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Schacter DL, Greene CM, Murphy G. Bias and constructive processes in a self-memory system. Memory 2024; 32:656-665. [PMID: 37410514 PMCID: PMC10770298 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2232568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Martin Conway's influential theorising about the self-memory system (Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288) illuminated how the "working self" influences the construction of autobiographical memories. Moreover, his constructive view of self and memory is compatible with the occurrence of various kinds of errors and distortions in remembering. Here we consider one of the "seven sins" of memory (Schacter, D. L. (2021). The seven sins of memory updated edition: How the mind forgets and remembers. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) that we believe is most closely related to the operation of Conway's self-memory system: bias, which refers to the role of current knowledge, beliefs, and feelings in shaping and sometimes distorting memories for past experiences and attitudes. More specifically, we discuss recent research on three forms of bias - consistency, self-enhancing, and positivity biases - that illuminate their role in influencing how people remember the past and also imagine the future. We consider both theoretical and applied aspects of these biases and, consistent with Conway's perspective, argue that despite sometimes contributing to inaccuracies, bias also serves adaptive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciara M. Greene
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Stavropoulos L, Cooper DDJ, Champion SM, Keevers L, Newby JM, Grisham JR. Basic processes and clinical applications of mental imagery in worry: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102427. [PMID: 38640775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise existing research on the phenomenology of mental imagery among high worriers compared to healthy individuals, and to characterise the nature and effectiveness of existing imagery-related interventions in treatment of worry. METHODS PsycInfo, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Medline, Medline Epub, and PubMed were searched for studies examining the relationship between worry/GAD and mental imagery, or interventions using imagery in treatment of worry/GAD. We assessed study quality and used qualitative narrative synthesis to comprehensively map study results. RESULTS The search yielded 2589 abstracts that were assessed for eligibility independently by two authors. From this, 183 full texts were screened and 50 qualitatively synthesised. Twenty-seven reported an association between worry/GAD and an aspect of mental imagery. Here, overactive negative and worry imagery, and diminished positive future imagining, were associated with worry/GAD. Twenty-three studies reported an intervention. This literature suggested mixed findings regarding efficacy, including for imaginal exposure as an independent technique for GAD. CONCLUSIONS Findings support dysfunctional negative imagining and diminished positive prospective imagery in GAD. General imagining abilities remain intact, which is promising for efforts to utilise imagery in treatment. Further research is warranted to develop innovative clinical applications of imagery in treatment of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stavropoulos
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - David D J Cooper
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie M Champion
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Keevers
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jill M Newby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, UNSW, Hospital Road, Randwick, Sydney 2022, Australia
| | - Jessica R Grisham
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li Q, Liu C, Hou J, Wang P. Affective memories and perceived value: motivators and inhibitors of the data search-access process. JOURNAL OF DOCUMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/jd-06-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
PurposeAs an emerging tool for data discovery, data retrieval systems fail to effectively support users' cognitive processes during data search and access. To uncover the relationship between data search and access and the cognitive mechanisms underlying this relationship, this paper examines the associations between affective memories, perceived value, search effort and the intention to access data during users' interactions with data retrieval systems.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a user experiment for which 48 doctoral students from different disciplines were recruited. The authors collected search logs, screen recordings, questionnaires and eye movement data during the interactive data search. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that positive affective memories positively affect perceived value, while the effects of negative affective memories on perceived value are nonsignificant. Utility value positively affects search effort, while attainment value negatively affects search effort. Moreover, search effort partially positively affects the intention to access data, and it serves a full mediating role in the effects of utility value and attainment value on the intention to access data.Originality/valueThrough the comparison between the findings of this study and relevant findings in information search studies, this paper reveals the specificity of behaviour and cognitive processes during data search and access and the special characteristics of data discovery tasks. It sheds light on the inhibiting effect of attainment value and the motivating effect of utility value on data search and the intention to access data. Moreover, this paper provides new insights into the role of memory bias in the relationships between affective memories and data searchers' perceived value.
