healing activity, TEER value, and enhanced permeability, as well as increased the levels of ROS and NO. Co-culturing of these cells with activated microglia also increased BBB impairment according to TEER and systemic immune cell transmigration assays. In contrast, hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with astrocytes or dopaminergic neurons or simultaneously treated with their conditioned media showed increased resistance against αSN-AGs. Our work demonstrates the complex relationship between members of the neurovascular unit (NVU) (perivascular astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells), αSN-AGs and BBB.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao L, Fu X, Zhang L, Ye Z. Effect of mechanical properties of Jurkat cell on adhesion properties of Jurkat integrin and VCAM-1: An AFM study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112784. [PMID: 36030725 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties play key roles in the immune system, especially the activation, transformation and subsequent effector responses of immune cells. As transmembrane adhesion receptors, integrins mediate the adhesion events of both cells and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin affinity would influence the crosslinking of cytoskeleton, leading to the change of elastic properties of cells. In this study, the cells were treated with F-actin destabilizing agent Cytochalasin-D (Cyt-D), fixed by Glutaraldehyde, and cultivated in hypotonic solution respectively. We used Atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantitatively measure the elasticity of Jurkat cells and adhesion properties between integrins and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and immunofluorescence to study the alteration of cytoskeleton. Glutaraldehyde had a positive effect on the adhesion force and Young's modulus. However, these mechanical properties decreased in a hypotonic environment, confirming the findings of cellular physiological structure. There was no significant difference in the bond strength and elasticity of Jurkat cells treated with Cytochalasin-D, probably because of lower importance of actin in suspension cells. All the treatments in this study pose a negative effect on the adhesion probability between integrins and VCAM-1, which demonstrates the effect of structural alteration of the cytoskeleton on the conformation of integrin. Clear consistency between adhesion force of integrin/VCAM-1 bond and Young's modulus of Jurkat cells was shown. Our results further demonstrated the relationship between cytoskeleton and integrin-ligand by mechanical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Steijn L, Wortel IMN, Sire C, Dupré L, Theraulaz G, Merks RMH. Computational modelling of cell motility modes emerging from cell-matrix adhesion dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009156. [PMID: 35157694 PMCID: PMC8880896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes have been described to perform different motility patterns such as Brownian random walks, persistent random walks, and Lévy walks. Depending on the conditions, such as confinement or the distribution of target cells, either Brownian or Lévy walks lead to more efficient interaction with the targets. The diversity of these motility patterns may be explained by an adaptive response to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Indeed, depending on the ECM composition, lymphocytes either display a floating motility without attaching to the ECM, or sliding and stepping motility with respectively continuous or discontinuous attachment to the ECM, or pivoting behaviour with sustained attachment to the ECM. Moreover, on the long term, lymphocytes either perform a persistent random walk or a Brownian-like movement depending on the ECM composition. How the ECM affects cell motility is still incompletely understood. Here, we integrate essential mechanistic details of the lymphocyte-matrix adhesions and lymphocyte intrinsic cytoskeletal induced cell propulsion into a Cellular Potts model (CPM). We show that the combination of de novo cell-matrix adhesion formation, adhesion growth and shrinkage, adhesion rupture, and feedback of adhesions onto cell propulsion recapitulates multiple lymphocyte behaviours, for different lymphocyte subsets and various substrates. With an increasing attachment area and increased adhesion strength, the cells’ speed and persistence decreases. Additionally, the model predicts random walks with short-term persistent but long-term subdiffusive properties resulting in a pivoting type of motility. For small adhesion areas, the spatial distribution of adhesions emerges as a key factor influencing cell motility. Small adhesions at the front allow for more persistent motility than larger clusters at the back, despite a similar total adhesion area. In conclusion, we present an integrated framework to simulate the effects of ECM proteins on cell-matrix adhesion dynamics. The model reveals a sufficient set of principles explaining the plasticity of lymphocyte motility. During immunosurveillance, lymphocytes patrol through tissues to interact with cancer cells, other immune cells, and pathogens. The efficiency of this process depends on the kinds of trajectories taken, ranging from simple Brownian walks to Lévy walks. The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a network of macromolecules, affects the formation of cell-matrix adhesions, thus strongly influencing the way lymphocytes move. Here, we present a model of lymphocyte motility driven by adhesions that grow, shrink and rupture in response to the ECM and cellular forces. Compared to other models, our model is computationally light making it suitable for generating long term cell track data, while still capturing actin dynamics and adhesion turnover. Our model suggests that cell motility is affected by the force required to break adhesions and the rate at which new adhesions form. Adhesions can promote cell protrusion by inhibiting retrograde actin flow. After introducing this effect into the model, we found that it reduces the cellular diffusivity and that it promotes stick-slip behaviour. Furthermore, location and size of adhesion clusters determined cell persistence. Overall, our model explains the plasticity of lymphocyte behaviour in response to the ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inge M. N. Wortel
- Data Science, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Sire
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) & Université de Toulouse—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guy Theraulaz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) & Université de Toulouse—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silberman J, Jha A, Ryan H, Abbate T, Moore E. Modeled vascular microenvironments: immune-endothelial cell interactions in vitro. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2482-2495. [PMID: 33797034 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of in vitro techniques enables a better understanding of biological processes and improves drug screening platforms. In vitro studies allow for enhanced observation of cell behavior, control over the mimicked microenvironment, and the ability to use human cells. In particular, advances in vascular microenvironment recapitulation are of interest given vasculature influence in cardiovascular vascular diseases and cancer. These investigate alterations in endothelial cell behavior and immune cell interactions with endothelial cells. Specific immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells influence endothelial cell behavior by promoting or inhibiting vasculogenesis through cell-cell interaction or soluble signaling. Results from these studies showcase cell behavior in vascular diseases and in the context of tumor metastasis. In this review, we discuss examples of in vitro studies modeling immune cell-endothelial cell interactions to present methods and recent findings in the field. Schematic showcasing common methods of in vitro experimentation of endothelial-immune cell interactions, including interactions with flow, static culture, or in-direct contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Silberman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Aakanksha Jha
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Holly Ryan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Talia Abbate
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL, Gainesville, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Length of mucin-like domains enhances cell-Ebola virus adhesion by increasing binding probability. Biophys J 2021; 120:781-790. [PMID: 33539790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) hijacks normal physiological processes by apoptotic mimicry to be taken up by the cell it infects. The initial adhesion of the virus to the cell is based on the interaction between T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein, TIM, on the cell surface and phosphatidylserine (PS) on the viral outer surface. Therefore, it is important to understand the interaction between EBOV and PS and TIM, with selective blocking of the interaction as a potential therapy. Recent experimental studies have shown that for TIM-dependent EBOV entry, a mucin-like domain with a length of at least 120 amino acids is required, possibly because of the increase of area of the PS-coated surface sampled. We examine this hypothesis by modeling the process of TIM-PS adhesion using a coarse-grained molecular model. We find that the strength of individual bound PS-TIM pairs is essentially independent of TIM length. TIMs with longer mucin-like domains collectively have higher average binding strengths because of an increase in the probability of binding between EBOV and TIM proteins. Similarly, we find that for larger persistence length (less flexible), the average binding force decreases, again because of a reduction in the probability of binding.
