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Xuan S, Ma Y, Zhou H, Gu S, Yao X, Zeng X. The implication of dendritic cells in lung diseases: Immunological role of toll-like receptor 4. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101007. [PMID: 39238498 PMCID: PMC11375267 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune responses play a profound role in the progression of lung lesions in both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Dendritic cells, as the "frontline" immune cells responsible for antigen presentation, set up a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity in the course of these diseases. Among the receptors equipped in dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors are a group of specialized receptors as one type of pattern recognition receptors, capable of sensing environmental signals including invading pathogens and self-antigens. Toll-like receptor 4, a pivotal member of the Toll-like receptor family, was formerly recognized as a receptor sensitive to the outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide derived from Gram-negative bacteria, triggering the subsequent response. Moreover, its other essential roles in immune responses have drawn significant attention in the past decade. A better understanding of the implication of Toll-like receptor 4 in dendritic cells could contribute to the management of pulmonary diseases including pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, acute lung injury, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Xuan
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shengwei Gu
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Awasthi S, Singh B, Ramani V, Godbole NM, King C. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and histone proteins in immunomodulation by TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide against Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0031123. [PMID: 37909750 PMCID: PMC10714950 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00311-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary host defense is critical for the control of lung infection and inflammation. An increased expression and activity of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induce phagocytic uptake/clearance and inflammation against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we addressed the mechanistic aspect of the immunomodulatory activity of the TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide (amino acid sequence GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE) against Escherichia coli. Binding of the SPA4 peptide to bacteria and direct anti-bacterial effects were investigated using flow cytometric, microscopic, and bacteriological methods. The bacterial uptake and inflammatory cytokine response were studied in dendritic cells expressing endogenous basal level of TLR4 or overexpressing TLR4. The subcellular distribution and co-localization of TLR4 and bacteria were investigated by immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we studied the cellular expression and co-localization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecules (calnexin and ER membrane protein complex subunit 1; EMC1) with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) in cells infected with E. coli and treated with the SPA4 peptide. Simultaneously, the expression of histone H2A protein was quantitated by immunoblotting. Our results demonstrate no binding or direct killing of the bacteria by SPA4 peptide. Instead, it induces the uptake and localization of E. coli in the phagolysosomes for lysis and simultaneously suppresses the secreted levels of TNF-α. Overexpression of TLR4 further augments the pro-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory activity of SPA4 peptide. A time-dependent change in subcellular distribution of TLR4 and an increased co-localization of TLR4 with E. coli in SPA4 peptide-treated cells suggest an enhanced recognition and internalization of bacteria in conjugation with TLR4. Furthermore, an increased co-localization of calnexin and EMC1 with LAMP1 indicates the involvement of ER in pro-phagocytic activity of SPA4 peptide. Simultaneous reduction in secreted amounts of TNF-α coincides with suppressed histone H2A protein expression in the SPA4 peptide-treated cells. These results provide initial insights into the plausible role of ER and histones in the TLR4-immunomodulatory activity of SPA4 peptide against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nachiket M. Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Catherine King
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Ye T, Tao WY, Chen XY, Jiang C, Di B, Xu LL. Mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the development of peptide inhibitors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:1-13. [PMID: 37821254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor 3 (NLRP3), a member of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptors (NLRs) family, plays an important role in the innate immune response against pathogen invasions. NLRP3 inflammasome consisting of NLRP3 protein, the adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and the effector protein pro-caspase-1, is central to this process. Upon activation, NLRP3 inflammasome initiates the release of inflammatory cytokines and triggers a form of cell death known as pyroptosis. Dysregulation or inappropriate activation of NLRP3 has been implicated in various human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, colitis, depression, and gout. Consequently, understanding the mechanism underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation is critical for the development of therapeutic drugs. In the pursuit of potential therapeutic agents, peptides present several advantages over small molecules. They offer higher selectivity, increased potency, reduced toxicity, and fewer off-target effects. The advancements in molecular biology have expanded the opportunities for applying peptides in medicine, unlocking their vast medical potential. This review begins by providing a comprehensive summary of recent research progress regarding the mechanisms governing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Subsequently, we offer an overview of current peptide inhibitors capable of modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei-Yan Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bin Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Chowdhury AA, Rodgers K, Godbole NM, Awasthi S. Stability and structure-activity relationship of the SPA4 peptide under ambient and stressed conditions of lung injury. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18864-18877. [PMID: 37350860 PMCID: PMC10282593 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02918b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation and injuries are major health problems. The SPA4 peptide (amino acid sequence GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE) binds to Toll-like receptor-4 and exerts anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we have determined the stability of the structure and structure-activity relationship of the SPA4 peptide under ambient and stressed conditions of lung injury. The SPA4 peptide was maintained at different pH and temperatures, in solutions of different ionic strengths, and simulated lung fluids. The primary and secondary structure of the SPA4 peptide was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The activity of the SPA4 peptide was determined by measurement of secreted levels of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (CXCL1/KC) and lactate by primary mouse lung epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli. Our results demonstrate the stability of the structure of the SPA4 peptide at room temperature and 4 °C over 10 days. The original UV-VIS spectra of the SPA4 peptide followed a typical pattern when incubated in solutions of pH 5.7, 7.0, and 8.0 at different temperatures, simulated lung fluids, and most of the chemical components. Slight shifts in the absorbance peaks, derivative values, and vibrational fine structures were noted in the fourth-derivative spectra of the SPA4 peptide under some conditions. An increased level of lactate is the hallmark of lung injury. The SPA4 peptide on its own and in the presence of lactate exerts anti-inflammatory activity. The primary and secondary structure and the activity of the SPA4 peptide remain intact when pre-incubated in 2 mM sodium lactate solution. The results provide important insights about the stability and structure-activity relationship of the SPA4 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Alam Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue Oklahoma City OK-73117 USA +1-405-271-7505 +1-405-271-6593 extn 47332
| | - Karla Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd Oklahoma City OK-73104 USA
| | - Nachiket M Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue Oklahoma City OK-73117 USA +1-405-271-7505 +1-405-271-6593 extn 47332
| | - Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue Oklahoma City OK-73117 USA +1-405-271-7505 +1-405-271-6593 extn 47332
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Chowdhury AA, Godbole NM, Chataut N, Kosanke S, Rodgers K, Awasthi S. Effects of SPA4 peptide on lipopolysaccharide-disrupted lung epithelial barrier, injury, and function in a human cell system and mouse model of lung injury. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15353. [PMID: 35838161 PMCID: PMC9284632 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted epithelial barrier, fluid accumulation, inflammation, and compromised physiology are hallmarks of lung injury. Here we investigated the structural stability of the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-interacting SPA4 peptide, its effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-disrupted epithelial barrier in a human cell system, and lung injury markers in a mouse model of LPS-induced lung inflammation. The structural properties of SPA4 peptide were investigated using circular dichroism and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), an indicator of barrier function, was measured after the cells were challenged with 1 μg/ml LPS and treated with 10 or 100 μM SPA4 peptide. The expression and localization of tight junction proteins were studied by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Mice were intratracheally challenged with 5 μg LPS per g body weight and treated with 50 μg SPA4 peptide. The lung wet/dry weight ratios or edema, surfactant protein-D (SP-D) levels in serum, lung function, tissue injury, body weights, and temperature, and survival were determined as study parameters. The spectroscopy results demonstrated that the structure was maintained among different batches of SPA4 peptide throughout the study. Treatment with 100 μM SPA4 peptide restored the LPS-disrupted epithelial barrier, which correlated with the localization pattern of Zonula Occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin proteins. Correspondingly, SPA4 peptide treatment helped suppress the lung edema and levels of serum SP-D, improved some of the lung function parameters, and reduced the mortality risk against LPS challenge. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of the SPA4 peptide facilitates the resolution of lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Alam Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Nachiket M. Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Neha Chataut
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Stanley Kosanke
