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Hallyburton A, Allison-Jones L, Schoppelrey S, Willeman-Buckelew D, Chen K. More than a mask: Possible relationships between lifting of COVID-19 mask requirements and depression symptoms experienced by US adults with disabilities. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101611. [PMID: 38462382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2024.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifting of masking restrictions at key periods during the COVID-19 pandemic may have disproportionately negatively impacted the mental health of individuals with disabilities. OBJECTIVE This study examines the prevalence of depression-related symptoms in individuals with and without disabilities preceding and following the US rollback of COVID-19 masking mandates. METHODS Pandemic-era data on reported symptoms of depression from the federal Household Pulse Survey from dates surrounding two major announcements on masking relaxations were analyzed. Possible interactions between disability status and type, age grouping, educational attainment, race/Hispanic ethnicity, and sex variables were considered. RESULTS Following relaxation of major masking restrictions, people with disabilities experienced elevation in depression symptom presence while people without disabilities experienced lessening in these symptoms. Differences between people with and without disabilities were significant. CONCLUSIONS Direct causation between masking mandate relaxations and changes in symptoms of depression cannot be drawn from the available data. However, when considered with greater vulnerabilities to COVID-19 experienced by many individuals with disabilities and dismissive rhetoric surrounding masking decisions, negative feelings arising from mandate changes may have led to elevations in symptoms of depression in people with disabilities in sharp contrast to people without disabilities who may have felt relief. Findings indicate future public health decision making, even in times of crisis, should be undertaken with as much caution as possible regarding and in partnership with populations already at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hallyburton
- Western Carolina University, 1 University Way, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Kong Chen
- Western Carolina University, 1 University Way, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
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2
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Matlock KA, Pérez-Escamilla R, Wagner J. Depression and Anxiety Mediate the Relationship between Discrimination and Well-Being in a Sample of Latinx Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from a Dual Mediation Analysis. J Immigr Minor Health 2024; 26:453-460. [PMID: 38244119 PMCID: PMC11096199 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-024-01582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Latinxs experience greater risk for type 2 diabetes, discrimination, and poor mental health. The pathways linking these factors, however, are not well understood. This study tested whether depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between discrimination and well-being. Bootstrapped mediation tests were conducted using a sample of Latinx adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 121) and regression models adjusted for demographic and health covariates. Depression and anxiety fully and jointly mediated the effect of discrimination on well-being; everyday discrimination was linked to elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety which were, in turn, independently linked to reduced emotional well-being. Moreover, the effect size for the anxiety pathway (β=-0.13) was 60% larger than for depression (β=-0.08). Dual mediation suggests depression, and especially anxiety, may be important targets for interventions seeking to mitigate the deleterious effects of discrimination. Findings have important implications for psychotherapeutic treatments and public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Matlock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Worcester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Julie Wagner
- University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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3
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Ziano I, Koc Y. Prototypes of People With Depression. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1295-1308. [PMID: 37922439 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231204035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article investigates the content and the consequences of the prototypes of people with depression in a multimethod fashion. Fourteen preregistered studies (total N = 5,023, with U.S. American, British, and French adult participants) show that laypeople consider people with depression as having specific psychological, social, and physical features (e.g., unattractive, overweight, unsuccessful, introverted). Target prototypicality influences how much laypeople believe others have depression, how much observers believe that depression-like symptoms cause someone to experience psychological pain, and how much professional mental health care is appropriate for others. This effect was not reduced by instructing people to focus on the symptoms and ignore the target features yet was weakly reduced by informing them of the effect. We discuss theoretical implications for the understanding of prototypes of people with depression and practical implications for alleviating the impact of prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Ziano
- Geneva School of Economics and Management, University of Geneva
| | - Yasin Koc
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen
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4
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Celidwen Y, Keltner D. Kin relationality and ecological belonging: a cultural psychology of Indigenous transcendence. Front Psychol 2023; 14:994508. [PMID: 37928574 PMCID: PMC10622976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.994508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we consider prosociality through the lens of an Indigenous "ethics of belonging" and its two constitutive concepts: kin relationality and ecological belonging. Kin relationality predicates that all living beings and phenomena share a familial identity of interdependence, mutuality, and organization. Within the value system of ecological belonging, an individual's identity is constituted in relation to the natural environment, centered on the sentiments of responsibility and reverence for Nature. We detail how Indigenous perspectives upon prosociality differ from Western scientific accounts in terms of the motives, scope, and rewards of altruistic action. Grounded in this understanding, we then profile three self-transcendent states, compassion, gratitude, and awe, and their similarities across Indigenous and Western approaches, and how kin relationality and ecological belonging give rise to cultural variations. We consider convergent insights across Indigenous and Western science concerning the role of ritual and narrative and the cultural cultivation of kin relationality and ecological belonging. We conclude by highlighting how these two core concepts might guide future inquiry in cultural psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Celidwen
- Department of Psychology and Othering and Belonging Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Cochrane A, Cox WTL, Green CS. Robust within-session modulations of IAT scores may reveal novel dynamics of rapid change. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16247. [PMID: 37758761 PMCID: PMC10533519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is employed in the domain of social psychology as a measure of implicit evaluation. Participants in this task complete blocks of trials where they are asked to respond to categories and attributes (e.g., types of faces and types of words). Reaction times in different blocks sharing certain response combinations are averaged and then subtracted from blocks with other response combinations and then normalized, the result of which is taken as a measure indicating implicit evaluation toward or away from the given categories. One assumption of this approach is stationarity of response time distributions, or at a minimum, that temporal dynamics in response times are not theoretically relevant. Here we test these assumptions, examine the extent to which response times change within the IAT blocks and, if so, how trajectories of change are meaningful in relation to external measures. Using multiple data sets we demonstrate within-session changes in IAT scores. Further, we demonstrate that dissociable components in the trajectories of IAT performance may be linked to theoretically distinct processes of cognitive biases as well as behaviors. The present work presents evidence that IAT performance changes within the task, while future work is needed to fully assess the implications of these temporal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Cochrane
