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Uğur TA, Tercanlı H. Evaluation of the anterior processes of the parotid gland: an ultrasonographic study. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:915-922. [PMID: 38703221 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anterior extensions of the parotid gland (AEPG), namely the accessory parotid gland (APG) and the facial process of the parotid gland (FP), using ultrasonography. STUDY DESIGN A total of 338 parotid glands were scanned bilaterally. APG was defined as a soft tissue mass with the same echogenic features as the main parotid gland (MPG) and not in contact with it, while FP was defined as an extension that exceeded the anterior border of the mandibular ramus and was continuous with the MPG. The anteroposterior, mediolateral, superoinferior dimensions and the mean distance from the MPG to the APG were measured. RESULTS The prevalence of APG and FP were 19.5% and 36%, respectively, resulting in an AEPG prevalence of 55.6%. The presence of APG was statistically higher in females than in males (p = 0.039). The mean anteroposterior, mediolateral, and superoinferior dimensions of the APG were 18.1 ± 0.57 mm, 0.35 ± 0.17 mm, and 12.3 ± 0.36 mm, respectively, and the mean distance from the MPG was measured as 12.1 ± 0.87 mm. CONCLUSION This study can raise awareness among clinicians about the presence of AEPG in the differential diagnosis of mid-cheek masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Ali Uğur
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hümeyra Tercanlı
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Patton LL, Helgeson ES, Brennan MT, Treister NS, Sollecito TP, Schmidt BL, Lin A, Chera BS, Lalla RV. Oral health-related quality of life after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: the OraRad study. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:286. [PMID: 37079106 PMCID: PMC11216743 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment results in morbidity impacting quality of life (QOL) in survivorship. This analysis evaluated changes in oral health-related QOL (OH-QOL) up to 2 years after curative intent radiation therapy (RT) for HNC patients and factors associated with these changes. METHODS 572 HNC patients participated in a multicenter, prospective observational study (OraRad). Data collected included sociodemographic, tumor, and treatment variables. Ten single-item questions and 2 composite scales of swallowing problems and senses problems (taste and smell) from a standard QOL instrument were assessed before RT and at 6-month intervals after RT. RESULTS The most persistently impacted OH-QOL variables at 24 months included: dry mouth; sticky saliva, and senses problems. These measures were most elevated at the 6-month visit. Aspects of swallowing were most impacted by oropharyngeal tumor site, chemotherapy, and non-Hispanic ethnicity. Problems with senses and dry mouth were worse with older age. Dry mouth and sticky saliva increased more among men and those with oropharyngeal cancer, nodal involvement, and use of chemotherapy. Problems with mouth opening were increased by chemotherapy and were more common among non-White and Hispanic individuals. A 1000 cGy increase in RT dose was associated with a clinically meaningful change in difficulty swallowing solid food, dry mouth, sticky saliva, sense of taste, and senses problems. CONCLUSIONS Demographic, tumor, and treatment variables impacted OH-QOL for HNC patients up to 2 years after RT. Dry mouth is the most intense and sustained toxicity of RT that negatively impacts OH-QOL of HNC survivors. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02057510; first posted February 7, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Patton
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, CB 7450, USA.
| | - Erika S Helgeson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 2221 University Ave SE Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Michael T Brennan
- Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Nathaniel S Treister
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1620 Tremont Street, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas P Sollecito
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40Th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, 421 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Alexander Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bhishamjit S Chera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7512, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7512, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University South Carolina, 169 Ashley Ave. MSC 318, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Rajesh V Lalla
- Section of Oral Medicine, MC3912, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3912, USA
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Population Based Average Parotid Gland Volume and Prevalence of Incidental Tumors in T1-MRI. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112310. [PMID: 36421635 PMCID: PMC9690992 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Representative epidemiologic data on the average volume of the parotid gland in a large population-based MRI survey is non-existent. Within the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), we examined the parotid gland in 1725 non-contrast MRI-scans in T1 weighted sequence of axial layers. Thus, a reliable standard operating procedure (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient > 0.8) could be established. In this study, we found an average, single sided parotid gland volume of 27.82 cm3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 27.15 to 28.50) in male and 21.60 cm3 (95% CI 21.16 to 22.05) in female subjects. We observed positive associations for age, body mass index (BMI), as well as male sex with parotid gland size in a multivariate model. The prevalence of incidental tumors within the parotid gland regardless of dignity was 3.94% in the Northeast German population, slightly higher than assumed. Further epidemiologic investigations regarding primary salivary gland diseases are necessary.
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Salivary Biomarkers (Opiorphin, Cortisol, Amylase, and IgA) Related to Age, Sex, and Stress Perception in a Prospective Cohort of Healthy Schoolchildren. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2021:3639441. [PMID: 35110971 PMCID: PMC8801773 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3639441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of easily accessible biomarkers for assessing young patients' health is weighty. This cohort study is aimed at measuring stress/immune biomarkers in the saliva of healthy school-age children and comparing subgroups according to age, sex, and stress perception. Material and Methods. 503 children under 12 years old (8.7 ± 1.3) were included with anthropometric evaluation (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, and body mass index (BMI)). Levels of opiorphin (OPI), free cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulin (sIgA) were determined by quantitative assays (ELISA) in unstimulated saliva. Unpaired t-test, Welch test, and Mann-Whitney U test were applied for appropriate group comparisons, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman's rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results sIgA and sAA exhibited significant differences depending on age and sex: IgA (ng/mL): 86 ± 68.6 vs. 104.9 ± 72.1 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.), respectively, and 108.1 ± 80.1 vs. 94.6 ± 62.2 for male and females, respectively; sAA (U/mL): 78.9 ± 54.4 vs. 100.5 ± 81.2 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.). No difference related to age or sex between groups was observed for cortisol and OPI. However, OPI levels were higher and correlated to prior stress exposure in children (0.31 ± 0.4 vs. 0.26 ± 0.5 ng/mL, p = 0.031). sAA was negatively correlated to low mood self-declaration in children in the last two weeks (r = -0.10, p = 0.045). Conclusions sIgA and sAA can be used as sex- and age-related biomarkers in children 6-12 y.o., which is not the case for free cortisol and opiorphin. However, OPI reflected previous exposure to stress, suggesting its use for evaluating stress-related changes in children.