- Division of Comparative MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Karla Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) as Therapeutic Targets for Treating SARS-CoV-2: An Immunobiological Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1352:87-109. [PMID: 35132596 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is presently the biggest threat to mankind throughout the globe. Increasing reports on deaths, cases of new infection, and socioeconomic losses are continuously coming from all parts of the world. Developing an efficacious drug and/or vaccine is currently the major goal to the scientific communities. In this context, toll-like receptors (TLRs) could be the useful targets in adopting effective therapeutic approaches. METHODS This chapter has been written by incorporating the findings on TLR-based therapies against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated in the recently published research papers/reviews. RESULTS TLRs are the essential components of host immunity and play critical roles in deciding the fate of SARS-CoV-2 by influencing the immunoregulatory circuits governing human immune response to this pathogen. Hitherto, a number of multi-subunit peptide-based vaccines and pharmacological agents developed against SARS-CoV-2 have been found to manipulate TLR function. Therefore, circumventing overt immunopathology of COVID-19 applying TLR-antagonists can effectively reduce the morality caused from "cytokine storm"-induced multiorgan failure. Similarly, pre-administration of TLR- agonists may be used as a prophylaxis to sensitize the immune system of the individuals having risk of infection. A lot of collaborative efforts are required for bench-to-bench transformation of these knowledges. CONCLUSION This chapter enlightens the potentials and promises of TLR-guided therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 by reviewing the major findings and achievements depicted in the literatures published till date.
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Awasthi S, Kumar G, Ramani V, Awasthi V, Rodgers KK, Xie J, Beierle J, Kyere-Davies G, Singh B, Rahman N, Chowdhury AA, Chataut N. Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of TLR4-Interacting SPA4 Peptide. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:659-674. [PMID: 34429343 PMCID: PMC8673433 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide suppresses inflammation. We assessed the structural and physicochemical properties and binding of SPA4 peptide to TLR4-MD2. We also studied the changes at the whole transcriptome level, cell morphology, viability, secreted cytokines and chemokines, and cell influx in cell systems and mouse models challenged with LPS and treated with SPA4 peptide. Our results demonstrated that the SPA4 peptide did not alter the cell viability and size and only moderately affected the transcriptome of the cells. Computational docking and rendering suggested that the SPA4 peptide intercalates with LPS-induced TLR4-MD2 complex. Results with alanine mutations of D-2 amino acid and NYTXXXRG-12-19 motif of SPA4 peptide suggested their role in binding to TLR4 and in reducing the cytokine response against LPS stimulus. Furthermore, therapeutically administered SPA4 peptide significantly suppressed the secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines in cells and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of LPS-challenged mice. The results suggest that the SPA4 peptide intercalates with LPS-induced TLR4 complex and signaling for the suppression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK;
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Research Imaging Facility, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Karla K Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jacob Beierle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Gertrude Kyere-Davies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Negar Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Asif Alam Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Neha Chataut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Espinoza-Culupú A, Vázquez-Ramírez R, Farfán-López M, Mendes E, Notomi Sato M, da Silva Junior PI, Borges MM. Acylpolyamine Mygalin as a TLR4 Antagonist Based on Molecular Docking and In Vitro Analyses. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1624. [PMID: 33271940 PMCID: PMC7761503 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that are key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, particularly TLR4, and they have been identified as potential drug targets for the treatment of disease. Several low-molecular-weight compounds are being considered as new drug targets for various applications, including as immune modulators. Mygalin, a 417 Da synthetic bis-acylpolyamine, is an analog of spermidine that has microbicidal activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of mygalin on the innate immune response based on a virtual screening (VS) and molecular docking analysis. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and the cell lines J774A.1 and RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to confirm the data obtained in silico. Virtual screening and molecular docking suggested that mygalin binds to TLR4 via the protein myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) and LPS. Macrophages stimulated by mygalin plus LPS showed suppressed gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukine 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as inhibition of signaling protein p65 of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), resulting in decreased production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. These results indicate that mygalin has anti-inflammatory potential, being an attractive option to be explored. In addition, we reinforce the importance of virtual screening analysis to assist in the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Espinoza-Culupú
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, USP/IBu/IPT, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (A.E.-C.); (P.I.d.S.J.)
