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Ullrich N, Ramadani A, Paddenberg-Schubert E, Proff P, Jantsch J, Kirschneck C, Schröder A. Validation of reliable reference genes for qPCR of CD4+ T cells exposed to compressive strain. J Orofac Orthop 2024:10.1007/s00056-024-00543-0. [PMID: 39093346 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-024-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
For accurate interpretation of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) data, stable reference genes are essential for normalization of target genes. To date, there is no information on reliable housekeeping genes in CD4+ T cells in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix under pressure stimulation. This in vitro study describes for the first time a method for pressure stimulation of CD4+ T cells in a 3D matrix in the context of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and identifies a set of reliable reference genes. CD4+ T cells were isolated from murine spleen and activated with anti-CD3/-CD28 Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher, Langenselbold, Germany) on standard cell culture plates or in 3D scaffolds with or without compressive strain. Expression stability of nine potential reference genes was examined using four mathematical algorithms. Gene expression of Il2 was normalized to all potential reference genes to highlight the importance of correct normalization. Cell proliferation and the expression of the surface markers CD25 and CD69 were also determined. The 3D matrix did not inhibit proliferation after immunological activation of T cells and embedded the cells sufficiently to expose them to pressure load. Expression of ubiquitin C (Ubc) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) was the most stable under all conditions tested. A combination of these two genes was suitable for normalization of qPCR data. Normalization of Il2 gene expression showed highly variable results depending on the reference gene used. Pressure reduced cell proliferation and the number of CD69-positive T cells. This study provides a basis for performing valid and reliable qPCR experiments with CD4+ T cells cultured in 3D scaffolds and exposed to compressive forces simulating OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ullrich
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ardita Ramadani
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Saxena Y, Routh S, Mukhopadhaya A. Immunoporosis: Role of Innate Immune Cells in Osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687037. [PMID: 34421899 PMCID: PMC8374941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis or porous bone disorder is the result of an imbalance in an otherwise highly balanced physiological process known as 'bone remodeling'. The immune system is intricately involved in bone physiology as well as pathologies. Inflammatory diseases are often correlated with osteoporosis. Inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines directly or indirectly act on the bone cells and play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recently, Srivastava et al. (Srivastava RK, Dar HY, Mishra PK. Immunoporosis: Immunology of Osteoporosis-Role of T Cells. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:657) have coined the term "immunoporosis" to emphasize the role of immune cells in the pathology of osteoporosis. Accumulated pieces of evidence suggest both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to osteoporosis. However, innate cells are the major effectors of inflammation. They sense various triggers to inflammation such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cellular stress, etc., thus producing pro-inflammatory mediators that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In this review, we have discussed the role of the innate immune cells in great detail and divided these cells into different sections in a systemic manner. In the beginning, we talked about cells of the myeloid lineage, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. This group of cells explicitly influences the skeletal system by the action of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can transdifferentiate into osteoclast. Other cells of the myeloid lineage, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, largely impact osteoporosis via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, we talked about the cells of the lymphoid lineage, including natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which share innate-like properties and play a role in osteoporosis. In addition to various innate immune cells, we also discussed the impact of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoporosis. We also highlighted the studies regarding the impact of physiological and metabolic changes in the body, which results in chronic inflammatory conditions such as ageing, ultimately triggering osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjeev Routh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
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Liu YCG, Lan SJ, Hirano H, Lin LM, Hori K, Lin CS, Zwetchkenbaum S, Minakuchi S, Teng AYT. Update and review of the gerodontology prospective for 2020's: Linking the interactions of oral (hypo)-functions to health vs. systemic diseases. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:757-773. [PMID: 33854730 PMCID: PMC8025188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New lines of evidence suggest that the oral-systemic medical links and oral hypo-function are progressively transcending beyond the traditional clinical signs and symptoms of oral diseases. Research into the dysbiotic microbiome, host immune/inflammatory regulations and patho-physiologic changes and subsequent adaptations through the oral-systemic measures under ageism points to pathways leading to mastication deficiency, dysphagia, signature brain activities for (neuro)-cognition circuitries, dementia and certain cancers of the digestive system as well. Therefore, the coming era of oral health-linked systemic disorders will likely reshape the future of diagnostics in oral geriatrics, treatment modalities and professional therapies in clinical disciplines. In parallel to these highlights, a recent international symposium was jointly held by the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG), Japanese Society of Gerodontology (JSG), the representative of USA and Taiwan Academy of Geriatric Dentistry (TAGD) on Oct 25th, 2019. Herein, specific notes are briefly addressed and updated for a summative prospective from this symposium and the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chun G. Liu
- Center for Osteoimmunology & Biotechnology Research (COBR) and Dept. of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Dept. of Oral Hygiene & COBR, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University; No. 100, Shih-Chun 1st Rd, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. Fax: +886 07 3223141.