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Faculty of Education and Psychological Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - William T L Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Inequity Agents of Change, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Shawn Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Cox WTL. Developing scientifically validated bias and diversity trainings that work: empowering agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity. MANAGEMENT DECISION 2023; 61:1038-1061. [PMID: 37090785 PMCID: PMC10120861 DOI: 10.1108/md-06-2021-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose – Research consistently shows that non-scientific bias, equity, and diversity trainings do not work, and often make bias and diversity problems worse. Despite these widespread failures, there is considerable reason for hope that effective, meaningful DEI efforts can be developed. One approach in particular, the bias habit-breaking training, has 15 years of experimental evidence demonstrating its widespread effectiveness and efficacy. Design/methodology/approach – This article discusses bias, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts from the author's perspective as a scientist-practitioner - the author draws primarily on the scientific literature, but also integrates insights from practical experiences working in DEI. The author provides a roadmap for adapting effective, evidence-based approaches from other disciplines (e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy) into the DEI context and reviews evidence related to the bias habit-breaking training as one prominent demonstration of a scientifically-validated approach that effects lasting, meaningful improvements on DEI issues within both individuals and institutions. Findings – DEI trainings fail due to widespread adoption of the information deficit model, which is well-known as a highly ineffective approach. Empowerment-based approaches, in contrast, are highly promising for making meaningful, lasting changes in the DEI realm. Evidence indicates that the bias habit-breaking training is effective at empowering individuals as agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity, both within themselves and the social contexts they inhabit. Originality/value – In contrast to the considerable despair and pessimism around DEI efforts, the present analysis provides hope and optimism, and an empirically-validated path forward, to develop and test DEI approaches that empower individuals as agents of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Taylor Laimaka Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Inequity Agents of Change, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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7
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Nan D, Chong ESK, Dannuo W, Zewei L, Zexuan M, Shuyu D, Huang YT. Prevalence, risk, and protective factors of self-stigma for people living with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 332:327-340. [PMID: 37060952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with depression are subjected to widespread stigmatization worldwide. Self-stigma may negatively affect patients' treatment, recovery, and psychological well-being. This review aims to summarize and synthesize the evidence on the prevalence, risk, and protective factors of depression self-stigma. METHODS Four online databases, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched to identify eligible studies. Fifty-six studies involving a total of 11,549 samples were included in the final analysis. Four reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in eligible studies. Pearson's r was chosen as the effect size metric of risk and protective factors. RESULTS The results showed that the global prevalence of depression self-stigma was 29 %. Levels of self-stigma varied across regions, but this difference was not significant. Two demographic factors were identified: ethnicity (r = 0.10, p < 0.05) and having a partner/married (r = -0.22, p < 0.001). Five risk factors were identified: depression severity (r = 0.33, p < 0.01), public stigma (r = 0.44, p < 0.001), treatment stigma (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), perceived stigma (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), and enacted stigma (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Five protective factors were identified: quality of life (r = -0.38, p < 0.001), social relationship (r = -0.26, p < 0.05), self-esteem (r = -0.46, p < 0.001), extroversion (r = -0.32, p < 0.001), and social functioning (r = -0.49, p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity was observed in some of the results. Causality cannot be inferred due to the predominance of cross-sectional designs among the included literature. CONCLUSIONS Risk and protective factors of depression self-stigma exist across many dimensions. Future research should examine the inner mechanisms and effectiveness of interventions to reduce stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Nan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eddie S K Chong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Dannuo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Zewei
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mu Zexuan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Deng Shuyu
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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8
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Batz F, Lermer E, Lech S, O’Malley G, Zati zehni A, Zenz-Spitzweg D, Mahner S, Behr J, Thaler CJ, Buspavanich P. The psychological burden of COVID-19 on the desire for parenthood in minoritized sexual identities: a study on depressive symptoms and family planning in Germany. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:232. [PMID: 36732703 PMCID: PMC9894671 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread across the globe and is associated with significant clinical and humanitarian burden. The desire for parenthood has been described to be positively correlated with psychological well-being: An unfulfilled wish for parenthood is associated with impaired mental health, and the wish for parenthood is a predictor for the development of depressive symptoms. While higher rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in individuals with minoritized sexual identities (compared to heterosexual individuals) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the specific impact of the pandemic and its social restriction measures on this population is poorly understood. METHODS From April to July 2020, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey online among N = 2463 adults living in Germany. We screened for depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-4; PHQ-4) and assessed individuals' desire for parenthood during the pandemic, and motives for or against the desire for parenthood (Leipzig questionnaire on motives for having a child, Version 20; LKM-20), with the aim of identifying differences between individuals with minoritized sexual identities and heterosexual individuals. RESULTS Compared to heterosexual individuals (n = 1304), individuals with minoritized sexual identities (n = 831) indicated higher levels of depressive symptoms. In our study sample the majority of all participants (81.9%) reported no change in the desire for parenthood since the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION The findings underline the unmet need for social, psychological and medical support in regard to family-planning and the desire for parenthood during a pandemic. Furthermore, future research should explore COVID-19-related psychological consequences on individuals' desire for parenthood and building a family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Batz
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Lermer
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Leadership and People Management, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.440970.e0000 0000 9922 6093Department of Business Psychology, Augsburg University of Applied Sciences, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Lech
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grace O’Malley
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati zehni
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Davina Zenz-Spitzweg
- grid.448997.f0000 0000 8984 4939 Applied Business and Media Psychology, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Behr
- grid.473452.3Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany ,Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg and Brandenburg Medical School, Potsdam, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Research Unit Gender in Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian J. Thaler
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pichit Buspavanich
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816, Neuruppin, Germany. .,Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg and Brandenburg Medical School, Potsdam, Germany. .,Research Unit Gender in Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Stolarski M, Gorgol J. Analyzing social perception of chronotypes within the stereotype content model. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1475-1484. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2123740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Gorgol
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Cox WT, Xie X, Devine PG. Untested assumptions perpetuate stereotyping: Learning in the absence of evidence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 102. [PMID: 35912164 PMCID: PMC9337700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we set out to assess whether and how much people learn in response to their stereotypic assumptions being confirmed, being disconfirmed, or remaining untested. In Study 1, participants made a series of judgments that could be influenced by stereotypes and received feedback that confirmed stereotypes the majority of the time, feedback that disconfirmed stereotypes the majority of the time, or no feedback on their judgments. Replicating past work on confirmation bias, patterns in the conditions with feedback indicated that pieces of stereotype-confirming evidence exerted more influence than stereotype-disconfirming evidence. Participants in the Stereotype-Confirming condition stereotyped more over time, but rates of stereotyping for participants in the Stereotype-Disconfirming condition remained unchanged. Participants who received no feedback, and thus no evidence, stereotyped more over time, indicating that, matching our core hypothesis, they learned from their own untested assumptions. Study 2 provided a direct replication of Study 1. In Study 3, we extended our assessment to memory. Participants made judgments and received a mix of confirmatory, disconfirmatory, and no feedback and were subsequently asked to remember the feedback they received on each trial, if any. Memory tests for the no feedback trials revealed that participants often misremembered that their untested assumptions were confirmed. Supplementing null hypothesis significance testing, Bayes Factor analyses indicated the data in Studies 1, 2, and 3 provided moderate-to-extreme evidence in favor of our hypotheses. Discussion focuses on the challenges these learning patterns create for efforts to reduce stereotyping.