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Wang A, Ji Z, Xuan R, Zhao X, Hou L, Li Q, Chu Y, Chao T, Wang J. Differentially Expressed MiRNAs of Goat Submandibular Glands Among Three Developmental Stages Are Involved in Immune Functions. Front Genet 2021; 12:678194. [PMID: 34211501 PMCID: PMC8239366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.678194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Submandibular glands (SMGs) are one of the primary components of salivary glands in goats. The proteins and biologically active substances secreted by the SMGs change with growth and development. Our previous studies showed that most of the differentially expressed genes in the SMGs of goats at different developmental stages are involved in immune-related signaling pathways, but the miRNA expression patterns in the same tissues are unknown. The aim of this study was to reveal the expression profile of miRNAs at three different developmental stages, detect differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and predict disease-related DE miRNAs. SMG tissue samples were collected from groups of 1-month-old kids, 12-month-old maiden goats and 24-month-old adult goats (three samples from each group), and high-throughout transcriptome sequencing was conducted. A total of 178, 241 and 7 DE miRNAs were discovered between 1-month-old kids and 12-month-old maiden goats, between 1-month-old kids and 24-month-old adult goats, and between 12-month-old maiden goats and 24-month-old adult goats, respectively. Among these DE miRNAs, 88 DE miRNAs with medium or high expression levels (TPM ≥50) were classified into five expression pattern clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that some of the predicted target genes of the DE miRNAs in the five clusters were enriched in disease-related GO terms and pathways. MiRNA target genes in significant pathways were significantly enriched in Hepatitis B (FDR = 9.03E-10) and Pathways in cancer (FDR = 4.2E-10). Further analysis was performed with a PPI network, and 10 miRNAs were predicted to play an important role in the occurrence and prevention of diseases during the growth and development of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, China
| | - Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yunpeng Chu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Wang A, Chao T, Ji Z, Xuan R, Liu S, Guo M, Wang G, Wang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals potential immune function-related regulatory genes/pathways of female Lubo goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9947. [PMID: 33083113 PMCID: PMC7547598 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The submandibular glands, as major salivary glands, participate in rumen digestion in goats. Sialic acid, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and other biologically active substances secreted in the submandibular glands were reported in succession, which suggests that the submandibular gland may have immune functions in addition to participating in digestion. The aim of this study was to map the expression profile of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three different stages by transcriptome sequencing, screen immune-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics methods, and predict the immune function of submandibular glands at different developmental stages. Methods Nine submandibular gland tissue samples were collected from groups of 1-month-old kids, 12-month-old adolescent goats and 24-month-old adult goats (3 samples from each group), and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was conducted on these samples. The DEGs among the three stages were screened and analysed. Key genes and signalling pathways were selected via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Results The results revealed 2,706, 2,525 and 52 DEGs between 1-month-old and 12-month-old goats, between 1-month-old and 24-month-old goats, and between 12-month-old and 24-month-old goats, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that most of the DEGs were enriched in immune- related GO terms and pathways. Based on functional enrichment analysis and network analysis, 10 genes (PTPRC, CD28, SELL, LCP2, MYC, LCK, ZAP70, ITGB2, SYK and CCR7), two signalling pathways (the T cell receptor signalling pathway and the NF-κβ signalling pathway) and eight GO terms (T cell receptor signalling pathway, neutrophil mediated immunity, B cell mediated immunity, regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation, positive regulation of T cell proliferation, regulation of leukocyte differentiation, positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signalling pathway, positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation) that may play key roles in the immune functions of the goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages were identified. Moreover, we found that eight antibacterial peptide-encoding genes were downregulated in the tuberculosis and salivary secretion pathways, while all immunoglobulins were upregulated in 10 immune system pathways. These findings indicate that the submandibular glands may be important immunological organs during the growth process of goats and that the immune function of these glands gradually weakens with age up to 12 months but remains relatively stable after 12 months of age. Overall, this study will improve our understanding of transcriptional regulation related to goat submandibular gland immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Maosen Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R. China
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Lee SW, Kim J, Do M, Namkoong E, Lee H, Ryu JH, Park K. Developmental role of hyaluronic acid and its application in salivary gland tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:275-287. [PMID: 32853803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dry mouth, or xerostomia, caused by salivary gland dysfunction significantly impacts oral/systemic health and quality of life. Although in vitro-generated artificial salivary glands have been considered as the fundamental solution, its structural complexity is difficult to reproduce using current biomaterials. Therefore, understanding and recapitulating the roles of biomacromolecules in salivary gland organogenesis is needed to solve these problems. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a macromolecule abundant during salivary gland organogenesis, but its role remains unknown. Here, we verify the effects of HA on salivary gland organogenesis and artificial organ germ formation in solubilized and substrate-immobilized forms. In embryonic submandibular glands (eSMG), we found dense HA layers encapsulating proliferative c-Kit+ progenitor cells that were expressing CD44, an HA receptor. The blockage of HA synthesis, or degradation of HA, impaired eSMG growth by ablating the c-Kit+ progenitor cell population. We also found that high-molecular-weight (HMW) HA has a significant role in eSMG growth. Based on these findings, we discovered that HA is also crucial for in vitro formation of salivary gland organ germs, one of the most promising candidates for salivary gland tissue regeneration. We significantly enhanced salivary gland organ germ formation by supplementing HMW HA in solution; this effect was further increased when the HMW HA was immobilized on the substrate by polydopamine/HA co-immobilization. Our study suggests that the current use of HA in salivary gland tissue engineering can be further optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Do
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
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Rogus-Pulia NM, Plowman EK. Shifting Tides Toward a Proactive Patient-Centered Approach in Dysphagia Management of Neurodegenerative Disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 29:1094-1109. [PMID: 32650651 PMCID: PMC7844336 DOI: 10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Persons with neurodegenerative disease frequently develop comorbid dysphagia as part of their disease process. Current "reactive" approaches to dysphagia management address dysphagia once it manifests clinically and consist of compensatory approaches. The purpose of this article is to propose a paradigm shift in dysphagia management of patients with neurodegenerative disease from a "reactive to proactive" approach by highlighting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and dementia as case examples. Method The authors present several areas of special consideration for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) treating dysphagia in patients with neurodegenerative disease. The drawbacks of historical "reactive" approaches to dysphagia management are described. Concepts of functional reserve for swallowing and homeostenosis are discussed. A "proactive" patient-centered paradigm of care for these patients is proposed with evidence to support its importance. A rationale for use of this approach in patients with ALS and dementia is provided with strategies for implementation. Results When treating dysphagia in patients with neurodegenerative disease, SLPs must balance a variety of factors in their decision making, including disease severity and expected progression, cultural considerations, goals of care, patient empowerment, and caregiver support. Reactive approaches to dysphagia management in these populations are problematic in that they disempower patients by focusing on use of compensatory techniques (e.g., diet modification, postural changes, feeding tube placement). Proactive approaches that employ rehabilitative interventions to increase functional reserve, such as resistance training, may result in improvement or maintenance of swallowing function longer into disease progression. An interdisciplinary team with early SLP involvement is necessary. Conclusions SLPs play a critical role in the management of dysphagia in patients with neurodegenerative disease and should be integrated early in the care of these patients. By focusing on a proactive patient-centered approach, patients with neurodegenerative conditions, such as ALS and dementia, will experience improved quality of life and health outcomes for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Rogus-Pulia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Emily K. Plowman