| | - Shou-Jen Lan
- Dept. of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Tai-Chung, Taiwan
| | - Hirohiko Hirano
- Research Team for Promoting Independence & Mental Health, and Dentistry & Oral Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li-min Lin
- Div. of Oral Pathology & Oral Maxillo-facial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University & KMU-Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhiro Hori
- Div. of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chia-shu Lin
- Dept. of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Samuel Zwetchkenbaum
- Rhode Island Dept. of Health, Rhode Island, USA
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shunsuke Minakuchi
- Gerodontology & Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andy Yen-Tung Teng
- Center for Osteoimmunology & Biotechnology Research (COBR) and Dept. of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Osteoimmunology & Biotechnology Research (COBR) and School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and KMU-Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Center for Osteoimmunology and Biotechnology Research (COBR), College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) & KMU-Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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1,25(OH) 2D 3 Differently Affects Immunomodulatory Activities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Depending on the Presence of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122211. [PMID: 31847340 PMCID: PMC6947512 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLSCs) possess immunomodulatory abilities which are strongly enhanced by various inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin D3 has anti-inflammatory effects on hPDLSCs and immune cells. However, no study to date has directly compared the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs in the presence of different cytokines. In the present study, the effects of hPDLSCs treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, or interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the proliferation of allogenic CD4+ T lymphocyte or on the functional status of primary CD68+ macrophages were analyzed in coculture models. Additionally, the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced gene expression of some immunomodulatory factors in hPDLSCs were compared. Under coculture conditions, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased or decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation via hPDLSCs, depending on the cytokine. hPDLSCs primed with 1,25(OH)2D3 and different cytokines affected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages variably, depending on the priming cytokine. With one exception, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced expression of all the investigated immunomediators in hPDLSCs, albeit to different extents. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs depending qualitatively and quantitatively on the presence of certain inflammatory cytokines.
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Wang Y, Huang X, He F. Mechanism and role of nitric oxide signaling in periodontitis. Exp Ther Med 2019. [PMID: 31641379 DOI: 10.3892/etm.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway in the progression of periodontal disease, and explored the related genetic mechanisms. An experimental model of periodontitis was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, then they were divided into normal control, and 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-surgery groups. NO content was determined in the saliva of rats from each group by the Griess reagent method. Pathological changes of the periodontal tissue sections were evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The periodontal tissue sections were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2). Significant differences were detected in the iNOS2 expression of the periodontal tissue based on immunohistochemistry. There was a significant time-dependent increase in NO serum levels post-surgery. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs2297518 in the iNOS gene and rs841 of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene, were identified to be closely related to alveolar bone resorption, which is associated with the SNP rs1049255 of the cytochrome b-245 α chain gene. The present findings demonstrated that iNOS2 values increased and NO levels increased with the progression of periodontitis. These results are in agreement with the previous literature. It was hypothesized that NO has a role in the occurrence and development of periodontal disease by regulating the action of certain cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The East Campus of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The East Campus of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Fuming He
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Dental Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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6
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Wang Y, Huang X, He F. Mechanism and role of nitric oxide signaling in periodontitis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3929-3935. [PMID: 31641379 PMCID: PMC6796435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway in the progression of periodontal disease, and explored the related genetic mechanisms. An experimental model of periodontitis was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, then they were divided into normal control, and 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-surgery groups. NO content was determined in the saliva of rats from each group by the Griess reagent method. Pathological changes of the periodontal tissue sections were evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The periodontal tissue sections were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2). Significant differences were detected in the iNOS2 expression of the periodontal tissue based on immunohistochemistry. There was a significant time-dependent increase in NO serum levels post-surgery. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs2297518 in the iNOS gene and rs841 of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene, were identified to be closely related to alveolar bone resorption, which is associated with the SNP rs1049255 of the cytochrome b-245 α chain gene. The present findings demonstrated that iNOS2 values increased and NO levels increased with the progression of periodontitis. These results are in agreement with the previous literature. It was hypothesized that NO has a role in the occurrence and development of periodontal disease by regulating the action of certain cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The East Campus of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The East Campus of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Fuming He
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Dental Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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da Silva FRP, e Silva Conceição Pinto M, de Carvalho França LF, Alves EHP, dos Santos Carvalho J, Di Lenardo D, Brito TV, Medeiros JVR, de Oliveira JS, Freitas ALP, Barros FCN, dos Reis Barbosa AL, Vasconcelos DFP. Sulfated polysaccharides from the marine algae Gracilaria caudata prevent tissue damage caused by ligature-induced periodontitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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CD8 + Foxp3 + T Cells Affect Alveolar Bone Homeostasis via Modulating Tregs/Th17 During Induced Periodontitis: an Adoptive Transfer Experiment. Inflammation 2019; 41:1791-1803. [PMID: 29951876 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic bacteria-mediated disease characterized by periodontal inflammations and alveolar bone damage. Its mechanisms were complicated, involving an inflammation-mediated bone destruction. We sought to determine roles and rules that CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs) affect alveolar bone homeostasis during periodontitis. Presence of CD8+ Tregs in the gingiva, cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and spleens of healthy or periodontitis animals was analyzed. CD8+ regulatory T cells from periodontitis animals were sorted by magnetic-activated cell sorting and fluorescent-activated cell sorting technique, subsequently injected into recipient animals to set adoptive transfer model. We induced experimental periodontitis on transfer models and equal number healthy animals. Four weeks later, their alveolar bone loss and osteoclast coverage length were measured. We also detected CD8+ Tregs, CD4+ T cell, CD4+ Tregs, Th17 cell, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, RANKL, TGF-β expression in the gingiva, CLNs, and spleen to illustrate possible working mechanism of CD8+ regulatory T cells. Periodontitis does not induce significant change on proportion or amount of CD8+ Tregs. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ Tregs reduces alveolar bone destruction and osteoclast formation. In addition, experimental periodontitis increases percentage of Th17 cells and decreases CD4+ Tregs in the gingiva and CLNs. More IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and RANKL, and less IL-10 and TGF-β are also detected in the gingiva and CLNs from animals with periodontitis than the one from healthy animals. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ regulatory T cells remedies all above pathological change effectively. We did not find any significant difference in spleen, regardless group and detected items. Outcomes of present study clarify function that CD8+ regulatory T cells affect alveolar bone homeostasis, and disclose its possible working mechanisms. CD8+ regulatory T cells protect alveolar bone via reducing osteoclastogenesis and modulating local immune response.
