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Dey S, Bhat A, Janani G, Shandilya V, Gupta R, Mandal BB. Microfluidic human physiomimetic liver model as a screening platform for drug induced liver injury. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122627. [PMID: 38823194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The pre-clinical animal models often fail to predict intrinsic and idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), thus contributing to drug failures in clinical trials, black box warnings and withdrawal of marketed drugs. This suggests a critical need for human-relevant in vitro models to predict diverse DILI phenotypes. In this study, a porcine liver extracellular matrix (ECM) based biomaterial ink with high printing fidelity, biocompatibility and tunable rheological and mechanical properties is formulated for supporting both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Further, we applied 3D printing and microfluidic technology to bioengineer a human physiomimetic liver acinus model (HPLAM), recapitulating the radial hepatic cord-like structure with functional sinusoidal microvasculature network, biochemical and biophysical properties of native liver acinus. Intriguingly, the human derived hepatic cells incorporated HPLAM cultured under physiologically relevant microenvironment, acts as metabolic biofactories manifesting enhanced hepatic functionality, secretome levels and biomarkers expression over several weeks. We also report that the matured HPLAM reproduces dose- and time-dependent hepatotoxic response of human clinical relevance to drugs typically recognized for inducing diverse DILI phenotypes as compared to conventional static culture. Overall, the developed HPLAM emulates in vivo like functions and may provide a useful platform for DILI risk assessment to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Amritha Bhat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - G Janani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vartik Shandilya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Raghvendra Gupta
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Xia M, Varmazyad M, Palacin IP, Gavlock DC, Debiasio R, LaRocca G, Reese C, Florentino R, Faccioli LAP, Brown JA, Vernetti LA, Schurdak ME, Stern AM, Gough A, Behari J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Taylor DL, Miedel M. Comparison of Wild-Type and High-risk PNPLA3 variants in a Human Biomimetic Liver Microphysiology System for Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease Precision Therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590608. [PMID: 38712213 PMCID: PMC11071381 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a worldwide health epidemic with a global occurrence of approximately 30%. The pathogenesis of MASLD is a complex, multisystem disorder driven by multiple factors including genetics, lifestyle, and the environment. Patient heterogeneity presents challenges for developing MASLD therapeutics, creation of patient cohorts for clinical trials and optimization of therapeutic strategies for specific patient cohorts. Implementing pre-clinical experimental models for drug development creates a significant challenge as simple in vitro systems and animal models do not fully recapitulate critical steps in the pathogenesis and the complexity of MASLD progression. To address this, we implemented a precision medicine strategy that couples the use of our liver acinus microphysiology system (LAMPS) constructed with patient-derived primary cells. We investigated the MASLD-associated genetic variant PNPLA3 rs738409 (I148M variant) in primary hepatocytes, as it is associated with MASLD progression. We constructed LAMPS with genotyped wild type and variant PNPLA3 hepatocytes together with key non-parenchymal cells and quantified the reproducibility of the model. We altered media components to mimic blood chemistries, including insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and immune activating molecules to reflect normal fasting (NF), early metabolic syndrome (EMS) and late metabolic syndrome (LMS) conditions. Finally, we investigated the response to treatment with resmetirom, an approved drug for metabolic syndrome-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive form of MASLD. This study using primary cells serves as a benchmark for studies using patient biomimetic twins constructed with patient iPSC-derived liver cells using a panel of reproducible metrics. We observed increased steatosis, immune activation, stellate cell activation and secretion of pro-fibrotic markers in the PNPLA3 GG variant compared to wild type CC LAMPS, consistent with the clinical characterization of this variant. We also observed greater resmetirom efficacy in PNPLA3 wild type CC LAMPS compared to the GG variant in multiple MASLD metrics including steatosis, stellate cell activation and the secretion of pro-fibrotic markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the capability of the LAMPS platform for the development of MASLD precision therapeutics, enrichment of patient cohorts for clinical trials, and optimization of therapeutic strategies for patient subgroups with different clinical traits and disease stages.
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Aleman J, Ravikumar K, Wiegand C, Schurdak ME, Vernetti L, Gavlock D, Reese C, DeBiasio R, LaRocca G, Angarita YD, Gough A, Soto-Gutierrez A, Behari J, Yechoor V, Miedel MT, Stern AM, Banerjee I, Taylor DL. A metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver acinus biomimetic induces pancreatic islet dysfunction in a coupled microphysiology system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590598. [PMID: 38712135 PMCID: PMC11071380 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance is a primary defect that predisposes to dysfunction in pancreatic islets, implicating a perturbed liver-pancreas axis underlying the comorbidity of T2DM and MASLD. To investigate this hypothesis, we developed a human biomimetic microphysiological system (MPS) coupling our vascularized liver acinus MPS (vLAMPS) with primary islets on a chip (PANIS) enabling MASLD progression and islet dysfunction to be quantitatively assessed. The modular design of this system (vLAMPS-PANIS) allows intra-organ and inter-organ dysregulation to be deconvoluted. When compared to normal fasting (NF) conditions, under early metabolic syndrome (EMS) conditions, the standalone vLAMPS exhibited characteristics of early stage MASLD, while no significant differences were observed in the standalone PANIS. In contrast, with EMS, the coupled vLAMPS-PANIS exhibited a perturbed islet-specific secretome and a significantly dysregulated glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) response implicating direct signaling from the dysregulated liver acinus to the islets. Correlations between several pairs of a vLAMPS-derived and a PANIS-derived secreted factors were significantly altered under EMS, as compared to NF conditions, mechanistically connecting MASLD and T2DM associated hepatic factors with islet-derived GLP-1 synthesis and regulation. Since vLAMPS-PANIS is compatible with patient-specific iPSCs, this platform represents an important step towards addressing patient heterogeneity, identifying complex disease mechanisms, and advancing precision medicine.
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Scheidecker B, Poulain S, Sugimoto M, Arakawa H, Kim SH, Kawanishi T, Kato Y, Danoy M, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Mechanobiological stimulation in organ-on-a-chip systems reduces hepatic drug metabolic capacity in favor of regenerative specialization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1435-1452. [PMID: 38184801 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic physiology depends on the liver's complex structural composition which among others, provides high oxygen supply rates, locally differential oxygen tension, endothelial paracrine signaling, as well as residual hemodynamic shear stress to resident hepatocytes. While functional improvements were shown by implementing these factors into hepatic culture systems, direct cause-effect relationships are often not well characterized-obfuscating their individual contribution in more complex microphysiological systems. By comparing increasingly complex hepatic in vitro culture systems that gradually implement these parameters, we investigate the influence of the cellular microenvironment to overall hepatic functionality in pharmacological applications. Here, hepatocytes were modulated in terms of oxygen tension and supplementation, endothelial coculture, and exposure to fluid shear stress delineated from oxygen influx. Results from transcriptomic and metabolomic evaluation indicate that particularly oxygen supply rates are critical to enhance cellular functionality-with cellular drug metabolism remaining comparable to physiological conditions after prolonged static culture. Endothelial signaling was found to be a major contributor to differential phenotype formation known as metabolic zonation, indicated by WNT pathway activity. Lastly, oxygen-delineated shear stress was identified to direct cellular fate towards increased hepatic plasticity and regenerative phenotypes at the cost of drug metabolic functionality - in line with regenerative effects observed in vivo. With these results, we provide a systematic evaluation of critical parameters and their impact in hepatic systems. Given their adherence to physiological effects in vivo, this highlights the importance of their implementation in biomimetic devices, such as organ-on-a-chip systems. Considering recent advances in basic liver biology, direct translation of physiological structures into in vitro models is a promising strategy to expand the capabilities of pharmacological models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Soo H Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawanishi
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Jadalannagari S, Ewart L. Beyond the hype and toward application: liver complex in vitro models in preclinical drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38465923 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2328794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug induced Liver-Injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition and complex in vitro models (CIVMs), including three dimensional (3D) spheroids, 3D bio printed tissues and flow-based systems, could improve preclinical prediction. Although CIVMs have demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in DILI detection their adoption remains limited. AREAS COVERED This article describes DILI, the challenges with its prediction and the current strategies and models that are being used. It reviews data from industry-FDA collaborations and strategic partnerships and finishes with an outlook of CIVMs in preclinical toxicity testing. Literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar while product information was collected from manufacturer websites. EXPERT OPINION Liver CIVMs are promising models for predicting DILI although, a decade after their introduction, routine use by the pharmaceutical industry is limited. To accelerate their adoption, several industry-regulator-developer partnerships or consortia have been established to guide the development and qualification. Beyond this, liver CIVMs should continue evolving to capture greater immunological mimicry while partnering with computational approaches to deliver systems that change the paradigm of predicting DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Department of Bioinnovations, Emulate Inc, Boston, MA, USA