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BOYACİOGLU İ, KONUKOĞLU K, ERGİYEN T. Effect of Emotional Content on Memory Characteristics: Emotional Valence, Emotional Intensity, and Individual Emotions. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1068175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine the relationships between the emotional valence and emotional intensity of autobiographical memories and the phenomenological characteristics of memories in the context of individual emotions and memory types. Seven hundred and sixty-four students (514 female, 250 male) from Dokuz Eylul University participated in the study. Participants were asked to recall an childhood memory, a self-defining memory, or a romantic relationship memory. After thinking about the memory they remember, they were requested to fill out the Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire and a scale for intensity of individual emotions. Regression analyses showed that emotional intensity of the memories predicted the sensory details, rehearsal, and preoccupation with emotions. In moderated-mediation analyses, mediating effects for emotional intensity were detected between individual emotions and memory characteristics, except for the negative self-esteem emotions. Among these analyses, a moderating effect of memory types was detected only for the relationships between hostile emotions and anxiety-related emotions and the memory characteristics through the mediation of emotional intensity. While the intensity of singular emotions showed stronger relationship with emotional valence, the main variable that predicted memory characteristics overall was the emotional intensity.
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Cremona S, Joliot M, Mellet E. Cluster-based characterization of consistencies in individuals' thought profiles at rest in a cohort of 1779 French university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIs ongoing conscious thought spontaneous and situation-related, or is it recurrent and dependent on psychological dispositions? The answer is critical for resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) paradigms that seek to correlate neuroanatomical states with conscious mental states. The goal of the present study was to characterize individual resting state thought profiles (RSTPs) and identify the recurrent ones, i.e., that could both be predicted by personality traits and predict subsequent negative affective states. The 1779 participants had a mean age of 22.1 years, 71.8% were females, and 71.8% were undergraduates. We collected the form and content of their thoughts during a 15-min RSFC session with a computerized retrospective self-questionnaire (ReSQ 2.0). Subsamples of participants also completed online autoquestionnaires assessing their psychological maturity and trait negative affectivity (with a four-day gap on average, N = 1270) and subsequent depressive and anxious states (1.4 years later on average, N = 922). Based on the multiple correspondence and clustering analyses of the ReSQ 2.0 responses, we identified six RSTPs distinctive by their content scope, temporal orientation, empathetic concern, and emotional valence. Multivariate analyses revealed that the probability of experiencing five of the six RSTPs was predicted by trait negative affectivity interacting with psychological maturity. Among them, a negatively valenced RSTP also increased the likelihood of subsequent negative affective states, suggesting its stable and recurrent nature. Identifying recurrent RSTPs is helpful for the future understanding of RSTPs’ contribution to RSFC. Additionally, it will be relevant to test whether acting on psychological maturity can alter the relationship between ongoing conscious thought and negative affectivity.