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Hajishengallis G, Korostoff JM. Revisiting the Page & Schroeder model: the good, the bad and the unknowns in the periodontal host response 40 years later. Periodontol 2000 2018; 75:116-151. [PMID: 28758305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In their classic 1976 paper, Page & Schroeder described the histopathologic events and the types of myeloid cells and lymphocytes involved in the initiation and progression of inflammatory periodontal disease. The staging of periodontal disease pathogenesis as 'initial', 'early', 'established' and 'advanced' lesions productively guided subsequent research in the field and remains fundamentally valid. However, major advances regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction, regulation and effector functions of immune and inflammatory responses necessitate a reassessment of their work and its integration with emerging new concepts. We now know that each type of leukocyte is actually represented by functionally distinct subsets with different, or even conflicting, roles in immunity and inflammation. Unexpectedly, neutrophils, traditionally regarded as merely antimicrobial effectors in acute conditions and protagonists of the 'initial' lesion, are currently appreciated for their functional versatility and critical roles in chronic inflammation. Moreover, an entirely new field of study, osteoimmunology, has emerged and sheds light on the impact of immunoinflammatory events on the skeletal system. These developments and the molecular dissection of crosstalk interactions between innate and adaptive leukocytes, as well as between the immune system and local homeostatic mechanisms, offer a more nuanced understanding of the host response in periodontitis, with profound implications for treatment. At the same time, deeper insights have generated new questions, many of which remain unanswered. In this review, 40 years after Page & Schroeder proposed their model, we summarize enduring and emerging advances in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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10
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Cardoso EM, Arosa FA. CD8 + T Cells in Chronic Periodontitis: Roles and Rules. Front Immunol 2017; 8:145. [PMID: 28270813 PMCID: PMC5318426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Cardoso
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Fernando A Arosa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
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11
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Okada K, Fujimura T, Kikuchi T, Aino M, Kamiya Y, Izawa A, Iwamura Y, Goto H, Okabe I, Miyake E, Hasegawa Y, Mogi M, Mitani A. Effect of interleukin (IL)-35 on IL-17 expression and production by human CD4 + T cells. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2999. [PMID: 28229025 PMCID: PMC5314955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-17 produced by mainly T helper 17 (Th17) cells may play an important destructive role in chronic periodontitis (CP). Thus, anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35, might have a beneficial effect in periodontitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 differentiation is regulated by the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) α (encoded by RORA) and RORγt (encoded by RORC). However, the role of IL-35 in periodontitis is not clear and the effect of IL-35 on the function of Th17 cells is still incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-35 on Th17 cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sampled from three healthy volunteers and three CP patients and were analyzed by flow cytometry for T cell population. Th17 cells differentiated by a cytokine cocktail (recombinant transforming growth factor-β, rIL-6, rIL-1β, anti-interferon (IFN)-γ, anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-4) from PBMCs were cultured with or without rIL-35. IL17A (which usually refers to IL-17), RORA and RORCmRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and IL-17A production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The proportion of IL-17A+CD4+ slightly increased in CP patients compared with healthy controls, however, there were no significant differences in the percentage of IL-17A+CD4+ as well as IFN-γ+CD4+ and Foxp3+CD4+ T cells between healthy controls and CP patients. IL17A, RORA and RORC mRNA expression was significantly increased in Th17 cells induced by the cytokine cocktail, and the induction was significantly inhibited by addition of rIL-35 (1 ng/mL). IL-17A production in Th17 cells was significantly inhibited by rIL-35 addition (1 ng/mL). Discussion The present study suggests that IL-35 could directly suppress IL-17 expression via RORα and RORγt inhibition and might play an important role in inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takeki Fujimura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Makoto Aino
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamiya
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Ario Izawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yuki Iwamura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Eriko Miyake
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Integrative Education of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
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12
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Olsen I, Taubman MA, Singhrao SK. Porphyromonas gingivalis suppresses adaptive immunity in periodontitis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:33029. [PMID: 27882863 PMCID: PMC5122233 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.33029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, has been found to associate with remote body organ inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although P. gingivalis has a plethora of virulence factors, much of its pathogenicity is surprisingly related to the overall immunosuppression of the host. This review focuses on P. gingivalis aiding suppression of the host’s adaptive immune system involving manipulation of cellular immunological responses, specifically T cells and B cells in periodontitis and related conditions. In periodontitis, this bacterium inhibits the synthesis of IL-2 and increases humoral responses. This reduces the inflammatory responses related to T- and B-cell activation, and subsequent IFN-γ secretion by a subset of T cells. The T cells further suppress upregulation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-receptor on CD+cells and its ligand PD-L1 on CD11b+-subset of T cells. IL-2 downregulates genes regulated by immune response and induces a cytokine pattern in which the Th17 lineage is favored, thereby modulating the Th17/T-regulatory cell (Treg) imbalance. The suppression of IFN-γ-stimulated release of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokine ligands [ITAC (CXCL11) and Mig (CXCL9)] by P. gingivalis capsular serotypes triggers distinct T cell responses and contributes to local immune evasion by release of its outer membrane vesicles. In atherosclerosis, P. gingivalis reduces Tregs, transforms growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), and causes imbalance in the Th17 lineage of the Treg population. In AD, P. gingivalis may affect the blood–brain barrier permeability and inhibit local IFN-γ response by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain. The scarcity of adaptive immune cells in AD neuropathology implies P. gingivalis infection of the brain likely causing impaired clearance of insoluble amyloid and inducing immunosuppression. By the effective manipulation of the armory of adaptive immune suppression through a plethora of virulence factors, P. gingivalis may act as a keystone organism in periodontitis and in related systemic diseases and other remote body inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia & Neurodegeneration Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Rodrigues M, Barbirato D, Luiz RR, Scharfstein J, Salles GF, Feres-Filho EJ. Effect of antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on chronic periodontitis: a case-control study. Oral Dis 2016; 22:791-796. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rodrigues