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Baker TK, Van Vleet TR, Mahalingaiah PK, Grandhi TSP, Evers R, Ekert J, Gosset JR, Chacko SA, Kopec AK. The Current Status and Use of Microphysiological Systems by the Pharmaceutical Industry: The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality Microphysiological Systems Affiliate Survey and Commentary. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:198-209. [PMID: 38123948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are comprised of one or multiple cell types of human or animal origins that mimic the biochemical/electrical/mechanical responses and blood-tissue barrier properties of the cells observed within a complex organ. The goal of incorporating these in vitro systems is to expedite and advance the drug discovery and development paradigm with improved predictive and translational capabilities. Considering the industry need for improved efficiency and the broad challenges of model qualification and acceptance, the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality (IQ) founded an IQ MPS working group in 2014 and Affiliate in 2018. This group connects thought leaders and end users, provides a forum for crosspharma collaboration, and engages with regulators to qualify translationally relevant MPS models. To understand how pharmaceutical companies are using MPS, the IQ MPS Affiliate conducted two surveys in 2019, survey 1, and 2021, survey 2, which differed slightly in the scope of definition of the complex in vitro models under question. The surveys captured demographics, resourcing, rank order for organs of interest, compound modalities tested, and MPS organ-specific questions, including nonclinical species needs and cell types. The major focus of this manuscript is on results from survey 2, where we specifically highlight the context of use for MPS within safety, pharmacology, or absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion and discuss considerations for including MPS data in regulatory submissions. In summary, these data provide valuable insights for developers, regulators, and pharma, offering a view into current industry practices and future considerations while highlighting key challenges impacting MPS adoption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The application of microphysiological systems (MPS) represents a growing area of interest in the drug discovery and development framework. This study surveyed 20+ pharma companies to understand resourcing, current areas of application, and the key challenges and barriers to internal MPS adoption. These results will provide regulators, tech providers, and pharma industry leaders a starting point to assess the current state of MPS applications along with key learnings to effectively realize the potential of MPS as an emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Baker
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.) baker_thomas_k@lilly
| | - Terry R Van Vleet
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Prathap Kumar Mahalingaiah
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Taraka Sai Pavan Grandhi
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Raymond Evers
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Jason Ekert
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - James R Gosset
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Silvi A Chacko
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Investigative Toxicology, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.K.B.); Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (T.R.V.F., P.K.M.); Complex In Vitro Models Group, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (T.S.P.G.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania (R.E.); UCB Pharma, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.R.G.); Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (S.A.C.); and Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (A.K.K.)
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Leal F, Zeiringer S, Jeitler R, Costa PF, Roblegg E. A comprehensive overview of advanced dynamic in vitro intestinal and hepatic cell culture models. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2163820. [PMID: 36680530 PMCID: PMC10832944 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2163820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drugs pass through the gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the small intestine and metabolised in the liver. To test the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, animal models are often employed; however, they are not suitable for investigating drug-tissue interactions and making reliable predictions, since the human organism differs drastically from animals in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of substances. Likewise, simple static in vitro cell culture systems currently used in preclinical drug screening often do not resemble the native characteristics of biological barriers. Dynamic models, on the other hand, provide in vivo-like cell phenotypes and functionalities that offer great potential for safety and efficacy prediction. Herein, current microfluidic in vitro intestinal and hepatic models are reviewed, namely single- and multi-tissue micro-bioreactors, which are associated with different methods of cell cultivation, i.e., scaffold-based versus scaffold-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Leal
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Scarlett Zeiringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
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Kasturi M, Mathur V, Gadre M, Srinivasan V, Vasanthan KS. Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Hepatic Tissue Engineering: From In Vitro Models to Clinical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:21-52. [PMID: 37882981 PMCID: PMC10764711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of functional organs is the holy grail of tissue engineering and the possibilities of repairing a partial or complete liver to treat chronic liver disorders are discussed in this review. Liver is the largest gland in the human body and plays a responsible role in majority of metabolic function and processes. Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death globally and the current treatment strategy of organ transplantation holds its own demerits. Hence there is a need to develop an in vitro liver model that mimics the native microenvironment. The developed model should be a reliable to understand the pathogenesis, screen drugs and assist to repair and replace the damaged liver. The three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology that recreates in vivo alike in vitro model for transplantation, which is the goal of tissue engineers. The technology has great potential due to its precise control and its ability to homogeneously distribute cells on all layers in a complex structure. This review gives an overview of liver tissue engineering with a special focus on 3D bioprinting and bioinks for liver disease modelling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Kasturi
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhi Mathur
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Moon HR, Surianarayanan N, Singh T, Han B. Microphysiological systems as reliable drug discovery and evaluation tools: Evolution from innovation to maturity. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:061504. [PMID: 38162229 PMCID: PMC10756708 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs), also known as organ-on-chip or disease-on-chip, have recently emerged to reconstitute the in vivo cellular microenvironment of various organs and diseases on in vitro platforms. These microfluidics-based platforms are developed to provide reliable drug discovery and regulatory evaluation testbeds. Despite recent emergences and advances of various MPS platforms, their adoption of drug discovery and evaluation processes still lags. This delay is mainly due to a lack of rigorous standards with reproducibility and reliability, and practical difficulties to be adopted in pharmaceutical research and industry settings. This review discusses the current and potential use of MPS platforms in drug discovery processes while considering the context of several key steps during drug discovery processes, including target identification and validation, preclinical evaluation, and clinical trials. Opportunities and challenges are also discussed for the broader dissemination and adoption of MPSs in various drug discovery and regulatory evaluation steps. Addressing these challenges will transform long and expensive drug discovery and evaluation processes into more efficient discovery, screening, and approval of innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | - Tarun Singh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel: +1-765-494-5626
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Lim AY, Kato Y, Sakolish C, Valdiviezo A, Han G, Bajaj P, Stanko J, Ferguson SS, Villenave R, Hewitt P, Hardwick RN, Rusyn I. Reproducibility and Robustness of a Liver Microphysiological System PhysioMimix LC12 under Varying Culture Conditions and Cell Type Combinations. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1195. [PMID: 37892925 PMCID: PMC10603899 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the key organs for exogenous and endogenous metabolism and is often a target for drug- and chemical-driven toxicity. A wide range of experimental approaches has been established to model and characterize the mechanisms of drug- and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. A number of microfluidics-enabled in vitro models of the liver have been developed, but the unclear translatability of these platforms has hindered their adoption by the pharmaceutical industry; to achieve wide use for drug and chemical safety evaluation, demonstration of reproducibility and robustness under various contexts of use is required. One of these commercially available platforms is the PhysioMimix LC12, a microfluidic device where cells are seeded into a 3D scaffold that is continuously perfused with recirculating cell culture media to mimic liver sinusoids. Previous studies demonstrated this model's functionality and potential applicability to preclinical drug development. However, to gain confidence in PhysioMimix LC12's robustness and reproducibility, supplementary characterization steps are needed, including the assessment of various human hepatocyte sources, contribution of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), and comparison to other models. In this study, we performed replicate studies averaging 14 days with either primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes, with and without NPCs. Albumin and urea secretion, lactate dehydrogenase, CYP3A4 activity, and metabolism were evaluated to assess basal function and metabolic capacity. Model performance was characterized by different cell combinations under intra- and inter-experimental replication and compared to multi-well plates and other liver platforms. PhysioMimix LC12 demonstrated the highest metabolic function with PHHs, with or without THP-1 or Kupffer cells, for up to 10-14 days. iPSC-derived hepatocytes and PHHs co-cultured with additional NPCs demonstrated sub-optimal performance. Power analyses based on replicate experiments and different contexts of use will inform future study designs due to the limited throughput and high cell demand. Overall, this study describes a workflow for independent testing of a complex microphysiological system for specific contexts of use, which may increase end-user adoption in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Y. Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Piyush Bajaj
- Global Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jason Stanko
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Remi Villenave
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rhiannon N. Hardwick
- Discovery Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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11
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Negi V, Gavlock D, Miedel MT, Lee JK, Shun T, Gough A, Vernetti L, Stern AM, Taylor DL, Yechoor VK. Modeling mechanisms underlying differential inflammatory responses to COVID-19 in type 2 diabetes using a patient-derived microphysiological organ-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4514-4527. [PMID: 37766577 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 6 million deaths worldwide. Co-morbid conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have increased mortality in COVID-19. With limited translatability of in vitro and small animal models to human disease, human organ-on-a-chip models are an attractive platform to model in vivo disease conditions and test potential therapeutics. Methods: T2D or non-diabetic patient-derived macrophages and human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were seeded, along with normal hepatocytes and stellate cells in the liver-on-a-chip (LAMPS - liver acinus micro physiological system), perfused with media mimicking non-diabetic fasting or T2D (high levels of glucose, fatty acids, insulin, glucagon) states. The macrophages and endothelial cells were transduced to overexpress the SARS-CoV2-S (spike) protein with appropriate controls before their incorporation into LAMPS. Cytokine concentrations in the efflux served as a read-out of the effects of S-protein expression in the different experimental conditions (non-diabetic-LAMPS, T2D-LAMPS), including incubation with tocilizumab, an FDA-approved drug for severe COVID-19. Findings: S-protein expression in the non-diabetic LAMPS led to increased cytokines, but in the T2D-LAMPS, this was significantly amplified both in the number and magnitude of key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, CCL3, IL1β, IL2, TNFα, etc.) involved in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), mimicking severe COVID-19 infection in T2D patients. Compared to vehicle control, tocilizumab (IL6-receptor antagonist) decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in T2D-COVID-19-LAMPS but not in non-diabetic-COVID-19-LAMPS. Interpretation: macrophages and endothelial cells play a synergistic role in the pathophysiology of the hyper-inflammatory response seen with COVID-19 and T2D. The effect of Tocilizumab was consistent with large clinical trials that demonstrated Tocilizumab's efficacy only in critically ill patients with severe disease, providing confirmatory evidence that the T2D-COVID-19-LAMPS is a robust platform to model human in vivo pathophysiology of COVID-19 in T2D and for screening potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinny Negi