Collapse
|
9
|
Seyfoori A, Barough MS, Amereh M, Jush BK, Lum JJ, Akbari M. Bioengineered tissue models for the development of dynamic immuno-associated tumor models and high-throughput immunotherapy cytotoxicity assays. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:455-473. [PMID: 33253917 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is rapidly developing, with numerous therapies approved over the past decade and more therapies expected to gain approval in the future. However, immunotherapy of solid tumors has been less successful because immunosuppressive barriers limit immune cell trafficking and function against cancer cells. Interactions between suppressive immune cells, cytokines, and inhibitory factors are central to cancer immunotherapy approaches. In this review, we discuss recent advances in utilizing microfluidic platforms for understanding cancer-suppressive immune system interactions. Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated tumor models, infiltrated lymphocyte-mediated tumor models [e.g., natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and macrophages], monocyte-mediated tumor models, and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) tumor models are among the various bioengineered immune cell-cancer cell interactions that we reviewed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Meitham Amereh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Bardia Khun Jush
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Applications of atomic force microscopy in immunology. Front Med 2020; 15:43-52. [PMID: 32820379 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics, a major regulating factor of cellular architecture and biological functions, responds to intrinsic stresses and extrinsic forces exerted by other cells and the extracellular matrix in the microenvironment. Cellular mechanics also acts as a fundamental mediator in complicated immune responses, such as cell migration, immune cell activation, and pathogen clearance. The principle of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its three running modes are introduced for the mechanical characterization of living cells. The peak force tapping mode provides the most delicate and desirable virtues to collect high-resolution images of morphology and force curves. For a concrete description of AFM capabilities, three AFM applications are discussed. These applications include the dynamic progress of a neutrophil-extracellular-trap release by neutrophils, the immunological functions of macrophages, and the membrane pore formation mediated by perforin, streptolysin O, gasdermin D, or membrane attack complex.
Collapse
|
11
|
Goldson TM, Turner KL, Huang Y, Carlson GE, Caggiano EG, Oberhauser AF, Fennewald SM, Burdick MM, Resto VA. Nucleolin mediates the binding of cancer cells to L-selectin under conditions of lymphodynamic shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C83-C93. [PMID: 31644306 PMCID: PMC6985834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells bind to lymphocytes via L-selectin in a shear-dependent manner. This interaction takes place exclusively under low-shear stress conditions, such as those found within the lymph node parenchyma. This represents a novel functional role for L-selectin-selectin ligand interactions. Our previous work has characterized as-of-yet unidentified L-selectin ligands expressed by HNSCC cells that are specifically active under conditions of low shear stress consistent with lymph flow. Using an affinity purification approach, we now show that nucleolin expressed on the surface of HNSCC cells is an active ligand for L-selectin. Parallel plate chamber flow-based experiments and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments show that nucleolin is the main functional ligand under these low-force conditions. Furthermore, AFM shows a clear relationship between work of deadhesion and physiological loading rates. Our results reveal nucleolin as the first major ligand reported for L-selectin that operates under low-shear stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tovë M Goldson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Yinan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Grady E Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Emily G Caggiano
- Biological Sciences Program, Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Susan M Fennewald
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Vicente A Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nanomechanical insights: Amyloid beta oligomer-induced senescent brain endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:183061. [PMID: 31513781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in various peripheral tissues during aging and have been shown to exacerbate age-related inflammatory responses. We recently showed that exposure to neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ1-42) oligomers can readily induce a senescence phenotype in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). In the present work, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to further characterize the morphological properties such as cell membrane roughness and cell height and nanomechanical properties such as Young's modulus of the membrane (membrane stiffness) and adhesion resulting from the interaction between AFM tip and cell membrane in Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced senescent human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Morphological imaging studies showed a flatter and spread-out nucleus in the senescent HBMECs, both characteristic features of a senescent phenotype. Furthermore, the mean cell body roughness and mean cell height were lower in senescent HBMECs compared to untreated normal HBMECs. We also observed increased stiffness and alterations in the adhesion properties in Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced senescent endothelial cells compared to the untreated normal HBMECs suggesting dynamic reorganization of cell membrane. We then show that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) knockdown or overexpression of Rho GTPase Rac 1 in the endothelial cells inhibited senescence and reversed these nanomechanical alterations, confirming a direct role of these pathways in the senescent brain endothelial cells. These results illustrate that nanoindentation and topographic analysis of live senescent brain endothelial cells can provide insights into cerebrovascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
13
|
Calcium-Mediated Biophysical Binding of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts to Surfaces Is Sensitive to Oocyst Age. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00816-19. [PMID: 31253676 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00816-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum causes potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal disease in humans and may not be effectively removed from drinking water via conventional methods. Prior research has shown that environmental biofilms immobilize oocysts from the water column, but the biophysical mechanisms driving this attraction are still under investigation. This study investigates the affinity of C. parvum oocysts to silanized surfaces. Surfaces were prepared with hydroxyl, amine, and carboxyl moieties. Binding forces between the oocysts and these engineered substrates were analyzed, with and without divalent ions, using atomic force microscopy. Binding forces were measured over several weeks to investigate the influence of age on adhesion. C. parvum oocysts bind most strongly to carboxylic acid functional groups, with rupture forces greater than that required to break noncovalent molecular bonds, regardless of oocyst age. This adhesion is shown to be due to divalent cation bridging mechanisms. In addition, the binding strength increases over a 5-week period as the oocysts age, followed by a decrease in the binding strength, which may be related to structural or biochemical changes in the outer wall-bound glycosylated proteins. This study sheds new light on the biochemical parameters that influence C. parvum oocyst binding to surfaces. Increased understanding of how age and water chemistry influence the binding strength of oocysts may inform future developments in environmental detection and drinking water treatment, such as with the development of oocyst-specific sensors that allow for more frequent tracking of oocysts in the environment.IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which pathogens bind to surfaces are of interest to a wide variety of scientific communities, as these mechanisms drive infectivity, fate, and transport of the pathogenic organisms. This study begins to reveal the mechanism of direct binding of Cryptosporidium parvum to surfaces containing both carboxylic acid and amine moieties, in an attempt to understand how much of the binding ability is due to long-range electrostatic forces versus other mechanisms (specific or nonspecific) of bonding. In addition to improving the scientific understanding of fate and transport of oocysts, an expanded understanding of the binding mechanisms may aid in the development of new tools and sensors designed to detect and track oocysts in waterways. Furthermore, the methods used to examine binding in this study could be translated to other waterborne pathogens of interest.