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Aerodigestive Research Core, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Venegas M, Navia R, Fuentealba I, Medina MDD, Kunstmann P. MANEJO HOSPITALARIO DE LA PERSONA MAYOR CON DISFAGIA. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vialaret J, Deville de Périère D, Escribano D, Lehmann S, Tecles F, Cerón JJ, Hirtz C. Variation of human salivary alpha-amylase proteoforms in three stimulation models. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:475-486. [PMID: 31388762 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the sAA proteoforms' expression during different stimulation situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study evaluated the salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) proteoforms' behavior by western blot (WB) analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in different situations that produce increases in sAA activity. For this purpose, six healthy women with a similar body mass index, age, and fit, underwent different sAA stimulation tests, such as acetic acid stimulation, psychological stress using the standardized Trier social stress test, and physical effort using the Cooper treadmill test. RESULTS The three models showed an increase in sAA activity. The WB demonstrated seven common bands observed in the six women (band one at 59 kDa, two at 56 kDa, three at 48 kDa, four at 45 kDa, five at 41 kDa, six at 36 kDa, and seven at 14 kDa), in which sAA protein was identified. The individual WB analysis showed that band two, which corresponded to the native non-glycosylated sAA proteoform, had a higher increase after the three sAA stimulation inducers, and this band was also the only proteoform correlated with sAA activity (r = 0.56, P = 0.001). In addition, when the label-free quantification analysis was performed, the different proteoforms showed different responses depending on the type of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study showed that the diverse sAA proteoforms' expression depends on the different stimulation models. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study opens new perspectives and challenges for the use of the different alpha-amylase proteoforms as possible biomarkers in addition to the sAA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Contreras-Aguilar
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jerome Vialaret
- LBPC/PPC - IRMB, CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier University, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Deville de Périère
- LBPC/PPC - IRMB, CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier University, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- LBPC/PPC - IRMB, CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier University, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose J Cerón
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- LBPC/PPC - IRMB, CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier University, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
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Łysik D, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Bucki R, Tokajuk G, Mystkowska J. Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3199. [PMID: 31261876 PMCID: PMC6651665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Łysik
- Department of Materials Engineering and Production, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Microbiological and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grażyna Tokajuk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Mystkowska
- Department of Materials Engineering and Production, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
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12
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Zhu W, Lan T, Liang P, Liu X, Tao Q. Role of Salivary Duct Morphology in the Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Parotitis: Statistical Analysis of Sialographic Features and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Salivary Flow. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 77:740-747. [PMID: 30576669 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The causes of some cases of chronic obstructive parotitis (COP) without obstructive factors are still unclear. The authors hypothesized that some morphologic features of salivary ducts might contribute to the development of COP. This study investigated the role of salivary duct morphology in the etiology of COP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors designed and implemented a case-and-control study. Cases were defined as patients with COP, diagnosed from September 2014 to May 2017 at the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of the Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), and controls were healthy participants. The primary predictor variables were the occurrence of an accessory duct (AD), the number of branches uniting to form the Stensen duct (SD), the angle between the AD and the SD, and the angle between branches identified on sialographic computed tomograms. Data from the 2 groups were compared to investigate the association between these variables and COP. The χ2 test, Student t test, and logistic regression were computed, with significance set at a P value less than .05. Fluid dynamics analysis was used to analyze salivary flow field in models of salivary ducts with different morphologic features reconstructed from sialographic computed tomograms. RESULTS The sample was composed of 39 patients with COP and 18 controls without COP. The 2 groups were not similar for incidences of an AD (71.8 vs 38.9%) and the angle between branches (96.5 ± 26.0° vs 71.5 ± 21.2°). There was no relevant difference between groups in the number of branches and the angle between the AD and the SD. The area of low velocity was larger in the model with the wider angle between branches. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the presence of an AD and a wider angle between duct branches are associated with COP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyong Zhu
- Resident, Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianjun Lan
- Resident, Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peisheng Liang
- Resident, Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Resident, Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Falkowski M, Maciejczyk M, Koprowicz T, Mikołuć B, Milewska A, Zalewska A, Car H. Whey Protein Concentrate WPC-80 Improves Antioxidant Defense Systems in the Salivary Glands of 14-Month Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060782. [PMID: 29914217 PMCID: PMC6024865 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is characterized by powerful antioxidant properties, but its effect on redox homeostasis of salivary glands of aging organisms is still unknown. In this study, we are the first to evaluate the antioxidant barrier of salivary glands of 14-month Wistar rats fed WPC-80. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) are estimated in the submandibular and parotid glands of rats administered WPC-80 intragastrically for a period of 7 and 14 days. We demonstrate a significant increase in GSH, GPx and SOD in the salivary glands of rats fed WPC-80 for 14 days and a significant increase in TAS, GPx and SOD in the parotid glands of rats fed WPC-80 for 7 days compared to control rats. The beneficial effects of WPC-80 on salivary glands are also demonstrated by lower TOS and OSI in the parotid glands of rats fed WPC-80 compared to the submandibular glands. In summary, we demonstrate that WPC-80 improves redox homeostasis in salivary glands, particularly in the parotid glands of old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Falkowski
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna Street, 15-767 Bialystok, Poland.
- ZOZ Clinic of Dentistry and Medicine, E. and B. Falkowscy CLP., 17B Zarzecze Street, 16-300 Augustów, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna Street, 15-767 Bialystok, Poland.
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 2c Mickiewicza Street, 15-233 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Koprowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna Street, 15-767 Bialystok, Poland.
- Servier Polska LTD, 10 Jana Kazimierza Street, 01-248 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 17 Waszyngtona Street, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Milewska
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna Street, 15-767 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna Street, 15-767 Bialystok, Poland.
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14
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The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040445. [PMID: 28425972 PMCID: PMC5409645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyposalivation (HS) affects aging individuals by causing pain and discomfort in the oral cavity. The aim here was to determine the impact of hyposalivation and the saliva pH on the quality of life and caries status of geriatrics population. A total of 138 male outpatients attending the Taibah University College of Dentistry (TUCoD) dental clinic were included in the study. The saliva flow, pH, Quality of Life (QoL), and caries status were recorded. The QoL was measured using the Arabic version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the caries status was recorded using the Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. The mean age was 67.5 years and 64% were classified as having hyposalivation. The older respondents tended to have a lower saliva flow and pH compared to their younger counterparts. There was a significant inverse association (p = 0.02) between the caries status and mean saliva flow rate. There was also a significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between caries and the OHIP-14 scores (Spearman’s ρ = 0.293). The prevalence of hyposalivation was relatively high and there was an inverse relationship between the age, the saliva flow, and pH. Those with more caries reported significantly poor QoL.
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15
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Hamburger J. Orofacial manifestations in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30:826-850. [PMID: 27964791 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main orofacial manifestation of the inflammatory rheumatic diseases is that of Sjögren's syndrome. In addition, there is a constellation of orofacial manifestations of the inflammatory rheumatic diseases, many of which are extra-articular with some constituting presenting signs of the underlying rheumatic disease. This review will discuss the orofacial manifestations in a variety of connective tissue diseases and will also allude to the oral adverse drug reactions that may occur as a consequence of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hamburger
- Birmingham Behçet's Syndrome Centre of Excellence, Sheldon Block, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK.