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Bo O'Connor B, Fowler Z. How Imagination and Memory Shape the Moral Mind. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 27:226-249. [PMID: 36062349 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research has proposed a multifaceted view of human cognition and morality, establishing that inputs from multiple cognitive and affective processes guide moral decisions. However, extant work on moral cognition has largely overlooked the contributions of episodic representation. The ability to remember or imagine a specific moment in time plays a broadly influential role in cognition and behavior. Yet, existing research has only begun exploring the influence of episodic representation on moral cognition. Here, we evaluate the theoretical connections between episodic representation and moral cognition, review emerging empirical work revealing how episodic representation affects moral decision-making, and conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and open questions. We argue that a comprehensive model of moral cognition will require including the episodic memory system, further delineating its direct influence on moral thought, and better understanding its interactions with other mental processes to fundamentally shape our sense of right and wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoë Fowler
- University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
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7
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Wardell V, Grilli MD, Palombo DJ. Simulating the best and worst of times: the powers and perils of emotional simulation. Memory 2022; 30:1212-1225. [PMID: 35708272 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2088796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We are remarkably capable of simulating events that we have never experienced. These simulated events often paint an emotional picture to behold, such as the best and worst possible outcomes that we might face. This review synthesises dispersed literature exploring the role of emotion in simulation. Drawing from work that suggests that simulations can influence our preferences, decision-making, and prosociality, we argue for a critical role of emotion in informing the consequences of simulation. We further unpack burgeoning evidence suggesting that the effects of emotional simulation transcend the laboratory. We propose avenues by which emotional simulation may be harnessed for both personal and collective good in applied contexts. We conclude by offering important future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wardell
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniela J Palombo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Faul L, De Brigard F. The moderating effects of nostalgia on mood and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Memory 2022; 30:1103-1117. [PMID: 35642595 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2082481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The initial waves of the coronavirus pandemic amplified feelings of depression, psychological fatigue and pessimism for the future. Past research suggests that nostalgia helps to repair negative moods by boosting current and future-oriented positive affect, thereby strengthening psychological resilience. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether nostalgia moderated the relationship between pandemic experience and individual differences in mood and optimism. Across two studies we assessed psychosocial self-report data from a total of 293 online participants (22-72 years old; mean age 38; 109 females, 184 males) during the first two waves of the pandemic. Participants completed comprehensive questionnaires that probed state and trait characteristics related to mood and memory, such as the Profile of Mood States, Nostalgia Inventory and State Optimism Measure. Our findings indicate that during the initial wave of coronavirus cases, higher levels of nostalgia buffered against deteriorating mood states associated with concern over the pandemic. Nostalgia also boosted optimism for participants experiencing negative mood, and optimism predicted subjective mood improvement one week later. This shielding effect of nostalgia on optimism was replicated during the second wave of coronavirus cases. The present findings support the role of nostalgia in promoting emotional homeostasis and resilience during periods of psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Faul
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Felipe De Brigard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Philosophy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Alejandre-Lara AL, Canby NK, Wesbecher KD, Eichel K, Britton WB, Lindahl JR. How do Mindfulness-Based Programs Improve Depression Symptoms: Selflessness, Valence, or Valenced Self? COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Sokol Y, Rosensweig C, Levin C, Linzer M. Anxiety and temporal self-appraisal: How people with anxiety evaluate themselves over time. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:309-314. [PMID: 34606798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies found that psychopathology is associated with distinct self-perceptions over time. Euthymic individuals report experiencing a self-enhancement bias, with self-appraisal increasing over time. In contrast, depressed individuals report viewing a personal decline from past to present and anticipated self-improvement from present to future. This study examined the association between the singular presence of anxiety and temporal self-appraisal. METHODS Using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, this study examined a depressed (n = 142), anxious (n = 95), comorbid depressed and anxious (n = 335), and euthymic group (non-depressed and non-anxious, n = 535), on a validated task of temporal self-appraisal. RESULTS Anxiety has a unique association with temporal self-appraisal that differs from the other disorders examined in this study. Specifically, individuals with anxiety had a similar positive trend of self-view to the euthymic group; however, their overall trend was lower at each temporal point. Individuals with depression had a stable past-to-present self-view and an improving present-to-future self-view. LIMITATIONS The use of an online self-report sample without longitudinal assessment of variables, while sufficient for the intent of the present study, limits the potential extrapolation from this sample, as well as prevents the determination of the direction of causality. CONCLUSIONS While individuals with anxiety demonstrate a positive sense of improvement over time, their psychopathology is associated with a negative bias in their perception of their past, present, and future selves. These findings have important implications for clinicians regarding potential interventions and treatment for anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sokol
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, USA; VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA.