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11
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Pachankis JE, Jackson SD. A Developmental Model of the Sexual Minority Closet: Structural Sensitization, Psychological Adaptations, and Post-closet Growth. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022:10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w. [PMID: 35978203 PMCID: PMC9935753 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Across the lifespan, most sexual minority individuals experience the closet-a typically prolonged period in which no significant others know their sexual identity. This paper positions the closet as distinct from stigma concealment given its typical duration in years and absolute removal from sources of support for an often-central identity typically during a developmentally sensitive period. The Developmental Model of the Closet proposed here delineates the vicarious learning that takes place before sexual orientation awareness to shape one's eventual experience of the closet; the stressors that take place after one has become aware of their sexual orientation but has not yet disclosed it, which often takes place during adolescence; and potential lifespan-persistent mental health effects of the closet, as moderated by the structural, interpersonal, cultural, and temporal context of disclosure. The paper outlines the ways in which the model both draws upon and is distinct from earlier models of sexual minority identity formation and proposes several testable hypotheses and future research directions, including tests of multilevel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Suite 316, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Skyler D Jackson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Ramey MM, Henderson JM, Yonelinas AP. Episodic memory processes modulate how schema knowledge is used in spatial memory decisions. Cognition 2022; 225:105111. [PMID: 35487103 PMCID: PMC11179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schema knowledge can dramatically affect how we encode and retrieve memories. Current models propose that schema information is combined with episodic memory at retrieval to influence memory decisions, but it is not known how the strength or type of episodic memory (i.e., unconscious memory versus familiarity versus recollection) influences the extent to which schema information is incorporated into memory decisions. To address this question, we had participants search for target objects in semantically expected (i.e., congruent) locations or in unusual (i.e., incongruent) locations within scenes. In a subsequent test, participants indicated where in each scene the target had been located previously, then provided confidence-based recognition memory judgments that indexed recollection, familiarity strength, and unconscious memory for the scenes. In both an initial online study (n = 133) and replication (n = 59), target location recall was more accurate for targets that had been located in schema-congruent rather than incongruent locations; importantly, this effect was strongest for new scenes, decreased with unconscious memory, decreased further with familiarity strength, and was eliminated entirely for recollected scenes. Moreover, when participants recollected an incongruent scene but did not correctly remember the target location, they were still biased away from congruent regions-suggesting that detrimental schema bias was suppressed in the presence of recollection even when precise target location information was not remembered. The results indicate that episodic memory modulates how schemas are used: Schema knowledge contributes to spatial memory judgments primarily when episodic memory fails to provide precise information, and recollection can override schema bias completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Ramey
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - John M Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Nguyen-Phuong-Mai M. What Bias Management Can Learn From Change Management? Utilizing Change Framework to Review and Explore Bias Strategies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:644145. [PMID: 34975601 PMCID: PMC8714784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper conducted a preliminary study of reviewing and exploring bias strategies using a framework of a different discipline: change management. The hypothesis here is: If the major problem of implicit bias strategies is that they do not translate into actual changes in behaviors, then it could be helpful to learn from studies that have contributed to successful change interventions such as reward management, social neuroscience, health behavioral change, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The result of this integrated approach is: (1) current bias strategies can be improved and new ones can be developed with insight from adjunct study fields in change management; (2) it could be more sustainable to invest in a holistic and proactive bias strategy approach that targets the social environment, eliminating the very condition under which biases arise; and (3) while implicit biases are automatic, future studies should invest more on strategies that empower people as "change agents" who can act proactively to regulate the very environment that gives rise to their biased thoughts and behaviors.
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14
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Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang B, Kelley GW. The relationship between math‐gender stereotype and academic burnout: The mediating roles of the performance‐avoidance goal and self‐handicapping. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heyating Zhang
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Grant W. Kelley
- Human Resources Research Center University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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15
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Chiu YH, Kao MY, Goh KK, Lu CY, Lu ML. Effects of Renaming Schizophrenia on Destigmatization among Medical Students in One Taiwan University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179347. [PMID: 34501941 PMCID: PMC8431284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The stigma associated with serious mental illnesses causes a huge burden on patients, their families, and society. In October 2012, in Taiwan, schizophrenia was renamed to reduce the stigma associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to compare the differences of public stigma, self-stigma, and social distance associated with schizophrenia between old and new name of schizophrenia in medical students. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 180 medical students of Taipei Medical University from October 2014 to February 2015. In total, 123 complete questionnaires were included in this study. Participants completed the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and modified social distance scale to assess public stigma, self-stigma, and social distance, respectively. We also collected basic demographic data and previous experience of contact with people with mental illness. In total, 52 and 71 of the first- and fourth-year medical students, respectively, participated in the study. Among them, there were 51 females and 72 males. A significant difference in age was observed between the first- and fourth-year groups (20.2 ± 1.7 years vs. 22.7 ± 0.9 years, p < 0.001). After renaming schizophrenia, we noted significant differences in the scores in the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and the modified social distance scale in all participants and the fourth-year students, respectively. Female gender (Beta = 0.230, p = 0.018) was significantly associated with the difference in the score of the modified attribution questionnaire after name change. The difference in the score of the perceived psychiatric stigma scale after the name change (Beta = 0.277, p = 0.004) and age (Beta = −0.186, p = 0.049) were significantly associated with the difference in the score of the modified social distance scale after name change. In conclusion, renaming was associated with the changes in the scores of the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and the modified social distance scale toward individuals with schizophrenia in medical students of one Taiwan university. Further studies with large sample sizes, diverse participant backgrounds, and that monitor the subsequent behavioral changes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Meei-Ying Kao
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Kah Kheng Goh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (K.K.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lu
- Psychology of Mental Health Programme, School of Health in Social Science, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK;
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (K.K.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Cassiani-Miranda CA, Campo-Arias A, Tirado-Otálvaro AF, Botero-Tobón LA, Upegui-Arango LD, Rodríguez-Verdugo MS, Botero-Tobón ME, Arismendy-López YA, Robles-Fonnegra WA, Niño L, Scoppetta O. Stigmatisation associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2021; 67:728-736. [PMID: 33161822 PMCID: PMC7655501 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020972445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the fear of infection increases and, with it, the stigma-discrimination, which makes it an additional problem of the epidemic. However, studies about stigma associated with coronavirus are scarce worldwide. AIMS To determine the association between stigmatisation and fear of COVID-19 in the general population of Colombia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 1,687 adults between 18 and 76 years old (M = 36.3; SD = 12.5), 41.1% health workers, filled out an online questionnaire on Stigma-Discrimination and the COVID-5 Fear Scale, adapted by the research team. RESULTS The proportion of high fear of COVID-19 was 34.1%; When comparing the affirmative answers to the questionnaire on stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19, it was found that the difference was significantly higher in the general population compared to health workers in most of the questions evaluated, which indicates a high level of stigmatisation in that group. An association between high fear of COVID-19 and stigma was evidenced in 63.6% of the questions in the questionnaire. CONCLUSION Stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19 is frequent in the Colombian population and is associated with high levels of fear towards said disease, mainly people who are not health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, UDES Neuroscience Research Group Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA)