- Division of Graduate Periodontics; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - D Barbirato
- Division of Graduate Periodontics; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - RR Luiz
- Institute for Collective Health Studies; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - J Scharfstein
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - GF Salles
- School of Medicine; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - EJ Feres-Filho
- Division of Graduate Periodontics; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal disease and is associated with immune dysbiosis. In this study, we found that P. gingivalis did not induce the expression of the T-cell chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10) from neutrophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), or gingival epithelial cells. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppressed gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-stimulated release of IP-10, ITAC (CXCL11), and Mig (CXCL9) from epithelial cells and inhibited IP-10 secretion in a mixed infection with the otherwise stimulatory Fusobacterium nucleatum. Inhibition of chemokine expression occurred at the level of gene transcription and was associated with downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and decreased levels of Stat1. Ectopic expression of IRF-1 in epithelial cells relieved P. gingivalis-induced inhibition of IP-10 release. Direct contact between P. gingivalis and epithelial cells was not required for IP-10 inhibition. These results highlight the immune-disruptive potential of P. gingivalis. Suppression of IP-10 and other Th1-biasing chemokines by P. gingivalis may perturb the balance of protective and destructive immunity in the periodontal tissues and facilitate the pathogenicity of oral microbial communities.
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Gonçalves-Zillo TO, Pugliese LS, Sales VMT, Mori MADS, Squaiella-Baptistão CC, Longo-Maugéri IM, Lopes JD, de Oliveira SM, Monteiro AC, Pesquero JB. Increased bone loss and amount of osteoclasts in kinin B1 receptor knockout mice. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:653-60. [PMID: 23534940 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The pathophysiology of periodontal diseases involves aspects of immunity and bone remodelling. Considering the role of the kinin B1 receptor (Bdkrb1) in inflammation and healing, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of Bdkrb1 to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used a model of ligature-induced experimental periodontitis (LIEP) in mice lacking Bdkrb1 (Bdkrb1(-/-) ) to test the role of this receptor in bone loss and cytokine secretion by lymph nodes cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) was used as a pharmacological strategy to support the genetic model. Also, autonomous effect of Bdkrb1 deletion was evaluated in osteoclasts precursors from bone marrow. RESULTS Bdkrb1(-/-) mice exhibit increased bone loss and IL-17 secretion in response to LIEP when compared to wild type. LIEP does not modify TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in Bdkrb1(-/-) mice after 21 days. Bone marrow cells from Bdkrb1(-/-) displayed increased differentiation into functional osteoclasts with consistent artificial calcium phosphate degradation. Furthermore, treatment of mice with ACEi prevented bone destruction. CONCLUSION Bdkrb1 participates in the pathogenesis of LIEP bone loss possibly through mechanisms that involve modulation of the TH 17 response, thereby demonstrating its role in the development of periodontitis.
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Settem RP, Honma K, Nakajima T, Phansopa C, Roy S, Stafford GP, Sharma A. A bacterial glycan core linked to surface (S)-layer proteins modulates host immunity through Th17 suppression. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:415-26. [PMID: 22968422 PMCID: PMC4049606 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a pathogen implicated in periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues often leading to tooth loss. This key periodontal pathogen is decorated with a unique glycan core O-glycosidically linked to the bacterium's proteinaceous surface (S)-layer lattice and other glycoproteins. Herein, we show that the terminal motif of this glycan core acts to modulate dendritic cell effector functions to suppress T-helper (Th)17 responses. In contrast to the wild-type bacterial strain, infection with a mutant strain lacking the complete S-layer glycan core induced robust Th17 and reduced periodontal bone loss in mice. Our findings demonstrate that surface glycosylation of this pathogen may act to ensure its persistence in the host likely through suppression of Th17 responses. In addition, our data suggest that the bacterium then induces the Toll-like receptor 2-Th2 inflammatory axis that has previously been shown to cause bone destruction. Our study provides a biological basis for pathogenesis and opens opportunities in exploiting bacterial glycans as therapeutic targets against periodontitis and a range of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P. Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Kiyonobu Honma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Takuma Nakajima
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Chatchawal Phansopa
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Sumita Roy
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Graham P. Stafford
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
,Correspondence: Tel: (716) 829-2759; Fax: (716) 829-3942
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Gaddis DE, Maynard CL, Weaver CT, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of TLR2-dependent IL-10 production in the inhibition of the initial IFN-γ T cell response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:21-31. [PMID: 23077245 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0512220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P.g., a Gram-negative bacterium, is one of the main etiological agents of the chronic inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Disease progression is thought to occur as a result of an inadequate immune response, which although happens locally, can also occur distally as a result of the dissemination of P.g. into the circulation. As IL-10 and TLR2 are pivotal molecules in the immune response that P.g. elicits, we hypothesized that TLR2-mediated IL-10 production, following the initial systemic exposure to P.g., inhibits the IFN-γ T cell response. To address this hypothesis, mice were primed with P.g., and the types of cells producing IL-10 and the capacity of T cells to produce IFN-γ following blocking or neutralization of IL-10 were assessed. Our results showed that upon initial encounter with P.g., splenic T cells and CD11b(+) cells produce IL-10, which when neutralized, resulted in a substantial increase in IFN-γ production by T cells. Furthermore, IL-10 production was dependent on TLR2/1 signaling, partly in response to the major surface protein, FimA of P.g. In addition, P.g. stimulation resulted in the up-regulation of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 on CD4 T cells and CD11b(+) cells, respectively. Up-regulation of PD-1 was partially dependent on IL-10 but independent of TLR2 or FimA. These results highlight the role of IL-10 in inhibiting T cell responses to the initial systemic P.g. exposure and suggest multiple inhibitory mechanisms potentially used by P.g. to evade the host's immune response, thus allowing its persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
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Host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:821383. [PMID: 22899931 PMCID: PMC3412119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying it in vitro.