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparison of cell mechanical measurements provided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Micropipette Aspiration (MPA). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:103-115. [PMID: 30986755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of T-lymphocyte mechanical data obtained from Micropipette Aspiration (MPA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is presented. Results obtained by fitting the experimental data to simple Hertz and Theret models led to non-Gaussian distributions and significantly different values of the elastic moduli obtained by both techniques. The use of more refined models, taking into account the finite size of cells (simplified double contact and Zhou models) reduces the differences in the values calculated for the elastic moduli. Several possible sources for the discrepancy between the techniques are considered. The analysis suggests that the local nature of AFM measurements compared with the more general character of MPA measurements probably contributed to the differences observed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kulkarni T, Tam A, Mukhopadhyay D, Bhattacharya S. AFM study: Cell cycle and probe geometry influences nanomechanical characterization of Panc1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:802-812. [PMID: 30763604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscope (AFM) is emerging as an immensely promising tool to study the cellular morphology with a nanometer scale resolution and to analyze nanomechanical properties (NPs) at various physiological conditions. Advancement of AFM technology enables studying living cells and differentiating cancer cell from normal cells based on topography and NPs. Though the trend overlaps from different literature; numerical values of nanomechanical readouts depict variations over a wide range. These anomalies are associated with the experimental setup under study. In this manuscript, we have identified heterogeneity in cell culture system in addition to the selection of AFM probe with specific tip geometry as the major contributors to the above mentioned anomalies. To test our hypothesis, we have used Panc1 cells, which is a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell type. Our results suggest that the cellular morphology, membrane roughness and NPs calculated from AFM study are distinctly influenced by cell cycle. Furthermore, we found that the NPs readout is also significantly associated with AFM tip geometries. The cells were found to be softer in their early resting phase when indented with pyramidal probe and became increasingly stiffer as they progressed through the cell cycles. On the contrary, when indented with the spherical probe, cells in G0/G1 phase were observed to be the stiffest. Such an exhaustive study of the role of cell cycle in influencing the NPs in Panc1 cell line along with the impact of tip geometry on NPs is the first of its kind, to the best of our knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alex Tam
- Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xie L, Sun Z, Hong Z, Brown NJ, Glinskii OV, Rittenhouse-Olson K, Meininger GA, Glinsky VV. Temporal and molecular dynamics of human metastatic breast carcinoma cell adhesive interactions with human bone marrow endothelium analyzed by single-cell force spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204418. [PMID: 30235349 PMCID: PMC6147572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common site of metastasis for breast cancer and the mechanisms of metastasis are not fully elucidated. The purpose of our study was to characterize temporal and molecular dynamics of adhesive interactions between human breast cancer cells (HBCC) and human bone marrow endothelium (HBME) with piconewton resolution using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In adhesion experiments, a single breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231 (MB231) or MDA-MB-435 (MB435) was attached to the AFM cantilever and brought into contact with a confluent HBME monolayer for different time periods (0.5 to 300 sec). The forces required to rupture individual molecular interactions and completely separate interacting cells were analyzed as measures of cell-cell adhesion. Adhesive interactions between HBME and either MB231 or MB435 cells increased progressively as cell-cell contact time was prolonged from 0.5 to 300 sec due to the time-dependent increase in the number and frequency of individual adhesive events, as well as to the involvement of stronger ligand-receptor interactions over time. Studies of the individual molecule involvement revealed that Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF-Ag), galectin-3, integrin-β1, and integrin-α3 are all contributing to HBCC/HBME adhesion to various degrees in a temporally defined fashion. In conclusion, cell-cell contact time enhances adhesion of HBCC to HBME and the adhesion is mediated, in part, by TF-Ag, galectin-3, integrin-α3, and integrin-β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leike Xie
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicola J. Brown
- Microcirculation Research Group, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Olga V. Glinskii
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kate Rittenhouse-Olson
- Department of Biotechnical & Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- For-Robin, Inc, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VVG); (GAM)
| | - Vladislav V. Glinsky
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VVG); (GAM)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li SS, Ogbomo H, Mansour MK, Xiang RF, Szabo L, Munro F, Mukherjee P, Mariuzza RA, Amrein M, Vyas JM, Robbins SM, Mody CH. Identification of the fungal ligand triggering cytotoxic PRR-mediated NK cell killing of Cryptococcus and Candida. Nat Commun 2018; 9:751. [PMID: 29467448 PMCID: PMC5821813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells use the activating receptor NKp30 as a microbial pattern-recognition receptor to recognize, activate cytolytic pathways, and directly kill the fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. However, the fungal pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers NKp30-mediated killing remains to be identified. Here we show that β-1,3-glucan, a component of the fungal cell wall, binds to NKp30. We further demonstrate that β-1,3-glucan stimulates granule convergence and polarization, as shown by live cell imaging. Through Src Family Kinase signaling, β-1,3-glucan increases expression and clustering of NKp30 at the microbial and NK cell synapse to induce perforin release for fungal cytotoxicity. Rather than blocking the interaction between fungi and NK cells, soluble β-1,3-glucan enhances fungal killing and restores defective cryptococcal killing by NK cells from HIV-positive individuals, implicating β-1,3-glucan to be both an activating ligand and a soluble PAMP that shapes NK cell host immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells has been show to mediate fungi killing via the activating receptor NKp30, but the fungal target for NKp30 is still unclear. Here the authors show, using atomic force microscopy and live cell imaging, that β-1,3-glucan is expressed by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans and responsible for NKp30-mediated NK killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard F Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lian Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Fay Munro
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Stephen M Robbins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trache A, Xie L, Huang H, Glinsky VV, Meininger GA. Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy for Adhesion Force Measurements in Mechanotransduction. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1814:515-528. [PMID: 29956252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8591-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive interactions between living cells or ligand-receptor interactions can be studied at the molecular level using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Adhesion force measurements are performed with functionalized AFM probes. In order to measure single ligand-receptor interactions, a cantilever with a pyramidal tip is functionalized with a bio-recognized ligand (e.g., extracellular matrix protein). The ligand-functionalized probe is then brought into contact with a cell in culture to investigate adhesion between the respective probe-bound ligand and endogenously expressed cell surface receptors (e.g., integrins or other adhesion receptor). For experiments designed to examine cell-cell adhesions, a single cell is attached to a tipless cantilever which is then brought into contact with other cultured cells. Force curves are recorded to determine the forces necessary to rupture discrete adhesions between the probe-bound ligand and receptor, or to determine total adhesion force at cell-cell contacts. Here, we describe the procedures for measuring adhesions between (a) fibronectin and α5β1 integrin, and (b) breast cancer cells and bone marrow endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Trache