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16
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Zhang WB, Sinha DB, Pittman WE, Hvatum E, Stroustrup N, Pincus Z. Extended Twilight among Isogenic C. elegans Causes a Disproportionate Scaling between Lifespan and Health. Cell Syst 2016; 3:333-345.e4. [PMID: 27720632 PMCID: PMC5111811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although many genetic factors and lifestyle interventions are known to affect the mean lifespan of animal populations, the physiological variation displayed by individuals across their lifespans remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we use a custom culture apparatus to continuously monitor five aspects of aging physiology across hundreds of isolated Caenorhabditis elegans individuals kept in a constant environment from hatching until death. Aggregating these measurements into an overall estimate of senescence, we find two chief differences between longer- and shorter-lived individuals. First, though long- and short-lived individuals are physiologically equivalent in early adulthood, longer-lived individuals experience a lower rate of physiological decline throughout life. Second, and counter-intuitively, long-lived individuals have a disproportionately extended "twilight" period of low physiological function. While longer-lived individuals experience more overall days of good health, their proportion of good to bad health, and thus their average quality of life, is systematically lower than that of shorter-lived individuals. We conclude that, within a homogeneous population reared under constant conditions, the period of early-life good health is comparatively uniform, and the most plastic period in the aging process is end-of-life senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Drew B Sinha
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - William E Pittman
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Erik Hvatum
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas Stroustrup
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary Pincus
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Britton D. The Impact of Aging and Progressive Neurological Disease on Swallowing: A Concise Overview. J Texture Stud 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Britton
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences; Portland State University (PSU); P.O. Box 751 Portland OR
- NW Center for Voice & Swallowing; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Sciences University; Portland OR
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18
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Walls A. Developing pathways for oral care in elders: challenges in care for the dentate the subject? Gerodontology 2015; 31 Suppl 1:25-30. [PMID: 24446976 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reviews potential age-associated risk factors for satisfactory oral function and oral disease to inform the development of care pathways for the older person. BACKGROUND Alterations in dental status or both physical and biological change associated with age can impact on oral disease and oral function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Older people tend to have fewer teeth and some are edentulous. Physical and biological changes in bodily function with age can also affect oral health care either directly or indirectly. RESULTS Reductions in chewing ability impact on the foods people choose to eat because of perceived difficulty with chewing, with a potentially deleterious affect on dietary quality. This is worse in people with xerostomia where chewing and swallowing are impaired anyway. Change in the cell-mediated inflammatory response impacts on gingival and periodontal disease manifestation and progression. Sarcopenia makes the physical act of toothbrushing more challenging. Caries remains a clinical problem that affects both the crowns and the roots of teeth. Coronal lesions tend to be around existing restorations where there is no evidence base about care/prevention. CONCLUSION The physical and clinical changes that occur with ageing require an altered pattern of care for older people which is adjusted to their disease risk and encourage diversity of foods consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Walls
- Edinburgh Dental Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R, Siqueira WL, Martin RE. Meta-Analysis of Salivary Flow Rates in Young and Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:2142-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. Affoo
- Graduate Program of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Norine Foley
- Brescia University College; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Rushlee Garrick
- Department of Psychology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Ruth E. Martin
- Graduate Program of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London ON Canada
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology; Western University; London ON Canada
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20
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Petracca M, Guidubaldi A, Ricciardi L, Ialongo T, Del Grande A, Mulas D, Di Stasio E, Bentivoglio AR. Botulinum Toxin A and B in sialorrhea: Long-term data and literature overview. Toxicon 2015; 107:129-40. [PMID: 26327120 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES In recent years, Botulinum Toxin has been shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of sialorrhea, but scanty data are available on its long term use. The aim of this study was to investigate adverse events, discriminate differences in safety, and evaluate the efficacy of long-term use of both abobotulinumtoxinA and rimabotulinumtoxinB ultrasound-guided injections for sialorrhea in a retrospective trial. Moreover we review the literature on this topic. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with severe sialorrhea and receiving at least two ultrasound-guided intrasalivary glands abobotulinumtoxinA 250 U or rimabotulinumtoxinB 2500 U injections were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Safety and tolerability were assessed on the basis of patients' self-reports. Efficacy was assessed by recording the duration of benefit and by the Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale 4 weeks after intervention. A review of literature was performed using 'Botulinum Toxin' and/or 'drooling' and/or 'sialorrhea' and/or 'hypersalivation' as keywords. RESULTS Sixty-five patients (32 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and 33 Parkinson's Disease) were treated in a total of 317 sessions (181 rimabotulinumtoxinB and 136 abobotulinumtoxinA). Both serotypes induced a clear-cut benefit in 89% of injections. Mean benefit duration was 87 days (range 30-240), similar for abobotulinumtoxinA and rimabotulinumtoxinB but significantly shorter in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis group compared to Parkinson's Disease (p < 0.001). Older age was positively correlated to benefit duration (p = 0.003). Botulinum Toxin-related and injection-related side effects complicated respectively 8,2% and 1,5% of treatments. The only Botulinum Toxin-related adverse event was a change of saliva thickness, mostly rated mild to moderate and more frequent in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS Both 250 U abobotulinumtoxinA and 2500 U rimabotulinumtoxinB administered by ultrasound-guided intrasalivary gland injection are safe and effective in treating sialorrhea, even in long-term follow-up. Older age is significantly associated with longer benefit duration. Parkinson's Disease patients showed a more favorable safety-efficacy ratio than did Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients, due to lower adverse events (p = NS) and longer benefit duration (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Petracca
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Guidubaldi
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricciardi
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tàmara Ialongo
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Delia Mulas
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Di Stasio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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21
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Yang Z, Lin J, Chen L, Zhang M, Yang X, Chen W. Influences of AMY1 gene copy number and protein expression on salivary alpha-amylase activity before and after citric acid stimulation in splenic asthenia children. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:266-72. [PMID: 26237829 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the correlations between salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity and amylase, alpha 1 (salivary) gene (AMYl) copy number or its gene expression between splenic asthenia and healthy children, and investigate the reasons of attenuated sAA activity ratio before and after citric acid stimulation in splenic asthenia children. METHODS Saliva samples from 20 splenic asthenia children and 29 healthy children were collected before and after citric acid stimulation. AMYl copy number, sAA activity, and total sAA and glycosylated sAA contents were determined, and their correlations were analyzed. RESULTS Although splenic asthenia and healthy children had no differences in AMY1 copy number, splenic asthenia children had positive correlations between AMY1 copy number and sAA activity before or after citric acid stimulation. Splenic asthenia children had a higher sAA glycosylated proportion ratio and glycosylated sAA content ratio, while their total sAA content ratio and sAA activity ratio were lower compared with healthy children. The glycosylated sAA content ratio was higher than the total sAA content ratio in both groups. Splenic asthenia and healthy children had positive correlations between total sAA or glycosylated sAA content and sAA activity. However, the role played by glycosylated sAA content in sAA activity in healthy children increased after citric acid stimulation, while it decreased in splenic asthenia children. CONCLUSION Genetic factors like AMY1 copy number variations, and more importantly, sAA glycosylation abnormalities leading to attenuated sAA activity after citric acid stimulation, which were the main reasons of the attenuated sAA activity ratio in splenic asthenia children compared with healthy children.