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Buchwald ZS, Kiesel JR, DiPaolo R, Pagadala MS, Aurora R. Osteoclast activated FoxP3+ CD8+ T-cells suppress bone resorption in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38199. [PMID: 22701612 PMCID: PMC3368916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts are the body’s sole bone resorbing cells. Cytokines produced by pro-inflammatory effector T-cells (TEFF) increase bone resorption by osteoclasts. Prolonged exposure to the TEFF produced cytokines leads to bone erosion diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The crosstalk between T-cells and osteoclasts has been termed osteoimmunology. We have previously shown that under non-inflammatory conditions, murine osteoclasts can recruit naïve CD8 T-cells and activate these T-cells to induce CD25 and FoxP3 (TcREG). The activation of CD8 T-cells by osteoclasts also induced the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Individually, these cytokines can activate or suppress osteoclast resorption. Principal Findings To determine the net effect of TcREG on osteoclast activity we used a number of in vitro assays. We found that TcREG can potently and directly suppress bone resorption by osteoclasts. TcREG could suppress osteoclast differentiation and resorption by mature osteoclasts, but did not affect their survival. Additionally, we showed that TcREG suppress cytoskeletal reorganization in mature osteoclasts. Whereas induction of TcREG by osteoclasts is antigen-dependent, suppression of osteoclasts by TcREG does not require antigen or re-stimulation. We demonstrated that antibody blockade of IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-γ relieved suppression. The suppression did not require direct contact between the TcREG and osteoclasts. Significance We have determined that osteoclast-induced TcREG can suppress osteoclast activity, forming a negative feedback system. As the CD8 T-cells are activated in the absence of inflammatory signals, these observations suggest that this regulatory loop may play a role in regulating skeletal homeostasis. Our results provide the first documentation of suppression of osteoclast activity by CD8 regulatory T-cells and thus, extend the purview of osteoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Kiesel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Meghana S. Pagadala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The role of Roquin overexpression in the modulation of signaling during in vitro and ex vivo T-cell activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Guyodo H, Meuric V, Pottier L, Martin B, Faili A, Pers JO, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Colocalization of Porphyromonas gingivalis with CD4+ T cells in periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:175-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Guyodo
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
| | | | | | - Bénédicte Martin
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
| | - Ahmad Faili
- UPRES-EA 1254; Equipe de Microbiologie; Université Européenne de Bretagne; Université de Rennes 1; IFR 140 G.F.A.S.; Rennes; France
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Konermann A, Deschner J, Allam JP, Novak N, Winter J, Baader SL, Jepsen S, Jäger A. Antigen-presenting cell marker expression and phagocytotic activity in periodontal ligament cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:340-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Interaction of the mucosal barrier with accessory immune cells during fungal infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2011; 301:431-5. [PMID: 21550846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal epithelium is of central importance in host defence and immune surveillance, as it is the primary cell layer that initially encounters environmental microorganisms. Induction of antifungal innate immune responses depends on recognition of fungal components by host pattern recognition receptors. Members of the Toll-like receptor family have emerged as key sensors that recognize fungal pathogens and trigger defence responses. During oral infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, a large number of cytokines is secreted by oral epithelial cells, which in turn activate myeloid cells in the submucosal layers to clear the invading pathogen. Recent data provide novel insights into the complex molecular mechanisms of innate immune responses initiated by cooperation between epithelial cells and neutrophils. In this review, we discuss the role of epithelial TLRs and how the immunological crosstalk between C. albicans-infected oral epithelium and neutrophils protects the mucosal surface from fungal invasion and cell injury.