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Vázquez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 00-16, Mexico;
| | - Mariella Farfán-López
- Microbiology Molecular and Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima District 15081, Peru;
| | - Elizabeth Mendes
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil;
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Ismael da Silva Junior
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, USP/IBu/IPT, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (A.E.-C.); (P.I.d.S.J.)
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Monamaris Marques Borges
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, USP/IBu/IPT, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (A.E.-C.); (P.I.d.S.J.)
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil;
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Lou Y, Yu Q, Xu K, Tu Y, Balelang MF, Lu G, Zhu C, Dai Q, Geng W, Mo Y, Wang J. Electroacupuncture pre‑conditioning protects from lung injury induced by limb ischemia/reperfusion through TLR4 and NF‑κB in rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3225-3232. [PMID: 32945486 PMCID: PMC7453533 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can induce inflammation, causing acute lung injury. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of acupuncture in lung inflammatory injury. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the protective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) against lung injury induced by limb I/R. EA applied at the Zusanli and Sanyinjiao acupoints attenuated lung injury and decreased the secretion of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase. Moreover, the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB were suppressed by EA. Thus, the present findings suggested that EA can reduce pulmonary inflammation induced by limb I/R injury, possibly via the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qimin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Kaiwei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Meita Felicia Balelang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangtao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Congying Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qinxue Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yunchang Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Awasthi S, Rahman N, Rui B, Kumar G, Awasthi V, Breshears M, Kosanke S. Lung and general health effects of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-interacting SPA4 peptide. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:179. [PMID: 32576172 PMCID: PMC7310322 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A surfactant protein-A-derived peptide, which we call SPA4 peptide (amino acids: GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE), alleviates lung infection and inflammation. This study investigated the effects of intratracheally administered SPA4 peptide on systemic, lung, and health parameters in an outbred mouse strain, and in an intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge model. Methods The outbred CD-1 mice were intratracheally administered with incremental doses of SPA4 peptide (0.625–10 μg/g body weight) once every 24 h, for 3 days. Mice left untreated and those treated with vehicle were included as controls. Mice were euthanized after 24 h of last administration of SPA4 peptide. In order to assess the biological activity of SPA4 peptide, C57BL6 mice were intratracheally challenged with 5 μg LPS/g body weight and treated with 50 μg SPA4 peptide via intratracheal route 1 h post LPS-challenge. Mice were euthanized after 4 h of LPS challenge. Signs of sickness and body weights were regularly monitored. At the time of necropsy, blood and major organs were harvested. Blood gas and electrolytes, serum biochemical profiles and SPA4 peptide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels, and common lung injury markers (levels of total protein, albumin, and lactate, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and lung wet/dry weight ratios) were determined. Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and intestine were examined histologically. Differences in measured parameters were analyzed among study groups by analysis of variance test. Results The results demonstrated no signs of sickness or changes in body weight over 3 days of treatment with various doses of SPA4 peptide. It did not induce any major toxicity or IgG antibody response to SPA4 peptide. The SPA4 peptide treatment also did not affect blood gas, electrolytes, or serum biochemistry. There was no evidence of injury to the tissues and organs. However, the SPA4 peptide suppressed the LPS-induced lung inflammation. Conclusions These findings provide an initial toxicity profile of SPA4 peptide. Intratracheal administration of escalating doses of SPA4 peptide does not induce any significant toxicity at tissue and organ levels. However, treatment with a dose of 50 μg SPA4 peptide, comparable to 2.5 μg/g body weight, alleviates LPS-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
| | - Negar Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Bin Rui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Research Imaging Facility, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Melanie Breshears
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Stanley Kosanke
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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11