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Dillon Gavlock
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark T Miedel
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeong Kyung Lee
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tongying Shun
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Carvalho MR, Yan LP, Li B, Zhang CH, He YL, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Gastrointestinal organs and organoids-on-a-chip: advances and translation into the clinics. Biofabrication 2023; 15:042004. [PMID: 37699408 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acf8fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organs and organoids-on-a-chip models of human gastrointestinal systems have been established to recreate adequate microenvironments to study physiology and pathophysiology. In the effort to find more emulating systems and less costly models for drugs screening or fundamental studies, gastrointestinal system organoids-on-a-chip have arisen as promising pre-clinicalin vitromodel. This progress has been built on the latest developments of several technologies such as bioprinting, microfluidics, and organoid research. In this review, we will focus on healthy and disease models of: human microbiome-on-a-chip and its rising correlation with gastro pathophysiology; stomach-on-a-chip; liver-on-a-chip; pancreas-on-a-chip; inflammation models, small intestine, colon and colorectal cancer organoids-on-a-chip and multi-organoids-on-a-chip. The current developments related to the design, ability to hold one or more 'organs' and its challenges, microfluidic features, cell sources and whether they are used to test drugs are overviewed herein. Importantly, their contribution in terms of drug development and eminent clinical translation in precision medicine field, Food and Drug Administration approved models, and the impact of organoid-on-chip technology in terms of pharmaceutical research and development costs are also discussed by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Le-Ping Yan
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hua Zhang
- Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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13
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Kaden T, Graf K, Rennert K, Li R, Mosig AS, Raasch M. Evaluation of drug-induced liver toxicity of trovafloxacin and levofloxacin in a human microphysiological liver model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13338. [PMID: 37587168 PMCID: PMC10432496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury induced by already approved substances is a major threat to human patients, potentially resulting in drug withdrawal and substantial loss of financial resources in the pharmaceutical industry. Trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, was found to have unexpected side effects of severe hepatotoxicity, which was not detected by preclinical testing. To address the limitations of current drug testing strategies mainly involving 2D cell cultures and animal testing, a three-dimensional microphysiological model of the human liver containing expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and differentiated HepaRG cells was utilized to investigate the toxicity of trovafloxacin and compared it to the structurally-related non-toxic drug levofloxacin. In the model, trovafloxacin elicited vascular and hepatocellular toxicity associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine release already at clinically relevant concentrations, whereas levofloxacin did not provoke tissue injury. Similar to in vivo, cytokine secretion was dependent on a multicellular immune response, highlighting the potential of the complex microphysiological liver model for reliably detecting drug-related cytotoxicity in preclinical testing. Moreover, hepatic glutathione depletion and mitochondrial ROS formation were elucidated as intrinsic toxicity mechanisms contributing to trovafloxacin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kaden
- Dynamic42 GmbH, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruoya Li
- Biopredic International, St Gregoire, France
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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14
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Otumala AE, Hellen DJ, Luna CA, Delgado P, Dissanayaka A, Ugwumadu C, Oshinowo O, Islam MM, Shen L, Karpen SJ, Myers DR. Opportunities and considerations for studying liver disease with microphysiological systems on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2877-2898. [PMID: 37282629 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microsystem engineering have enabled the development of highly controlled models of the liver that better recapitulate the unique in vivo biological conditions. In just a few short years, substantial progress has been made in creating complex mono- and multi-cellular models that mimic key metabolic, structural, and oxygen gradients crucial for liver function. Here we review: 1) the state-of-the-art in liver-centric microphysiological systems and 2) the array of liver diseases and pressing biological and therapeutic challenges which could be investigated with these systems. The engineering community has unique opportunities to innovate with new liver-on-a-chip devices and partner with biomedical researchers to usher in a new era of understanding of the molecular and cellular contributors to liver diseases and identify and test rational therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiya E Otumala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dominick J Hellen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Alessandra Luna
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priscilla Delgado
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anjana Dissanayaka
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chidozie Ugwumadu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luyao Shen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Beaudoin JJ, Clemens L, Miedel MT, Gough A, Zaidi F, Ramamoorthy P, Wong KE, Sarangarajan R, Battista C, Shoda LKM, Siler SQ, Taylor DL, Howell BA, Vernetti LA, Yang K. The Combination of a Human Biomimetic Liver Microphysiology System with BIOLOGXsym, a Quantitative Systems Toxicology (QST) Modeling Platform for Macromolecules, Provides Mechanistic Understanding of Tocilizumab- and GGF2-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119692. [PMID: 37298645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics address a range of unmet clinical needs, but the occurrence of biologics-induced liver injury remains a major challenge. Development of cimaglermin alfa (GGF2) was terminated due to transient elevations in serum aminotransferases and total bilirubin. Tocilizumab has been reported to induce transient aminotransferase elevations, requiring frequent monitoring. To evaluate the clinical risk of biologics-induced liver injury, a novel quantitative systems toxicology modeling platform, BIOLOGXsym™, representing relevant liver biochemistry and the mechanistic effects of biologics on liver pathophysiology, was developed in conjunction with clinically relevant data from a human biomimetic liver microphysiology system. Phenotypic and mechanistic toxicity data and metabolomics analysis from the Liver Acinus Microphysiology System showed that tocilizumab and GGF2 increased high mobility group box 1, indicating hepatic injury and stress. Tocilizumab exposure was associated with increased oxidative stress and extracellular/tissue remodeling, and GGF2 decreased bile acid secretion. BIOLOGXsym simulations, leveraging the in vivo exposure predicted by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling and mechanistic toxicity data from the Liver Acinus Microphysiology System, reproduced the clinically observed liver signals of tocilizumab and GGF2, demonstrating that mechanistic toxicity data from microphysiology systems can be successfully integrated into a quantitative systems toxicology model to identify liabilities of biologics-induced liver injury and provide mechanistic insights into observed liver safety signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lara Clemens
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mark T Miedel
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisl K M Shoda
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Brett A Howell
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence A Vernetti
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Division, Simulations Plus Inc., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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16
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Lee YS, Seki E. In Vivo and In Vitro Models to Study Liver Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:355-367. [PMID: 37270060 PMCID: PMC10444957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common result of liver injury owing to various kinds of chronic liver diseases. A deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets of liver fibrosis is important because liver fibrosis may progress to advanced liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite numerous studies, the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis remain unclear. Mechanisms of the development and progression of liver fibrosis differ according to etiologies. Therefore, appropriate liver fibrosis models should be selected according to the purpose of the study and the type of underlying disease. Many in vivo animal and in vitro models have been developed to study liver fibrosis. However, there are no perfect preclinical models for liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current in vivo and in vitro models for studying liver fibrosis and highlight emerging in vitro models, including organoids and liver-on-a-chip models. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms and limitations of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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17
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Rajput A, Sevalkar G, Pardeshi K, Pingale P. COMPUTATIONAL NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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18
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Plug-and-Play Lymph Node-on-Chip: Secondary Tumor Modeling by the Combination of Cell Spheroid, Collagen Sponge and T-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043183. [PMID: 36834594 PMCID: PMC9966643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Towards the improvement of the efficient study of drugs and contrast agents, the 3D microfluidic platforms are currently being actively developed for testing these substances and particles in vitro. Here, we have elaborated a microfluidic lymph node-on-chip (LNOC) as a tissue engineered model of a secondary tumor in lymph node (LN) formed due to the metastasis process. The developed chip has a collagen sponge with a 3D spheroid of 4T1 cells located inside, simulating secondary tumor in the lymphoid tissue. This collagen sponge has a morphology and porosity comparable to that of a native human LN. To demonstrate the suitability of the obtained chip for pharmacological applications, we used it to evaluate the effect of contrast agent/drug carrier size, on the penetration and accumulation of particles in 3D spheroids modeling secondary tumor. For this, the 0.3, 0.5 and 4 μm bovine serum albumin (BSA)/tannic acid (TA) capsules were mixed with lymphocytes and pumped through the developed chip. The capsule penetration was examined by scanning with fluorescence microscopy followed by quantitative image analysis. The results show that capsules with a size of 0.3 μm passed more easily to the tumor spheroid and penetrated inside. We hope that the device will represent a reliable alternative to in vivo early secondary tumor models and decrease the amount of in vivo experiments in the frame of preclinical study.