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Sasaki H, Suzuki N, Alshwaimi E, Xu Y, Battaglino R, Morse L, Stashenko P. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits periodontitis via glucocorticoid-independent nuclear factor-κB inactivation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:757-63. [PMID: 20682015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a natural anti-inflammatory compound derived from licorice root extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The effect of GA on experimental periodontitis and its mechanism of action were determined in the present study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontitis was induced by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 in interleukin-10-deficient mice. The effect of GA, which was delivered by subcutaneous injections in either prophylactic or therapeutic regimens, on alveolar bone loss and gingival gene expressions was determined on day 42 after initial infection. The effect of GA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, T cell proliferation and osteoclastogenesis was also examined in vitro. RESULTS 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid administered either prophylactically or therapeutically resulted in a dramatic reduction of infection-induced bone loss in interleukin-10-deficient mice, which are highly disease susceptible. Although GA has been reported to exert its anti-inflammatory activity via downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (HSD2), which converts active glucocorticoids to their inactive forms, GA did not reduce HSD2 gene expression in gingival tissue. Rather, in glucocorticoid-free conditions, GA potently inhibited LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production and RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, both of which are dependent on nuclear factor-κB. Furthermore, GA suppressed LPS- and RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p105 in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GA inhibits periodontitis by inactivation of nuclear factor-κB in an interleukin-10- and glucocorticoid-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sasaki
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:60-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Andrukhov O, Ulm C, Reischl H, Nguyen PQ, Matejka M, Rausch-Fan X. Serum cytokine levels in periodontitis patients in relation to the bacterial load. J Periodontol 2010; 82:885-92. [PMID: 21138356 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a local inflammatory disease that also has some systemic effects. We investigated the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -5, and -10 in the serum of patients with periodontitis in relation to the bacterial load in the dental plaques. METHODS Serum cytokine levels in patients with generalized periodontitis and healthy control groups were determined using the cytometric bead array kit. Bacterial load in the dental plaque was determined semiquantitatively by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The proportions of different lymphocyte subsets were determined in the peripheral blood of patients with periodontitis by flow cytometry. Finally, relationships between the bacterial load in the subgingival plaques of patients with periodontitis and levels of cytokines and counts of lymphocyte subsets were established. RESULTS Serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 were significantly increased, whereas those of IL-2 were significantly decreased in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controls. Increased serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in patients with periodontitis were associated with the enhanced dental plaque load with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Finally, as revealed by analysis of lymphocyte populations, the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and Trepomena denticola was associated with an increased population of CD3(-)/CD16(+) and CD3(+)/CD8(+) cells, respectively. CONCLUSION Certain periodontal pathogens could be associated with an increased level of proinflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and thus increased risk of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Graves DT, Li J, Cochran DL. Inflammation and uncoupling as mechanisms of periodontal bone loss. J Dent Res 2010; 90:143-53. [PMID: 21135192 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510385236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is characterized by both inflammation and bone loss. Advances in research in both these areas have led to a new appreciation of not only each field but also the intimate relationship between inflammation and bone loss. This relationship has resulted in a new field of science called osteoimmunology and provides a context for better understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this review, we discuss several aspects of the immuno-inflammatory host response that ultimately results in loss of alveolar bone. A proposal is made that periodontal inflammation not only stimulates osteoclastogenesis but also interferes with the uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption, consistent with a pathologic process. Furthermore, arguments based on experimental animal models suggest a critical role of the spatial and temporal aspects of inflammation in the periodontium. A review of these findings leads to a new paradigm to help explain more fully the impact of inflammation on alveolar bone in periodontal disease so that it includes the effects of inflammation on uncoupling of bone formation from resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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Relationship Between Extra-Alveolar Time and Atopy in the Prognosis of the Replantation of Avulsed Teeth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 69:E79-81. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181ec112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis phosphoserine phosphatase enzyme SerB in inflammation, immune response, and induction of alveolar bone resorption in rats. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4560-9. [PMID: 20805334 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00703-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis secretes a serine phosphatase enzyme, SerB, upon contact with gingival epithelial cells in vitro. The SerB protein plays a critical role in internalization and survival of the organism in epithelial cells. SerB is also responsible for the inhibition of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from gingival epithelial cells infected with P. gingivalis. This study examined the ability of a P. gingivalis SerB mutant to colonize the oral cavity and induce gingival inflammation, immune responses, and alveolar bone resorption in a rat model of periodontal disease. Both P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and an isogenic ΔSerB mutant colonized the oral cavities of rats during the 12-week experimental period. Both of the strains induced significant (P < 0.05) systemic levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and isotypes IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, indicating the involvement of both T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses to infection. Both strains induced significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of alveolar bone resorption in infected rats than in sham-infected control rats. However, horizontal and interproximal alveolar bone resorption induced by the SerB mutant was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that induced by the parental strain. Rats infected with the ΔSerB mutant exhibited significantly higher levels of apical migration of the junctional epithelium (P < 0.01) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment (P < 0.001) into the gingival tissues than rats infected with the wild type. In conclusion, in a rat model of periodontal disease, the SerB phosphatase of P. gingivalis is required for maximal alveolar bone resorption, and in the absence of SerB, more PMNs are recruited into the gingival tissues.