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Awasthi S, Singh B, Ramani V, Xie J, Kosanke S. TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide improves host defense and alleviates tissue injury in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210979. [PMID: 30689633 PMCID: PMC6349318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between surfactant protein-A (SP-A) and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 plays a critical role in host defense. In this work, we studied the host defense function of SPA4 peptide (amino acids GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE), derived from the TLR4-interacting region of SP-A, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We determined the binding of SPA4 peptide to live bacteria, and its direct antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Pro-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in JAWS II dendritic cells and primary alveolar macrophages. The biological relevance of SPA4 peptide was evaluated in a mouse model of acute lung infection induced by intratracheal challenge with P. aeruginosa. Our results demonstrate that the SPA4 peptide does not interact with or kill P. aeruginosa when cultured outside the host. The SPA4 peptide treatment induces the uptake and localization of bacteria in the phagolysosomes of immune cells. At the same time, the secreted amounts of TNF-α are significantly reduced in cell-free supernatants of SPA4 peptide-treated cells. In cells overexpressing TLR4, the TLR4-induced phagocytic response is maintained, but the levels of TLR4-stimulated TNF-α are reduced. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the therapeutic administration of SPA4 peptide reduces bacterial burden, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, intracellular signaling, and lactate levels, and alleviates lung edema and tissue damage in P. aeruginosa-infected mice. Together, our results suggest that the treatment with SPA4 peptide can help control the bacterial burden, inflammation, and tissue injury in a P. aeruginosa lung infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stanley Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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12
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Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1864-1879. [PMID: 29981161 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. The innate immune system, via toll-like receptors (TLRs), identifies distinct signatures of invading microbes and damage-associated molecular patterns and triggers a chain of downstream signalling cascades, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and shaping the adaptive immune response. Over the past decade, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response, particularly via TLR4, has been suggested to support a chronic inflammatory state in hypertension, inducing deleterious local and systemic effects in host cells and tissues and contributing to disease progression. While the underlying mechanisms triggering TLR4 need further research, evidence suggests that sustained elevations in BP disrupt homeostasis, releasing endogenous TLR4 ligands in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether targeting this receptor and its signalling pathways could offer a therapeutic strategy for management of this multifaceted disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
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13
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Takagi M, Takakubo Y, Pajarinen J, Naganuma Y, Oki H, Maruyama M, Goodman SB. Danger of frustrated sensors: Role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic inflammations around total hip replacements. J Orthop Translat 2017; 10:68-85. [PMID: 29130033 PMCID: PMC5676564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), can recognize not only exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also endogenous molecules created upon tissue injury, sterile inflammation, and degeneration. Endogenous ligands are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and include endogenous molecules released from activated and necrotic cells as well as damaged extracellular matrix. TLRs and NLRs can interact with various ligands derived from PAMPs and DAMPs, leading to activation and/or modulation of intracellular signalling pathways. Intensive research on the innate immune sensors, TLRs and NLRs, has brought new insights into the pathogenesis of not only various infectious and rheumatic diseases, but also aseptic foreign body granuloma and septic inflammation of failed total hip replacements (THRs). In this review, recent knowledge is summarized on the innate immune system, including TLRs and NLRs and their danger signals, with special reference to their possible role in the adverse local host response to THRs. Translational potential of this article: A clear understanding of the roles of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic loosening of joint replacements will facilitate potential strategies to mitigate these events, thereby extending the longevity of implants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Naganuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Achek A, Yesudhas D, Choi S. Toll-like receptors: promising therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1032-49. [PMID: 27515048 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health of living organisms is constantly challenged by bacterial and viral threats. The recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by diverse receptors triggers a variety of host defense mechanisms, leading to their eradication. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are type I transmembrane proteins, recognize specific signatures of the invading microbes and activate a cascade of downstream signals inducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons. The TLR response not only counteracts the pathogens but also initiates and shapes the adaptive immune response. Under normal conditions, inflammation is downregulated after the removal of the pathogen and cellular debris. However, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response maintains a chronic inflammatory state and leads to local and systemic deleterious effects in host cells and tissues. Such inappropriate TLR response has been attributed to the development and progression of multiple diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and how targeting of TLRs offers a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we highlight a number of TLR-targeting agents that are in the developmental stage or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Dhanusha Yesudhas
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
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15