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19
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Bentwich I. Pharma's Bio-AI revolution. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103515. [PMID: 36736581 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug development has become unbearably slow and expensive. A key underlying problem is the clinical prediction challenge: the inability to predict which drug candidates will be safe in the human body and for whom. Recently, a dramatic regulatory change has removed FDA's mandated reliance on antiquated, ineffective animal studies. A new frontier is an integration of several disruptive technologies [machine learning (ML), patient-on-chip, real-time sensing, and stem cells], which when integrated, have the potential to address this challenge, drastically cutting the time and cost of developing drugs, and tailoring them to individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Bentwich
- Quris-AI, 6 HaNatsiv Street, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6701033, Israel.
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20
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Helm M, Baumert T, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiomimetic In Vitro Human Models for Viral Infection in the Liver. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:31-49. [PMID: 36402129 PMCID: PMC10005888 DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver morbidity and mortality globally. The mechanisms underlying acute infection and clearance, versus the development of chronic infection, are poorly understood. In vitro models of viral hepatitis circumvent the high costs and ethical considerations of animal models, which also translate poorly to studying the human-specific hepatitis viruses. However, significant challenges are associated with modeling long-term infection in vitro. Differentiated hepatocytes are best able to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection, but standard two-dimensional models are limited because they fail to mimic the architecture and cellular microenvironment of the liver, and cannot maintain a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype over extended periods. Alternatively, physiomimetic models facilitate important interactions between hepatocytes and their microenvironment by incorporating liver-specific environmental factors such as three-dimensional ECM interactions and co-culture with non-parenchymal cells. These physiologically relevant interactions help maintain a functional hepatocyte phenotype that is critical for sustaining viral hepatitis infection. In this review, we provide an overview of distinct, novel, and innovative in vitro liver models and discuss their functionality and relevance in modeling viral hepatitis. These platforms may provide novel insight into mechanisms that regulate viral clearance versus progression to chronic infections that can drive subsequent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Madeline Helm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Thomas Baumert
- Inserm Research Institute for Viral and Liver Diseases, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Address for correspondence Emmanuel Thomas, MD, PhD, FAASLD Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL 33136-1015
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21
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Deguchi S, Takayama K. State-of-the-art liver disease research using liver-on-a-chip. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:62. [PMID: 36494740 PMCID: PMC9733013 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand disease pathophysiologies, models that recapitulate human functions are necessary. In vitro models that consist of human cells are preferred to ones using animal cells, because organ functions can vary from species to species. However, conventional in vitro models do not recapitulate human organ functions well. Organ-on-a-chip technology provides a reliable in vitro model of the functional units of human organs. Organ-on-a-chip technology uses microfluidic devices and their accessories to impart organ functions to human cells. Using microfluidic devices, we can co-culture multiple cell types that compose human organs. Moreover, we can culture human cells under physiologically relevant stresses, such as mechanical and shear stresses. Current organ-on-a-chip technology can reproduce the functions of several organs including the liver. Because it is difficult to maintain the function of human hepatocytes, which are the gold standard of in vitro liver models, under conventional culture conditions, the application of liver-on-a-chips to liver disease research is expected. This review introduces the current status and future prospects of liver-on-a-chips in liver disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Deguchi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.480536.c0000 0004 5373 4593AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
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22
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Kato Y, Lim AY, Sakolish C, Valdiviezo A, Moyer HL, Hewitt P, Bajaj P, Han G, Rusyn I. Analysis of reproducibility and robustness of OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96, a liver microphysiological system for studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicological assessment of drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105464. [PMID: 36057418 PMCID: PMC10015056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the functionality, reproducibility, robustness, and reliability of microphysiological systems is a critical need for adoption of these technologies. A high throughput microphysiological system for liver studies was recently proposed in which induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (iHeps) and non-parenchymal cells (endothelial cells and THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate into macrophage-like cells) were co-cultured in OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 devices. The goal of this study was to evaluate this platform using additional cell types and conditions and characterize its utility and reproducibility. Primary human hepatocytes or iHeps, with and without non-parenchymal cells, were cultured for up to 17 days. Image-based cell viability, albumin and urea secretion into culture media, CYP3A4 activity and drug metabolism were assessed. The iHeps co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells demonstrated stable cell viability and function up to 17 days; however, variability was appreciable both within and among studies. The iHeps in monoculture did not form clusters and lost viability and function over time. The primary human hepatocytes in monoculture also exhibited low cell viability and hepatic function. Metabolism of various drugs was most efficient when iHeps were co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells. Overall, we found that the OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 device, when used with iHeps and non-parenchymal cells, is a functional liver microphysiological model; however, the high-throughput nature of this model is somewhat dampened by the need for replicates to compensate for high variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Alicia Y Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Haley L Moyer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Piyush Bajaj
- Global Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety, Sanofi USA, MA 01701, USA
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Mu X, He W, Rivera VAM, De Alba RAD, Newman DJ, Zhang YS. Small tissue chips with big opportunities for space medicine. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:150-157. [PMID: 36336360 PMCID: PMC11016463 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spaceflight environment, including microgravity and radiation, may have considerable effects on the health and performance of astronauts, especially for long-duration and Martian missions. Conventional on-ground and in-space experimental approaches have been employed to investigate the comprehensive biological effects of the spaceflight environment. As a class of recently emerging bioengineered in vitro models, tissue chips are characterized by a small footprint, potential automation, and the recapitulation of tissue-level physiology, thus promising to help provide molecular and cellular insights into space medicine. Here, we briefly review the technical advantages of tissue chips and discuss specific on-chip physiological recapitulations. Several tissue chips have been launched into space, and more are poised to come through multi-agency collaborations, implying an increasingly important role of tissue chips in space medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Weishen He
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Victoria Abril Manjarrez Rivera
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Raul Armando Duran De Alba
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dava J Newman
- MIT Media Lab, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiologically relevant microsystems to study viral infection in the human liver. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999366. [PMID: 36246284 PMCID: PMC9555087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver disease and mortality. Infection can occur acutely or chronically, but the mechanisms that govern the clearance of virus or lack thereof are poorly understood and merit further investigation. Though cures for viral hepatitis have been developed, they are expensive, not readily accessible in vulnerable populations and some patients may remain at an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) even after viral clearance. To sustain infection in vitro, hepatocytes must be fully mature and remain in a differentiated state. However, primary hepatocytes rapidly dedifferentiate in conventional 2D in vitro platforms. Physiologically relevant or physiomimetic microsystems, are increasingly popular alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) monocultures for in vitro studies. Physiomimetic systems reconstruct and incorporate elements of the native cellular microenvironment to improve biologic functionality in vitro. Multiple elements contribute to these models including ancillary tissue architecture, cell co-cultures, matrix proteins, chemical gradients and mechanical forces that contribute to increased viability, longevity and physiologic function for the tissue of interest. These microsystems are used in a wide variety of applications to study biological phenomena. Here, we explore the use of physiomimetic microsystems as tools for studying viral hepatitis infection in the liver and how the design of these platforms is tailored for enhanced investigation of the viral lifecycle when compared to conventional 2D cell culture models. Although liver-based physiomimetic microsystems are typically applied in the context of drug studies, the platforms developed for drug discovery purposes offer a solid foundation to support studies on viral hepatitis. Physiomimetic platforms may help prolong hepatocyte functionality in order to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection in vitro for studying virus-host interactions for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashutosh Agarwal,
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Emmanuel Thomas,
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25