| | - Adalberto Campo-Arias
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, Health Psychology and Psychiatry Research Group, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Tirado-Otálvaro
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Faculty of Nursing, Care Research Group, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Luz Dary Upegui-Arango
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - María Soledad Rodríguez-Verdugo
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Mental Health and Addiction Department, Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, México
| | | | - Yinneth Andrea Arismendy-López
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, UDES Neuroscience Research Group Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA)
| | | | - Levinson Niño
- International Network for Stigma Reduction (RED_ESTIGMA).,Center for Innovation Culture and Society (CENICS)
| | - Orlando Scoppetta
- Faculty of Psychology, GAEM Group (Research Methods Applied to Behavioral Sciences), Universidad Católica de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Bedyńska S, Rycielski P, Jabłońska M. Measuring Stereotype Threat at Math and Language Arts in Secondary School: Validation of a Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2021; 12:553964. [PMID: 34262497 PMCID: PMC8273348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.553964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereotype threat arises when a negative stereotype about group to which an individual belongs is activated. It affects the achievement and interest of students in a particular academic domain, e.g., girls at math or boys at language arts. Hence, it is important to assess the level of stereotype threat at school (STaS) in order to identify the vulnerability of students to its negative consequences. This study devised and validated two parallel versions of the STaS scale: girls in mathematics and boys in language arts in a nationally representative sample of Polish secondary school students (N = 1,241; 13–16 years). The results of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a complex sample approach showed one general factor. Furthermore, a multiple-group CFA confirmed metric invariance and partial scalar invariance. The variances for boys and girls were equal. This suggests that the construct of stereotype threat is similarly conceptualized by both genders despite being in different domains. Finally, the comparison of means of latent variables revealed a higher level of stereotype threat among boys in the language domain than girls in mathematics. Possible theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bedyńska
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rycielski
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Kwon T. Social stigma, ego-resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescent school dropouts. J Adolesc 2020; 85:153-163. [PMID: 33246287 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent dropouts experience various psychosocial difficulties such as social stigma, depressive symptoms, and anxiety after they leave school. This study examined the longitudinal effects of social stigma on depressive symptoms, and the mediating effects of ego-resilience in the relationship between these two variables among South Korean adolescent dropouts aged 14 to 19. METHODS This study utilized four waves of data from the Out of School Panel Survey (N = 278), assessed annually from 2013 to 2017, which were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling. RESULTS Both social stigma and depressive symptoms showed positive linear growth over time, while ego-resilience showed negative linear growth. The increase in social stigma was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms and a decrease in ego-resilience. Initial levels of ego-resilience mediated the relationship between the initial levels of social stigma and depressive symptoms. Moreover, changes in ego-resilience mediated the relationship between changes in social stigma and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions and strategies for preventing depressive symptoms and building ego-resilience to help dropouts overcome social stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kwon
- Sun Moon University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Social Welfare 70, Sunmoon-ro 221 Beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Susino M, Schubert E. Musical emotions in the absence of music: A cross-cultural investigation of emotion communication in music by extra-musical cues. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241196. [PMID: 33206664 PMCID: PMC7673536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in music and emotion has long acknowledged the importance of extra-musical cues, yet has been unable to measure their effect on emotion communication in music. The aim of this research was to understand how extra-musical cues affect emotion responses to music in two distinguishable cultures. Australian and Cuban participants (N = 276) were instructed to name an emotion in response to written lyric excerpts from eight distinct music genres, using genre labels as cues. Lyrics were presented primed with genre labels (original priming and a false, lured genre label) or unprimed. For some genres, emotion responses to the same lyrics changed based on the primed genre label. We explain these results as emotion expectations induced by extra-musical cues. This suggests that prior knowledge elicited by lyrics and music genre labels are able to affect the musical emotion responses that music can communicate, independent of the emotion contribution made by psychoacoustic features. For example, the results show a lyric excerpt that is believed to belong to the Heavy Metal genre triggers high valence/high arousal emotions compared to the same excerpt primed as Japanese Gagaku, without the need of playing any music. The present study provides novel empirical evidence of extra-musical effects on emotion and music, and supports this interpretation from a multi-genre, cross-cultural perspective. Further findings were noted in relation to fandom that also supported the emotion expectation account. Participants with high levels of fandom for a genre reported a wider range of emotions in response to the lyrics labelled as being a song from that same specific genre, compared to lower levels of fandom. Both within and across culture differences were observed, and the importance of a culture effect discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Susino
- Assemblage Centre for Creative Arts, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Emery Schubert
- Empirical Musicology Group, School of the Arts and Media, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Wang Z, Fong FTK, Meltzoff AN. Enhancing same-gender imitation by highlighting gender norms in Chinese pre-school children. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 39:133-152. [PMID: 33095503 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Children selectively imitate in-group over outgroup individuals under certain experimental conditions. We investigated whether this bias applies to gender in-groups in China. Three- and five-year-olds were shown how to operate novel objects by same-gender and opposite-gender models. Results indicate that the combination of verbally highlighting the gender identity of the model (e.g., 'I am a girl') and making gender norms explicit (e.g., 'girls play this way') significantly enhances high-fidelity imitation. This 'double social effect' was more robust in 5-year-olds than 3-year-olds. Our results underscore how language about gender and the norms for gender-based groups influence behavioural imitation. The pattern of findings enhances our knowledge about pre-schoolers' social learning and imitation as well as the powerful influence of language and group norms on children's voluntary actions and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Wang
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Frankie T K Fong
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew N Meltzoff
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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Bedyńska S, Krejtz I, Rycielski P, Sedek G. Stereotype threat is linked to language achievement and domain identification in young males: Working memory and intellectual helplessness as mediators. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bedyńska
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Psychology Department SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warszawa Poland
| | - Izabela Krejtz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Psychology Department SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warszawa Poland
| | - Piotr Rycielski
- Psychology Department SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warszawa Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sedek
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Psychology Department SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warszawa Poland
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22
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Stockton MA, Pence BW, Mbote D, Oga EA, Kraemer J, Kimani J, Njuguna S, Maselko J, Nyblade L. Associations among experienced and internalized stigma, social support, and depression among male and female sex workers in Kenya. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:791-799. [PMID: 32347313 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study (1) estimated the association between experienced sex work-related stigma and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (hereafter depression), (2) examined independent associations between internalized stigma, experienced stigma, and depression among sex workers, and (3) investigated the potential modifying role of social support. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 729 male and female sex workers in Kenya. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 33.9%, and nearly all participants reported at least one of the experienced and internalized stigma items. Increasing levels of experienced stigma was associated with an increased predicted prevalence of depression [aPD 0.15 (95% CI 0.11-0.18)]. Increasing internalized stigma was independently associated with higher experienced stigma and depression and appeared to account for 25.5% of the shared variance between experienced stigma and depression after adjustment for confounders. Social support from same-sex sex workers did not appear to modify the association between experienced stigma and depression. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the high levels of stigma that sex workers face and their mental health needs should be a public health and human rights imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stockton