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22
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Wright KD, Hickman R, Laudenslager ML. Hair Cortisol Analysis: A Promising Biomarker of HPA Activation in Older Adults. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2015; 55 Suppl 1:S140-5. [PMID: 26055775 PMCID: PMC4566915 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnu174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged stress is a potentially harmful and often undetected risk factor for chronic illness in older adults. Cortisol, one indicator of the body's hormonal responses to stress, is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is commonly measured in saliva, urine, or blood samples. Cortisol possesses a diurnal pattern and thus collection timing is critical. Hair cortisol is a proxy measure to the total retrospective activity of the HPA axis over the preceding months, much like hemoglobin A1c is a proxy measure of glucose control over the past 3 months. The aim of this review is to examine a novel biomarker, hair cortisol, as a practical measure of long-term retrospective cortisol activity associated with chronic stress in older adults. Hair cortisol analysis advances the science of aging by better characterizing chronic stress as a risk factor for chronic illness progression and as a biomarker of the effectiveness of stress reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D Wright
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Ronald Hickman
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark L Laudenslager
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Immunology & Endocrinology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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23
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Attenuated acute salivary α-amylase responses to gustatory stimulation with citric acid in thin children. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1078-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Salivary α-amylase (sAA) is responsible for the ‘pre-digestion’ of starch in the oral cavity and accounts for up to 50 % of salivary protein in human saliva. An accumulating body of literature suggests that sAA is of nutritional importance; however, it is still not clear how sAA is related to individual's nutritional status. Although copy number variations (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) are associated with variation in sAA levels, a significant amount of sAA variation is not explained by AMY1 CNV. To measure sAA responses to gustatory stimulation with citric acid, we used sAA ratio (the ratio of stimulated sAA levels to those of resting sAA) and investigated acute sAA responses to citric acid in children with normal (Normal-BMI, n 22) and low (Low-BMI, n 21) BMI. The AMY1 gene copy number was determined by quantitative PCR. We, for the first time, demonstrated attenuated acute sAA responses (decreased sAA ratio) to gustatory stimulation in Low-BMI (thinness grade 3) children compared with the Normal-BMI children, which suggest that sAA responses to gustatory stimulation may be of nutritional importance. However, child's nutritional status was not directly related to their resting or stimulated sAA levels, and it was not associated with AMY1 gene copy number. Finally, AMY1 CNV might influence, but did not eventually determine, sAA levels in children.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yap
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - M McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
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25
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Takeuchi K, Furuta M, Takeshita T, Shibata Y, Shimazaki Y, Akifusa S, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y, Yamashita Y. Risk factors for reduced salivary flow rate in a Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:381821. [PMID: 25705657 PMCID: PMC4332456 DOI: 10.1155/2015/381821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine distinct risk factors causing reduced salivary flow rate in a community-dwelling population using a prospective cohort study design. This was a 5-year follow-up survey of 1,377 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years. The salivary flow rate was evaluated at baseline and follow-up by collecting stimulated saliva. Data on demographic characteristics, use of medication, and general and oral health status were obtained at baseline. The relationship between reduced salivary flow rate during the follow-up period and its predictors was evaluated after adjustment for confounding factors. In a multivariate logistic regression model, higher age and plaque score and lower serum albumin levels were significantly associated with greater odds of an obvious reduction in salivary flow rate (age per decade, odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-1.51; serum albumin levels <4 g/dL, OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.04-2.46; plaque score ≥1, OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04-2.24). In a multivariate linear regression model, age and plaque score remained independently associated with the increased rate of reduced salivary flow. These results suggest that aging and plaque score are important predictors of reduced salivary flow rate in Japanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takeuchi
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michiko Furuta
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukie Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimazaki
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Sumio Akifusa
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Health Management, School of Oral Health Science, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Division of Research Management, Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Salivary hypofunction: An update on aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:242-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yang ZM, Chen LH, Zhang M, Lin J, Zhang J, Chen WW, Yang XR. Age Differences of Salivary Alpha-Amylase Levels of Basal and Acute Responses to Citric Acid Stimulation Between Chinese Children and Adults. Front Physiol 2015; 6:340. [PMID: 26635626 PMCID: PMC4649062 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear how salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels respond to mechanical stimuli in different age groups. In addition, the role played by the sAA gene (AMY1) copy number and protein expression (glycosylated and non-glycosylated) in sAA activity has also been rarely reported. In this study, we analyzed saliva samples collected before and after citric acid stimulation from 47 child and 47 adult Chinese subjects. We observed that adults had higher sAA activity and sAA glycosylated levels (glycosylated sAA amount/total sAA amount) in basal and stimulated saliva when compared with children, while no differences were found in total or glycosylated sAA amount between them. Interestingly, adults showed attenuated sAA activity levels increase over those of children after stimulation. Correlation analysis showed that total sAA amount, glycosylated sAA amount, and AMY1 copy number × total sAA amount were all positively correlated with sAA activity before and after stimulation in both groups. Interestingly, correlation r between sAA levels (glycosylated sAA amount and total sAA amount) and sAA activity decreased after stimulation in children, while adults showed an increase in correlation r. In addition, the correlation r between AMY1 copy number × total sAA amount and sAA activity was higher than that between AMY1 copy number, total sAA amount, and sAA activity, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that total sAA amount, glycosylated sAA amount, and the positive interaction between AMY1 copy number and total sAA amount are crucial in influencing sAA activity before and after stimulation in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ze-Min Yang
| | - Long-Hui Chen
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haizhu Maternal and Child Health HospitalGuangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Beetz I, Steenbakkers RJHM, Chouvalova O, Leemans CR, Doornaert P, van der Laan BFAM, Christianen MEMC, Vissink A, Bijl HP, van Luijk P, Langendijk JA. The QUANTEC criteria for parotid gland dose and their efficacy to prevent moderate to severe patient-rated xerostomia. Acta Oncol 2014; 53:597-604. [PMID: 23998646 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2013.831186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effect in the Clinic (QUANTEC) Group defined dose-volume constraints for the parotid glands to avoid severe xerostomia. The aim of this study was to determine if application of these QUANTEC criteria also protected against moderate-to-severe patient-rated xerostomia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 307 head and neck cancer patients treated with primary (chemo)radiotherapy, either with 3D-CRT (56%) or with IMRT (44%). All patients participated in a standard follow-up program in which radiation-induced toxicity and quality of life were prospectively assessed. Patients who met the QUANTEC criteria were classified as low risk and otherwise as high risk. RESULTS In total, 41% of the patients (treated with 3D-CRT and IMRT) were classified as low risk patients. In the group treated with 3D-CRT and IMRT, it was possible to meet the QUANTEC criteria in 47% and 32% of the patients, respectively. Sparing the parotid glands with IMRT was considerably more difficult in patients with lymph node metastases and in patients with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal tumours. Low risk patients reported significantly less moderate-to-severe xerostomia than high risk patients. However, the predicted risk of elderly patients and patients with pre-existing minor patient-rated xerostomia at baseline was > 20%, even when the QUANTEC criteria were met. CONCLUSIONS Significantly lower rates of radiation-induced patient-rated xerostomia were found among low risk patients treated according to the QUANTEC criteria, but these criteria do not completely protect against xerostomia. Particularly in elderly patients and patients already suffering from minor xerostomia at baseline, the QUANTEC criteria do not sufficiently protect against persistent, moderate-to-severe patient-rated xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Beetz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Salivary alpha amylase activity in human beings of different age groups subjected to psychological stress. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013; 29:485-90. [PMID: 25298630 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a sensitive non-invasive biomarker for stress-induced changes in the body that reflect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Though several experiments have been conducted to determine the validity of this salivary component as a reliable stress marker in human subjects, the effect of stress induced changes on sAA level in different age groups is least studied. This article reports the activity of sAA in human subjects of different age groups subjected to psychological stress induced through stressful video clip. Differences in sAA level based on sex of different age groups under stress have also been studied. A total of 112 subjects consisting of both the male and female subjects, divided into two groups on basis of age were viewed a video clip of corneal transplant surgery as stressor. Activity of sAA from saliva samples of the stressed subjects were measured and compared with the activity of the samples collected from the subjects before viewing the clip. The age ranges of subjects were 18-25 and 40-60 years. The sAA level increased significantly in both the groups after viewing the stressful video. The increase was more pronounced in the younger subjects. The level of sAA was comparatively more in males than females in the respective groups. No significant change in sAA activity was observed after viewing the soothed video clip. Significant increase of sAA level in response to psychological stress suggests that it might act as a reliable sympathetic activity biochemical marker in different stages of human beings.