| | - Chayim Rosensweig
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chynna Levin
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA; Department of Counseling & Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Mairav Linzer
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA
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Kongshøj ILL, Bohn A, Berntsen D. To mention or not to mention? The inclusion of self-reported most traumatic and most positive memories in the life story. Memory 2021; 30:133-146. [PMID: 34713774 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1995876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many theories on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) make assumptions on the relationship between PTSD and centrality of traumas to the life story and identity. Although the Centrality of Event Scale (CES) is a popular measure of centrality of personally experienced events to the life story, no studies have examined whether self-rated "central" events are mentioned, when individuals recount their lives. It is also unknown if mentioning specific event types in the life story is related to psychological health or life story coherence. We asked 386 adults to write their life stories, nominate their most traumatic and positive events, rate these events on the CES, and complete measures of PTSD and depression. Two-thirds of the sample mentioned at least one event, with the positive event being mentioned twice as often as the trauma. Mentioned events were more central than non-mentioned events. Participants who mentioned their trauma scored higher on symptoms of PTSD and depression than participants who only mentioned their positive event, but did not write less coherent life stories. Further, death- and illness-related traumas were mentioned more often than accidents and disasters. Findings are discussed in relation to theories on trauma memory in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Lise Lundsgaard Kongshøj
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Bohn
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Although rodent research provides important insights into neural correlates of human psychology, new cortical areas, connections, and cognitive abilities emerged during primate evolution, including human evolution. Comparison of human brains with those of nonhuman primates reveals two aspects of human brain evolution particularly relevant to emotional disorders: expansion of homotypical association areas and expansion of the hippocampus. Two uniquely human cognitive capacities link these phylogenetic developments with emotion: a subjective sense of participating in and reexperiencing remembered events and a limitless capacity to imagine details of future events. These abilities provided evolving humans with selective advantages, but they also created proclivities for emotional problems. The first capacity evokes the "reliving" of past events in the "here-and-now," accompanied by emotional responses that occurred during memory encoding. It contributes to risk for stress-related syndromes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. The second capacity, an ability to imagine future events without temporal limitations, facilitates flexible, goal-related behavior by drawing on and creating a uniquely rich array of mental representations. It promotes goal achievement and reduces errors, but the mental construction of future events also contributes to developmental aspects of anxiety and mood disorders. With maturation of homotypical association areas, the concrete concerns of childhood expand to encompass the abstract apprehensions of adolescence and adulthood. These cognitive capacities and their dysfunction are amenable to a research agenda that melds experimental therapeutic interventions, cognitive neuropsychology, and developmental psychology in both humans and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven P. Wise
- Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Elisabeth A. Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Aizpurua A, Migueles M, Aranberri A. Prospective Memory and Positivity Bias in the COVID-19 Health Crisis: The Effects of Aging. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666977. [PMID: 34366984 PMCID: PMC8335556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the observed tendency to remember more positive than negative past events (positivity phenomena) also appears when recalling hypothetical events about the future. In this study, young, middle-aged, and older adults were presented with 28 statements about the future associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, half positive and half negative. In addition, half of these statements were endowed with personal implications while the other half had a more social connotations. Participants rated their agreement/disagreement with each statement and, after a distraction task, they recalled as many statements as possible. There was no difference in the agreement ratings between the three age groups, but the participants agreed with positive statements more than with negative ones and they identified more with statements of social content than of personal content. The younger and older individuals recalled more statements than the middle-aged people. More importantly, older participants recalled more positive than negative statements (positivity effect), and showed a greater tendency to turn negative statements into more positive or neutral ones (positivity bias). These findings showed that the positivity effect occurs in even such complex and situations as the present pandemic, especially in older adults. The results are discussed by reference to the notion of commission errors and false memories resulting from the activation of cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Aizpurua
- Faculty of Pychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