- Epidemiology Department, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Brian W Pence
- Epidemiology Department, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Mbote
- Kuria Foundation for Social Enterprise, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel A Oga
- Center for Applied Public Health Research, RTI International, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - John Kraemer
- Global Health Division, International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health Systems Administration, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joshua Kimani
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joanna Maselko
- Epidemiology Department, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura Nyblade
- Global Health Division, International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
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Bast DF, Lyons C, Stewart I, Connor T, Kelly M, Goyos C. The Effect of Educational Messages on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards Individuals on the Autism Spectrum versus Normally Developing Individuals. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Berkley RA, Beard R, Daus CS. The emotional context of disclosing a concealable stigmatized identity: A conceptual model. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Boys Just Don’t! Gender Stereotyping and Sanctioning of Counter-Stereotypical Behavior in Preschoolers. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Experienced HIV-Related Stigma in Health Care and Community Settings: Mediated Associations With Psychosocial and Health Outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 77:257-263. [PMID: 29140873 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are multiple dimensions of HIV-related stigma that can compromise the mental and physical health of people living with HIV. We focused on the dimension of experienced stigma, defined as exposure to acts of discrimination, devaluation, and prejudice, and investigated its relationship with HIV health and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS We examined associations between experienced stigma in the community and health care settings and psychosocial and health outcomes for people living with HIV (N = 203) receiving care at an urban HIV clinic in the Southeastern United States. We also investigated whether those effects are unique to experienced stigma or are mediated by other dimensions of HIV-related stigma. RESULTS Experienced stigma was associated with suboptimal clinical outcomes such as viral nonsuppression, as well as poor affective, cognitive, and mental health outcomes (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, avoidance coping, and blame coping) and interpersonal outcomes such as social support and physician trust. Furthermore, serial mediation models suggested significant indirect effects of experienced stigma through internalized stigma and anticipated stigma from various theoretically expected sources of stigma (eg, community members, friends and family, and health care workers), with varying effects depending on the source. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest nuanced mechanisms for the effects of experienced HIV-related stigma, especially in health care settings, and may be used to inform stigma-reduction interventions. Interventions designed to address experienced stigma in health care settings might be more tailored to specific outcomes, such as depression and physician trust, than interventions designed to address experienced stigma in the community.
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Hinton JDX, Anderson JR, Koc Y. Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self- and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1577013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. X. Hinton
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel R. Anderson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasin Koc
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Melbourne, The Netherlands
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Russell DW, Clavél FD, Cutrona CE, Abraham WT, Burzette RG. Neighborhood racial discrimination and the development of major depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29528669 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of neighborhood racial discrimination on the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) in a sample of African American women. Participants were 499 women from Georgia and Iowa with no history of MDD who were followed for 9 to 11 years. Several neighborhood characteristics (community social disorder, community cohesion, and community racism) and individual characteristics (negative life events, financial strain, personal outlook, religious involvement, relationship quality, negative affectivity, and individual experiences of racism) were employed as predictors of whether or not the women met criteria for MDD during this period of time. In a multilevel logistic regression analysis, neighborhood-level discrimination as well as individual-level variables including the number of negative life events, financial strain, and negative affectivity were found to be significant predictors of developing MDD. Analyses of cross-level interactions indicated that the effects of neighborhood-level discrimination were moderated by the quality of individuals' relationships, such that better relationships with others served to lessen the effect of neighborhood discrimination on depression. Implications of these findings for understanding the negative effects of racial discrimination are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Russell
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Iowa State University
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Bedyńska S, Krejtz I, Sedek G. Chronic Stereotype Threat Is Associated With Mathematical Achievement on Representative Sample of Secondary Schoolgirls: The Role of Gender Identification, Working Memory, and Intellectual Helplessness. Front Psychol 2018; 9:428. [PMID: 29666599 PMCID: PMC5891673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotype threat affects performance in many different groups across many different domains. Despite a large body of experimental research on situational stereotype threat, little attention has been paid to the consequences of repeated experience of stereotype threat. Using structural equation modeling on data from a representative sample of girls from secondary schools, the current research examined the relations of chronic stereotype threat with mathematical achievement, and effectiveness of working memory functions. Moving beyond past theory, this study examined a new mechanism by which chronic stereotype threat decreases school achievement - namely intellectual helplessness. We assumed that repeated experience of stereotype threat works as intellectual helplessness training. After the phase of cognitive mobilization, cognitive exhaustion appears, because the individual has no gain from intense cognitive effort. Corroborating previous research on acute stereotype threat, we demonstrated that chronic stereotype threat is negatively associated with mathematical achievement. Additionally, it was also associated with lower effectiveness of working memory functions, which seems to show depletion of working memory as an effect of chronic stereotype threat. The results also demonstrated that both mediational paths from chronic stereotype threat to mathematical achievement: through working memory depletion and through intellectual helplessness were significant but only for girls that were highly identified with their gender group. In sum, we extended a well-established model of acute stereotype threat to its chronic version and suggested a new mechanism of chronic stereotype threat, which involves intellectual helplessness. Implications for stereotype threat theory and educational practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bedyńska
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Krejtz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sedek
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Tosangwarn S, Clissett P, Blake H. Predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults living in care homes in Thailand. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:51-56. [PMID: 29413072 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thai culture traditionally abhors elders living in care homes due to the belief that this represents a dereliction of filial piety by their children, thus care homes are stigmatized as the domain of poor older adults with no family. This may impact negatively on psychological wellbeing of residents, although little is known about the key factors influencing depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study explores factors associated with depressive symptoms, internalised stigma, self-esteem, social support and coping strategies among older adults residing in care homes in Thailand. METHOD/DESIGN A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted with 128 older residents recruited from two care homes in Northeast Thailand. Data were collected using the 15-Item Thai Geriatric Depression Scale, Internalised Stigma of Living in a Care Home Scale, Thai Version of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Thai Version of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form. RESULTS Depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with internalised stigma, self-esteem and social support (r=0.563, -0.574 and -0.333) (p<0.001), respectively. Perceived internalised stigma of living in a care home was the strongest predictor of care home residents reporting depressive symptoms (odds ratio=9.165). DISCUSSION Older adults who perceived high internalised stigma of living in a care home were over nine times as likely to report experiencing depressive symptoms. Efforts to decrease or prevent perceived internalised stigma might help to reduce depressive symptoms. Interventions might include media collaboration, educational interventions in the care home setting and organising social activities for residents and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhathai Tosangwarn
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand; School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre (QMC), Nottingham, UK.