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Valdiviezo A, Kato Y, Baker ES, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Evaluation of Metabolism of a Defined Pesticide Mixture through Multiple In Vitro Liver Models. TOXICS 2022; 10:566. [PMID: 36287846 PMCID: PMC9609317 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of exposure to multiple contaminants in a mixture presents a number of challenges. For example, the characterization of chemical metabolism in a mixture setting remains a research area with critical knowledge gaps. Studies of chemical metabolism typically utilize suspension cultures of primary human hepatocytes; however, this model is not suitable for studies of more extended exposures and donor-to-donor variability in a metabolic capacity is unavoidable. To address this issue, we utilized several in vitro models based on human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHep) to characterize the metabolism of an equimolar (1 or 5 µM) mixture of 20 pesticides. We used iHep suspensions and 2D sandwich cultures, and a microphysiological system OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 (MimetasTM) that also included endothelial cells and THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. When cell culture media were evaluated using gas and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods, we found that the parent molecule concentrations diminished, consistent with metabolic activity. This effect was most pronounced in iHep suspensions with a 1 µM mixture, and was lowest in OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 for both mixtures. Additionally, we used ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to screen for metabolite formation in these cultures. These analyses revealed the presence of five primary metabolites that allowed for a more comprehensive evaluation of chemical metabolism in vitro. These findings suggest that iHep-based suspension assays maintain higher metabolic activity compared to 2D sandwich and OrganoPlate® 2-lane 96 model. Moreover, this study illustrates that IMS-MS can characterize in vitro metabolite formation following exposure to mixtures of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Valdiviezo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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26
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Lefever DE, Miedel MT, Pei F, DiStefano JK, Debiasio R, Shun TY, Saydmohammed M, Chikina M, Vernetti LA, Soto-Gutierrez A, Monga SP, Bataller R, Behari J, Yechoor VK, Bahar I, Gough A, Stern AM, Taylor DL. A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Platform Reveals NAFLD Pathophysiological States and Targeting Strategies. Metabolites 2022; 12:528. [PMID: 35736460 PMCID: PMC9227696 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high global prevalence with a heterogeneous and complex pathophysiology that presents barriers to traditional targeted therapeutic approaches. We describe an integrated quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) platform that comprehensively and unbiasedly defines disease states, in contrast to just individual genes or pathways, that promote NAFLD progression. The QSP platform can be used to predict drugs that normalize these disease states and experimentally test predictions in a human liver acinus microphysiology system (LAMPS) that recapitulates key aspects of NAFLD. Analysis of a 182 patient-derived hepatic RNA-sequencing dataset generated 12 gene signatures mirroring these states. Screening against the LINCS L1000 database led to the identification of drugs predicted to revert these signatures and corresponding disease states. A proof-of-concept study in LAMPS demonstrated mitigation of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, especially with drug combinations. Mechanistically, several structurally diverse drugs were predicted to interact with a subnetwork of nuclear receptors, including pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), that has evolved to respond to both xenobiotic and endogenous ligands and is intrinsic to NAFLD-associated transcription dysregulation. In conjunction with iPSC-derived cells, this platform has the potential for developing personalized NAFLD therapeutic strategies, informing disease mechanisms, and defining optimal cohorts of patients for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Lefever
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Mark T. Miedel
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Fen Pei
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Johanna K. DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute TGen, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Richard Debiasio
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Manush Saydmohammed
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lawrence A. Vernetti
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (R.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jaideep Behari
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (R.B.); (J.B.)
- UPMC Liver Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vijay K. Yechoor
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Albert Gough
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.E.L.); (M.T.M.); (R.D.); (T.Y.S.); (M.S.); (L.A.V.); (A.S.-G.); (S.P.M.); (V.K.Y.); (I.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (F.P.); (M.C.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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27
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Microfluidics for 3D Cell and Tissue Cultures: Microfabricative and Ethical Aspects Updates. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101699. [PMID: 35626736 PMCID: PMC9139493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity to improve in vitro cell screening assays is becoming ever more important. Pharmaceutical companies, research laboratories and hospitals require technologies that help to speed up conventional screening and therapeutic procedures to produce more data in a short time in a realistic and reliable manner. The design of new solutions for test biomaterials and active molecules is one of the urgent problems of preclinical screening and the limited correlation between in vitro and in vivo data remains one of the major issues. The establishment of the most suitable in vitro model provides reduction in times, costs and, last but not least, in the number of animal experiments as recommended by the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine) ethical guiding principles for testing involving animals. Although two-dimensional (2D) traditional cell screening assays are generally cheap and practical to manage, they have strong limitations, as cells, within the transition from the three-dimensional (3D) in vivo to the 2D in vitro growth conditions, do not properly mimic the real morphologies and physiology of their native tissues. In the study of human pathologies, especially, animal experiments provide data closer to what happens in the target organ or apparatus, but they imply slow and costly procedures and they generally do not fully accomplish the 3Rs recommendations, i.e., the amount of laboratory animals and the stress that they undergo must be minimized. Microfluidic devices seem to offer different advantages in relation to the mentioned issues. This review aims to describe the critical issues connected with the conventional cells culture and screening procedures, showing what happens in the in vivo physiological micro and nano environment also from a physical point of view. During the discussion, some microfluidic tools and their components are described to explain how these devices can circumvent the actual limitations described in the introduction.
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28
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Fanizza F, Campanile M, Forloni G, Giordano C, Albani D. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based organ-on-a-chip as personalized drug screening tools: A focus on neurodegenerative disorders. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221095339. [PMID: 35570845 PMCID: PMC9092580 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221095339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) technology shows great potential to revolutionize the
drugs development pipeline by mimicking the physiological environment and
functions of human organs. The translational value of OoC is further enhanced
when combined with patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to
develop more realistic disease models, paving the way for the development of a
new generation of patient-on-a-chip devices. iPSCs differentiation capacity
leads to invaluable improvements in personalized medicine. Moreover, the
connection of single-OoC into multi-OoC or body-on-a-chip allows to investigate
drug pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics through the study of multi-organs
cross-talks. The need of a breakthrough thanks to this technology is
particularly relevant within the field of neurodegenerative diseases, where the
number of patients is increasing and the successful rate in drug discovery is
worryingly low. In this review we discuss current iPSC-based OoC as drug
screening models and their implication in development of new therapies for
neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Campanile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Xie X, Maharjan S, Kelly C, Liu T, Lang RJ, Alperin R, Sebastian S, Bonilla D, Gandolfo S, Boukataya Y, Siadat SM, Zhang YS, Livermore C. Customizable Microfluidic Origami Liver-on-a-Chip (oLOC). ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100677. [PMID: 35754760 PMCID: PMC9231824 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and manufacture of an origami-based liver-on-a-chip device are presented, together with demonstrations of the chip's effectiveness at recapitulating some of the liver's key in vivo architecture, physical microenvironment, and functions. Laser-cut layers of polyimide tape are folded together with polycarbonate nanoporous membranes to create a stack of three adjacent flow chambers separated by the membranes. Endothelial cells are seeded in the upper and lower flow chambers to simulate sinusoids, and hepatocytes are seeded in the middle flow chamber. Nutrients and metabolites flow through the simulated sinusoids and diffuse between the vascular pathways and the hepatocyte layers, mimicking physiological microcirculation. Studies of cell viability, metabolic functions, and hepatotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds show that the endothelialized liver-on-a-chip model is conducive to maintaining hepatocyte functions and evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of drugs. Our unique origami approach speeds chip development and optimization, effectively simplifying the laboratory-scale fabrication of on-chip models of human tissues without necessarily reducing their structural and functional sophistication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chastity Kelly
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Roger Alperin
- Department of Mathematics, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192
| | - Shikha Sebastian
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Diana Bonilla
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sakura Gandolfo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yasmine Boukataya
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Livermore