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Why We Imagine Our Future: Introducing the Functions of Future Thinking Scale (FoFTS). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Tumen C, Ikier S. Exhaustion of the Executive Control Capacity Eliminates Retrieval Induced Forgetting. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:3126-3140. [PMID: 34225511 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211018776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval Induced Forgetting (RIF) demonstrates that retrieval of information can lead to forgetting of related information. The standard RIF paradigm involves studying a certain number of category-exemplar pairs; thereafter, half of the exemplars from half of the categories are retrieved. Finally, all studied pairs are recalled. RIF is revealed when unretrieved exemplars from the retrieved categories are more poorly recalled than exemplars from the unretrieved categories. One explanation for RIF asserts that inhibition prevents interference from the exemplars of the same category during the interpolated retrieval practice phase, which leads to forgetting of these items at final recall. An ongoing debate concerns whether this inhibition requires executive control or whether it is automatic. If inhibition in RIF involves executive control, then a task that will exhaust this limited capacity should reduce or eliminate the RIF effect. The effects of concurrent tasks during the retrieval practice phase have been shown to reduce or eliminate RIF, however, to our knowledge, the effects of prior tasks on RIF has not been investigated. In the present study, in one condition, we conducted an exhaustive inhibition task before the retrieval practice phase and compared this condition to the one in which the prior task was non-exhaustive. Results showed that the RIF effect was eliminated when the prior task was exhaustive. The results supported the executive control view for the inhibition mechanism behind RIF and further showed that exhaustion of the executive control capacity can impair inhibition in subsequent tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Tumen
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simay Ikier
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Laurent A, Fournier A, Lheureux F, Louis G, Nseir S, Jacq G, Goulenok C, Muller G, Badie J, Bouhemad B, Georges M, Mertes PM, Merdji H, Castelain V, Abdulmalak C, Lesieur O, Plantefeve G, Lacherade JC, Rigaud JP, Sedillot N, Roux D, Terzi N, Beuret P, Monsel A, Poujol AL, Kuteifan K, Vanderlinden T, Renault A, Vivet B, Vinsonneau C, Barbar SD, Capellier G, Dellamonica J, Ehrmann S, Rimmelé T, Bohé J, Bouju P, Gibot S, Lévy B, Temime J, Pichot C, Schnell D, Friedman D, Asfar P, Lebas E, Mateu P, Klouche K, Audibert J, Ecarnot F, Meunier-Beillard N, Loiseau M, François-Pursell I, Binquet C, Quenot JP. Mental health and stress among ICU healthcare professionals in France according to intensity of the COVID-19 epidemic. Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:90. [PMID: 34089117 PMCID: PMC8177250 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on mental health of professionals working in the intensive care unit (ICU) according to the intensity of the epidemic in France. METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 77 French hospitals from April 22 to May 13 2020. All ICU frontline healthcare workers were eligible. The primary endpoint was the mental health, assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Sources of stress during the crisis were assessed using the Perceived Stressors in Intensive Care Units (PS-ICU) scale. Epidemic intensity was defined as high or low for each region based on publicly available data from Santé Publique France. Effects were assessed using linear mixed models, moderation and mediation analyses. RESULTS In total, 2643 health professionals participated; 64.36% in high-intensity zones. Professionals in areas with greater epidemic intensity were at higher risk of mental health issues (p < 0.001), and higher levels of overall perceived stress (p < 0.001), compared to low-intensity zones. Factors associated with higher overall perceived stress were female sex (B = 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08-0.17), having a relative at risk of COVID-19 (B = 0.14; 95%-CI = 0.09-0.18) and working in high-intensity zones (B = 0.11; 95%-CI = 0.02-0.20). Perceived stress mediated the impact of the crisis context on mental health (B = 0.23, 95%-CI = 0.05, 0.41) and the impact of stress on mental health was moderated by positive thinking, b = - 0.32, 95% CI = - 0.54, - 0.11. CONCLUSION COVID-19 negatively impacted the mental health of ICU professionals. Professionals working in zones where the epidemic was of high intensity were significantly more affected, with higher levels of perceived stress. This study is supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC-COVID 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Laurent
- Laboratoire de Psychologie: Dynamiques Relationnelles et Processus Identitaires (PsyDREPI), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Dijon University Medical Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Alicia Fournier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie: Dynamiques Relationnelles et Processus Identitaires (PsyDREPI), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lheureux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Guillaume Louis
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et USC, Hôpital de Mercy, CHR Metz-Thionville, Thionville, France
| | - Saad Nseir
- Critical Care Center, CHU Lille and Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Gwenaelle Jacq
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, CH de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Cyril Goulenok
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy, France
| | - Grégoire Muller
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Julio Badie