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Liu YCG, Lerner UH, Teng YTA. Cytokine responses against periodontal infection: protective and destructive roles. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:163-206. [PMID: 20017801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu YCG, Teng YTA. Dendritic Cell-Associated Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Loss. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Roskamp L, Westphalen VPD, Lima JHC, Carneiro E, Fariniuk LF, Silva Neto UX, Westphalen FH. The influence of atopy in the prognosis of the replantation of avulsed teeth. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1121-4. [PMID: 19563292 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replantation is the most indicated procedure for traumatic dental avulsion, but it invariably results in a greater or lower degree of root resorption. The outcomes of these cases can be affected by some well-known factors. Because studies have shown the importance of the innate and acquired immune response in the mechanisms involved in the resorption of bone tissues, an endeavor was made to verify if such an influence applies to dental resorption. METHODS Fifty-seven avulsed, endodontically treated teeth were assessed in the Endodontics Clinic, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. Follow-up of the replanted teeth included periodical clinical examinations and radiographs, in accordance with the control rules of the International Association of Dental Traumatology. The evaluation of atopy was based on the patient's personal and family history in conjunction with the skin-prick test for five allergen extracts. RESULTS Of the 46 teeth with a favorable outcome, 33 (71.74%) were in atopic patients, and 13 (28.26%) were in non-atopic patients. Of the 11 teeth with an unfavorable outcome, four (36.36%) were in atopic patients, and seven (63.64%) were in non-atopic patients; a greater prevalence of unfavorable prognoses occurred in non-atopic patients. CONCLUSION The outcome after 1 year for avulsed and replanted teeth is more favorable in atopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Roskamp
- Department of Endontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Kiesel JR, Buchwald ZS, Aurora R. Cross-Presentation by Osteoclasts Induces FoxP3 in CD8+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5477-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Involvement of SOCS3 in regulation of CD11c+ dendritic cell-derived osteoclastogenesis and severe alveolar bone loss. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2000-9. [PMID: 19255186 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01070-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) molecules in periodontal immunity and RANKL-mediated dendritic cell (DC)-associated osteoclastogenesis, we analyzed SOCS expression profiles in CD4(+) T cells and the effect of SOCS3 expression in CD11c(+) DCs during periodontal inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in nonobese diabetic (NOD) versus humanized NOD/SCID mice. Our results of ex vivo and in vitro analyses showed that (i) there is significantly higher SOCS3 expression associated with RANKL(+) T-cell-mediated bone loss in correlation with increased CD11c(+) DC-mediated osteoclastogenesis; (ii) the transfection of CD11c(+) DC using an adenoviral vector carrying a dominant negative SOCS3 gene significantly abrogates TRAP and bone-resorptive activity; and (iii) inflammation-induced TRAP expression, bone resorption, and SOCS3 activity are not associated with any detectable change in the expression levels of TRAF6 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling adaptors (i.e., Erk, Jnk, p38, and Akt) in RANKL(+) T cells. We conclude that SOCS3 plays a critical role in modulating cytokine signaling involved in RANKL-mediated DC-derived osteoclastogenesis during immune interactions with T cells and diabetes-associated severe inflammation-induced alveolar bone loss. Therefore, the development of SOCS3 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential as the target to halt inflammation-induced bone loss under pathological conditions in vivo.
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Fernandes KPS, Mayer MPA, Ando ES, Ulbrich AG, Amarente-Mendes JGP, Russo M. Inhibition of interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide production in endotoxin-activated macrophages by cytolethal distending toxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:360-6. [PMID: 18793357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a DNA-targeting agent produced by certain pathogenic gram-negative bacteria such as the periodontopathogenic organism Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. CDT targets lymphocytes and other cells causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, impairing the host immune response and contributing to the persistence of infections caused by this microorganism. In this study we explored the effects of CDT on the innate immune response, by investigating how it affects production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. METHODS Murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Escherichia coli sonicates and NO production was measured in the presence or not of active CDT. RESULTS We observed that CDT promptly and significantly inhibited NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition is directed towards interferon-gamma-dependent pathways and is not mediated by either interleukin-4 or interleukin-10. CONCLUSION This mechanism may constitute an important aspect of the immunosuppression mediated by CDT and may have potential clinical implications in A. actinomycetemcomitans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P S Fernandes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition induced by tooth-associated microbial biofilms that induce a host immune response. Therapeutic control of progressive tissue destruction in high-risk patients is a significant challenge in therapy. Soluble protein delivery of antagonists to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibits alveolar bone resorption due to periodontitis. However, protein therapy raises several concerns, such as recurrence of disease activity after treatment cessation and repeated dosing regimens. In this study, we used pseudotyped adeno-associated virus vector based on serotype 1 (AAV2/1) to deliver the TNF receptor-immunoglobulin Fc (TNFR:Fc) fusion gene to rats subjected to experimental Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated bone loss. Animals received Pg-LPS delivered to the gingivae thrice weekly for 8 weeks, vehicle alone, Pg-LPS and intramuscular delivery of pseudotyped AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc vector (1×1011 DNase I-resistant particles) or AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc vector delivered to naïve animals. AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc therapy led to sustained therapeutic levels of serum TNFR protein and protected against Pg-LPS-mediated loss of bone volume and density. Furthermore, AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc administration reduced local levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast-like cells at the periodontal lesions. These findings suggest that delivery of AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc may be a viable approach to modulate periodontal disease progression.
