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Huang P, Qu C, Rao Z, Wu D, Zhao J. Bidirectional regulation mechanism of TRPM2 channel: role in oxidative stress, inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391355. [PMID: 39007141 PMCID: PMC11239348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non-selective cation channel that exhibits Ca2+ permeability. The TRPM2 channel is expressed in various tissues and cells and can be activated by multiple factors, including endogenous ligands, Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and temperature. This article reviews the multiple roles of the TRPM2 channel in physiological and pathological processes, particularly on oxidative stress, inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In oxidative stress, the excessive influx of Ca2+ caused by the activation of the TRPM2 channel may exacerbate cellular damage. However, under specific conditions, activating the TRPM2 channel can have a protective effect on cells. In inflammation, the activation of the TRPM2 channel may not only promote inflammatory response but also inhibit inflammation by regulating ROS production and bactericidal ability of macrophages and neutrophils. In I/R, the activation of the TRPM2 channel may worsen I/R injury to various organs, including the brain, heart, kidney and liver. However, activating the TRPM2 channel may protect the myocardium from I/R injury by regulating calcium influx and phosphorylating proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2). A thorough investigation of the bidirectional role and regulatory mechanism of the TRPM2 channel in these physiological and pathological processes will aid in identifying new targets and strategies for treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijian Rao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongzhe Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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2
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Lory NC, Nawrocki M, Corazza M, Schmid J, Schumacher V, Bedke T, Menzel S, Koch-Nolte F, Guse AH, Huber S, Mittrücker HW. TRPM2 Is Not Required for T-Cell Activation and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:778916. [PMID: 35095852 PMCID: PMC8795911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor induces a cytosolic Ca2+ signal that is crucial for T-cell function. The Ca2+ channel TRPM2 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2) has been shown to facilitate influx of extracellular Ca2+ through the plasma membrane of T cells. Therefore, it was suggested that TRPM2 is involved in T-cell activation and differentiation. However, these results are largely derived from in vitro studies using T-cell lines and non-physiologic means of TRPM2 activation. Thus, the relevance of TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling in T cells remains unclear. Here, we use TRPM2-deficient mice to investigate the function of TRPM2 in T-cell activation and differentiation. In response to TCR stimulation in vitro, Trpm2-/- and WT CD4+ and CD8+ T cells similarly upregulated the early activation markers NUR77, IRF4, and CD69. We also observed regular proliferation of Trpm2-/- CD8+ T cells and unimpaired differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1, Th17, and Treg cells under specific polarizing conditions. In vivo, Trpm2-/- and WT CD8+ T cells showed equal specific responses to Listeria monocytogenes after infection of WT and Trpm2-/- mice and after transfer of WT and Trpm2-/- CD8+ T cells into infected recipients. CD4+ T-cell responses were investigated in the model of anti-CD3 mAb-induced intestinal inflammation, which allows analysis of Th1, Th17, Treg, and Tr1-cell differentiation. Here again, we detected similar responses of WT and Trpm2-/- CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, our results argue against a major function of TRPM2 in T-cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Lory
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Nawrocki
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Corazza
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valéa Schumacher
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Bedke
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Liang HY, Chen Y, Wei X, Ma GG, Ding J, Lu C, Zhou RP, Hu W. Immunomodulatory functions of TRPM7 and its implications in autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2021; 165:3-21. [PMID: 34558663 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An autoimmune disease is an inappropriate response to one's tissues due to a break in immune tolerance and exposure to self-antigens. It often leads to structural and functional damage to organs and systemic disorders. To date, there are no effective interventions to prevent the progression of autoimmune diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need for new treatment targets. TRPM7 is an enzyme-coupled, transient receptor ion channel of the subfamily M that plays a vital role in pathologic and physiologic conditions. While TRPM7 is constitutively activated under certain conditions, it can regulate cell migration, polarization, proliferation and cytokine secretion. However, a growing body of evidence highlights the critical role of TRPM7 in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Herein, we present (a) a review of the channel kinase properties of TRPM7 and its pharmacological properties, (b) discuss the role of TRPM7 in immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells) and its upstream immunoreactive substances, and (c) highlight TRPM7 as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Liang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang-Gang Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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4
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Alemán OR, Mora N, Rosales C. The Antibody Receptor Fc Gamma Receptor IIIb Induces Calcium Entry via Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 in Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657393. [PMID: 34054821 PMCID: PMC8155622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils express two unique antibody receptors for IgG, the FcγRIIa and the FcγRIIIb. FcγRIIa contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) sequence within its cytoplasmic tail, which is important for initiating signaling. In contrast, FcγRIIIb is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked receptor with no cytoplasmic tail. Although, the initial signaling mechanism for FcγRIIIb remains unknown, it is clear that both receptors are capable of initiating distinct neutrophil cellular functions. For example, FcγRIIa is known to induce an increase in L-selectin expression and efficient phagocytosis, while FcγRIIIb does not promote these responses. In contrast, FcγRIIIb has been reported to induce actin polymerization, activation of β1 integrins, and formation of neutrophils extracellular traps (NET) much more efficiently than FcγRIIa. Another function where these receptors seem to act differently is the increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration. It has been known for a long time that FcγRIIa induces production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) to release calcium from intracellular stores, while FcγRIIIb does not use this phospholipid. Thus, the mechanism for FcγRIIIb-mediated calcium rise remains unknown. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a calcium permeable channel expressed in many cell types including vascular smooth cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. TRPM2 can be activated by protein kinase C (PKC) and by oxidative stress. Because we previously found that FcγRIIIb stimulation leading to NET formation involves PKC activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in this report we explored whether TRPM2 is activated via FcγRIIIb and mediates calcium rise in human neutrophils. Calcium rise was monitored after Fcγ receptors were stimulated by specific monoclonal antibodies in Fura-2-loaded neutrophils. The bacterial peptide fMLF and FcγRIIa induced a calcium rise coming initially from internal pools. In contrast, FcγRIIIb caused a calcium rise by inducing calcium entry from the extracellular medium. In addition, in the presence of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) or of clotrimazole, two inhibitors of TRPM2, FcγRIIIb-induced calcium rise was blocked. fMLF- or FcγRIIa-induced calcium rise was not affected by these inhibitors. These data suggest for the first time that FcγRIIIb aggregation activates TRPM2, to induce an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration through calcium internalization in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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5