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Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S. Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) play a critical role in host defense and regulate inflammation during infection. Recent studies indicate SP-A and SP-D are expressed in the kidney. The current study examines the role of SP-A and SP-D in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced AKI. Wild-type (WT) and SP-A/SP-D double-knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were treated by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery. Histological, cellular, and molecular indices of kidney injury were investigated in septic mice 6 and 24 h after CLP. Twenty-four hours after CLP, kidney injury was more severe, renal function was decreased, and blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were higher in septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.05, versus septic WT mice). Kidney edema and vascular permeability were increased in septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.01, versus septic WT mice). Apoptotic cells increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice compared with septic WT mice. Molecular analysis revealed levels of Bcl-2 (an inhibitor of apoptosis) were lower and levels of caspase 3 (a biomarker of apoptosis) were higher in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice (P < 0.01, versus septic WT mice). Furthermore, levels of nuclear factor κB and phosphorylated IκB-α increased significantly in the kidney of septic SP-A/SP-D KO mice compared with septic WT mice, suggesting SP-A/SP-D KO mice have a more pronounced inflammatory response to sepsis. We conclude SP-A and SP-D attenuate kidney injury by modulating inflammation and apoptosis in sepsis-induced AKI.
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Ramani V, Awasthi S. Toll-like receptor 4-interacting SPA4 peptide suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to LPS and ATP stimuli. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:1037-48. [PMID: 26254306 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1114-570r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is induced because of interplay among multiple signaling pathways and molecules during infectious and noninfectious tissue injuries. Crosstalk between Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and the neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein, major histocompatibility class 2 transcription activator, incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina, and telomerase-associated protein (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome against pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns can cause exaggerated inflammation. We previously established that the Toll-like receptor-4-interacting SPA4 peptide suppresses gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Toll-like receptor-4 ligand)-induced nuclear factor-κB and inflammatory response. In the present study, we hypothesized that the SPA4 peptide exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the crosstalk between Toll-like receptor-4 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome. We evaluated binding of the lipopolysaccharide-ligand to cell-surface Toll-like receptor-4 in the presence or absence of adenosine triphosphate (an NLRP3 inflammasome inducer) by flow cytometry. The expression and activity of NLRP3 inflammasome-related parameters were studied in cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate using molecular and immunologic methods. The cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and treated with SPA4 peptide before (pre-adenosine triphosphate) or after (post-adenosine triphosphate) secondary challenge with adenosine triphosphate. Our data demonstrate that the Toll-like receptor-4-interacting SPA4 peptide does not affect the binding of lipopolysaccharide to Toll-like receptor-4 in the presence or absence of adenosine triphosphate. We also found that the SPA4 peptide inhibits mRNA and cellular protein levels of pro-interleukin-1β and NLRP3, formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase activity, and release of interleukin-1β. Furthermore, the SPA4 peptide treatment reduced the secreted levels of interleukin-1β from cells overexpressing Toll-like receptor-4 compared with cells expressing the dominant-negative form of Toll-like receptor-4. Together our results suggest that the SPA4 peptide exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing Toll-like receptor-4-priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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SP-R210 (Myo18A) Isoforms as Intrinsic Modulators of Macrophage Priming and Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126576. [PMID: 25965346 PMCID: PMC4428707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The surfactant protein (SP-A) receptor SP-R210 has been shown to increase phagocytosis of SP-A-bound pathogens and to modulate cytokine secretion by immune cells. SP-A plays an important role in pulmonary immunity by enhancing opsonization and clearance of pathogens and by modulating macrophage inflammatory responses. Alternative splicing of the Myo18A gene results in two isoforms: SP-R210S and SP-R210L, with the latter predominantly expressed in alveolar macrophages. In this study we show that SP-A is required for optimal expression of SP-R210L on alveolar macrophages. Interestingly, pre-treatment with SP-A prepared by different methods either enhances or suppresses responsiveness to LPS, possibly due to differential co-isolation of SP-B or other proteins. We also report that dominant negative disruption of SP-R210L augments expression of receptors including SR-A, CD14, and CD36, and enhances macrophages' inflammatory response to TLR stimulation. Finally, because SP-A is known to modulate CD14, we used a variety of techniques to investigate how SP-R210 mediates the effect of SP-A on CD14. These studies revealed a novel physical association between SP-R210S, CD14, and SR-A leading to an enhanced response to LPS, and found that SP-R210L and SP-R210S regulate internalization of CD14 via distinct macropinocytosis-like mechanisms. Together, our findings support a model in which SP-R210 isoforms differentially regulate trafficking, expression, and activation of innate immune receptors on macrophages.