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Beetz I, Schilstra C, Visink A, van der Schaaf A, Bijl HP, van der Laan BFAM, Steenbakkers RJHM, Langendijk JA. Role of minor salivary glands in developing patient-rated xerostomia and sticky saliva during day and night. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109:311-6. [PMID: 23953752 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between xerostomia during the day (XERday) and night (XERnight) and sticky saliva during the day (STICday) and night (STICnight) and dose distributions in different major and minor salivary glands among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with primary radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation (CHRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS The study population was composed of 201 consecutive HNC patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). All patients were included in a standard follow up programme in which acute and late side effects and quality of life (QoL) were prospectively assessed, prior to, during and after treatment. The primary endpoints were XERday, XERnight, STICday, STICnight as assessed by the Groningen Radiotherapy Induced Xerostomia questionnaire (GRIX) six months after completion of treatment. Organs at risk (OARs) potentially involved in salivary function were delineated on planning-CT, including the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and the minor glands in the soft palate, buccal mucosa and lips. Patients with moderate-to-severe xerostomia or moderate-to-severe sticky saliva, respectively, at baseline were excluded. In order to determine which salivary glands were most important, a multivariate logistic regression analysis with an extended bootstrapping technique was used. RESULTS In total, 29% and 19% of the cases suffered from XERday and XERnight, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that baseline xerostomia and the mean parotid gland dose were the most important predictors for XERday and XERnight. At 6months after (CH)RT, 10% and 12% of the cases reported STICday and STICnight respectively. We were not able to identify prognostic factors related to dose distributions with regard to STICday. The mean submandibular gland dose was associated with STICnight. Baseline xerostomia and sticky saliva scores on the GRIX were associated with XERday, XERnight, STICday. Increasing age was correlated with both XERnight and STICnight. CONCLUSION Organs at risk for XERday and STICday are similar to organs at risk for XERnight and STICnight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Beetz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Elewa YHA, Ichii O, Otsuka S, Hashimoto Y, Kon Y. Structural changes of goat parotid salivary gland: pre- and post-weaning periods. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:265-72. [PMID: 23829583 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the structure of the adult goat parotid salivary glands (PGs) was studied. However, little information was elucidated of the juvenile ones. This study aimed to clarify the correlations between the structure of goats' PGs and the nature of food intake among milk-suckling kids (MSKs) and diet-fed goats (DFGs). The secretory endpieces of the goats' PGs are of the pure serous type. The serous cells in MSKs showed apical accumulation of numerous secretory granules (SGs) of smaller size and of more intense positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Ultrastructurally, most of the SGs in the DFGs contained peripherally located inclusions that showed dense reaction products for acid phosphatase. In MSKs, the PGs showed less-developed basal infoldings, sparseness of the inter-cellular inter-digitations, fewer inter-cellular canaliculi and microvilli and also less-developed myoepithelial cells with fewer and shorter cytoplasmic processes. In conclusion, the less-developed membrane specializations and myoepithelial cells, as well as the accumulated SGs in the PGs of MSKs, suggest that it secretes less saliva with a little secretory activity than that of DFGs, which may be correlated with the reduced masticatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H A Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt; Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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Age-related relaxo-volumetric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the major salivary glands. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013; 37:272-8. [PMID: 23493218 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e31827b4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study age-related characteristics of T1 and T2 relaxation times and volume of the major salivary glands. METHODS Thirty-five subjects (0.5-87 years old) with normal salivary glands were imaged with mixed turbo spin-echo pulse sequences at 1.5-T magnetic resonance units. Bilateral parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands were segmented manually. Histograms for each salivary gland were generated and modeled with Gaussian functions for every parameter. RESULTS Seventy parotid glands, 52 submandibular glands, and 50 sublingual glands were segmented and the histograms were analyzed. The parotid gland exhibited shorter-peak T1s and longer-peak T2s relative to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The peak T2s for all glands showed a minimum value between 2 and 4 years of age and increased monotonically thereafter. From birth to early adulthood, all glands increased in size logarithmically. CONCLUSION Age-related relaxo-volumetric changes of the major salivary glands show clear T2 and volumetric age-related patterns for all glands.
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Arhakis A, Karagiannis V, Kalfas S. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and salivary flow rate in young adults. Open Dent J 2013; 7:7-15. [PMID: 23524385 PMCID: PMC3601341 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601307010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is more associated with psychoneuroendocrinological response to stress than with the flow rate and age. The aim of this cross sectional study is to build an explanatory model based on patterns of relationship between age 20-39 in resting and stimulated saliva under no stressful condition in healthy volunteers. Both resting and stimulated saliva were collected from 40 subjects. The sAA values were log-transformed, the normality assumption was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test and the reliability of the measurements was estimated by the Pearsons’ r correlation coefficient. The estimated model was based on the theory of the Linear Mixed Models. Significant mean changes were observed in flow rate and sAA activity between resting and stimulated saliva. The final model consists of two components, the first revealed a positive correlation between age and sAA while the second one revealed a negative correlation between the interaction of age × flow rate in its condition (resting or stimulated saliva), with sAA. Both flow rate and age influence sAA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Arhakis
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Saliva in Prader–Willi syndrome: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1335-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Holten-Andersen L, Christensen IJ, Jensen SB, Reibel J, Laurberg S, Nauntofte B, Brünner N, Nielsen HJ. Saliva and plasma TIMP-1 in patients with colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:1234-41. [PMID: 22871105 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.711855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A prospective cross-sectional study was designed to test if total levels of TIMP-1 in saliva and plasma correlated with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a population with symptoms consistent with this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulated whole saliva and blood samples were collected from 161 individuals referred to colonoscopy with symptoms associated with CRC. The results of the examination, as well as previous and/or current other diseases were recorded. In a blinded study, the authors used an in-house TIMP-1 ELISA previously validated for use in saliva and plasma to determine total levels of TIMP-1. RESULTS Fifty-six of the patients (35%) were diagnosed with CRC. Plasma TIMP-1 levels were significantly elevated in CRC patients compared with patients with other, non-malignant diseases and individuals without disease. Significant differences in saliva TIMP-1 levels between CRC patients and individuals without CRC could not be demonstrated. In addition, no correlation was found between levels of TIMP-1 in plasma and saliva. CONCLUSION Total levels of TIMP-1 in saliva do not reflect the presence of CRC, and TIMP-1 saliva measurements thus cannot substitute plasma TIMP-1 measurements in detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holten-Andersen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Clinical Oral Physiology, Oral Pathology & Anatomy, Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Schulz BL, Cooper-White J, Punyadeera CK. Saliva proteome research: current status and future outlook. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 33:246-59. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.687361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Desoutter A, Soudain-Pineau M, Munsch F, Mauprivez C, Dufour T, Coeuriot JL. Xerostomia and medication: a cross-sectional study in long-term geriatric wards. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:575-9. [PMID: 22660000 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of xerostomia in old people living in long-term geriatric wards, and to measure the relationship between xerostomia and etiologic factors such as age and medication (total number of medications, xerogenic medications, anticholinergic medications and medications that induce hypersialorrhea). DESIGN An observational retrospective, comparative, multicentre epidemiological study. SETTING Long-term geriatric wards, in Reims, France. PARTICIPANTS 769 old people living in long-term geriatric wards. MEASUREMENTS Prevalence of xerostomia assessed from age, total number of medications, xerogenic medications, anticholinergic medications and those that induce hypersialorrhea. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate Odds Ratios (OR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Among 769 old people (average age 84.6±8.4 years old), 287 residents suffered from xerostomia (37.3%). Significant predictors of xerostomia were: resident's age OR=1.56, 95% CI (1.30-1.88), p<0.0001 and anticholinergic medications OR=1.35, 95% CI (1.05-1.73), p=0.02. The only protective factor against xerostomia identified was medications that induce hypersialorrhea OR=0.81, 95% CI (0.67-0.98), p=0.03. The total number of medications and xerogenic medications did not play a significant role in xerostomia. CONCLUSION Increasing Age and anticholinergic medications induce a dry mouth. Conversely, the total number of medications and xerogenic medications do not influence xerostomia. Medications that induce hypersialorrhea protect against the occurrence of dry mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desoutter