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente-USC, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trevenans, France
| | - Bélaïd Bouhemad
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Dijon University Medical Centre, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paul-Michel Mertes
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hamid Merdji
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Castelain
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Médecine Intensive - Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Abdulmalak
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CH de Chalon sur Saône, Chalon sur Saône, France
| | - Olivier Lesieur
- Intensive Care Unit, Groupement Hospitalier La Rochelle-Ré-Aunis, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Jean-Claude Lacherade
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CH de La Roche-sur-Yon, Chalon sur Saône, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Rigaud
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CH de Dieppe, Dieppe, France.,Espace de Réflexion Éthique de Normandie, Université de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Nicholas Sedillot
- Réanimation Polyvalente, CH de Bourg-en-Bresse, Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - Damien Roux
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR 1137 Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Terzi
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Beuret
- Service de Réanimation-Soins Continus du CH de Roanne, Roanne, France
| | - Antoine Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, INSERM, UMR-S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Paris, France.,Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Poujol
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Équipe VCR, École de Psychologues Praticiens, Université Catholique de Paris, EA, 7403, Paris, France.,Laboratoire APEMAC, Université de Lorraine, EA 4360, Université́ de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | | | - Thierry Vanderlinden
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Groupe des Hôpitaux de L'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), France, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Renault
- Service de Réanimation Médicale et Urgences Médicales, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Bérengère Vivet
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal de La Haute-Saône, Site de Vesoul, Luxeuil-les-Bains, France
| | - Christophe Vinsonneau
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation-Unité de Sevrage Ventilatoire et Réhabilitation, CH de Bethune, Bethune, France
| | - Saber Davide Barbar
- Service des Réanimations, Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier-Nîmes, CHU de Nîmes, France and Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Gilles Capellier
- Réanimation Médicale, University Hospital Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA3920, University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Stephan Ehrmann
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Tours, France.,CIC INSERM 1415, CRICS-TriggerSep Network, Tours, France.,INSERM, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires, Université de Tours, U1100, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Bohé
- Service D'anesthésie - Réanimation-Médecine Intensive, CH Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Bouju
- Service Réanimation Polyvalente, Groupe Hospitalier Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
| | - Sébastien Gibot
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Central, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Lévy
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nancy Brabois, Nancy-France-Institut du Cœur et des Vaisseaux. Groupe Choc, équipe 2, Inserm U1116. Faculté de Médecine, Nancy-Brabois, France
| | | | - Cyrille Pichot
- Unité de Surveillance Continue, CH de Dôle, Dôle, France
| | - David Schnell
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et USC, CH d'Angoulême, Angoulême, France
| | - Diane Friedman
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Département de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Eddy Lebas
- Service de Réanimation-USC de Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France
| | - Philippe Mateu
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation-Unité de Recherche Clinique Ardennes Nord, CH de Charleville-Mézieres, Charleville-Mézieres, France
| | - Kada Klouche
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, Lapeyronie Hospital, University Hospital of Montpellier-PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette Audibert
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, CH de Chartres, Hôpital Louis Pasteur, Le Coudray, France
| | - Fiona Ecarnot
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Besançon, and EA3920, University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier-Beillard
- CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,DRCI, USMR, Francois Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Loiseau
- Service de Médecine Légale CHU Dijon, Cellule D'Urgence Médico-Psychologique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Irène François-Pursell
- Service de Médecine Légale CHU Dijon, Cellule D'Urgence Médico-Psychologique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- Inserm et CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, CIC1432, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Quenot
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, France-Equipe Lipness, centre de recherche INSERM UMR1231 et LabEx LipSTIC, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France. .,INSERM, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CIC 1432, Dijon, France. .,Espace de Réflexion Éthique Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EREBFC), Besançon, France. .,Critical Care Department, University Hospital François Mitterrand, 14 rue Paul Gaffarel, 21079, Dijon, France.
