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Poorganji M, Zomorrodi R, Hawco C, Hill AT, Hadas I, Zrenner C, Rajji TK, Chen R, Voineskos D, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. Isolating sensory artifacts in the suprathreshold TMS-EEG signal over DLPFC. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6796. [PMID: 37100795 PMCID: PMC10130812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is an effective way to evaluate neurophysiological processes at the level of the cortex. To further characterize the TMS-evoked potential (TEP) generated with TMS-EEG, beyond the motor cortex, we aimed to distinguish between cortical reactivity to TMS versus non-specific somatosensory and auditory co-activations using both single-pulse and paired-pulse protocols at suprathreshold stimulation intensities over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Fifteen right-handed healthy participants received six blocks of stimulation including single and paired TMS delivered as active-masked (i.e., TMS-EEG with auditory masking and foam spacing), active-unmasked (TMS-EEG without auditory masking and foam spacing) and sham (sham TMS coil). We evaluated cortical excitability following single-pulse TMS, and cortical inhibition following a paired-pulse paradigm (long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI)). Repeated measure ANOVAs revealed significant differences in mean cortical evoked activity (CEA) of active-masked, active-unmasked, and sham conditions for both the single-pulse (F(1.76, 24.63) = 21.88, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.61) and LICI (F(1.68, 23.49) = 10.09, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.42) protocols. Furthermore, global mean field amplitude (GMFA) differed significantly across the three conditions for both single-pulse (F(1.85, 25.89) = 24.68, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.64) and LICI (F(1.8, 25.16) = 14.29, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.5). Finally, only active LICI protocols but not sham stimulation ([active-masked (0.78 ± 0.16, P < 0.0001)], [active-unmasked (0.83 ± 0.25, P < 0.01)]) resulted in significant signal inhibition. While previous findings of a significant somatosensory and auditory contribution to the evoked EEG signal are replicated by our study, an artifact attenuated cortical reactivity can reliably be measured in the TMS-EEG signal with suprathreshold stimulation of DLPFC. Artifact attenuation can be accomplished using standard procedures, and even when masked, the level of cortical reactivity is still far above what is produced by sham stimulation. Our study illustrates that TMS-EEG of DLPFC remains a valid investigational tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Poorganji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Hawco
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aron T Hill
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itay Hadas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Christoph Zrenner
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daphne Voineskos
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
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Cerebellar noninvasive neuromodulation influences the reactivity of the contralateral primary motor cortex and surrounding areas: a TMS-EMG-EEG study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 22:319-331. [PMID: 35355218 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding cerebellar-cortical physiological interactions is of fundamental importance to advance the efficacy of neurorehabilitation strategies for patients with cerebellar damage. Previous works have aimed to modulate this pathway by applying transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the cerebellum and probing the resulting changes in the primary motor cortex (M1) excitability with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). While these protocols produce changes in cerebellar excitability, their ability to modulate MEPs has produced inconsistent results, mainly due to the MEP being a highly variable outcome measure that is susceptible to fluctuations in the excitability of M1 neurons and spinal interneurons. To overcome this limitation, we combined TMS with electroencephalography (EEG) to directly record TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and oscillations from the scalp. In three sessions, we applied intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), cathodal direct current stimulation (c-DC) or sham stimulation to modulate cerebellar activity. To assess the effects on M1 and nearby cortex, we recorded TMS-EEG and MEPs before, immediately after (T1) and 15 min (T2) following cerebellar neuromodulation. We found that cerebellar iTBS immediately increased TMS-induced alpha oscillations and produced lasting facilitatory effects on TEPs, whereas c-DC immediately decreased TMS-induced alpha oscillations and reduced TEPs. We also found increased MEP following iTBS but not after c-DC. All of the TMS-EEG measures showed high test-retest repeatability. Overall, this work importantly shows that cerebellar neuromodulation influences both cortical and corticospinal physiological measures; however, they are more pronounced and detailed when utilizing TMS-EEG outcome measures. These findings highlight the advantage of using TMS-EEG over MEPs when assessing the effects of neuromodulation.
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Naim‐Feil J, Fitzgerald PB, Rubinson M, Lubman DI, Sheppard DM, Bradshaw JL, Levit‐Binnun N, Moses E. Anomalies in global network connectivity associated with early recovery from alcohol dependence: A network transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13146. [PMID: 35229941 PMCID: PMC9285956 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research in alcohol dependent populations identified alterations within local structures of the addiction ‘reward’ circuitry, there is limited research into global features of this network, especially in early recovery. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is capable of non‐invasively perturbing the brain network while electroencephalography (EEG) measures the network response. The current study is the first to apply a TMS inhibitory paradigm while utilising network science (graph theory) to quantify network anomalies associated with alcohol dependence. Eleven individuals with alcohol‐dependence (ALD) in early recovery and 16 healthy controls (HC) were administered 75 single pulses and 75 paired‐pulses (inhibitory paradigm) to both the left and right prefrontal cortex (PFC). For each participant, Pearson cross‐correlation was applied to the EEG data and correlation matrices constructed. Global network measures (mean degree, clustering coefficient, local efficiency and global efficiency) were extracted for comparison between groups. Following administration of the inhibitory paired‐pulse TMS to the left PFC, the ALD group exhibited altered mean degree, clustering coefficient, local efficiency and global efficiency compared to HC. Decreases in local efficiency increased the prediction of being in the ALD group, while all network metrics (following paired‐pulse left TMS) were able to adequately discriminate between the groups. In the ALD group, reduced mean degree and global clustering was associated with increased severity of past alcohol use. Our study provides preliminary evidence of altered network topology in patients with alcohol dependence in early recovery. Network anomalies were predictive of high alcohol use and correlated with clinical features of alcohol dependence. Further research using this novel brain mapping technique may identify useful network biomarkers of alcohol dependence and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Naim‐Feil