- University Hospital of Reims, Department of Odontology, Reims, France
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Xerostomia and salivary flow in patients with orofacial pain compared with controls. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Beetz I, Schilstra C, Burlage FR, Koken PW, Doornaert P, Bijl HP, Chouvalova O, Leemans CR, de Bock GH, Christianen MEMC, van der Laan BFAM, Vissink A, Steenbakkers RJHM, Langendijk JA. Development of NTCP models for head and neck cancer patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for xerostomia and sticky saliva: the role of dosimetric and clinical factors. Radiother Oncol 2011; 105:86-93. [PMID: 21632133 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this multicentre prospective study was to investigate the significance of the radiation dose in the major and minor salivary glands, and other pre-treatment and treatment factors, with regard to the development of patient-rated xerostomia and sticky saliva among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with primary (chemo-) radiotherapy ((CH)RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS The study population was composed of 167 consecutive HNC patients treated with three-dimensional conformal (3D-CRT) (CH) RT. The primary endpoint was moderate to severe xerostomia (XER6m) as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 at 6 months after completing (CH)RT. The secondary endpoint was moderate to severe sticky saliva at 6 months (STIC6m). All organs at risk (OARs) potentially involved in salivary function were delineated on planning-CT, including the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and the minor glands in the soft palate, cheeks and lips. Patients with moderate to severe xerostomia or sticky saliva at baseline were excluded. The optimum number of variables for a multivariate logistic regression model was determined using a bootstrapping method. RESULTS The multivariate analysis showed the mean parotid dose, age and baseline xerostomia (none versus a bit) to be the most important predictors for XER6m. The risk of developing xerostomia increased with age and was higher when minor baseline xerostomia was present in comparison with patients without any xerostomia complaints at baseline. Model performance was good with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82. For STIC6m, the mean submandibular dose, age, the mean sublingual dose and baseline sticky saliva (none versus a bit) were most predictive for sticky saliva. The risk of developing STIC6m increased with age and was higher when minor baseline sticky saliva was present in comparison with patients without any sticky saliva complaints at baseline. Model performance was good with an AUC of 0.84. CONCLUSIONS Dose distributions in the minor salivary glands in patients receiving 3D-CRT have limited significance with regard to patient-rated symptoms related to salivary dysfunction. Besides the parotid and submandibular glands, only the sublingual glands were significantly associated with sticky saliva. In addition, reliable risk estimation also requires information from other factors such as age and baseline subjective scores. When these selected factors are included in predictive models, instead of only dose volume histogram parameters, model performance can be improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Beetz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Nicotinic receptor agonist-induced salivation and its cellular mechanism in parotid acini of rats. Auton Neurosci 2011; 161:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smidt D, Torpet LA, Nauntofte B, Heegaard KM, Pedersen AML. Associations between labial and whole salivary flow rates, systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 38:422-35. [PMID: 20545715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between age, gender, systemic diseases, medications and labial and whole salivary flow rates in older people. METHODS Unstimulated labial (LS) and unstimulated (UWS) and chewing-stimulated (SWS) whole salivary flow rates were measured in 389 randomly selected community-dwelling Danish women and 279 men aged 65-97 years. Systemic diseases, medications (coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System), tobacco and alcohol consumption were registered. RESULTS The number of diseases and medications was higher and UWS lower in the older age groups. On average, women were slightly older, had more diseases, higher medication intake and lower UWS, SWS and LS than men. High number of diseases and medications was associated with low UWS, SWS and LS. In the healthy (14%) and nonmedicated (19%) participants, flow rates were not associated with age and gender, apart from SWS being lower in nonmedicated women. Low UWS were associated with psychiatric and respiratory disorders, type 2 diabetes and intake of psycholeptics, psychoanaleptics (especially SRRIs), respiratory agents, oral antidiabetics (particularly sulfonylureas), magnesium-hydroxide, cardiac agents, quinine, thiazides, calcium channel blockers, statins, urinary antispasmodics, glucosamine, NSAIDs, opioids and ophthalmologicals. SWS were lower in participants with ophthalmological disorders using ophthalmologicals (especially antiglaucoma agents and miotics), but also in those taking antidepressants, cardiac agents (mostly digitalis glycosides) and calcium channel blockers. Cardiovascular diseases and intake of anti-thrombotics (mainly low dose aspirins), calcium channel blockers and oral antidiabetics were associated with low LS. CONCLUSIONS In older people, low salivary flow rates are associated with specific and high number of diseases and medications, but neither with age and gender per se nor with tobacco and alcohol consumption. Low UWS are associated with more diseases and medications than SWS and LS, which were primarily associated with cardiovascular diseases and medications including preventive agents such as low-dose aspirins and statins. New insights into medications and their association with salivary gland function were achieved using the ATC classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Smidt
- Section of Oral Medicine, Clinical Oral Physiology, Oral Pathology and Anatomy, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kharevich O, Shipman B, Goldman BM, Nahon M. Salese to Buffer Saliva in Elderly Patients with Xerostomia: a Pilot Study. J Prosthodont 2011; 20:135-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2010.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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van der Putten GJ, Brand HS, Schols JMGA, de Baat C. The diagnostic suitability of a xerostomia questionnaire and the association between xerostomia, hyposalivation and medication use in a group of nursing home residents. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:185-92. [PMID: 20165967 PMCID: PMC3056013 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to explore the diagnostic suitability of the Xerostomia Inventory and the association between xerostomia, hyposalivation and medication use in a group of nursing home residents. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 50 physically impaired nursing home residents (20 men) with a mean age of 78.1 years (range, 53–98) in The Netherlands. The Xerostomia Inventory-Dutch version was completed for all residents and the data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis to determine the diagnostic suitability. Residents’ data on xerostomia, whole saliva secretion rates and hyposalivation-related medications used were collected and statistically analyzed. The diagnostic suitability of the Xerostomia Inventory-Dutch version appeared restricted. The prevalence of xerostomia was 52%, without gender and age difference. The prevalence of hyposalivation was 24% for resting, 60% for chewing-stimulated and 18% for acid-stimulated whole saliva. All whole saliva secretion rates were significantly lower in women than in men and in older than in younger residents. Forty-four percent of all medications used were hyposalivation-related and women used significantly more medications than men. Xerostomia was significantly negatively correlated with the resting whole saliva secretion rate. The number of hyposalivation-related medications used was not significantly correlated with the various whole saliva secretion rates. In nursing home residents, xerostomia, hyposalivation and using hyposalivation-related medications seem common and partially associated features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert-Jan van der Putten
- BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group and Zorgaccent Amersfoort, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S. Brand
- Department of Dental Basic Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M. G. A. Schols
- BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group and Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees de Baat
- BENECOMO, Flemish-Netherlands Geriatric Oral Research Group and Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Strahler J, Mueller A, Rosenloecher F, Kirschbaum C, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase stress reactivity across different age groups. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:587-95. [PMID: 20070573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