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Özkayar G, Lötters JC, Tichem M, Ghatkesar MK. Toward a modular, integrated, miniaturized, and portable microfluidic flow control architecture for organs-on-chips applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:021302. [PMID: 35464136 PMCID: PMC9018096 DOI: 10.1063/5.0074156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organs-on-chips (OoCs) technology has emerged as the trend for in vitro functional modeling of organs in recent years. Simplifying the complexities of the human organs under controlled perfusion of required fluids paves the way for accurate prediction of human organ functionalities and their response to interventions like exposure to drugs. However, in the state-of-the-art OoC, the existing methods to control fluids use external bulky peripheral components and systems much larger than the chips used in experiments. A new generation of compact microfluidic flow control systems is needed to overcome this challenge. This study first presents a structured classification of OoC devices according to their types and microfluidic complexities. Next, we suggest three fundamental fluid flow control mechanisms and define component configurations for different levels of OoC complexity for each respective mechanism. Finally, we propose an architecture integrating modular microfluidic flow control components and OoC devices on a single platform. We emphasize the need for miniaturization of flow control components to achieve portability, minimize sample usage, minimize dead volume, improve the flowing time of fluids to the OoC cell chamber, and enable long-duration experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürhan Özkayar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Tichem
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Murali K. Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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31
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Ivanov SM, Lagunin AA, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Relationships between the Structure and Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury for Low, Medium, and High Doses of Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:402-411. [PMID: 35172101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of structure-activity relationships (SARs) for predicting severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is essential since in vivo and in vitro preclinical methods cannot detect many druglike compounds disrupting liver functions. To date, plenty of SAR models for the prediction of DILI have been developed; however, none of them considered the route of drug administration and daily dose, which may introduce significant bias into prediction results. We have created a dataset of 617 drugs with parenteral and oral administration routes and consistent information on DILI severity. We have found a clear relationship between route, dose, and DILI severity. According to SAR, nearly 40% of moderate- and non-DILI-causing drugs would cause severe DILI if they were administered at high oral doses. We have proposed the following approach to predict severe DILI. New compounds recommended to be used at low oral doses (<∼10 mg daily), or parenterally, can be considered not causing severe DILI. DILI for compounds administered at medium oral doses (∼10-100 mg daily; 22.2% of drugs under consideration) can be considered unpredictable because reasonable SAR models were not obtained due to the small size and heterogeneity of the corresponding dataset. The DILI potential of the compounds recommended to be used at high oral doses (more than ∼100 mg daily) can be estimated using SAR modeling. The balanced accuracy of the approach calculated by a 10-fold cross-validation procedure is 0.803. The developed approach can be used to estimate severe DILI for druglike compounds proposed to use at low and high oral doses or parenterally at the early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Str., 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexey A Lagunin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Str., 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Filimonov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Poroikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia
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Implementing organ-on-chip in a next-generation risk assessment of chemicals: a review. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:711-741. [PMID: 35103818 PMCID: PMC8850248 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology is full of engineering and biological challenges, but it has the potential to revolutionize the Next-Generation Risk Assessment of novel ingredients for consumer products and chemicals. A successful incorporation of OoC technology into the Next-Generation Risk Assessment toolbox depends on the robustness of the microfluidic devices and the organ tissue models used. Recent advances in standardized device manufacturing, organ tissue cultivation and growth protocols offer the ability to bridge the gaps towards the implementation of organ-on-chip technology. Next-Generation Risk Assessment is an exposure-led and hypothesis-driven tiered approach to risk assessment using detailed human exposure information and the application of appropriate new (non-animal) toxicological testing approaches. Organ-on-chip presents a promising in vitro approach by combining human cell culturing with dynamic microfluidics to improve physiological emulation. Here, we critically review commercial organ-on-chip devices, as well as recent tissue culture model studies of the skin, intestinal barrier and liver as the main metabolic organ to be used on-chip for Next-Generation Risk Assessment. Finally, microfluidically linked tissue combinations such as skin-liver and intestine-liver in organ-on-chip devices are reviewed as they form a relevant aspect for advancing toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies. We point to recent achievements and challenges to overcome, to advance non-animal, human-relevant safety studies.
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From organ-on-chip to body-on-chip: The next generation of microfluidics platforms for in vitro drug efficacy and toxicity testing. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:41-91. [PMID: 35094781 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The high failure rate in drug development is often attributed to the lack of accurate pre-clinical models that may lead to false discoveries and inconclusive data when the compounds are eventually tested in clinical phase. With the evolution of cell culture technologies, drug testing systems have widely improved, and today, with the emergence of microfluidics devices, drug screening seems to be at the dawn of an important revolution. An organ-on-chip allows the culture of living cells in continuously perfused microchambers to reproduce physiological functions of a particular tissue or organ. The advantages of such systems are not only their ability to recapitulate the complex biochemical interactions between different human cell types but also to incorporate physical forces, including shear stress and mechanical stretching or compression. To improve this model, and to reproduce the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination process of an exogenous compound, organ-on-chips can even be linked fluidically to mimic physiological interactions between different organs, leading to the development of body-on-chips. Although these technologies are still at a young age and need to address a certain number of limitations, they already demonstrated their relevance to study the effect of drugs or toxins on organs, displaying a similar response to what is observed in vivo. The purpose of this review is to present the evolution from organ-on-chip to body-on-chip, examine their current use for drug testing and discuss their advantages and future challenges they will face in order to become an essential pillar of pharmaceutical research.
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Cultivating human tissues and organs over lab-on-a-chip models: Recent progress and applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:205-240. [PMID: 35094775 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo models are indispensable for preclinical studies for various human disease modeling and drug screening, however, face several obstacles such as animal model species differences and ethical clearance. Additionally, it is difficult to accurately predict the organ interaction, drug efficacy, and toxicity using conventional in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. The microfluidic-based systems provide excellent opportunity to recapitulate the human organ/tissue functions under in vitro conditions. The organ/tissue-on-chip models are one of best emerging technologies that offer functional organs/tissues on a microfluidic chip. This technology has potential to noninvasively study the organ physiology, tissue development, and diseases etymology. This chapter comprises the benifits of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures as well as highlights the importance of microfluidic-based lab-on-a-chip technique. The development of different organs/tissues-on-chip models and their biomedical application in various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory-based diseases, cancers, liver and kidney diseases, etc., have also been discussed.
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Panday R, Monckton CP, Khetani SR. The Role of Liver Zonation in Physiology, Regeneration, and Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:1-16. [PMID: 35120381 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As blood flows from the portal triad to the central vein, cell-mediated depletion establishes gradients of soluble factors such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, which act through molecular pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog) to spatially regulate hepatocyte functions along the sinusoid. Such "zonation" can lead to the compartmentalized initiation of several liver diseases, including alcoholic/non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, chemical/drug-induced toxicity, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and can also modulate liver regeneration. Transgenic rodent models provide valuable information on the key molecular regulators of zonation, while in vitro models allow for subjecting cells to precisely controlled factor gradients and elucidating species-specific differences in zonation. Here, we discuss the latest advances in both in vivo and in vitro models of liver zonation and pending questions to be addressed moving forward. Ultimately, obtaining a deeper understanding of zonation can lead to the development of more effective therapeutics for liver diseases, microphysiological systems, and scalable cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regeant Panday
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chase P Monckton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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36
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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Organ on Chip Technology to Model Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:28. [PMID: 35049737 PMCID: PMC8772984 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ on chip (OOC) has emerged as a major technological breakthrough and distinct model system revolutionizing biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the crucial structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. OOC are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for oncology research. Indeed, Cancer on chip (COC) can ideally reproduce certain key aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as biochemical gradients and niche factors, dynamic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and complex tissue structures composed of tumor and stromal cells. Here, we review the state of the art in COC models with a focus on the microphysiological systems that host multicellular 3D tissue engineering models and can help elucidate the complex biology of TME and cancer growth and progression. Finally, some examples of microengineered tumor models integrated with multi-organ microdevices to study disease progression in different tissues will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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38