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya Israel
- Graeme Clark Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health Epworth Healthcare and Monash University Department of Psychiatry Camberwell Victoria Australia
| | - Mica Rubinson
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Dan I. Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University Victoria Australia
| | - Dianne M. Sheppard
- Monash University Accident Research Centre Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - John L. Bradshaw
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences Monash, University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nava Levit‐Binnun
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
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Zhou J, Fogarty A, Pfeifer K, Seliger J, Fisher RS. EEG Evoked Potentials to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Normal Volunteers: Inhibitory TMS EEG Evoked Potentials. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051762. [PMID: 35270910 PMCID: PMC8915089 DOI: 10.3390/s22051762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cortex varies with stimulation parameters, so it would be useful to develop a biomarker to rapidly judge effects on cortical activity, including regions other than motor cortex. This study evaluated rTMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEP) after 1 Hz of motor cortex stimulation. New features are controls for baseline amplitude and comparison to control groups of sham stimulation. We delivered 200 test pulses at 0.20 Hz before and after 1500 treatment pulses at 1 Hz. Sequences comprised AAA = active stimulation with the same coil for test–treat–test phases (n = 22); PPP = realistic placebo coil stimulation for all three phases (n = 10); and APA = active coil stimulation for tests and placebo coil stimulation for treatment (n = 15). Signal processing displayed the evoked EEG waveforms, and peaks were measured by software. ANCOVA was used to measure differences in TEP peak amplitudes in post-rTMS trials while controlling for pre-rTMS TEP peak amplitude. Post hoc analysis showed reduced P60 amplitude in the active (AAA) rTMS group versus the placebo (APA) group. The N100 peak showed a treatment effect compared to the placebo groups, but no pairwise post hoc differences. N40 showed a trend toward increase. Changes were seen in widespread EEG leads, mostly ipsilaterally. TMS-evoked EEG potentials showed reduction of the P60 peak and increase of the N100 peak, both possibly reflecting increased slow inhibition after 1 Hz of rTMS. TMS-EEG may be a useful biomarker to assay brain excitability at a seizure focus and elsewhere, but individual responses are highly variable, and the difficulty of distinguishing merged peaks complicates interpretation.
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Ye Y, Wang J, Che X. Concurrent TMS-EEG to Reveal the Neuroplastic Changes in the Prefrontal and Insular Cortices in the Analgesic Effects of DLPFC-rTMS. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4436-4446. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an important target for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to reduce pain. However, the analgesic efficacy of DLPFC-rTMS needs to be optimized, in which the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Concurrent TMS and electroencephalogram (TMS-EEG) is able to evaluate neuroplastic changes beyond the motor cortex. Using TMS-EEG, this study was designed to investigate the local and distributed neuroplastic changes associated with DLPFC analgesia. Thirty-four healthy adults received DLPFC or sham stimulation in a randomized, crossover design. In each session, participants underwent cold pain and TMS-EEG assessment both before and after 10-Hz rTMS. We provide novel findings that DLPFC analgesia is associated with a smaller N120 amplitude in the contralateral prefrontal cortex as well as with a larger N120 peak in the ipsilateral insular cortex. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between N120 changes of these two regions whereby the amplitude changes of this dyad were associated with increased pain threshold. In addition, DLPFC stimulation enhanced coherence between the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices oscillating in the gamma frequency. Overall, our data present novel evidence on local and distributed neuroplastic changes associated with DLPFC analgesia.
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Poorganji M, Zomorrodi R, Hawco C, Hill AT, Hadas I, Rajji TK, Chen R, Voineskos D, Daskalakis AA, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. Differentiating transcranial magnetic stimulation cortical and auditory responses via single pulse and paired pulse protocols: A TMS-EEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1850-1858. [PMID: 34147010 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We measured the neurophysiological responses of both active and sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for both single pulse (SP) and paired pulse (PP; long interval cortical inhibition (LICI)) paradigms using TMS-EEG (electroencephalography). METHODS Nineteen healthy subjects received active and sham (coil 90° tilted and touching the scalp) SP and PP TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We measured excitability through SP TMS and inhibition (i.e., cortical inhibition (CI)) through PP TMS. RESULTS Cortical excitability indexed by area under the curve (AUC(25-275ms)) was significantly higher in the active compared to sham stimulation (F(1,18) = 43.737, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.708). Moreover, the amplitude of N100-P200 complex was significantly larger (F(1,18) = 9.118, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.336) with active stimulation (10.38 ± 9.576 µV) compared to sham (4.295 ± 2.323 µV). Significant interaction effects were also observed between active and sham stimulation for both the SP and PP (i.e., LICI) cortical responses. Finally, only active stimulation (CI = 0.64 ± 0.23, p < 0.001) resulted in significant cortical inhibition. CONCLUSION The significant differences between active and sham stimulation in both excitatory and inhibitory neurophysiological responses showed that active stimulation elicits responses from the cortex that are different from the non-specific effects of sham stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE Our study reaffirms that TMS-EEG represents an effective tool to evaluate cortical neurophysiology with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Poorganji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Hawco
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aron T Hill
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itay Hadas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daphne Voineskos
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anastasios A Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Varone G, Hussain Z, Sheikh Z, Howard A, Boulila W, Mahmud M, Howard N, Morabito FC, Hussain A. Real-Time Artifacts Reduction during TMS-EEG Co-Registration: A Comprehensive Review on Technologies and Procedures. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020637. [PMID: 33477526 PMCID: PMC7831109 DOI: 10.3390/s21020637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Varone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Greacia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Zain Hussain
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (Z.H.); (Z.S.)
- Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Zakariya Sheikh
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (Z.H.); (Z.S.)
| | - Adam Howard
- Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Wadii Boulila
- RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia;
- IS Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science and Medical Technology Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Newton Howard
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | | | - Amir Hussain
- School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK;
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Freche D, Naim-Feil J, Hess S, Peled A, Grinshpoon A, Moses E, Levit-Binnun N. Phase-Amplitude Markers of Synchrony and Noise: A Resting-State and TMS-EEG Study of Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa013. [PMID: 34296092 PMCID: PMC8152916 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) of schizophrenia patients is known to exhibit a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of phase locking, as well as a facilitation of excitability, in response to a variety of external stimuli. Here, we demonstrate these effects in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials and in the resting-state EEG. To ensure veracity, we used 3 weekly sessions and analyzed both resting-state and TMS-EEG data. For the TMS responses, our analysis verifies known results. For the resting state, we introduce the methodology of mean-normalized variation to the EEG analysis (quartile-based coefficient of variation), which allows for a comparison of narrow-band EEG amplitude fluctuations to narrow-band Gaussian noise. This reveals that amplitude fluctuations in the delta, alpha, and beta bands of healthy controls are different from those in schizophrenia patients, on time scales of tens of seconds. We conclude that the EEG-measured cortical activity patterns of schizophrenia patients are more similar to noise, both in alpha- and beta-resting state and in TMS responses. Our results suggest that the ability of neuronal populations to form stable, locally, and temporally correlated activity is reduced in schizophrenia, a conclusion, that is, in accord with previous experiments on TMS-EEG and on resting-state EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Freche
- Sagol Center of Brain and Mind, Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jodie Naim-Feil
- Sagol Center of Brain and Mind, Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Shmuel Hess
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikvah 49100, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Avraham Peled
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute for Psychiatric Studies, Shaar Menashe Mental Health Center, Menashe 38814, Pardes Hanna-Karkur, Israel
| | - Alexander Grinshpoon
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute for Psychiatric Studies, Shaar Menashe Mental Health Center, Menashe 38814, Pardes Hanna-Karkur, Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- Sagol Center of Brain and Mind, Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
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de Goede AA, Cumplido-Mayoral I, van Putten MJAM. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Single and Paired Pulse TMS-EEG Responses. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:425-437. [PMID: 32367427 PMCID: PMC7293671 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For physiological brain function a particular balance between excitation and inhibition is essential. Paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can estimate cortical excitability and the relative contribution of inhibitory and excitatory networks. Combining TMS with electroencephalography (EEG) enables additional assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal responses in the stimulated brain. This study aims to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics and stability of single and paired pulse TMS-EEG responses, and assess long intracortical inhibition (LICI) at the cortical level. Twenty-five healthy subjects were studied twice, approximately one week apart. Manual coil positioning was applied in sixteen subjects and robot-guided positioning in nine. Both motor cortices were stimulated with 50 single pulses and 50 paired pulses at each of the five interstimulus intervals (ISIs): 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ms. To assess stability and LICI, the intraclass correlation coefficient and cluster-based permutation analysis were used. We found great resemblance in the topographical distribution of the characteristic TMS-EEG components for single and paired pulse TMS. Stimulation of the dominant and non-dominant hemisphere resulted in a mirrored spatiotemporal dynamics. No significant effect on the TMS-EEG responses was found for either stimulated hemisphere, time or coil positioning method, indicating the stability of both single and paired pulse TMS-EEG responses. For all ISIs, LICI was characterized by significant suppression of the late N100 and P180 components in the central areas, without affecting the early P30, N45 and P60 components. These observations in healthy subjects can serve as reference values for future neuropsychiatric and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A de Goede
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Technohal 3385, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Irene Cumplido-Mayoral
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Technohal 3385, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Engineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Technohal 3385, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Noda Y. Toward the establishment of neurophysiological indicators for neuropsychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potentials: A systematic review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:12-34. [PMID: 31587446 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can depolarize the neurons directly under the coil when applied to the cerebral cortex, and modulate the neural circuit associated with the stimulation site, which makes it possible to measure the neurophysiological index to evaluate excitability and inhibitory functions. Concurrent TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has been developed to assess the neurophysiological characteristics of cortical regions other than the motor cortical region noninvasively. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss TMS-EEG research in the healthy brain focused on excitability, inhibition, and plasticity following neuromodulatory TMS paradigms from a neurophysiological perspective. A search was conducted in PubMed to identify articles that examined humans and that were written in English and published by September 2018. The search terms were as follows: (TMS OR 'transcranial magnetic stimulation') AND (EEG OR electroencephalog*) NOT (rTMS OR 'repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation' OR TBS OR 'theta burst stimulation') AND (healthy). The study presents an overview of TMS-EEG methodology and neurophysiological indices and reviews previous findings from TMS-EEG in healthy individuals. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential application of TMS-EEG neurophysiology in the clinical setting to study healthy and diseased brain conditions in the future. Combined TMS-EEG is a powerful tool to probe and map neural circuits in the human brain noninvasively and represents a promising approach for determining the underlying pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Noda