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19
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Allen KS, Sawheny E, Kinasewitz GT. Anticoagulant modulation of inflammation in severe sepsis. World J Crit Care Med 2015; 4:105-115. [PMID: 25938026 PMCID: PMC4411562 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v4.i2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation are so tightly linked that the cytokine storm which accompanies the development of sepsis initiates thrombin activation and the development of an intravascular coagulopathy. This review examines the interaction between the inflammatory and coagulation cascades, as well as the role of endogenous anticoagulants in regulating this interaction and dampening the activity of both pathways. Clinical trials attempting to improve outcomes in patients with severe sepsis by inhibiting thrombin generation with heparin and or endogenous anticoagulants are reviewed. In general, these trials have failed to demonstrate that anticoagulant therapy is associated with improvement in mortality or morbidity. While it is possible that selective patients who are severely ill with a high expected mortality may be shown to benefit from such therapy, at the present time none of these anticoagulants are neither approved nor can they be recommended for the treatment of sepsis.
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20
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Characterization of two water-soluble lignin metabolites with antiproliferative activities from Inonotus obliquus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:507-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Ledford JG, Addison KJ, Foster MW, Que LG. Eosinophil-associated lung diseases. A cry for surfactant proteins A and D help? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:604-14. [PMID: 24960334 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0095tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D (SP-A/-D) play important roles in numerous eosinophil-dominated diseases, including asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and allergic rhinitis. In these settings, SP-A/-D have been shown to modulate eosinophil chemotaxis, inhibit eosinophil mediator release, and mediate macrophage clearance of apoptotic eosinophils. Dysregulation of SP-A/-D function in eosinophil-dominated diseases is also not uncommon. Alterations in serum SP-A/-D levels are associated with disease severity in allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, oligimerization of SP-A/-D, necessary for their proper function, can be perturbed by reactive nitrogen species, which are increased in eosinophilic disease. In this review, we highlight the associations of eosinophilic lung diseases with SP-A and SP-D levels and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G Ledford
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, and
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22
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Awasthi S, Anbanandam A, Rodgers KK. Structure of a TLR4-interacting SPA4 peptide. RSC Adv 2015; 5:27431-27438. [PMID: 25870755 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified a Toll-like receptor (TLR4)-interacting SPA4 peptide encoding amino acids: GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE, a shorter region of human surfactant protein-A (SP-A). The SPA4 peptide suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation (JPET 2011, Innate Immun 2013). In this report, we examined the structure of synthetic SPA4 peptide in solution by circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The CD analysis revealed that the SPA4 peptide is composed of ∼35% beta sheet and <5% alpha helix. We used solution NMR to solve the structure of the SPA4 peptide. We calculated NMR structures using Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) distance restraints. The superposition of the low energy structures indicated that the central 6-14 amino acids "SDGTPVNYT" of the 20mer SPA4 peptide form a turn, and amino acids on either side (GDFRY and NWYRGE) conform to flexible arms. Furthermore, thermal denaturation experiments demonstrated the structural flexibility of the peptide. The NMR structures of the SPA4 peptide align well with the homologous region within the available structure of rat SP-A and a computationally-docked model of SP-A-TLR4-MD2 protein complex. Together, our results support the structural adaptability of SPA4 peptide for binding to TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- Department of Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Karla K Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Awasthi S. Toll-like receptor-4 modulation for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:328. [PMID: 25120541 PMCID: PMC4110442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanjana Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, OK , USA
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