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Lopez-Muñoz GA, Mughal S, Ramón-Azcón J. Sensors and Biosensors in Organs-on-a-Chip Platforms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:55-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anklam E, Bahl MI, Ball R, Beger RD, Cohen J, Fitzpatrick S, Girard P, Halamoda-Kenzaoui B, Hinton D, Hirose A, Hoeveler A, Honma M, Hugas M, Ishida S, Kass GEN, Kojima H, Krefting I, Liachenko S, Liu Y, Masters S, Marx U, McCarthy T, Mercer T, Patri A, Pelaez C, Pirmohamed M, Platz S, Ribeiro AJS, Rodricks JV, Rusyn I, Salek RM, Schoonjans R, Silva P, Svendsen CN, Sumner S, Sung K, Tagle D, Tong L, Tong W, van den Eijnden-van-Raaij J, Vary N, Wang T, Waterton J, Wang M, Wen H, Wishart D, Yuan Y, Slikker Jr. W. Emerging technologies and their impact on regulatory science. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1-75. [PMID: 34783606 PMCID: PMC8749227 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211052280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an evolution and increasing need for the utilization of emerging cellular, molecular and in silico technologies and novel approaches for safety assessment of food, drugs, and personal care products. Convergence of these emerging technologies is also enabling rapid advances and approaches that may impact regulatory decisions and approvals. Although the development of emerging technologies may allow rapid advances in regulatory decision making, there is concern that these new technologies have not been thoroughly evaluated to determine if they are ready for regulatory application, singularly or in combinations. The magnitude of these combined technical advances may outpace the ability to assess fit for purpose and to allow routine application of these new methods for regulatory purposes. There is a need to develop strategies to evaluate the new technologies to determine which ones are ready for regulatory use. The opportunity to apply these potentially faster, more accurate, and cost-effective approaches remains an important goal to facilitate their incorporation into regulatory use. However, without a clear strategy to evaluate emerging technologies rapidly and appropriately, the value of these efforts may go unrecognized or may take longer. It is important for the regulatory science field to keep up with the research in these technically advanced areas and to understand the science behind these new approaches. The regulatory field must understand the critical quality attributes of these novel approaches and learn from each other's experience so that workforces can be trained to prepare for emerging global regulatory challenges. Moreover, it is essential that the regulatory community must work with the technology developers to harness collective capabilities towards developing a strategy for evaluation of these new and novel assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza M Salek
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Tong
- Universities of Georgia Tech and Emory, USA
| | | | | | - Neil Vary
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- National Medical Products Administration, China
| | | | - May Wang
- Universities of Georgia Tech and Emory, USA
| | - Hairuo Wen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
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Van Ness KP, Cesar F, Yeung CK, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Microphysiological systems in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination sciences. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:9-42. [PMID: 34378335 PMCID: PMC8742652 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microphysiological systems (MPS) to support absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) sciences has grown substantially in the last decade, in part driven by regulatory demands to move away from traditional animal-based safety assessment studies and industry desires to develop methodologies to efficiently screen and characterize drugs in the development pipeline. The past decade of MPS development has yielded great user-driven technological advances with the collective fine-tuning of cell culture techniques, fluid delivery systems, materials engineering, and performance enhancing modifications. The rapid advances in MPS technology have now made it feasible to evaluate critical ADME parameters within a stand-alone organ system or through interconnected organ systems. This review surveys current MPS developed for liver, kidney, and intestinal systems as stand-alone or interconnected organ systems, and evaluates each system for specific performance criteria recommended by regulatory authorities and MPS leaders that would render each system suitable for evaluating drug ADME. Whereas some systems are more suitable for ADME type research than others, not all system designs were intended to meet the recently published desired performance criteria and are reported as a summary of initial proof-of-concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk P. Van Ness
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Francine Cesar
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Catherine K. Yeung
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Kidney Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Tanataweethum N, Trang A, Lee C, Mehta J, Patel N, Cohen RN, Bhushan A. Investigation of insulin resistance through a multiorgan microfluidic organ-on-chip. Biomed Mater 2021; 17. [PMID: 34942604 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of hepatic insulin resistance (IR) is a critical factor in developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), where insulin fails to inhibit hepatic glucose production but retains its capacity to promote hepatic lipogenesis. Improving insulin sensitivity can be effective in preventing and treating T2D. However, selective control of glucose and lipid synthesis has been difficult. It is known that excess white adipose tissue is detrimental to insulin sensitivity, whereas brown adipose tissue transplantation can restore it in diabetic mice. However, challenges remain in our understanding of liver-adipose communication because the confounding effects of hypothalamic regulation of metabolic function cannot be ruled out in previous studies. There is a lack of in vitro models that use primary cells to study cellular-crosstalk under insulin resistant conditions. Building upon our previous work on the microfluidic primary liver and adipose organ-on-chips, we report for the first time the development of integrated insulin resistant liver-adipose (white and brown) organ-on-chip. The design of the microfluidic device was carried out using computational fluid dynamics; the experimental studies were conducted by carrying out detailed biochemical analysis RNA-seq analysis on both cell types. Further, we tested the hypothesis that brown adipocytes regulated both hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipogenesis. Our results show effective co-modulation of hepatic glucose and lipid synthesis through a platform for identifying potential therapeutics for IR and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Tanataweethum
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Allyson Trang
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South Dearborn Street Wishnick Hall, Suite 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Chaeeun Lee
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South Dearborn Street Wishnick Hall, Suite 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Jhalak Mehta
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Neha Patel
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637-1476, UNITED STATES
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S Dearborn St, Wishnick 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
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Fernandez-Checa JC, Bagnaninchi P, Ye H, Sancho-Bru P, Falcon-Perez JM, Royo F, Garcia-Ruiz C, Konu O, Miranda J, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Elfick A, McDonald A, Sullivan GJ, Aithal GP, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Fromenty B, Kranendonk M, Cubero FJ, Nelson LJ. Advanced preclinical models for evaluation of drug-induced liver injury - consensus statement by the European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network [PRO-EURO-DILI-NET]. J Hepatol 2021; 75:935-959. [PMID: 34171436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) and one of the leading indications for liver transplantation in Western societies. Given the wide use of both prescribed and over the counter drugs, DILI has become a major health issue for which there is a pressing need to find novel and effective therapies. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DILI, our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and inability to predict DILI is largely due to both discordance between human and animal DILI in preclinical drug development and a lack of models that faithfully recapitulate complex pathophysiological features of human DILI. This is exemplified by the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, a major cause of ALF because of its extensive worldwide use as an analgesic. Despite intensive efforts utilising current animal and in vitro models, the mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity of APAP are still not fully understood. In this expert Consensus Statement, which is endorsed by the European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, we aim to facilitate and outline clinically impactful discoveries by detailing the requirements for more realistic human-based systems to assess hepatotoxicity and guide future drug safety testing. We present novel insights and discuss major players in APAP pathophysiology, and describe emerging in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models, as well as advanced imaging and in silico technologies, which may improve prediction of clinical outcomes of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States, CA 90033.
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regenerative and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4UU; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, Colin Maclaurin Road, EH9 3 DW, Scotland, UK
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, 48015, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States, CA 90033
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joana Miranda
- Research Institute for iMedicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alistair Elfick
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3DW, UK
| | - Alison McDonald
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3DW, UK
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- University of Oslo and the Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hosptial, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, UICEC SCReN, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Instituto de Investigación, Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regenerative and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4UU; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, Colin Maclaurin Road, EH9 3 DW, Scotland, UK; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH12 2AS, Scotland, UK.