- Multidisciplinary Translational Research Lab, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Zifman N, Levy-Lamdan O, Suzin G, Efrati S, Tanne D, Fogel H, Dolev I. Introducing a Novel Approach for Evaluation and Monitoring of Brain Health Across Life Span Using Direct Non-invasive Brain Network Electrophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:248. [PMID: 31551761 PMCID: PMC6745309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evaluation and monitoring of brain health throughout aging by direct electrophysiological imaging (DELPHI) which analyzes TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) evoked potentials. Methods Transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials formation, coherence and history dependency, measured using electroencephalogram (EEG), was extracted from 80 healthy subjects in different age groups, 25–85 years old, and 20 subjects diagnosed with mild dementia (MD), over 70 years old. Subjects brain health was evaluated using MRI scans, neurocognitive evaluation, and computerized testing and compared to DELPHI analysis of brain network functionality. Results A significant decrease in signal coherence is observed with age in connectivity maps, mostly in inter-hemispheric temporal, and parietal areas. MD patients display a pronounced decrease in global and inter-hemispheric frontal connectivity compared to healthy controls. Early and late signal slope ratio also display a significant, age dependent, change with pronounced early slope, phase shift, between normal healthy aging, and MD. History dependent analysis demonstrates a binary step function classification of healthy brain vs. abnormal aging subjects mostly for late slope. DELPHI measures demonstrate high reproducibility with reliability coefficients of around 0.9. Conclusion These results indicate that features of evoked response, as charge transfer, slopes of response, and plasticity are altered during abnormal aging and that these fundamental properties of network functionality can be directly evaluated and monitored using DELPHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Zifman
- QuantalX Neuroscience, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Gil Suzin
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Ramle, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Ramle, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Stroke and Cognition Institute, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilla Fogel
- QuantalX Neuroscience, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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12
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Määttä S, Säisänen L, Kallioniemi E, Lakka TA, Lintu N, Haapala EA, Koskenkorva P, Niskanen E, Ferreri F, Könönen M. Maturation changes the excitability and effective connectivity of the frontal lobe: A developmental TMS-EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2320-2335. [PMID: 30648321 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) offers direct neurophysiological insight into excitability and connectivity within neural circuits. However, there have been few developmental TMS-EEG studies to date, and they all have focused on primary motor cortex stimulation. In the present study, we used navigated high-density TMS-EEG to investigate the maturation of the superior frontal cortex (dorsal premotor cortex [PMd]), which is involved in a broad range of motor and cognitive functions known to develop with age. We demonstrated that reactivity to frontal cortex TMS decreases with development. We also showed that although frontal cortex TMS elicits an equally complex TEP waveform in all age groups, the statistically significant between-group differences in the topography of the TMS-evoked peaks and differences in current density maps suggest changes in effective connectivity of the right PMd with maturation. More generally, our results indicate that direct study of the brain's excitability and effective connectivity via TMS-EEG co-registration can also be applied to pediatric populations outside the primary motor cortex, and may provide useful information for developmental studies and studies on developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Määttä
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Kallioniemi
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Päivi Koskenkorva
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eini Niskanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Tremblay S, Rogasch NC, Premoli I, Blumberger DM, Casarotto S, Chen R, Di Lazzaro V, Farzan F, Ferrarelli F, Fitzgerald PB, Hui J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kimiskidis VK, Kugiumtzis D, Lioumis P, Pascual-Leone A, Pellicciari MC, Rajji T, Thut G, Zomorrodi R, Ziemann U, Daskalakis ZJ. Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:802-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Casula E, Rocchi L, Hannah R, Rothwell J. Effects of pulse width, waveform and current direction in the cortex: A combined cTMS-EEG study. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1063-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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15
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Alcohol Impairs N100 Response to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3428. [PMID: 29467392 PMCID: PMC5821878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is thought to exert its effect by acting on gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmission. The N100, the negative peak on electroencephalography (EEG) that occurs approximately 100 ms following the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse, is believed to represent GABAB receptor mediated neurotransmission. However, no studies have examined the effect of alcohol on the N100 response to TMS stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of alcohol on the DLPFC TMS-evoked N100 response. The study was a within-subject cross-over design study. Fifteen healthy alcohol drinkers were administered TMS to the DLPFC before (PreBev) and after consumption (PostBev) of an alcohol or placebo beverage. The amplitude of the N100 before and after beverage was compared for both the alcohol and placebo beverage. Alcohol produced a significant decrease in N100 amplitude (t = 4.316, df = 14, p = 0.001). The placebo beverage had no effect on the N100 amplitude (t = −1.856, df = 14, p = 0.085). Acute alcohol consumption produces a decrease in N100 amplitude to TMS stimulation of the DLPFC, suggesting a decrease in GABAB receptor mediated neurotransmission. Findings suggest that the N100 may represent a marker of alcohol’s effects on inhibitory neurotransmission.
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16
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Kaskie RE, Ferrarelli F. Investigating the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:30-38. [PMID: 28478887 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders is one of the main challenges of the current research in psychiatry. The availability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to directly probe virtually any cortical areas, thus providing a unique way to assess the neurophysiological properties of cortical neurons. This article presents a review of studies employing TMS in combination with Motor Evoked Potentials (TMS/MEPs) and high density Electroencephalogram (TMS/hd-EEG) in schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Studies were identified by conducting a PubMed search using the following search item: "transcranial magnetic stimulation and (Schizophrenia or OCD or MDD or ADHD)". Studies that utilized TMS/MEP and/or TMS/hd-EEG measures to characterize cortical excitability, inhibition, oscillatory activity, and/or connectivity in psychiatric patients were selected. Across disorders, patients displayed a pattern of reduced cortical inhibition, and to a lesser extent increased excitability, in the motor cortex, which was most consistently established in Schizophrenia. Furthermore, psychiatric patients showed abnormalities in a number of TMS-evoked EEG oscillations, which was most prominent in the prefrontal cortex of Schizophrenia relative to healthy comparison subjects. Overall, results from this review point to significant impairments in cortical excitability, inhibition, and oscillatory activity, especially in frontal areas, in several major psychiatric disorders. Building on these findings, future studies employing TMS-based experimental paradigms may help elucidating the neurobiology of these psychiatric disorders, and may assess the contribution of TMS-related measures in monitoring and possibly maximizing the effectiveness of treatment interventions in psychiatric populations.