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Leike Xie
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vladislav V Glinsky
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sundar Rajan V, Laurent VM, Verdier C, Duperray A. Unraveling the Receptor-Ligand Interactions between Bladder Cancer Cells and the Endothelium Using AFM. Biophys J 2017; 112:1246-1257. [PMID: 28355551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells is a key step in cancer metastasis; therefore, identifying the key molecules involved during this process promises to aid in efforts to block the metastatic cascade. We have previously shown that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed by endothelial cells is involved in the interactions of bladder cancer cells (BCs) with the endothelium. However, the ICAM-1 ligands have never been investigated. In this study, we combined adhesion assays and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to identify the ligands involved and to quantify the forces relevant in such interactions. We report the expression of MUC1 and CD43 on BCs, and demonstrate that these ligands interact with ICAM-1 to mediate cancer cell-endothelial cell adhesion in the case of the more invasive BCs. This was achieved with the use of adhesion assays, which showed a strong decrease in the attachment of BCs to endothelial cells when MUC1 and CD43 were blocked by antibodies. In addition, AFM measurements showed a similar decrease, by up to 70%, in the number of rupture events that occurred when MUC1 and CD43 were blocked. When we applied a Gaussian mixture model to the AFM data, we observed a distinct force range for receptor-ligand bonds, which allowed us to precisely identify the interactions of ICAM-1 with MUC1 or CD43. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the rupture events suggested that CD43 is strongly connected to the cytoskeleton and that its interaction with ICAM-1 mainly corresponds to force ramps followed by sudden jumps. In contrast, MUC1 seems to be weakly connected to the cytoskeleton, as its interactions with ICAM-1 are mainly associated with the formation of tethers. This analysis is quite promising and may also be applied to other types of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Sundar Rajan
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, IAB, Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie M Laurent
- CNRS UMR 5588, LIPhy, Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Verdier
- CNRS UMR 5588, LIPhy, Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Duperray
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, IAB, Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Malek-Zietek KE, Targosz-Korecka M, Szymonski M. The impact of hyperglycemia on adhesion between endothelial and cancer cells revealed by single-cell force spectroscopy. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E. Malek-Zietek
- Center for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science; Jagiellonian University; Łojasiewicza 11 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Center for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science; Jagiellonian University; Łojasiewicza 11 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Center for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science; Jagiellonian University; Łojasiewicza 11 30-348 Kraków Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moura Rosa P, Gopalakrishnan N, Ibrahim H, Haug M, Halaas Ø. The intercell dynamics of T cells and dendritic cells in a lymph node-on-a-chip flow device. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3728-40. [PMID: 27560793 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a central role in immunity towards cancer and infectious diseases. T cell responses are initiated in the T cell zone of the lymph node (LN), where resident antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) prime and activate antigen-specific T cells passing by. In the present study, we investigated the T cell : DC interaction in a microfluidic device to understand the intercellular dynamics and physiological conditions in the LN. We show random migration of antigen-specific T cells onto the antigen-presenting DC monolayer independent of the flow direction with a mean T cell : DC dwell time of 12.8 min and a mean velocity of 6 μm min(-1). Furthermore, we investigated the antigen specific vs. unspecific attachment and detachment of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells to DCs under varying shear stress. In our system, CD4(+) T cells showed long stable contacts with APCs, whereas CD8(+) T cells presented transient interactions with DCs. By varying the shear stress from 0.01 to 100 Dyn cm(-2), it was also evident that there was a much stronger attachment of antigen-specific than unspecific T cells to stationary DCs up to 1-12 Dyn cm(-2). The mechanical force of the cell : cell interaction associated with the pMHC-TCR match under controlled tangential shear force was estimated to be in the range of 0.25-4.8 nN. Finally, upon performing attachment & detachment tests, there was a steady accumulation of antigen specific CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells on DCs at low shear stresses, which were released at a stress of 12 Dyn cm(-2). This microphysiological model provides new possibilities to recreate a controlled mechanical force threshold of pMHC-TCR binding, allowing the investigation of intercellular signalling of immune synapses and therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moura Rosa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reinforcement of integrin-mediated T-Lymphocyte adhesion by TNF-induced Inside-out Signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30452. [PMID: 27466027 PMCID: PMC4964354 DOI: 10.1038/srep30452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is a crucial step in immunity against pathogens. Whereas the outside-in signaling pathway in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has already been studied in detail, little knowledge exists about a supposed TNF-mediated inside-out signaling pathway. In contrast to the outside-in signaling pathway, which relies on the TNF-induced upregulation of surface molecules on endothelium, inside-out signaling should also be present in an endothelium-free environment. Using single-cell force spectroscopy, we show here that stimulating Jurkat cells with TNF significantly reinforces their adhesion to fibronectin in a biomimetic in vitro assay for cell-surface contact times of about 1.5 seconds, whereas for larger contact times the effect disappears. Analysis of single-molecule ruptures further demonstrates that TNF strengthens sub-cellular single rupture events at short cell-surface contact times. Hence, our results provide quantitative evidence for the significant impact of TNF-induced inside-out signaling in the T-lymphocyte initial adhesion machinery.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cell substratum adhesion during early development of Dictyostelium discoideum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106574. [PMID: 25247557 PMCID: PMC4172474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetative and developed amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum gain traction and move rapidly on a wide range of substrata without forming focal adhesions. We used two independent assays to quantify cell-substrate adhesion in mutants and in wild-type cells as a function of development. Using a microfluidic device that generates a range of hydrodynamic shear stress, we found that substratum adhesion decreases at least 10 fold during the first 6 hr of development of wild type cells. This result was confirmed using a single-cell assay in which cells were attached to the cantilever of an atomic force probe and allowed to adhere to untreated glass surfaces before being retracted. Both of these assays showed that the decrease in substratum adhesion was dependent on the cAMP receptor CAR1 which triggers development. Vegetative cells missing talin as the result of a mutation in talA exhibited slightly reduced adhesive properties compared to vegetative wild-type cells. In sharp contrast to wild-type cells, however, these talA mutant cells did not show further reduction of adhesion during development such that after 5 hr of development they were significantly more adhesive than developed wild type cells. In addition, both assays showed that substrate adhesion was reduced in 0 hr cells when the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted by latrunculin. Consistent with previous observations, substrate adhesion was also reduced in 0 hr cells lacking the membrane proteins SadA or SibA as the result of mutations in sadA or sibA. However, there was no difference in the adhesion properties between wild type AX3 cells and these mutant cells after 6 hr of development, suggesting that neither SibA nor SadA play an essential role in substratum adhesion during aggregation. Our results provide a quantitative framework for further studies of cell substratum adhesion in Dictyostelium.