| | - Philip Clissett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre (QMC), Nottingham, UK.
| | - Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre (QMC), Nottingham, UK.
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Grover S, Sahoo S, Chakrabarti S, Avasthi A. Association of internalized stigma and insight in patients with schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND MENTAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17542863.2017.1381750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajit Avasthi
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Cox WTL, Devine PG, Bischmann AA, Hyde JS. Ecological Invalidity of Existing Gaydar Research: In-Lab Accuracy Translates to Real-World Inaccuracy: Response to Rule, Johnson, & Freeman (2016). JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:820-824. [PMID: 28276940 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1278570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several empirical studies have claimed to provide evidence in support of the popular folk notion that people possess "gaydar" that enables them to accurately identify who is gay or lesbian (Rule, Johnson, & Freeman, 2016). This conclusion is limited to artificial lab settings, however, and when translated to real-world settings this work itself provides evidence that people's judgments about who is gay/lesbian are not pragmatically accurate. We also briefly review evidence related to the consequences of perpetuating the idea of gaydar (i.e., "the gaydar myth"). Although past claims about accurate orientation perception are misleading, the work that gave rise to those claims can nevertheless inform the literature in meaningful ways. We offer some recommendations for how the evidence in past "gaydar" research can be reappraised to inform our understanding of social perception and group similarities/differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T L Cox
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | - Janet S Hyde
- c Departments of Psychology and Gender/Women's Studies , University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Abstract
Emotional states of consciousness, or what are typically called emotional feelings, are traditionally viewed as being innately programmed in subcortical areas of the brain, and are often treated as different from cognitive states of consciousness, such as those related to the perception of external stimuli. We argue that conscious experiences, regardless of their content, arise from one system in the brain. In this view, what differs in emotional and nonemotional states are the kinds of inputs that are processed by a general cortical network of cognition, a network essential for conscious experiences. Although subcortical circuits are not directly responsible for conscious feelings, they provide nonconscious inputs that coalesce with other kinds of neural signals in the cognitive assembly of conscious emotional experiences. In building the case for this proposal, we defend a modified version of what is known as the higher-order theory of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Richard Brown
- Philosophy Program, LaGuardia Community College, The City University of New York, Long Island City, NY 10017
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Athié K, Dowrick C, Menezes ALDA, Cruz L, Lima AC, Delgado PGG, Favoretto C, Fortes S. Anxious and depressed women's experiences of emotional suffering and help seeking in a Rio de Janeiro favela. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 22:75-86. [PMID: 28076531 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017221.11732016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking into consideration issues such as stigma and the mental health gap, this study explores narratives of anxious and depressed women treated in a community-based primary care service in a Rio de Janeiro favela about their suffering and care. We analysed 13 in-depth interviews using questions from Kadam's study. Framework analysis studied Access, Gateway, Trust, Psychosocial Issues, and Primary Mental Health Care, as key-concepts. Vulnerability and accessibility were the theoretical references. Thematic analysis found "suffering category", highlighting family and community problems, and "help seeking category", indicating how these women have coped with their emotional problems and addressed their needs through health services, community resources and self-help. Women's language patterns indicated links between implicit social rules and constraints to talk about suffering, especially if related to local violence. High medical turnover and overload are barriers for establishing a positive relationship with family physicians and continuity of care is a facilitator that promotes trust, security and adherence. Concluding, to plan community-based primary mental health care of this population, cultural and social factors must be comprehended as well as the work health teams conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Athié
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Christopher Dowrick
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool. Liverpool Inglaterra
| | - Alice Lopes do Amaral Menezes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Luanda Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Lima
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Pedro Gabriel Godinho Delgado
- Núcleo de Políticas Públicas em Saúde Mental (NUPPSAM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | - Cesar Favoretto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Sandra Fortes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Atenção Primária à Saúde, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro 77, Vila Isabel. 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
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Blake Helms C, Turan JM, Atkins G, Kempf MC, Clay OJ, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, Turan B. Interpersonal Mechanisms Contributing to the Association Between HIV-Related Internalized Stigma and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:238-247. [PMID: 26864692 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that people living with HIV (PLWH) sometimes internalize HIV-related stigma existing in the community and experience feelings of inferiority and shame due to their HIV status, which can have negative consequences for treatment adherence. PLWH's interpersonal concerns about how their HIV status may affect the security of their existing relationships may help explain how internalized stigma affects adherence behaviors. In a cross-sectional study conducted between March 2013 and January 2015 in Birmingham, AL, 180 PLWH recruited from an outpatient HIV clinic completed previously validated measures of internalized stigma, attachment styles, and concern about being seen while taking HIV medication. Participants also self-reported their HIV medication adherence. Higher levels of HIV-related internalized stigma, attachment-related anxiety (i.e., fear of abandonment by relationship partners), and concerns about being seen by others while taking HIV medication were all associated with worse medication adherence. The effect of HIV-related internalized stigma on medication adherence was mediated by attachment-related anxiety and by concerns about being seen by others while taking HIV medication. Given that medication adherence is vitally important for PLWH to achieve long-term positive health outcomes, understanding interpersonal factors affecting medication adherence is crucial. Interventions aimed at improving HIV treatment adherence should address interpersonal factors as well as intrapersonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blake Helms
- The Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 415 Campbell Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA
| | - Janet M Turan
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ghislaine Atkins
- The Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 415 Campbell Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Department of Family, Community and Health Systems and Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- The Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 415 Campbell Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA
| | - James L Raper
- The Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael J Mugavero
- The Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bulent Turan
- The Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 415 Campbell Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA.