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Belibasakis GN, Brage M, Lagergård T, Johansson A. Cytolethal distending toxin upregulates RANKL expression in Jurkat T-cells. APMIS 2008; 116:499-506. [PMID: 18754324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin, a bacterial exotoxin produced by a number of Gram-negative species, causes growth arrest and morphological alterations in host cells. Among these species are Haemophilus ducreyi, the etiological agent of chancroid, and the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, highly implicated in localized aggressive periodontitis. CDT induces receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression in periodontal fibroblasts, the key bone-resorbing cytokine. T-cells are actively involved in localized inflammation-induced bone destruction, including periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of purified CDT on the expression of RANKL and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), in the Jurkat T-cell line. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that 100 pg/ml of purified H. ducreyi CDT upregulated RANKL mRNA expression by 2.2-fold, after 24 h of exposure. This increase was corroborated by a 2.0-fold increase in RANKL protein release, as determined by ELISA. OPG was not detected in this experimental system. In conclusion, CDT enhances RANKL expression in T-cells, denoting that these cells are a potential target for the toxin and strengthening the potential link between this virulence factor and mechanisms associated with localized bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Bostanci N, Emingil G, Afacan B, Han B, Ilgenli T, Atilla G, Hughes F, Belibasakis G. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme (TACE) Levels in Periodontal Diseases. J Dent Res 2008; 87:273-7. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is a metalloprotease which can shed several cytokines from the cell membrane, including receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that TACE would be elevated in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of persons with periodontitis. Total TACE amounts in GCF were higher in persons with chronic and aggressive periodontitis than in those with gingivitis or in healthy persons. TACE concentrations in GCF were higher in persons with chronic and aggressive periodontitis than in those with gingivitis, although not significantly higher than in healthy persons. Persons with chronic periodontitis receiving immunosuppressive treatment exhibited over 10-fold lower TACE levels than the other periodontitis groups. TACE was positively correlated with probing pocket depth, clinical attachment levels, and RANKL concentrations in GCF. In conclusion, the increased GCF TACE levels in persons with periodontitis and their positive correlation with RANKL may indicate an association of this enzyme with alveolar bone loss, and may warrant special attention in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bostanci
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - G. Emingil
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - B. Afacan
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - B. Han
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - T. Ilgenli
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - G. Atilla
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - F.J. Hughes
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - G.N. Belibasakis
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, E1 2AD London, UK; and
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Alnaeeli M, Park J, Mahamed D, Penninger JM, Teng YTA. Dendritic cells at the osteo-immune interface: implications for inflammation-induced bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:775-80. [PMID: 17352656 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade, the critical roles of T cells and T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss have been extensively studied, thereby establishing the new paradigm of osteoimmunology. Therefore, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, responsible for activation of naïve T cells and orchestration of the immune response, became critically situated at the osteo-immune interface. Today, emerging new evidence suggests that DC may be directly involved in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, by acting as osteoclast (OC) precursors that can further develop into DC-derived OCs (DDOC) under inflammatory conditions. These findings have tremendous implications, because in addition to DC's important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, a direct contribution by these cells to inflammation-induced bone loss may provide a promising therapeutic target not only for controlling inflammation but also for modulating bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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40
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Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N, Hashim A, Johansson A, Aduse-Opoku J, Curtis MA, Hughes FJ. Regulation of RANKL and OPG gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis: a putative role of the Arg-gingipains. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:46-53. [PMID: 17448630 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is highly implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, which is characterized by the destruction of periodontal connective tissues and the supporting alveolar bone. Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB Ligand (RANKL) stimulates bone resorption, whereas osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocks its action, and this bi-molecular system is implicated in periodontitis. The aim of this work was (a) to investigate the regulation of RANKL and OPG gene expression in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and gingival fibroblasts (GF), in response to P. gingivalis culture supernatants, by quantitative real-time PCR and (b) to attempt to identify putative virulence factors involved in this process. The results indicated that P. gingivalis induced RANKL and reduced OPG mRNA expression by the studied cells, resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG expression ratio. Heat-inactivation of P. gingivalis resulted in significant reduction of RANKL mRNA expression. A Lys-gingipain mutant strain did not affect, whereas an Arg-gingipain mutant strain further enhanced RANKL mRNA expression, compared to their parental wild-type strain. In conclusion, P. gingivalis up-regulates the RANKL/OPG expression ratio in GF and PDL cells, denoting an enhanced osteoclastogenic potential by the cells. The component mainly responsible for RANKL induction appears to be proteinaceous, and it may be regulated by the Arg-gingipains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary's University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Bostanci N, Ilgenli T, Emingil G, Afacan B, Han B, Töz H, Atilla G, Hughes FJ, Belibasakis GN. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of RANKL and OPG in periodontal diseases: implications of their relative ratio. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:370-6. [PMID: 17355365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a system of molecules that regulate bone resorption. This study aims to compare the levels of RANKL, OPG and their relative ratio in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy and periodontal disease subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS GCF was obtained from healthy (n=21), gingivitis (n=22), chronic periodontitis (n=28), generalized aggressive periodontitis (n=25) and chronic periodontitis subjects under immunosuppressant therapy (n=11). RANKL and OPG concentrations in GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS RANKL levels were low in health and gingivitis groups, but increased in all three forms of periodontitis. OPG levels were higher in health than all three periodontitis, or gingivitis groups. There were no differences in RANKL and OPG levels between chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis groups, whereas these were lower in the immunosuppressed chronic periodontitis group. The RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly elevated in all three periodontitis forms, compared with health or gingivitis, and positively correlated to probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. CONCLUSION GCF RANKL and OPG levels were oppositely regulated in periodontitis, but not gingivitis, resulting in an enhanced RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio was similar in all three periodontitis groups and may therefore predict disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Adult Oral Health, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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42
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Cutler CW, Teng YTA. Oral mucosal dendritic cells and periodontitis: many sides of the same coin with new twists. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:35-50. [PMID: 17850447 PMCID: PMC2828688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang X, Teng YTA. Interleukin-10 inhibits gram-negative-microbe-specific human receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand-positive CD4+-Th1-cell-associated alveolar bone loss in vivo. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4927-31. [PMID: 16861684 PMCID: PMC1539589 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00491-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study anti-inflammatory cytokine effects on RANKL+-T-cell-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vivo, we injected human interleukin-10 (hIL-10) into pathogen-infected HuPBL-NOD/SCID mice. The results show significantly decreased RANKL+ Th1-associated alveolar bone loss and coexpression of human gamma interferon (hIFN-gamma) and human macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not hIL-4, in RANKL+ Th cells compatible with those from successfully treated aggressive periodontitis subjects. Thus, there are critical cytokine interactions linking hIFN-gamma+ Th1 cells to RANKL-RANK/OPG signaling for periodontal osteoclastogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Immunity and Division of Peridontology, Eastman Department of Dentistry and Centre for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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