Collapse
|
24
|
Laurent VM, Duperray A, Sundar Rajan V, Verdier C. Atomic force microscopy reveals a role for endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression in bladder cancer cell adherence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98034. [PMID: 24857933 PMCID: PMC4032264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex process involving cell-cell interactions mediated by cell adhesive molecules. In this study we determine the adhesion strength between an endothelial cell monolayer and tumor cells of different metastatic potentials using Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the rupture forces of receptor-ligand bonds increase with retraction speed and range between 20 and 70 pN. It is shown that the most invasive cell lines (T24, J82) form the strongest bonds with endothelial cells. Using ICAM-1 coated substrates and a monoclonal antibody specific for ICAM-1, we demonstrate that ICAM-1 serves as a key receptor on endothelial cells and that its interactions with ligands expressed by tumor cells are correlated with the rupture forces obtained with the most invasive cancer cells (T24, J82). For the less invasive cancer cells (RT112), endothelial ICAM-1 does not seem to play any role in the adhesion process. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the distribution of rupture forces suggests that ICAM-1 interacts preferentially with one ligand on T24 cancer cells and with two ligands on J82 cancer cells. Possible counter receptors for these interactions are CD43 and MUC1, two known ligands for ICAM-1 which are expressed by these cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie M. Laurent
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Duperray
- INSERM, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vinoth Sundar Rajan
- INSERM, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Verdier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pillet F, Chopinet L, Formosa C, Dague E. Atomic Force Microscopy and pharmacology: from microbiology to cancerology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1028-50. [PMID: 24291690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used to study biological samples. Researchers take advantage of its ability to image living samples to increase our fundamental knowledge (biophysical properties/biochemical behavior) on living cell surface properties, at the nano-scale. SCOPE OF REVIEW AFM, in the imaging modes, can probe cells morphological modifications induced by drugs. In the force spectroscopy mode, it is possible to follow the nanomechanical properties of a cell and to probe the mechanical modifications induced by drugs. AFM can be used to map single molecule distribution at the cell surface. We will focus on a collection of results aiming at evaluating the nano-scale effects of drugs, by AFM. Studies on yeast, bacteria and mammal cells will illustrate our discussion. Especially, we will show how AFM can help in getting a better understanding of drug mechanism of action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that AFM is a versatile tool, useful in pharmacology. In microbiology, it has been used to study the drugs fighting Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major conclusions are a better understanding of the microbes' cell wall and of the drugs mechanism of action. In cancerology, AFM has been used to explore the effects of cytotoxic drugs or as an innovative diagnostic technology. AFM has provided original results on cultured cells, cells extracted from patient and directly on patient biopsies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review enhances the interest of AFM technologies for pharmacology. The applications reviewed range from microbiology to cancerology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS-UMR 5089, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Formosa
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS; ITAV-USR 3505; F31106 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Molnár J, Haskó J, Végh AG, Cervenak L, Nagyőszi P, Nyúl-Tóth A, Farkas AE, Bauer H, Guillemin GJ, Bauer HC, Váró G, Krizbai IA. Role of Rho/ROCK signaling in the interaction of melanoma cells with the blood-brain barrier. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:113-23. [PMID: 24148763 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the interaction of metastatic melanoma cells with the brain endothelium. ROCK inhibition induced a shift of melanoma cells to the mesenchymal phenotype, increased the number of melanoma cells attached to the brain endothelium, and strengthened the adhesion force between melanoma and endothelial cells. Inhibition of ROCK raised the number of melanoma cells migrating through the brain endothelial monolayer and promoted the formation of parenchymal brain metastases in vivo. We have shown that inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway in melanoma, but not in brain endothelial cells, is responsible for this phenomenon. Our results indicate that the mesenchymal type of tumor cell movement is primordial in the transmigration of melanoma cells through the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jaczewska J, Abdulreda MH, Yau CY, Schmitt MM, Schubert I, Berggren PO, Weber C, Koenen RR, Moy VT, Wojcikiewicz EP. TNF-α and IFN-γ promote lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial junctional regions facilitating transendothelial migration. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:265-74. [PMID: 24072879 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions induce redistribution of junctional adhesion receptors toward the apical regions of endothelial cells promoting lymphocyte TEM. Much of the molecular structures of TEM have been revealed; however, the biophysical mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we used immunofluorescence microscopy and AFM to study endothelial distribution of adhesion molecules upon lymphocyte activation and transmigration. Our immunofluorescence results revealed redistribution of JAM-A and PECAM-1 but not ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 toward the apical junctional regions of HUVECs following a 6-h stimulation with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Consistently, our SCFS studies revealed that Jurkat cell adhesion to stimulated HUVEC monolayers was significantly greater in junctional regions. Enhanced adhesion was mediated mostly by JAM-A receptors. Further AFM adhesion mapping of the homophilic JAM-A/JAM-A interaction on the surfaces of HUVECs revealed a greater number of JAM-A receptors available for binding along junctional regions after TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation. Our data reveal for the first time that adhesion "hot spots" of JAM-A receptors are involved in initiating lymphocyte TEM under inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jaczewska
- 1.Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Curty N, Kubitschek-Barreira PH, Neves GW, Gomes D, Pizzatti L, Abdelhay E, Souza GHMF, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Discovering the infectome of human endothelial cells challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus applying a mass spectrometry label-free approach. J Proteomics 2013; 97:126-40. [PMID: 23886778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Blood vessel invasion is a key feature of invasive aspergillosis. This angioinvasion process contributes to tissue thrombosis, which can impair the access of leukocytes and antifungal drugs to the site of infection. It has been demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are activated and assume a prothrombotic phenotype following contact with Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae or germlings, a process that is independent of fungus viability. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this pathogen can activate endothelial cells, together with the endothelial pathways that are involved in this process, remain unknown. Using a label-free approach by High Definition Mass Spectrometry (HDMS(E)), differentially expressed proteins were identified during HUVEC-A. fumigatus interaction. Among these, 89 proteins were determined to be up- or down-regulated, and another 409 proteins were exclusive to one experimental condition: the HUVEC control or HUVEC:AF interaction. The in silico predictions provided a general view of which biological processes and/or pathways were regulated during HUVEC:AF interaction, and they mainly included cell signaling, immune response and hemostasis pathways. This work describes the first global proteomic analysis of HUVECs following interaction with A. fumigatus germlings, the fungus morphotype that represents the first step of invasion and dissemination within the host. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE A. fumigatus causes the main opportunistic invasive fungal infection related to neutropenic hematologic patients. One of the key steps during the establishment of invasive aspergillosis is angioinvasion but the mechanism associated with the interaction of A. fumigatus with the vascular endothelium remains unknown. The identification of up- and down-regulated proteins expressed by human endothelial cells in response to the fungus infection can contribute to reveal the mechanism of endothelial response and, to understand the physiopathology of this high mortality disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Curty
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P H Kubitschek-Barreira
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G W Neves
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Gomes
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Pizzatti
- Laboratório de Células-Tronco, Divisão de laboratórios do CEMO, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Abdelhay
- Laboratório de Células-Tronco, Divisão de laboratórios do CEMO, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G H M F Souza
- MS Applications Research and Development Laboratory, Waters Corporation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia Celular e Proteômica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shao W, Jin H, Huang J, Qiu B, Xia R, Deng Z, Cai J, Chen Y. AFM investigation on Ox-LDL-induced changes in cell spreading and cell-surface adhesion property of endothelial cells. SCANNING 2013; 35:119-126. [PMID: 22833475 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and adhesion properties of endothelium play vital roles during atherosclerosis. It is well known that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) influences many physiological activities or mechanical properties of endothelial cells. However, the effects of Ox-LDL on the integrity and nonspecific adhesion properties of endothelial cells are still unclear. In this study, using the topographical imaging and force measurement functions of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that Ox-LDL can transiently weaken the integrity of endothelium by impairing cell spreading of endothelial cells and decrease the attachment of irrelevant blood cells to endothelium by impairing the nonspecific adhesion property of endothelial cells. The AFM-based data provide important information for understanding the effects of Ox-LDL on endothelial cells or during atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Single-cell force spectroscopy: mechanical insights into the functional impacts of interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Immunol Res 2012; 53:108-14. [PMID: 22434515 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antigen recognition and discrimination by T lymphocyte are essential in initiating appropriate immune responses. The mechanisms underlying exquisite sensitivity and specificity of antigen discrimination are not fully elucidated but involved physical intercellular interactions between T cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC). The specificity of T-cell activation is tightly regulated by T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of antigenic peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) glycoproteins on the cell surface of APC. Antigen recognition via TCR/pMHC interactions, together with other co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules, are spatially organized into the two-dimensional contact zone between T cells and APC, resulting in the formation of an immune synapse (IS). Here, we will review current implementations and applications of a cutting-edge biophysical technique, namely single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) that allows us to quantify mechanical forces of IS at APC/T cell-cell contact. The functional impacts of the mechanical strength in regulating T-cell functional activity will be discussed. We will also describe limitations of SCFS techniques, and outline recent investigations focusing on the functional roles of IS as mechanotransducer in regulating T-cell activities.