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17
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Parnes MF, Boals A, Brown AD, Eubank J. Heterogeneity in temporal self-appraisals following exposure to potentially traumatic life events: A latent profile analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:515-523. [PMID: 32882509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People tend to believe that they continuously improve over time. In fact, Temporal Self-Appraisal Theory ("Chump to Champ") has found that people are motivated to derogate their past selves in favor of their present selves. Studies on temporal self-appraisals following trauma is less clear, with some studies showing perceived improvement whereas other studies show appraisals of decline. METHOD Utilizing Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we tested for discrete patterns of temporal self-appraisals in undergraduate college students (N = 740) following trauma exposure. We then explored various trauma-related characteristics as predictors of profile membership. RESULTS LPA revealed three distinct profiles of appraisal styles (Profile 1: optimistic, Profile 2: chump to champ, Profile 3: pessimistic). The optimistic profile was associated with lower levels of PTSD and depression symptoms, whereas the optimistic and chump to champ profiles were associated with greater trauma centrality. LIMITATIONS Findings are limited in that this study utilized cross-sectional data from a sample of predominantly undergraduate females, thus conclusions regarding temporal relations among study constructs cannot be made and findings may not generalize to other populations. CONCLUSION Temporal self-appraisals following trauma exposure may reflect prototypical patterns in which individual appraise adaptation to potentially traumatic stress and may confer risk for psychopathology. Such findings have implications for approaches to intervention with clinical and non-clinical populations following trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna F Parnes
- Psychology Department, Suffolk University, 73 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Adriel Boals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Adam D Brown
- Psychology Department, The New School for Social Research, 66 West 12th Street, New York, NY, 10011, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Eubank
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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18
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The utility of smartphone-based, ecological momentary assessment for depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:602-609. [PMID: 32663993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating mood disorder. Individuals with MDD are often misdiagnosed or diagnosed in an untimely manner, exacerbating existing functional impairments. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves the repeated sampling of an individual's symptoms within their natural environment and has been demonstrated to assist in illness assessment and characterization. Capturing data in this way would set the stage for improved treatment outcomes and serve as a complementary resource in the management and treatment of depressive symptoms. METHODS Online databases PubMed/MedLine and PsycINFO were searched using PRISMA guidelines and combinations of the following keywords: EMA, depression, smartphone app, diagnosing, symptoms, phone, app, ecological momentary assessment, momentary assessment, data mining, unobtrusive, passive data, GPS, sensor. RESULTS A total of nineteen original articles were identified using our search parameters and ten articles met the inclusion criteria for full-text review. Among the ten relevant studies, three studies evaluated feasibility, seven evaluated detection, and three evaluated treatment of MDD. LIMITATIONS Limitations include that the design of all of the studies included in this review are non-randomized. It should be noted that most of the studies included were pilot studies and/or exploratory trials lacking a control group. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that the use of passive smartphone-based applications may lead to improved management of depressive symptoms. This review aids the creation of new EMA applications, highlights the potential of EMA usage in clinical settings and drug development, emphasizes the importance for regulation of applications in the mental health field, and provides insight into future directions.