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17
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Määttä S, Könönen M, Kallioniemi E, Lakka T, Lintu N, Lindi V, Ferreri F, Ponzo D, Säisänen L. Development of cortical motor circuits between childhood and adulthood: A navigated TMS-HdEEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2599-2615. [PMID: 28218489 PMCID: PMC6866783 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor functions improve during childhood and adolescence, but little is still known about the development of cortical motor circuits during early life. To elucidate the neurophysiological hallmarks of motor cortex development, we investigated the differences in motor cortical excitability and connectivity between healthy children, adolescents, and adults by means of navigated suprathreshold motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We demonstrated that with development, the excitability of the motor system increases, the TMS-evoked EEG waveform increases in complexity, the magnitude of induced activation decreases, and signal spreading increases. Furthermore, the phase of the oscillatory response to TMS becomes less consistent with age. These changes parallel an improvement in manual dexterity and may reflect developmental changes in functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2599-2615, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical RadiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Elisa Kallioniemi
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Campus BiomedicoRomeItaly
| | - David Ponzo
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Campus BiomedicoRomeItaly
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
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18
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Kobayashi B, Cook IA, Hunter AM, Minzenberg MJ, Krantz DE, Leuchter AF. Can neurophysiologic measures serve as biomarkers for the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of major depressive disorder? Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:98-114. [PMID: 28362541 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1297697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). There are clinical data that support the efficacy of many different approaches to rTMS treatment, and it remains unclear what combination of stimulation parameters is optimal to relieve depressive symptoms. Because of the costs and complexity of studies that would be necessary to explore and compare the large number of combinations of rTMS treatment parameters, it would be useful to establish reliable surrogate biomarkers of treatment efficacy that could be used to compare different approaches to treatment. This study reviews the evidence that neurophysiologic measures of cortical excitability could be used as biomarkers for screening different rTMS treatment paradigms. It examines evidence that: (1) changes in excitability are related to the mechanism of action of rTMS; (2) rTMS has consistent effects on measures of excitability that could constitute reliable biomarkers; and (3) changes in excitability are related to the outcomes of rTMS treatment of MDD. An increasing body of evidence indicates that these neurophysiologic measures have the potential to serve as reliable biomarkers for screening different approaches to rTMS treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kobayashi
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Ian A Cook
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,d Department of Bioengineering , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Aimee M Hunter
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Michael J Minzenberg
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - David E Krantz
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Andrew F Leuchter
- a David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Neuromodulation Division , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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19
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Opie GM, Rogasch NC, Goldsworthy MR, Ridding MC, Semmler JG. Investigating TMS–EEG Indices of Long-Interval Intracortical Inhibition at Different Interstimulus Intervals. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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20
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Cash RFH, Noda Y, Zomorrodi R, Radhu N, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Characterization of Glutamatergic and GABA A-Mediated Neurotransmission in Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Using Paired-Pulse TMS-EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:502-511. [PMID: 27461082 PMCID: PMC5399228 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) are noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition and glutamatergic excitatory transmission, respectively. Conventionally these measures have been restricted to the motor cortex. We investigated whether SICI and ICF could be recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using combined TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG). We first characterized the neural signature of SICI and ICF in M1 in terms of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and spectral power modulation. Subsequently, these paradigms were applied in the DLPFC to determine whether similar neural signatures were evident. With TMS at M1, SICI and ICF led to bidirectional modulation (inhibition and facilitation, respectively) of P30 and P60 TEP amplitude, which correlated with MEP amplitude changes. With DLPFC stimulation, P60 was bidirectionally modulated by SICI and ICF in the same manner as for M1 stimulation, whereas P30 was absent. The sole modulation of early TEP components is in contradistinction to other measures such as long-interval intracortical inhibition and may reflect modulation of short latency excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). Overall, the data suggest that SICI and ICF can be recorded using TMS-EEG in DLPFC providing noninvasive measures of glutamatergic and GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. This may facilitate future research attempting to ascertain the role of these neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F H Cash
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Radhu
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Head, Late-Life Mood Disorders Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen St. W. Unit 4-115, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada, Tel: +1 416 535 8501, Fax: +1 416 583 4613, E-mail:
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21
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Casula EP, Pellicciari MC, Ponzo V, Stampanoni Bassi M, Veniero D, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Cerebellar theta burst stimulation modulates the neural activity of interconnected parietal and motor areas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36191. [PMID: 27796359 PMCID: PMC5086958 DOI: 10.1038/srep36191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary movement control and execution are regulated by the influence of the cerebellar output over different interconnected cortical areas, through dentato-thalamo connections. In the present study we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to directly assess the effects of cerebellar theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over the controlateral primary motor cortex (M1) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in a group of healthy volunteers. We found a TBS-dependent bidirectional modulation over TMS-evoked activity; specifically, cTBS increased whereas iTBS decreased activity between 100 and 200 ms after TMS, in a similar manner over both M1 and PPC areas. On the oscillatory domain, TBS induced specific changes over M1 natural frequencies of oscillation: TMS-evoked alpha activity was decreased by cTBS whereas beta activity was enhanced by iTBS. No effects were observed after sham stimulation. Our data provide novel evidence showing that the cerebellum exerts its control on the cortex likely by impinging on specific set of interneurons dependent on GABA-ergic activity. We show that cerebellar TBS modulates cortical excitability of distant interconnected cortical areas by acting through common temporal, spatial and frequency domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Paolo Casula
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenica Veniero
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
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22
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Rogasch NC, Sullivan C, Thomson RH, Rose NS, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB, Farzan F, Hernandez-Pavon JC. Analysing concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalographic data: A review and introduction to the open-source TESA software. Neuroimage 2016; 147:934-951. [PMID: 27771347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is growing in popularity as a method for assessing various cortical properties such as excitability, oscillations and connectivity. However, this combination of methods is technically challenging, resulting in artifacts both during recording and following typical EEG analysis methods, which can distort the underlying neural signal. In this article, we review the causes of artifacts in EEG recordings resulting from TMS, as well as artifacts introduced during analysis (e.g. as the result of filtering over high-frequency, large amplitude artifacts). We then discuss methods for removing artifacts, and ways of designing pipelines to minimise analysis-related artifacts. Finally, we introduce the TMS-EEG signal analyser (TESA), an open-source extension for EEGLAB, which includes functions that are specific for TMS-EEG analysis, such as removing and interpolating the TMS pulse artifact, removing and minimising TMS-evoked muscle activity, and analysing TMS-evoked potentials. The aims of TESA are to provide users with easy access to current TMS-EEG analysis methods and to encourage direct comparisons of these methods and pipelines. It is hoped that providing open-source functions will aid in both improving and standardising analysis across the field of TMS-EEG research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Caley Sullivan