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How Does Stigma Affect People Living with HIV? The Mediating Roles of Internalized and Anticipated HIV Stigma in the Effects of Perceived Community Stigma on Health and Psychosocial Outcomes. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:283-291. [PMID: 27272742 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Few researchers have attempted to examine the mechanisms through which HIV-related stigma in the community is processed and experienced at an individual level by people living with HIV. We examined how the effects of perceived HIV stigma in the community on health outcomes for people living with HIV are mediated by internalized stigma and anticipated stigma. Participants (N = 203) from an HIV clinic completed self-report measures and their clinical data were obtained from medical records. Results suggested that the association between perceived community stigma and affective, cognitive, and mental health outcomes (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, avoidance coping, self-blame) are mediated by internalized stigma. Furthermore, a serial mediation model suggested that perceived community stigma leads to internalized stigma, which leads to anticipated community stigma, which in turn leads to lower medication adherence. The associations between perceived community stigma and interpersonal outcomes (social support, trust in physicians) were mediated by internalized stigma and anticipated stigma, again in a serial fashion (perceived community stigma leads to internalized stigma, which leads to anticipated stigma, which in turn leads to interpersonal outcomes). These results suggest that perceived HIV-related stigma in the community may cause people living with HIV to internalize stigma and anticipate stigmatizing experiences, resulting in adverse health and psychosocial outcomes-information that can be used to shape interventions.
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Liu Y, Chen X, Li S, Yu B, Wang Y, Yan H. Path Analysis of Acculturative Stress Components and Their Relationship with Depression Among International Students in China. Stress Health 2016; 32:524-532. [PMID: 26762565 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acculturative stress prevents international students from adapting to the host culture, increasing their risk for depression. International students in China are a growing and at-risk population for acculturative stress and depression. With data from the International Student Health and Behaviour Survey (Yu et al., ) in China, seven acculturative stress components were detected in a previous study (Yu et al., ), including a central component (self-confidence), three distal components (value conflict, identity threat and rejection) and three proximal components (poor cultural competence, opportunity deprivation and homesickness). The current study extended the previous study to investigate the relationship between these components and depression with data also from International Student Health and Behaviour Survey. Participants were 567 students (59% male, 40.4% African, mean age = 22.75, SD = 4.11) recruited in Wuhan, China. The sample scored high on the Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students (M = 92.81, SD = 23.93) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (M = 0.97, SD = 0.53). Acculturative stress was positively associated with depression; the association between the three distal stress components and depression was fully mediated through self-confidence, while the three proximal components had a direct effect and a self-confidence-mediated indirect effect. These findings extended the value of the previous study, highlighted the central role of self-confidence in understanding acculturative stress and depression and provided new data supporting more effective counselling for international students in China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinguang Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shiyue Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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38
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Fazeli PL, Turan JM, Budhwani H, Smith W, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, Turan B. Moment-to-moment within-person associations between acts of discrimination and internalized stigma in people living with HIV: An experience sampling study. STIGMA AND HEALTH 2016; 2:216-228. [PMID: 28966982 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Internalized stigma related to HIV is associated with poorer outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH). However, little is known about the association between experiences of daily acts of discrimination by others and the activation of internalized stigma, including factors that may moderate this association. One hundred nine men living with HIV responded to experience sampling method (ESM) questions 3 times a day for 7 days via smart-phones. ESM questions included experiences of recent acts of discrimination, internalized HIV stigma, avoidance coping with HIV, and recent social support. We also administered several traditional questionnaire measures assessing psychosocial constructs. In Hierarchical Linear Modeling analyses controlling for age, race, socioeconomic status, and time on antiretroviral therapy, experiencing discrimination predicted internalized stigma within-persons. Individuals higher on attachment-related avoidance, attachment-related anxiety, avoidance coping, perceived community stigma, and helplessness, and individuals lower on social support, had stronger associations between discrimination and current internalized stigma. Similarly, results from two state moderator variables supported our trait analyses: State-level (ESM) social support and avoidance coping were significant moderators. Thus, when PLWH experience incidents of discrimination due to HIV, this may lead to increased feelings of internalized stigma. We extend the literature by demonstrating that the associations between experienced and internalized stigma are not just at the generalized trait level, but also occur at the state-level, accounting for within person variability. Results provide implications for interventions aiming to modify maladaptive interpersonal traits as well as interventions to increase social support to reduce the impact of discrimination on PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya L Fazeli
- Department of Family, Community and Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Janet M Turan
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Henna Budhwani
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Whitney Smith
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - James L Raper
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael J Mugavero
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bulent Turan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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39
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FOX STEPHEN. DISMANTLING THE BOX — APPLYING PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING PRECONCEPTIONS DURING IDEATION. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1363919616500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many methods to facilitate “thinking outside the box” are described in the literature. However, less consideration has been given to reducing the limiting influence of preconceptions in order to increase the potential scope of innovative thinking. In other words, less consideration has been given to “dismantling the box”. Here, research is reported that involved application of principles for reducing preconceptions. These principles are drawn from research into diverse methods from a variety of disciplines, which are used to reduce the limiting influence of preconceptions. Prior to the reported field studies, and without knowledge of the field studies being carried out in the future, participants had ideated innovation proposals focused upon using technologies to achieve improvements to their internal operating efficiency. Subsequently, in all three field studies, participants ideated innovation proposals focused upon using technologies to introduce new offerings which could create new markets. Yet, the field studies involved no methods for facilitating “thinking outside the box” — rather application of principles for reducing preconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- STEPHEN FOX
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, Espoo, P. O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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40
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Molina KM, James D. Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016; 19:439-461. [PMID: 28405176 PMCID: PMC5386401 DOI: 10.1177/1368430216641304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that both perceptions of discrimination and internalized racism (i.e., endorsement of negative stereotypes of one's racial group) are associated with poor mental health. Yet, no studies to date have examined their effects on mental health with racial/ethnic minorities in the US in a single study. The present study examined: (a) the direct effects of everyday discrimination and internalized racism on risk of DSM-IV criteria of past-year major depressive disorder (MDD); (b) the interactive effects of everyday discrimination and internalized racism on risk of past-year MDD; and (c) the indirect effect of everyday discrimination on risk of past-year MDD via internalized racism. Further, we examined whether these associations differed by ethnic group membership. We utilized nationally representative data of Afro-Caribbean (N = 1,418) and African American (N = 3,570) adults from the National Survey of American Life. Results revealed that experiencing discrimination was associated with increased odds of past-year MDD among the total sample. Moreover, for Afro-Caribbeans, but not African Americans, internalized racism was associated with decreased odds of meeting criteria for past-year MDD. We did not find an interaction effect for everyday discrimination by internalized racism, nor an indirect effect of discrimination on risk of past-year MDD through internalized racism. Collectively, our findings suggest a need to investigate other potential mechanisms by which discrimination impacts mental health, and examine further the underlying factors of internalized racism as a potential self-protective strategy. Lastly, our findings point to the need for research that draws attention to the heterogeneity within the U.S. Black population.