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19
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Nørby S. Varieties of graded forgetting. Conscious Cogn 2020; 84:102983. [PMID: 32763789 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Forgetting is typically viewed as counterproductive in everyday life. However, it may mainly be harmful when it is complete, that is, all-encompassing and permanent, and not when it is graded, that is, partial and fluctuating. I propose that forgetting is in fact mostly graded, and that this is an essential reason that it is often helpful. I delineate three ways in which forgetting may be graded. First, it may occur with respect to one, but not another, part of a memory. Second, it may occur in one context, but not in another. Third, forgetting may be present at one point in time, but not at another. Also, I propose that different levels of forgetting are possible, based on whether an engram or a context is unavailable, silent, restricted, latent, or potent. Overall, I hypothesize that forgetting is often helpful because it can be flexible and tailored to the circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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20
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Polack RG, Tran TB, Joormann J. "What has been is what will be"? Autobiographical memory and prediction of future events in depression. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1044-1051. [PMID: 31905320 PMCID: PMC8695454 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1710467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with negative autobiographical thinking regarding the past and the future. The association between the two temporal dimensions, however, has not been examined. In the present study, 32 participants diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 32 controls completed a cued-recall task. Participants rated memories for positivity, frequency of occurrence to themselves/others, and expected recurrence, and listed planned social events and expected participation and enjoyment of these events. Memories of individuals diagnosed with MDD (vs. controls) were rated as more negative by both participants and objective coders. Individuals diagnosed with MDD were more negative in their evaluation of past events and in future expectations compared to controls. For both groups, expected recurrence of positive past events was associated with the frequency of these events occurring to oneself. For individuals diagnosed with MDD, however, expected recurrence of negative past events was associated exclusively with the frequency of these events occurring to self and not to others. Expectations for past events' recurrence predicted increased expected participation and enjoyment from social events in both groups. These results suggest that memory in MDD is associated with more negative future expectations, which may affect mood and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuma Gadassi Polack
- Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tanya B. Tran
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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The Many Faces of Forgetting: Toward a Constructive View of Forgetting in Everyday Life. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Amai K. Variables affecting the school adaptation of secondary-school students who do not seek help: attachment, coping style, positivity, and prospects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2020.1717559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Amai
- Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Barry TJ, Hallford DJ, Del Rey F, Ricarte JJ. Differential associations between impaired autobiographical memory recall and future thinking in people with and without schizophrenia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:154-168. [PMID: 31584204 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Barry
- Department of Psychology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London UK
| | | | - Francisco Del Rey
- Regional Ministry for Social Welfare of Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
| | - Jorge J. Ricarte
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Medicine University of Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
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24
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Abstract
The enhancing effects of emotion on memory have been well documented; emotional events are often more frequently and more vividly remembered than their neutral counterparts. Much of the prior research has emphasized the effects of emotion on encoding processes and the downstream effects of these changes at the time of retrieval. In the current review, we focus specifically on how emotional valence influences retrieval processes, examining how emotion influences the experience of remembering an event at the time of retrieval (retrieval as an end point) as well as how emotion alters the way in which remembering the event affects the underlying memory representation and subsequent retrievals (retrieval as a starting point). We suggest ways in which emotion may augment or interfere with the selective enhancement of particular memory details, using both online and offline processes, and discuss how these effects of emotion may contribute to memory distortions in affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kensinger
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA; ,
| | - Jaclyn H Ford
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA; ,
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25
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Moritz S, Stojisavlevic M, Göritz AS, Riehle M, Scheunemann J. Does uncertainty breed conviction? On the possible role of compensatory conviction in jumping to conclusions and overconfidence in psychosis. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:284-299. [PMID: 31311460 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1642863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Jumping to conclusions (JTC) and overconfidence in errors are well established in individuals with a liability to psychosis. Experimental research suggests that subjecting individuals to dilemmas and doubt prompts a subsequent hardening of attitudes and may foster delusion-like convictions. For the present study, we examined whether this compensatory conviction process is exaggerated in individuals with a liability to psychosis and might in part explain JTC and overconfidence. Methods: A large sample of participants from the general population were screened for psychotic experiences with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences scale (CAPE) and then randomly allocated to either a condition in which they should experience doubt or a control condition. Participants (final sample, n = 650) were then tested on JTC and overconfidence. Results: Participants who scored high on the positive subscale of the CAPE made fewer draws to decision, showed greater confidence, and made more errors relative to low scorers. Yet, none of the parameters was modulated by experimental condition. Conclusions: Our results at present do not support the idea that JTC is elevated by a prior experience of a dilemma or doubt. Yet, this possibility should not be entirely dismissed as the presumed process may take time to evolve and perhaps needs to be more pervasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Moritz
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Marko Stojisavlevic
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Anja S Göritz
- b Department of Occupational and Consumer Psychology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Marcel Riehle
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jakob Scheunemann
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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