Collapse
|
31
|
Torun H, Finkler O, Degertekin FL. Atomic force microscope based biomolecular force-clamp measurements using a micromachined electrostatic actuator. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 122:26-31. [PMID: 22960003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a method for biomolecular force clamp measurements using atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers and micromachined membrane-based electrostatic actuators. The actuators comprise of Parylene membranes with embedded side actuation electrodes and are fabricated on a silicon substrate. The devices have a displacement range of 1.8 μm with 200 V actuation voltage, and displacement uncertainty is 0.8 nm, including the noise and drift. The settling time, limited by the particular amplifier is 5 ms, with an inherent range down to 20 μs. A force clamp measurement setup using these actuators in a feedback loop has been used to measure bond life-times between human IgG and anti-human IgG molecules to demonstrate the feasibility of this method for biological experiments. The experimental findings are compared with a molecular pulling experiment and the results are found to be in good agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Torun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, TR-34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Szczygiel AM, Brzezinka G, Targosz-Korecka M, Chlopicki S, Szymonski M. Elasticity changes anti-correlate with NO production for human endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:487-96. [PMID: 22160395 PMCID: PMC3276767 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a critical cytokine that is involved in systemic inflammatory response and contributes to the activation of the pro-inflammatory phenotype of the endothelium. In the present study, effects of TNF-α on morphology and elasticity of endothelium in relation to the production of NO and actin fiber reorganization were analyzed in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. The cells were incubated in MCDB medium solution and stimulated with [Formula: see text] of TNF-α. Atomic force microscopy measurements have enabled characterization of cell morphology and elastic properties in physiological conditions. The spectrophotometric Griess method was applied to estimate nitric oxide (NO) production of the cells. We demonstrated that TNF-α-induced changes in elasticity of endothelium anti-correlate with NO production and are associated with the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M. Szczygiel
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Brzezinka
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Medical College and Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Q, Wang M, Li S, Xing X, Liu X, Dong S, Cai J. AFM detection of mitogen-induced morphological changes in human B lymphocyte. SCANNING 2012; 34:60-67. [PMID: 21796643 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
B-lymphocyte activation plays an important role in humoral immune system, and its process has been studied well in vivo and in vitro. However, the ultrastructure and adhesion property changes remain unclear. In this study, changes in the morphology and mechanical properties of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes were first studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). B lymphocytes were treated with the mitogen, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) for 24 hr. After B lymphocyte is stimulated by the mitogen, the cell height, diameter, and volume are changed in different degree. The ultrastructure of the B lymphocytes membrane obviously displayed proteins gathering, corresponding with larger changes of average roughness and mean height of particles on cell membrane. Meanwhile, we detected the adhesion force of B lymphocytes after being stimulated by PWM and SAC. We found that the treated cells had a higher adhesion force of 304.16 ± 60.30 pN (PWM) and 249.63 ± 58.03 pN (SAC) than that of control group (104.28 ± 21.77 pN). Therefore, our results could provide new information to further understand the B-lymphocyte activation process and their structure-function analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Technology College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lim TS, Mortellaro A, Lim CT, Hämmerling GJ, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. Mechanical interactions between dendritic cells and T cells correlate with T cell responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:258-65. [PMID: 21622857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag recognition is achieved through the communication across intercellular contacts between T cells and APCs such as dendritic cells (DC). Despite remarkable progress in delineating detailed molecular components at the intercellular contacts, little is known about the functional roles of physical cross-junctional adhesion between T and DC in shaping T cell responses. In addition, the mechanisms underlying sensitivity and specificity of Ag discrimination by T cells at intercellular contacts remain to be elucidated. In this study, we use single-cell force spectroscopy to probe the mechanical interactions between DC and T cells in response to stimulation with a panel of altered peptide ligands. The results show that intercellular interactions of DC-T cell conjugates exhibited different ranges of interaction forces in peptide-dependent manners that match the ability of the peptides to activate T cells. Elevated calcium mobilization and IL-2 secretion by T cells were only promoted in response to antigenic peptides that induce strong interaction forces, suggesting that mechanically stable DC-T cell contacts are crucial for driving T cell activation. Strong interactions were not solely dependent on cell-surface molecules such as TCRs and the adhesion molecule LFA-1, but were also controlled by cytoskeletal dynamics and the integrity of membrane lipid rafts. These data provide novel mechanical insights into the effect of Ag affinity on intercellular contacts that align with T cell responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Seng Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138648 Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hoffmann SC, Cohnen A, Ludwig T, Watzl C. 2B4 Engagement Mediates Rapid LFA-1 and Actin-Dependent NK Cell Adhesion to Tumor Cells as Measured by Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2757-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
36
|
Carey SP, Charest JM, Reinhart-King CA. Forces During Cell Adhesion and Spreading: Implications for Cellular Homeostasis. CELLULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR MECHANICS AND MECHANOBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
37
|
Hosseini BH, Louban I, Djandji D, Wabnitz GH, Deeg J, Bulbuc N, Samstag Y, Gunzer M, Spatz JP, Hämmerling GJ. Immune synapse formation determines interaction forces between T cells and antigen-presenting cells measured by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17852-7. [PMID: 19822763 PMCID: PMC2764924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905384106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During adaptive immune responses, T lymphocytes recognize antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition results in the formation of a so-called immune synapse (IS) at the T-cell/APC interface, which is crucial for T-cell activation. The molecular composition of the IS has been extensively studied, but little is known about the biophysics and interaction forces between T cells and APCs. Here, we report the measurement of interaction forces between T cells and APCs employing atomic force microscopy (AFM). For these investigations, specific T cells were selected that recognize an antigenic peptide presented by MHC-class II molecules on APCs. Dynamic analysis of T-cell/APC interaction by AFM revealed that in the presence of antigen interaction forces increased from 1 to 2 nN at early time-points to a maximum of approximately 14 nN after 30 min and decreased again after 60 min. These data correlate with the kinetics of synapse formation that also reached a maximum after 30 min, as determined by high-throughput multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Because the integrin lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counterpart intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are prominent members of a mature IS, the effect of a small molecular inhibitor for LFA-1, BIRT377, was investigated. BIRT377 almost completely abolish the interaction forces, emphasizing the importance of LFA-1/ICAM-1-interactions for firm T-cell/APC adhesion. In conclusion, using biophysical measurements, this study provides precise values for the interaction forces between T cells and APCs and demonstrates that these forces develop over time and are highest when synapse formation is maximal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak H. Hosseini