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Birtel MD, Crisp RJ. Psychotherapy and Social Change: Utilizing Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Help Develop New Prejudice-Reduction Interventions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1771. [PMID: 26635678 PMCID: PMC4653289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that key concepts from clinical psychotherapy can inform science-based initiatives aimed at building tolerance and community cohesion. Commonalities in social and clinical psychology are identified regarding (1) distorted thinking (intergroup bias and cognitive bias), (2) stress and coping (at intergroup level and intrapersonal level), and (3) anxiety (intergroup anxiety and pathological anxiety). On this basis we introduce a new cognitive-behavioral model of social change. Mental imagery is the conceptual point of synthesis, and anxiety is at the core, through which new treatment-based approaches to reducing prejudice can be developed. More generally, we argue that this integration is illustrative of broader potential for cross-disciplinary integration in the social and clinical sciences, and has the potential to open up new possibilities and opportunities for both disciplines.
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El complejo estigma-discriminación asociado a trastorno mental como factor de riesgo de suicidio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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43
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La honte d’être soi. De l’intérêt de la psychothérapie à médiation artistique pour la réhabilitation des personnes en situation d’exclusion sociale. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Palosaari E, Punamäki RL, Peltonen K, Diab M, Qouta SR. Negative Social Relationships Predict Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among War-Affected Children Via Posttraumatic Cognitions. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:845-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Cox WTL, Devine PG, Bischmann AA, Hyde JS. Inferences About Sexual Orientation: The Roles of Stereotypes, Faces, and The Gaydar Myth. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2015; 53:157-171. [PMID: 26219212 PMCID: PMC4731319 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1015714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the pop cultural idea that people have a sixth sense, called "gaydar," to detect who is gay. We propose that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using stereotypes to infer orientation (e.g., inferring that fashionable men are gay). Another account, however, argues that people possess a facial perception process that enables them to identify sexual orientation from facial structure. We report five experiments testing these accounts. Participants made gay-or-straight judgments about fictional targets that were constructed using experimentally manipulated stereotypic cues and real gay/straight people's face cues. These studies revealed that orientation is not visible from the face-purportedly "face-based" gaydar arises from a third-variable confound. People do, however, readily infer orientation from stereotypic attributes (e.g., fashion, career). Furthermore, the folk concept of gaydar serves as a legitimizing myth: Compared to a control group, people stereotyped more often when led to believe in gaydar, whereas people stereotyped less when told gaydar is an alternate label for stereotyping. Discussion focuses on the implications of the gaydar myth and why, contrary to some prior claims, stereotyping is highly unlikely to result in accurate judgments about orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T L Cox
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Patricia G Devine
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Alyssa A Bischmann
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Janet S Hyde
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
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46
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Gniewosz B, Noack P. Parental Influences on Adolescents' Negative Attitudes Toward Immigrants. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:1787-802. [PMID: 25956291 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attitudes toward immigrants are a core component of adolescents' social identities. Although in a globalized world positive attitudes are functional, negative views toward immigrant are widespread. This study investigates the parent-adolescent transmission of attitudes toward immigrants between age 12 and 16. In a longitudinal five-wave cohort-sequential multi-informant survey study on German adolescents (N = 1289; 52.9 % female) and their parents (mothers N = 772; fathers N = 654), self-reported attitudes toward immigrants were measured at each time point. Changes in the adolescents' attitudes were predicted by maternal and paternal self-reported attitudes across time. Predictions of short-term changes revealed that the major effect of the parents' attitudes takes place in early adolescence (between grade 6 and 7). The prediction of the adolescents' long-term attitude changes indicates that these effects sustain until the age of 16. No between-parent differences were found. The results are discussed in terms of early adolescence being a sensitive period for parental effects on the development of adolescents' attitudes toward immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Gniewosz
- Department for General Education and Empirical Educational Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802, Munich, Germany,
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47
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Stereotypes possess heterogeneous directionality: a theoretical and empirical exploration of stereotype structure and content. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122292. [PMID: 25811181 PMCID: PMC4374885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We advance a theory-driven approach to stereotype structure, informed by connectionist theories of cognition. Whereas traditional models define or tacitly assume that stereotypes possess inherently Group → Attribute activation directionality (e.g., Black activates criminal), our model predicts heterogeneous stereotype directionality. Alongside the classically studied Group → Attribute stereotypes, some stereotypes should be bidirectional (i.e., Group ⇄ Attribute) and others should have Attribute → Group unidirectionality (e.g., fashionable activates gay). We tested this prediction in several large-scale studies with human participants (NCombined = 4,817), assessing stereotypic inferences among various groups and attributes. Supporting predictions, we found heterogeneous directionality both among the stereotype links related to a given social group and also between the links of different social groups. These efforts yield rich datasets that map the networks of stereotype links related to several social groups. We make these datasets publicly available, enabling other researchers to explore a number of questions related to stereotypes and stereotyping. Stereotype directionality is an understudied feature of stereotypes and stereotyping with widespread implications for the development, measurement, maintenance, expression, and change of stereotypes, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
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48
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Campo-Arias A, Herazo E. Estigma y salud mental en personas víctimas del conflicto armado interno colombiano en situación de desplazamiento forzado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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[Stigma: Barrier to Access to Mental Health Services]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:162-7. [PMID: 26575130 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perceived stigma represents a sociocultural barrier to access mental health services and prevents individuals who meet criteria for a mental disorder the possibility of receiving comprehensive and integred care. OBJECTIVE To update institutional mechanisms by which stigma related to mental disorders, perceived and perpetrated, acts as a barrier to mental health access. RESULTS Stigma as a barrier to access to mental health services is due to a reduction in service requests, the allocation of limited resources to mental health, the systematic process of impoverishment of the people who suffer a mental disorder, increased risk of crime, and implications in contact with the legal system, and the invisibility of the vulnerability of these people. CONCLUSIONS Structured awareness and education programs are needed to promote awareness about mental disorders, promote community-based psychosocial rehabilitation, and reintegration into productive life process. In Colombia, the frequency and variables associated with the stigma of mental disorders needs to be studied. This knowledge will enable the implementation of measures to promote the social and labor inclusion of people who meet the criteria for mental disorders.
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Cox WTL, Devine PG, Plant EA, Schwartz LL. Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Officers’ Shooting Decisions: No Simple Answers to This Complex Problem. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2014.923312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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