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Richard H Thomson
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, USA
| | - Neil W Bailey
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Julio C Hernandez-Pavon
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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Naim-Feil J, Bradshaw JL, Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Sheppard DM, Lubman DI, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition within motor and frontal regions in alcohol dependence post-detoxification: A pilot TMS-EEG study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:547-56. [PMID: 26243644 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1066512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preclinical studies suggest that cortical alterations within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical to the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) allows direct assessment of cortical excitability and inhibition within the PFC of human subjects. We report the first application of TMS-EEG to measure these indices within the PFC of alcohol-dependent (ALD) patients post-detoxification. METHODS Cortical inhibition was assessed in 12 ALD patients and 14 healthy controls through single and paired-pulse TMS paradigms. Long-interval cortical inhibition indexed cortical inhibition in the PFC. In the motor cortex (MC), short- interval intracortical inhibition and cortical silent period determined inhibition, while intracortical facilitation measured facilitation, resting and active motor threshold indexed cortical excitability. RESULTS ALD patients demonstrated altered cortical inhibition across the bilateral frontal cortices relative to controls. There was evidence of altered cortical excitability in ALD patients; however, no significant differences in MC inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides first direct evidence of reduced cortical inhibition in the PFC of ALD patients post-detoxification. Altered cortical excitability in the MC may reflect hyper-excitability within the cortex associated with chronic alcohol consumption. These findings provide initial neurophysiological evidence of disrupted cortical excitability within the PFC of ALD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Naim-Feil
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia.,b School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Physics of Complex Systems , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - John L Bradshaw
- b School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia.,d Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- e Temetry Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Dianne M Sheppard
- f Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- g Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health and Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Central Clinical School , Prahran, Victoria , Australia
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Hill AT, Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE. TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in non-motor brain regions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to working memory performance: A TMS–EEG study. Cortex 2015; 64:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Radhu N, Garcia Dominguez L, Farzan F, Richter MA, Semeralul MO, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. Evidence for inhibitory deficits in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Brain 2014; 138:483-97. [PMID: 25524710 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibitory neurotransmission is a key pathophysiological mechanism underlying schizophrenia. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be combined with electroencephalography to index long-interval cortical inhibition, a measure of GABAergic receptor-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission from the frontal and motor cortex. In previous studies we have reported that schizophrenia is associated with inhibitory deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to healthy subjects and patients with bipolar disorder. The main objective of the current study was to replicate and extend these initial findings by evaluating long-interval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. A total of 111 participants were assessed: 38 patients with schizophrenia (average age: 35.71 years, 25 males, 13 females), 27 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (average age: 36.15 years, 11 males, 16 females) and 46 healthy subjects (average age: 33.63 years, 23 females, 23 males). Long-interval cortical inhibition was measured from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex through combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, long-interval cortical inhibition was significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy subjects (P = 0.004) and not significantly different between patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy subjects (P = 0.5445). Long-interval cortical inhibition deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were also significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P = 0.0465). There were no significant differences in long-interval cortical inhibition across all three groups in the motor cortex. These results demonstrate that long-interval cortical inhibition deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are specific to patients with schizophrenia and are not a generalized deficit that is shared by disorders of severe psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Radhu
- 1 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis Garcia Dominguez
- 1 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- 1 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret A Richter
- 2 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mawahib O Semeralul
- 1 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- 3 Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- 4 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- 1 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Neuroplasticity in normal and brain injured patients: potential relevance of ear wiggling locus of control and cortical projections. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:838-43. [PMID: 25468045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recovery after brain insult is variable. Research has shown that activation of higher-order cognitive processes create larger gains in recovery than repetitive tasks, most likely due to neuroplasticity. That is, neuroplasticity is promoted by task complexity. Ear wiggling is a rare skill among humans yet may activate and promote advanced recovery after a brain injury. Increased cognitive complexity of learning a new task could allow insights into plasticity in learning new motor tasks and the role of cognitive complexity in learning that task. This paper focuses on a hypothesis relating to white matter pathways dormant in most people (such as those related to ear wiggling). If these pathways can be triggered by electrical/magnetic stimulation and/or higher-order thought into becoming consciously controllable, then it is possible that activation of a dormant, complex skill may assist in re-growth or repair of brain-damaged pathways. The broader potential impact of the proposed hypothesis is that ear wiggling could be used for improving the recovery of TBI or stroke subjects via neuroplasticity processes.
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Casula EP, Tarantino V, Basso D, Arcara G, Marino G, Toffolo GM, Rothwell JC, Bisiacchi PS. Low-frequency rTMS inhibitory effects in the primary motor cortex: Insights from TMS-evoked potentials. Neuroimage 2014; 98:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition, excitation, and connectivity in schizophrenia: a review of insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:685-96. [PMID: 23722199 PMCID: PMC3984517 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental illness with an elusive pathophysiology. Over the last decade, theories emphasizing cortical dysfunction have received increasing attention to explain the heterogeneous symptoms experienced in SCZ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that is particularly suited to probing the fidelity of specific excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations in conscious humans. In this study, we review the contribution of TMS in assessing inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations and their long-range connections in SCZ. In addition, we discuss insights from combined TMS and electroencephalography into the functional consequences of impaired excitation/inhibition on cortical oscillations in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C. Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Level 4, 607 Street, Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; tel: +61-3-9076-6593, fax: +61-3-9076-6588, e-mail:
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols. TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Puzzo I, Cooper NR, Cantarella S, Fitzgerald PB, Russo R. The effect of rTMS over the inferior parietal lobule on EEG sensorimotor reactivity differs according to self-reported traits of autism in typically developing individuals. Brain Res 2013; 1541:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool for understanding neurophysiology in Huntington's disease: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1420-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rogasch NC, Thomson RH, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Short-latency artifacts associated with concurrent TMS-EEG. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:868-76. [PMID: 23651674 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is an emerging method for studying cortical network properties. However, various artifacts affect measurement of TMS-evoked cortical potentials (TEPs), especially within 30 ms of stimulation. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to assess the origin and recovery of short-latency TMS-EEG artifacts (<30 ms) using different stimulators and under different experimental conditions. METHODS EEG was recorded during TMS delivered to a phantom head (melon) and 12 healthy volunteers with different TMS machines, at different scalp positions, at different TMS intensities, and following paired-pulse TMS. Recovery from the TMS artifact and other short-latency artifacts were compared between conditions. RESULTS Following phantom stimulation, the artifact resulting from different TMS machines (Magstim 200, Magventure MagPro R30 and X100) and pulse shapes (monophasic and biphasic) resulted in different artifact profiles. After accounting for differences between machines, TMS artifacts recovered within ∼12 ms. This was replicated in human participants, however a large secondary artifact (peaks at 5 and 10 ms) became prominent following stimulation over lateral scalp positions, which only recovered after ∼25-40 ms. Increasing TMS intensity increased secondary artifact amplitude over both motor and prefrontal cortex. There was no consistent modulation of the secondary artifact following inhibitory paired-pulse TMS (interstimulus interval = 100 ms) over motor cortex. CONCLUSIONS The secondary artifact observed in humans is consistent with activation of scalp muscles following TMS. TEPs can be recorded within a short period of time (10-12 ms) following TMS, however measures must be taken to avoid muscle stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Radhu N, de Jesus DR, Ravindran LN, Zanjani A, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1309-20. [PMID: 23485366 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of inhibition and excitation in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). METHODS Paradigms included: short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), cortical silent period (CSP), resting motor threshold, intracortical facilitation, and motor evoked potential amplitude. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase Psychiatry and PsycINFO 1990 through April 2012. RESULTS A significant Hedge's g was found for decreased SICI (g=0.572, 95% confidence interval [0.179, 0.966], p=0.004), enhanced intracortical facilitation (g=0.446, 95% confidence interval [0.042, 0.849], p=0.030) and decreased CSP (g=-0.466, 95% confidence interval [-0.881, -0.052], p=0.027) within the OCD population. For MDD, significant effect sizes were demonstrated for decreased SICI (g=0.641, 95% confidence interval [0.384, 0.898], p=0.000) and shortened CSP (g=-1.232, 95% confidence interval [-1.530, -0.933], p=0.000). In SCZ, a significant Hedge's g was shown for decreased SICI (g=0.476, 95% confidence interval [0.331, 0.620], p=0.000). CONCLUSION Inhibitory deficits are a ubiquitous finding across OCD, MDD, SCZ and enhancement of intracortical facilitation is specific to OCD. SIGNIFICANCE Provides a clear platform from which diagnostic procedures can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Radhu
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are emerging as realistic tools for seizure control. Numerous open-label trials and a few recent randomized controlled trials suggest the capacity of both techniques to suppress seizures. Additionally, specialized TMS protocols aimed to map cortical function and to measure cortical excitability may have realistic roles as diagnostic tools in epilepsy. As the prevalence of drug-resistant epilepsy has not changed in recent years, TMS and tDCS offer noninvasive and nonpharmacological options to improve control of intractable seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rotenberg
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Drug and alcohol addiction is a debilitating disorder characterized by persistent drug-seeking behaviors despite negative physiological, medical, or social consequences. Neurobiological models of addiction propose that the reinforcing effects of addictive drugs are associated with altered neurotransmission within the reward 'mesocorticolimbic' circuitry in the brain. Immense efforts are therefore designed to target the mesocorticolimbic circuitry in attenuating drug dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Yet, to date, most addiction treatments have demonstrated only limited success in reducing addiction-related behaviors. Accumulating and compelling evidence suggests that novel nonsurgical brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, could serve as promising tools for indexing altered neurotransmission associated with repetitive drug use, and moreover, may hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of drug dependence and addiction-related behaviors. This chapter reviews and discusses the current and potential applications of such techniques in the study and treatment of addiction; we focus on a number of common drugs of abuse, including nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, and ecstasy.
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Mechanisms underlying long-interval cortical inhibition in the human motor cortex: a TMS-EEG study. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:89-98. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00762.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI) refers to suppression of neuronal activity following paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 50 and 200 ms. LICI can be measured either from motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in small hand muscles or directly from the cortex using concurrent electroencephalography (EEG). However, it remains unclear whether EEG inhibition reflects similar mechanisms to MEP inhibition. Eight healthy participants received single- and paired-pulse TMS (ISI = 100 ms) over the motor cortex. MEPs were measured from a small hand muscle (first dorsal interosseus), whereas early (P30, P60) and late (N100) TMS-evoked cortical potentials (TEPs) were measured over the motor cortex using EEG. Conditioning and test TMS intensities were altered, and modulation of LICI strength was measured using both methods. LICI of MEPs and both P30 and P60 TEPs increased in strength with increasing conditioning intensities and decreased with increasing test intensities. LICI of N100 TEPs remained unchanged across all conditions. In addition, MEP and P30 LICI strength correlated with the slope of the N100 evoked by the conditioning pulse. LICI of early and late TEP components was differentially modulated with altered TMS intensities, suggesting independent underlying mechanisms. LICI of P30 is consistent with inhibition of cortical excitation similar to MEPs, whereas LICI of N100 may reflect presynaptic autoinhibition of inhibitory interneurons. The N100 evoked by the conditioning pulse is consistent with the mechanism responsible for LICI, most likely GABAB-mediated inhibition of cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C. Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia; and
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Radhu N, Ravindran LN, Levinson AJ, Daskalakis ZJ. Inhibition of the cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric populations: current and future directions. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:369-78. [PMID: 22663947 PMCID: PMC3493095 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that deficits in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmission are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cortical inhibition refers to a neurophysiological process, whereby GABA inhibitory interneurons selectively attenuate pyramidal neurons. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a noninvasive technique to measure cortical inhibition, excitability and plasticity in the cortex. These measures were traditionally specific to the motor cortex, which is an important limitation when nonmotor neurophysiological processes are of primary interest. Recently, TMS has been combined with electro encephalography (EEG) to derive such measurements directly from the cortex. This review focuses on neurophysiological studies related to inhibitory and excitatory TMS paradigms, linking dysfunctional GABAergic neurotransmission to disease states. We review evidence that suggests cortical inhibition deficits among psychiatric populations and demonstrate how each disorder has a specific neurophysiological response to treatment. We conclude by discussing the future directions of TMS combined with EEG, demonstrating the potential to identify biological markers of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Correspondence to: Z.J. Daskalakis, Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 7th Floor — Clarke Division, 250 College St., Toronto ON M5T 1R8;
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Fitzgibbon BM, Enticott PG, Bradshaw JL, Giummarra MJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Chou M, Fitzgerald PB. Motor cortical excitability and inhibition in acquired mirror pain. Neurosci Lett 2012; 530:161-5. [PMID: 23022471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