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilia Louban
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Djandji
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido H. Wabnitz
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadja Bulbuc
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University-Magdeburg, Leipziger-Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter J. Hämmerling
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu Y, Lu H, Cai J, He X, Hu Y, Zhao H, Wang X. Membrane Surface Nanostructures and Adhesion Property of T Lymphocytes Exploited by AFM. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:942-7. [PMID: 20596371 PMCID: PMC2894100 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes plays a very important role in T-cell-mediated immune response. Though there are many related literatures, the changes of membrane surface nanostructures and adhesion property of T lymphocytes at different activation stages have not been reported yet. However, these investigations will help us further understand the biophysical and immunologic function of T lymphocytes in the context of activation. In the present study, the membrane architectures of peripheral blood T lymphocytes were obtained by AFM, and adhesion force of the cell membrane were measured by acquiring force-distance curves. The results indicated that the cell volume increased with the increases of activation time, whereas membrane surface adhesion force decreased, even though the local stiffness for resting and activated cells is similar. The results provided complementary and important data to further understand the variation of biophysical properties of T lymphocytes in the context of in vitro activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhe Wu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsong Lu
- Institution for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhui He
- Institution for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - HongXia Zhao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510090, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stevens MJ, Donato LJ, Lower SK, Sahai N. Oxide-dependent adhesion of the Jurkat line of T lymphocytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:6270-6278. [PMID: 19341241 DOI: 10.1021/la8040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion force of Jurkat cells was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in aqueous solution at pH 7.2 on six metal oxide surfaces, namely, two quartz (alpha-SiO2) crystal faces, amorphous SiO2 glass, rutile (alpha-TiO2), muscovite mica (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2), and polycrystalline corundum (alpha-Al2O3). We show quantitatively for the first time that the T lymphocyte adhesion force and adhesion work correlates with substrate point of zero charge, indicating greater adsorption on surfaces with smaller negative charge. Adhesion events also exhibited sawtooth-shaped force-distance profiles indicative of protein bonds. No significant correlations were found with oxide Hamaker constants, indicating negligible contributions from van der Waals forces, nor with surface roughness. These results suggest that, when cell-surface receptors are not activated, Jurkat cell adhesion is dominated by specific interactions related to the unfolding of modular glycoproteins or other proteins that are not unique to T-cell surfaces and by electrostatic forces between negatively charged glycoproteins and variably charged oxide surfaces. Our results have implications for the interactions of immune system cells with metal oxides present in the human body either by design as in biomedical applications or inadvertently such as inhaled mineral dust particles in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Stevens
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, 1215 W. Dayton Street, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang K, Solis-Wever X, Aguas C, Liu Y, Li P, Pappas D. Differential Mobility Cytometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3334-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900277y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Ximena Solis-Wever
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Charmaine Aguas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Human antibodies targeting cell surface antigens overexpressed by the hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer cells: ICAM-1 is a tumor antigen that mediates prostate cancer cell invasion. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:507-14. [PMID: 19219419 PMCID: PMC2796542 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transition from hormone-sensitive to hormone-refractory metastatic tumor types poses a major challenge for prostate cancer treatment. Tumor antigens that are differentially expressed during this transition are likely to play important roles in imparting prostate cancer cells with the ability to grow in a hormone-deprived environment and to metastasize to distal sites such as the bone and thus, are likely targets for therapeutic intervention. To identify those molecules and particularly cell surface antigens that accompany this transition, we studied the changes in cell surface antigenic profiles between a hormone-sensitive prostate cancer line LNCaP and its hormone-refractory derivative C4-2B, using an antibody library-based affinity proteomic approach. We selected a naïve phage antibody display library to identify human single-chain antibodies that bind specifically to C4-2B but not LNCaP. Using mass spectrometry, we identified one of the antibody-targeted antigens as the ICAM-1/CD54/human rhinovirus receptor. Recombinant IgG1 derived from this single-chain antibody binds to a neutralizing epitope of ICAM-1 and blocks C4-2B cell invasion through extracellular matrix in vitro. ICAM-1 is thus differentially expressed during the transition of the hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP to its hormone-refractory derivative C4-2B, plays an important role in imparting the C4-2B line with the ability to invade, and may therefore be a target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
42
|
Khismatullin DB. Chapter 3 The Cytoskeleton and Deformability of White Blood Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(09)64003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
43
|
Pfaff D, Héroult M, Riedel M, Reiss Y, Kirmse R, Ludwig T, Korff T, Hecker M, Augustin HG. Involvement of endothelial ephrin-B2 in adhesion and transmigration of EphB-receptor-expressing monocytes. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3842-50. [PMID: 18957513 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a crucial interface that controls the recruitment of circulating leukocytes. Based on the luminal expression of the ephrin-B2 ligand by endothelial cells (ECs) and the expression of EphB receptors (EphBRs) by circulating monocytes, we hypothesized that EphBR-ephrinB interactions are involved in monocyte adhesion. Adhesion experiments with monocytic cells were performed on ECs that overexpressed either full-length ephrin-B2 or cytoplasmically truncated ephrin-B2 (DeltaC-ephrin-B2). Atomic force microscopy confirmed similar adhesive strengths of EphBR-expressing J774 cells to ECs that either overexpressed full-length ephrin-B2 or truncated DeltaC-ephrin-B2 (1-minute interaction). Yet, adhesion experiments under static or flow conditions for 30 minutes demonstrated the preferential adhesion of monocytic cells to ECs that overexpressed full-length ephrin-B2 but not to DeltaC-ephrin-B2 or to ECs that had been mock transduced. Adhesion was blocked by ephrin-B2-specific and EphBR-specific antibodies. Correspondingly, adhesion of EphB4-receptor-overexpressing monocytes to ephrin-B2-positive ECs was further augmented. Trafficking experiments of cell-surface molecules revealed that, prior to internalization, the resulting EphB4-receptor-ephrin-B2 complex translocated from the luminal surface to inter-endothelial junctions. Lastly, full-length ephrin-B2 in ECs was also involved in monocyte transmigration. Collectively, our study identifies a role of EphBR-ephrinB interactions as a new step in the cascade of events leading to monocyte adhesion and transmigration through the vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pfaff
- Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hsiao S, Crow A, Lam W, Bertozzi C, Fletcher D, Francis M. DNA-Coated AFM Cantilevers for the Investigation of Cell Adhesion and the Patterning of Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
45
|
Helenius J, Heisenberg CP, Gaub HE, Muller DJ. Single-cell force spectroscopy. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1785-91. [PMID: 18492792 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.030999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled adhesion of cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix is crucial for tissue development and maintenance. Numerous assays have been developed to quantify cell adhesion. Among these, the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) has recently been established. This assay permits the adhesion of living cells to be studied in near-physiological conditions. This implementation of AFM allows unrivaled spatial and temporal control of cells, as well as highly quantitative force actuation and force measurement that is sufficiently sensitive to characterize the interaction of single molecules. Therefore, not only overall cell adhesion but also the properties of single adhesion-receptor-ligand interactions can be studied. Here we describe current implementations and applications of SCFS, as well as potential pitfalls, and outline how developments will provide insight into the forces, energetics and kinetics of cell-adhesion processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Helenius
- Biotechnology Center, University of Technology Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Davis DM, Sowinski S. Membrane nanotubes: dynamic long-distance connections between animal cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:431-6. [PMID: 18431401 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane nanotubes are transient long-distance connections between cells that can facilitate intercellular communication (for example, by trafficking vesicles or transmitting calcium-mediated signals), but they can also contribute to pathologies (for example, by directing the spread of viruses). Recent data have revealed considerable heterogeneity in their structures, processes of formation and functional properties, in part dependent on the cell types involved. Despite recent progress in this young research field, further research is sorely needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hsiao SC, Crow AK, Lam WA, Bertozzi CR, Fletcher DA, Francis MB. DNA-coated AFM cantilevers for the investigation of cell adhesion and the patterning of live cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8473-7. [PMID: 18798192 PMCID: PMC2748828 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of receptor adhesion strength requires the precise manipulation of single cells on a contact surface. To attach live cells to a moveable probe, DNA sequences complementary to strands displayed on the plasma membrane are introduced onto AFM cantilevers (see picture, bp=base pairs). The strength of the resulting linkages can be tuned by varying the length of DNA strands, allowing for controlled transport of the cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonny C Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ludwig T, Kirmse R, Poole K, Schwarz US. Probing cellular microenvironments and tissue remodeling by atomic force microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2007; 456:29-49. [PMID: 18058123 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The function of cells is strongly determined by the properties of their extracellular microenvironment. Biophysical parameters like environmental stiffness and fiber orientation in the surrounding matrix are important determinants of cell adhesion and migration. Processes like tissue maintenance, wound repair, cancer cell invasion, and morphogenesis depend critically on the ability of cells to actively sense and remodel their surroundings. Pericellular proteolytic activity and adaptation of migration tactics to the environment are strategies to achieve this aim. Little is known about the distinct regulatory mechanisms that are involved in these processes. The system's critical biophysical and biochemical determinants are well accessible by atomic force microscopy (AFM), a unique tool for functional, nanoscale probing and morphometric, high-resolution imaging of processes in live cells. This review highlights common principles of tissue remodeling and focuses on application examples of different AFM techniques, for example elasticity mapping, the combination of AFM and fluorescence microscopy, the morphometric imaging of proteolytic activity, and force spectroscopy applications of single molecules or individual cells. To achieve a more complete understanding of the processes underlying the interaction of cells with their environments, the combination of AFM force spectroscopy experiments will be essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ludwig
- Group Microenvironment of Tumor Cell Invasion, German Cancer Research Center, BIOQUANT-Zentrum; BQ 0009 NWG Ludwig, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lugmaier RA, Schedin S, Kühner F, Benoit M. Dynamic restacking of Escherichia Coli P-pili. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 37:111-20. [PMID: 17554533 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
P-pili of uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediate the attachment to epithelial cells in the human urinary tract and kidney and therefore play an important role in infection. A better understanding of this mechanism could help to prevent bacteria from spreading but also provides interesting insights into molecular mechanics for future nanotech applications. The helical rod design of P-pili provides an efficient design to withstand hydrodynamic shear forces. The adhesive PapG unit at the distal end of the P-pilus forms a specific bond with the glycolipid Galabiose. This bond has a potential width Deltax = 0.7 +/- 0.15 nm and a dissociation rate K (Off) = 8.0.10(-4) +/- 5.0.10(-4) s(-1). It withstands a force of approximately 49 pN under physiological conditions. Additionally, we analyzed the behavior of unstacking and restacking of the P-pilus with dynamic force spectroscopy at velocities between 200 and 7,000 nm/s. Up to a critical extension of 66% of the totally stretched P-pilus, un/re-stacking was found to be fully reversible at velocities up to 200 nm/s. If the P-pilus is stretched beyond this critical extension a characteristic hysteresis appears upon restacking. This hysteresis originates from a nucleation process comparable to a first-order phase transition in an undercooled liquid. Analysis of the measurement data suggests that 20 PapA monomers are involved in the formation of a nucleation kernel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lugmaier
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rico F, Roca-Cusachs P, Sunyer R, Farré R, Navajas D. Cell dynamic adhesion and elastic properties probed with cylindrical atomic force microscopy cantilever tips. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:459-66. [PMID: 17891755 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is required for essential biological functions such as migration, tissue formation and wound healing, and it is mediated by individual molecules that bind specifically to ligands on other cells or on the extracellular matrix. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been successfully used to measure cell adhesion at both single molecule and whole cell levels. However, the measurement of inherent cell adhesion properties requires a constant cell-probe contact area during indentation, a requirement which is not fulfilled in common pyramidal or spherical AFM tips. We developed a procedure using focused ion beam (FIB) technology by which we modified silicon pyramidal AFM cantilever tips to obtain flat-ended cylindrical tips with a constant and known area of contact. The tips were validated on elastic gels and living cells. Cylindrical tips showed a fairly linear force-indentation behaviour on both gels and cells for indentations >200 nm. Cylindrical tips coated with ligands were used to quantify inherent dynamic cell adhesion and elastic properties. Force, work of adhesion and elasticity showed a marked dynamic response. In contrast, the deformation applied to the cells before rupture was fairly constant within the probed dynamic range. Taken together, these results suggest that the dynamic adhesion strength is counterbalanced by the dynamic elastic response to keep a constant cell deformation regardless of the applied pulling rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Rico
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|