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43
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Sakolish C, Luo YS, Valdiviezo A, Vernetti LA, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Prediction of hepatic drug clearance with a human microfluidic four-cell liver acinus microphysiology system. Toxicology 2021; 463:152954. [PMID: 34543702 PMCID: PMC8585690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Predicting human hepatic clearance remains a fundamental challenge in both pharmaceutical drug development and toxicological assessments of environmental chemicals, with concerns about both accuracy and precision of in vitro-derived estimates. Suggested sources of these issues have included differences in experimental protocols, differences in cell sourcing, and use of a single cell type, liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes). Here we investigate the ability of human microfluidic four-cell liver acinus microphysiology system (LAMPS) to make predictions as to hepatic clearance for seven representative compounds: Caffeine, Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Terfenadine, Tolcapone, Troglitazone, and Trovafloxacin. The model, whose reproducibility was recently confirmed in an inter-lab comparison, was constructed using primary human hepatocytes or human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes and 3 human cell lines for the endothelial, Kupffer and stellate cells. We calculated hepatic clearance estimates derived from experiments using LAMPS or traditional 2D cultures and compared the outcomes with both in vivo human clinical study-derived and in vitro human hepatocyte suspension culture-derived values reported in the literature. We found that, compared to in vivo clinically-derived values, the LAMPS model with iPSC-derived hepatocytes had higher precision as compared to primary cells in suspension or 2D culture, but, consistent with previous studies in other microphysiological systems, tended to underestimate in vivo clearance. Overall, these results suggest that use of LAMPS and iPSC-derived hepatocytes together with an empirical scaling factor warrants additional study with a larger set of compounds, as it has the potential to provide more accurate and precise estimates of hepatic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan(1)
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lawrence A Vernetti
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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44
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Ferrari E, Rasponi M. Liver-Heart on chip models for drug safety. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031505. [PMID: 34286172 PMCID: PMC8282347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pre-clinical models to evaluate drug safety during the drug development process (DDP) mainly rely on traditional two-dimensional cell cultures, considered too simplistic and often ineffective, or animal experimentations, which are costly, time-consuming, and not truly representative of human responses. Their clinical translation thus remains limited, eventually causing attrition and leading to high rates of failure during clinical trials. These drawbacks can be overcome by the recently developed Organs-on-Chip (OoC) technology. OoC are sophisticated in vitro systems capable of recapitulating pivotal architecture and functionalities of human organs. OoC are receiving increasing attention from the stakeholders of the DDP, particularly concerning drug screening and safety applications. When a drug is administered in the human body, it is metabolized by the liver and the resulting compound may cause unpredicted toxicity on off-target organs such as the heart. In this sense, several liver and heart models have been widely adopted to assess the toxicity of new or recalled drugs. Recent advances in OoC technology are making available platforms encompassing multiple organs fluidically connected to efficiently assess and predict the systemic effects of compounds. Such Multi-Organs-on-Chip (MOoC) platforms represent a disruptive solution to study drug-related effects, which results particularly useful to predict liver metabolism on off-target organs to ultimately improve drug safety testing in the pre-clinical phases of the DDP. In this review, we focus on recently developed liver and heart on chip systems for drug toxicity testing. In addition, MOoC platforms encompassing connected liver and heart tissues have been further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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45
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Shanti A, Hallfors N, Petroianu GA, Planelles L, Stefanini C. Lymph Nodes-On-Chip: Promising Immune Platforms for Pharmacological and Toxicological Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711307. [PMID: 34483920 PMCID: PMC8415712 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-chip are gaining increasing attention as promising platforms for drug screening and testing applications. However, lymph nodes-on-chip options remain limited although the lymph node is one of the main determinants of the immunotoxicity of newly developed pharmacological drugs. In this review, we describe existing biomimetic lymph nodes-on-chip, their design, and their physiological relevance to pharmacology and shed the light on future directions associated with lymph node-on-chip design and implementation in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas Hallfors
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lourdes Planelles
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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46
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Barrier-on-a-Chip with a Modular Architecture and Integrated Sensors for Real-Time Measurement of Biological Barrier Function. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070816. [PMID: 34357226 PMCID: PMC8305171 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological barriers are essential for the maintenance of organ homeostasis and their dysfunction is responsible for many prevalent diseases. Advanced in vitro models of biological barriers have been developed through the combination of 3D cell culture techniques and organ-on-chip (OoC) technology. However, real-time monitoring of tissue function inside the OoC devices has been challenging, with most approaches relying on off-chip analysis and imaging techniques. In this study, we designed and fabricated a low-cost barrier-on-chip (BoC) device with integrated electrodes for the development and real-time monitoring of biological barriers. The integrated electrodes were used to measure transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) during tissue culture, thereby quantitatively evaluating tissue barrier function. A finite element analysis was performed to study the sensitivity of the integrated electrodes and to compare them with conventional systems. As proof-of-concept, a full-thickness human skin model (FTSm) was grown on the developed BoC, and TEER was measured on-chip during the culture. After 14 days of culture, the barrier tissue was challenged with a benchmark irritant and its impact was evaluated on-chip through TEER measurements. The developed BoC with an integrated sensing capability represents a promising tool for real-time assessment of barrier function in the context of drug testing and disease modelling.
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47
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Abbott A, Coburn JM. HepaRG Maturation in Silk Fibroin Scaffolds: Toward Developing a 3D In Vitro Liver Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34105934 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro liver models are necessary tools for the development of new therapeutics. HepaRG cells are a commonly used cell line to produce hepatic progenitor cells and hepatocytes. This study demonstrates for the first time the suitability of 3% silk scaffolds to support HepaRG growth and differentiation. The modulus and pore size of 3% silk scaffolds were shown to be within the desired range for liver cell growth. The optimal seeding density for HepaRG cells on silk scaffolds was determined. The growth and maturation of scaffolded HepaRG cells was evaluated for 28 days, where the first 14 days of culture were a proliferation period and the last 14 days of culture were a differentiation period using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. After the first 14 days of culture, the scaffolded HepaRG cells exhibited increased metabolic activity and albumin secretion compared to monolayer cultured controls and preserved these attributes through the duration of culture. Additionally, after the first 14 days of culture, the scaffolded HepaRG cells displayed a significantly reduced expression of genes associated with hepatocyte maturation. This difference in expression was no longer apparent after 28 days of culture, suggesting that the cells underwent rapid differentiation within the scaffold. The functionalization of silk scaffolds with extracellular matrix (ECM) components (type I collagen and/or an arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)-containing peptide) was investigated to determine the impact on HepaRG cell attachment and maturation. The inclusion of ECM components had no noticeable impact on cell attachment but did significantly influence CYP3A4 expression and albumin secretion. Finally, the matrix support provided by the 3% silk scaffolds could prime the HepaRG cells for steatosis liver model applications, as evidenced by lipid droplet accumulation and expression of steatosis-related genes after 24 h of exposure to oleic acid. Overall, our work demonstrates the utility of silk scaffolds in providing a modifiable platform for liver cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Abbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Jeannine M Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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48
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Heydari Z, Zarkesh I, Ghanian MH, Aghdaei MH, Kotova S, Zahmatkesh E, Farzaneh Z, Piryaei A, Akbarzadeh I, Shpichka A, Gramignoli R, Timashev P, Baharvand H, Vosough M. Biofabrication of size-controlled liver microtissues incorporated with ECM-derived microparticles to prolong hepatocyte function. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Saydmohammed M, Jha A, Mahajan V, Gavlock D, Shun TY, DeBiasio R, Lefever D, Li X, Reese C, Kershaw EE, Yechoor V, Behari J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Vernetti L, Stern A, Gough A, Miedel MT, Lansing Taylor D. Quantifying the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in human biomimetic liver microphysiology systems with fluorescent protein biosensors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2420-2441. [PMID: 33957803 PMCID: PMC8606957 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211009228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disease that involves multiple organ systems including a critical role for the liver. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a key component of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver is linked to a range of metabolic dysfunctions that occur in approximately 25% of the population. A panel of experts recently agreed that the acronym, NAFLD, did not properly characterize this heterogeneous disease given the associated metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), obesity, and hypertension. Therefore, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed as the new term to cover the heterogeneity identified in the NAFLD patient population. Although many rodent models of NAFLD/NASH have been developed, they do not recapitulate the full disease spectrum in patients. Therefore, a platform has evolved initially focused on human biomimetic liver microphysiology systems that integrates fluorescent protein biosensors along with other key metrics, the microphysiology systems database, and quantitative systems pharmacology. Quantitative systems pharmacology is being applied to investigate the mechanisms of NAFLD/MAFLD progression to select molecular targets for fluorescent protein biosensors, to integrate computational and experimental methods to predict drugs for repurposing, and to facilitate novel drug development. Fluorescent protein biosensors are critical components of the platform since they enable monitoring of the pathophysiology of disease progression by defining and quantifying the temporal and spatial dynamics of protein functions in the biosensor cells, and serve as minimally invasive biomarkers of the physiological state of the microphysiology system experimental disease models. Here, we summarize the progress in developing human microphysiology system disease models of NAFLD/MAFLD from several laboratories, developing fluorescent protein biosensors to monitor and to measure NAFLD/MAFLD disease progression and implementation of quantitative systems pharmacology with the goal of repurposing drugs and guiding the creation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manush Saydmohammed
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anupma Jha
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Vineet Mahajan
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dillon Gavlock
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Richard DeBiasio
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel Lefever
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Celeste Reese
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Vijay Yechoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jaideep Behari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Liver Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Larry Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew Stern
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark T Miedel
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Gerussi A, Natalini A, Antonangeli F, Mancuso C, Agostinetto E, Barisani D, Di Rosa F, Andrade R, Invernizzi P. Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Immunogenetics and Experimental Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4557. [PMID: 33925355 PMCID: PMC8123708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging clinical event in medicine, particularly because of its ability to present with a variety of phenotypes including that of autoimmune hepatitis or other immune mediated liver injuries. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic tools are available, mostly because its pathogenesis has remained poorly understood for decades. The recent scientific and technological advancements in genomics and immunology are paving the way for a better understanding of the molecular aspects of DILI. This review provides an updated overview of the genetic predisposition and immunological mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of DILI and presents the state-of-the-art experimental models to study DILI at the pre-clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gerussi
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Clara Mancuso
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa Agostinetto
- Academic Trials Promoting Team, Institut Jules Bordet, L’Universite’ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Barisani
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (F.A.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Raul Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.I.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
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