'Mirror pain' describes when the observation of another's pain experience induces a personal experience of pain. It has been suggested that mirror pain could result from changes in neural excitability or inhibition. In this study we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate motor cortical excitability in lower-limb amputees who experience mirror pain. Using paired-pulse TMS to assess motor cortical inhibition (CI) and cortical facilitation (CF), recordings were taken from the right first dorsal interosseus in lower-limb amputees who experience mirror pain (MP+), lower-limb amputees who do not experience mirror pain (MP-), and non-amputee controls. No differences in CI or CF were observed between the MP+ and both control groups. Thus, when not paired with a pain-related stimulus, changes in motor cortical excitability do not appear to contribute to the experience of mirror pain in lower-limb amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Fitzgibbon
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Enticott PG, Kennedy HA, Rinehart NJ, Tonge BJ, Bradshaw JL, Fitzgerald PB. GABAergic activity in autism spectrum disorders: an investigation of cortical inhibition via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropharmacology 2012; 68:202-9. [PMID: 22727823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests a possible role for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neuropathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the extent of this impairment is unclear. A non-invasive, in vivo measure of GABA involves transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex to probe cortical inhibition. Individuals diagnosed with ASD (high-functioning autism or Asperger's disorder) (n = 36 [28 male]; mean age: 26.00 years) and a group of healthy individuals (n = 34 [23 male]; mean age: 26.21 years) (matched for age, gender, and cognitive function) were administered motor cortical TMS paradigms putatively measuring activity at GABAA and GABAB receptors (i.e., short and long interval paired pulse TMS, cortical silent period). All cortical inhibition paradigms yielded no difference between ASD and control groups. There was, however, evidence for short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) deficits among those ASD participants who had experienced early language delay, suggesting that GABA may be implicated in an ASD subtype. The current findings do not support a broad role for GABA in the neuropathophysiology of ASD, but provide further indication that GABAA could be involved in ASD where there is a delay in language acquisition. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Enticott
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Radhu N, Fitzgerald PB. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography: Its past, present and future. Brain Res 2012; 1463:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB. Assessing cortical network properties using TMS-EEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:1652-69. [PMID: 22378543 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant developments in the concurrent use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to directly assess cortical network properties such as excitability and connectivity in humans. New hardware solutions, improved EEG amplifier technology, and advanced data processing techniques have allowed substantial reduction of the TMS-induced artifact, which had previously rendered concurrent TMS-EEG impossible. Various physiological artifacts resulting from TMS have also been identified, and methods are being developed to either minimize or remove these sources of artifact. With these developments, TMS-EEG has unlocked regions of the cortex to researchers that were previously inaccessible to TMS. By recording the TMS-evoked response directly from the cortex, TMS-EEG provides information on the excitability, effective connectivity, and oscillatory tuning of a given cortical area, removing the need to infer such measurements from indirect measures. In the following review, we investigate the different online and offline methods for reducing artifacts in TMS-EEG recordings and the physiological information contained within the TMS-evoked cortical response. We then address the use of TMS-EEG to assess different cortical mechanisms such as cortical inhibition and neural plasticity, before briefly reviewing studies that have utilized TMS-EEG to explore cortical network properties at rest and during different functional brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia
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Ribolsi M, Mori F, Magni V, Codecà C, Kusayanagi H, Monteleone F, Rubino IA, Siracusano A, Bernardi G, Centonze D, Koch G. Impaired inter-hemispheric facilitatory connectivity in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 122:512-517. [PMID: 20864396 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the inter-hemispheric connections between the dorsal premotor cortex (dPM) and contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) in schizophrenia. METHODS Sixteen medicated, nine unmedicated schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy age-matched subjects were studied by twin-coil Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. To activate distinct facilitatory and inhibitory transcallosal pathways between dPM and the contralateral M1, the intensity of dPM stimulation was adjusted to be either suprathreshold (110% of resting motor threshold) or subthreshold (80% of active motor threshold). Interstimulus intervals between conditioning stimulus and test stimulus were 6, 8 and 15 ms. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients had comparable efficacy of the inhibitory pathway. On the other hand, medicated patients showed less facilitation of contralateral M1 following dPM stimulation at 80% of active motor threshold, at interstimulus interval=8 ms. The individual amount of facilitation induced by dPM conditioning at 80% of active motor threshold at interstimulus interval=8 ms correlated negatively with negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Inter-hemispheric facilitatory dPM-M1 connectivity is selectively altered in schizophrenia. SIGNIFICANCE This study produced evidence that dPM-M1 connectivity is dysfunctional and that correlates with negative symptoms. These results converge with previous studies which strongly hypothesize that inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity disturbances may play a major role in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ribolsi
- Clinica Psichiatrica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mori
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Magni
- Clinica Psichiatrica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Codecà
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Hajime Kusayanagi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Monteleone
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivo Alex Rubino
- Clinica Psichiatrica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Clinica Psichiatrica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bernardi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Fitzgerald PB. TMS–EEG: A technique that has come of age? Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:265-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prospects for Clinical Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Real-Time EEG in Epilepsy. Brain Topogr 2009; 22:257-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-009-0116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Feil J, Zangen A. Brain stimulation in the study and treatment of addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:559-74. [PMID: 19914283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a devastating and chronically relapsing disorder. Repeated drug administration induces neuroadaptations associated with abnormal dopaminergic activity in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, resulting in altered cortical neurotransmission and excitability. Electrical stimulation of specific brain regions can be used in animal models and humans to induce local activation or disruption of specific circuitries or alter neuronal excitability and cause neuroadaptations. Non-surgical stimulation of specific brain regions in human addicts can be achieved by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS is used for transient stimulation or disruption of neural activity in specific cortical regions, which can be used to assess cortical excitability, and to induce changes in cortical excitability. Moreover, it is suggested that repeated stimulation can cause long-lasting neuroadaptations. Therefore, TMS paradigms were used in some studies to assess the presence of altered cortical excitability associated with chronic drug consumption, while other studies have begun to assess the therapeutic potential of repetitive TMS. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used to modulate neuronal resting membrane potential in humans and alter cortical excitability. The current review describes how these brain stimulation techniques have recently been used for the study and treatment of addiction in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Feil
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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GABA and cortical inhibition in motor and non-motor regions using combined TMS–EEG: A time analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:1706-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bonnard M, Spieser L, Meziane HB, de Graaf JB, Pailhous J. Prior intention can locally tune inhibitory processes in the primary motor cortex: direct evidence from combined TMS-EEG. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:913-23. [PMID: 19712104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bonnard
- Mediterranean Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR 6193, CNRS-University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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