tract Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) increases rapidly in response to psychosocial stress in young adults, but no direct comparisons between different age groups across the life span have been made. Secretion of sAA and cortisol was assessed in children, young adults, and older adults after exposure to the Trier Social Stress Test. Additionally, cardiovascular activity was measured in both adult groups. Older adults showed attenuated sAA, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses. Furthermore, we found higher sAA but lower cortisol at baseline as well as lower sAA and cortisol responses in children. Age x sex interactions were observed only for cortisol with higher responses in older male participants. No associations between the parameters were found. These results implicate sAA as an alternative or additional sympathetic stress marker throughout the life span, with marked and rapid stress responsiveness in three relevant age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Matsuda KI, Ikebe K, Ogawa T, Kagawa R, Maeda Y. Increase of salivary flow rate along with improved occlusal force after the replacement of complete dentures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ney DM, Weiss JM, Kind AJH, Robbins J. Senescent swallowing: impact, strategies, and interventions. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 24:395-413. [PMID: 19483069 DOI: 10.1177/0884533609332005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk for disordered oropharyngeal swallowing (dysphagia) increases with age. Loss of swallowing function can have devastating health implications, including dehydration, malnutrition, pneumonia, and reduced quality of life. Age-related changes increase risk for dysphagia. First, natural, healthy aging takes its toll on head and neck anatomy and physiologic and neural mechanisms underpinning swallowing function. This progression of change contributes to alterations in the swallowing in healthy older adults and is termed presbyphagia, naturally diminishing functional reserve. Second, disease prevalence increases with age, and dysphagia is a comorbidity of many age-related diseases and/or their treatments. Sensory changes, medication, sarcopenia, and age-related diseases are discussed herein. Recent findings that health complications are associated with dysphagia are presented. Nutrient requirements, fluid intake, and nutrition assessment for older adults are reviewed relative to dysphagia. Dysphagia screening and the pros and cons of tube feeding as a solution are discussed. Optimal intervention strategies for elders with dysphagia ranging from compensatory interventions to more rigorous exercise approaches are presented. Compelling evidence of improved functional swallowing and eating outcomes resulting from active rehabilitation focusing on increasing strength of head and neck musculature is provided. In summary, although oropharyngeal dysphagia may be life threatening, so are some of the traditional alternatives, particularly for frail, elderly patients. Although the state of the evidence calls for more research, this review indicates that the behavioral, dietary, and environmental modifications emerging in this past decade are compassionate, promising, and, in many cases, preferred alternatives to the always present option of tube feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Ney
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Nutritional Sciences, and the William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital GRECC, 2500 Overlook Terrace, GRECC 11G, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
The impact of ageing on oral health and salivary flow is usually over-estimated possibly because of the high frequency of polypharmacy observed in this subset of patients. Understanding the physiological changes and treatment-related oral complications of older patients is essential to promote accurate management of symptoms and improve their quality of life. The current paper reviews age-related physiological chances in salivary glands and the effect of polypharmacy on oral health, focusing on xerostomia and hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alcino Gueiros
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva-Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Asari T, Maruyama K, Kusama H. Salivation triggered by pilocarpine involves aquaporin-5 in normal rats but not in irradiated rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 36:531-8. [PMID: 19673936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Using rats, we examined the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating pilocarpine-induced parotid salivary secretion and the contributions of ion transporter systems (effluxes of K+ and Cl(-)) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) translocation to this response in parotid glands in irradiated-induced xerostomia. 2. Salivary secretion was significantly lower in irradiated compared with sham-irradiated (normal) rats. In xerostomia rats, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg pilocarpine significantly increased parotid salivary secretion, although the salivary volume was still significantly less than in normal rats after the same dose of pilocarpine. 3. Pirenzepine (1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-1) mol/L), AF-DX 116 (3 x 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-2) mol/L) and N-2-chloroethyl-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate (4-DAMP; 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-2) mol/L) dose-dependently displaced radioligand binding to M(1), M(2) and M(3) receptors, respectively, in parotid membranes from both normal and irradiated rats. In each group of rats, 4-DAMP had the highest binding affinity. Pretreatment with 4-DAMP or pirenzepine dose-dependently inhibited pilocarpine-induced parotid secretion in both normal and irradiated rats, with 4-DAMP being markedly more potent than pirenzepine. 4. Normal and irradiated-rat parotid cells did not differ significantly in terms of pilocarpine-induced changes in [Ca2+](i), [K+](i) and [Cl(-)](i). Pilocarpine markedly increased the amount of AQP5 in the apical plasma membrane of parotid cells isolated from normal but not irradiated rats. 5. Thus, pilocarpine induces parotid salivary secretion mainly via the M(3) receptor subtype in both irradiated and normal rats. The reduction in this pilocarpine-induced secretion seen in irradiated rats is due not to disturbances of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization or ion transporter systems, but rather to a disturbance of AQP5 translocation, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of X-ray irradiation-induced xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asari
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan.
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Mohammadi N, Seyyednejhad F, Alizadeh Oskoee P, Savadi Oskoee S, Mofidi N. Evaluation of Radiation-induced Xerostomia in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2007; 1:65-70. [PMID: 23277836 PMCID: PMC3525927 DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2007.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Salivary glands are extremely susceptible to radiation injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas, referring to Tabriz Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2005-2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas, who received conventional radiotherapy, were included in the present study. The patients' unstimulated saliva samples were collected at three intervals, i.e. before treatment, 3 weeks after the initiation of treatment and at the end of treatment by spitting, and measured with a graduated pipette. RESULTS The differences in the mean values of the patients' salivary flow rates at three afore-mentioned intervals were statistically significant (p<0.001). Two-by-two comparison of the mean values of salivary flow rates of all the patients and of males and females, carried out separately, demonstrated statistically significant differences (p<0.0025). However, there were no statistically significant differences between males and females before treatment (p = 0.723), 3 weeks after the initiation of treatment (p = 0.724) and at the end of treatment (p = 0.595). There were no statistically significant relationships between age and a decrease in salivary flow rate in the total sample (p = 0.76, r = -0.057), in males (p = 0.96, r = 0.011) and in females (p = 0.539, r = -0.208). CONCLUSION Conventional radiotherapy results in severe xerostomia in 3 weeks in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Age and sex do not influence radiotherapy-induced xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Mohammadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this literature review is to summarize information about the etiology, diagnosis, oral sequelae and treatment of dry mouth in elderly patients. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the English-based scientific literature from the past 10 years. They selected the studies on the basis of clinical investigations to provide an objective assessment of dry mouth problems among older people. RESULTS Dry mouth (salivary hypofunction, xerostomia) is a common problem among older people. It causes significant oropharyngeal disorders, pain and an impaired quality of life. Dry mouth has many causes, from local salivary disorders to a plethora of medications and medical conditions. Treatments are designed to correct the underlying cause and/or to enhance salivation with topical and systemic stimulants. Early intervention for dry mouth problems helps prevent the deleterious consequences of this disorder in elderly people. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinicians must be aware of dry mouth problems in older patients, and they should be prepared to provide a diagnosis and administer treatment to protect a patient's oropharyngeal health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Turner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York City, USA
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