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Najder K, Rugi M, Lebel M, Schröder J, Oster L, Schimmelpfennig S, Sargin S, Pethő Z, Bulk E, Schwab A. Role of the Intracellular Sodium Homeostasis in Chemotaxis of Activated Murine Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2124. [PMID: 33013896 PMCID: PMC7506047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in neutrophil function has been intensely studied. However, the role of the intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) which is closely linked to the intracellular Ca2+ regulation has been largely overlooked. The [Na+]i is regulated by Na+ transport proteins such as the Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX1), Na+/K+-ATPase, and Na+-permeable, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel. Stimulating with either N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) or complement protein C5a causes distinct changes of the [Na+]i. fMLF induces a sustained increase of [Na+]i, surprisingly, reaching higher values in TRPM2-/- neutrophils. This outcome is unexpected and remains unexplained. In both genotypes, C5a elicits only a transient rise of the [Na+]i. The difference in [Na+]i measured at t = 10 min after stimulation is inversely related to neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is more efficient in C5a than in an fMLF gradient. Moreover, lowering the extracellular Na+ concentration from 140 to 72 mM improves chemotaxis of WT but not of TRPM2-/- neutrophils. Increasing the [Na+]i by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase results in disrupted chemotaxis. This is most likely due to the impact of the altered Na+ homeostasis and presumably NCX1 function whose expression was shown by means of qPCR and which critically relies on proper extra- to intracellular Na+ concentration gradients. Increasing the [Na+]i by a few mmol/l may suffice to switch its transport mode from forward (Ca2+-efflux) to reverse (Ca2+-influx) mode. The role of NCX1 in neutrophil chemotaxis is corroborated by its blocker, which also causes a complete inhibition of chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Najder
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Micol Rugi
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mégane Lebel
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Schröder
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leonie Oster
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Sargin
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zoltán Pethő
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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6
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Perniss A, Liu S, Boonen B, Keshavarz M, Ruppert AL, Timm T, Pfeil U, Soultanova A, Kusumakshi S, Delventhal L, Aydin Ö, Pyrski M, Deckmann K, Hain T, Schmidt N, Ewers C, Günther A, Lochnit G, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Oberwinkler J, Klein J, Mikoshiba K, Leinders-Zufall T, Offermanns S, Schütz B, Boehm U, Zufall F, Bufe B, Kummer W. Chemosensory Cell-Derived Acetylcholine Drives Tracheal Mucociliary Clearance in Response to Virulence-Associated Formyl Peptides. Immunity 2020; 52:683-699.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Hann J, Bueb JL, Tolle F, Bréchard S. Calcium signaling and regulation of neutrophil functions: Still a long way to go. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:285-297. [PMID: 31841231 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0719-241r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in blood and disruption in their functions often results in an increased risk of serious infections and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Following recent discoveries in their influence over disease progression, a resurgence of interest for neutrophil biology has taken place. The multitude of signaling pathways activated by the engagement of numerous types of receptors, with which neutrophils are endowed, reflects the functional complexity of these cells. It is therefore not surprising that there remains a huge lack in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlining neutrophil functions. Moreover, studies on neutrophils are undoubtedly limited by the difficulty to efficiently edit the cell's genome. Over the past 30 years, compelling evidence has clearly highlighted that Ca2+ -signaling is governing the key processes associated with neutrophil functions. The confirmation of the role of an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration has come from studies on NADPH oxidase activation and phagocytosis. In this review, we give an overview and update of our current knowledge on the role of Ca2+ mobilization in the regulation of pro-inflammatory functions of neutrophils. In particular, we stress the importance of Ca2+ in the formation of NETs and cytokine secretion in the light of newest findings. This will allow us to embrace how much further we have to go to understand the complex dynamics of Ca2+ -dependent mechanisms in order to gain more insights into the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The potential for therapeutics to regulate the neutrophil functions, such as Ca2+ influx inhibitors to prevent autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, has been discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - J-L Bueb
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - F Tolle
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - S Bréchard
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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8
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Qian X, Cheng H, Chen X. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 has a role for bacterial clearance by regulating autophagy in peritoneal macrophages during polymicrobial sepsis. Innate Immun 2019; 25:530-538. [PMID: 31533549 PMCID: PMC6900664 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919875796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated an important protective role of transient receptor
potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) in controlling bacterial clearance in macrophages
during polymicrobial sepsis by regulating heme oxygenase-1. Autophagy is
necessary for macrophages to kill invasive bacteria. In the present study, TRPM2
knockout (KO) mice show decreased heme oxygenase-1 and autophagy in peritoneal
macrophages after caecal ligation and puncture surgery. Caecal ligation and
puncture-induced autophagy in peritoneal macrophages is dependent on heme
oxygenase-1. TRPM2 KO mice treated with heme oxygenase-1 inducer before caecal
ligation and puncture significantly increase autophagy of peritoneal
macrophages, bacterial clearance rate and survival rate. In addition, TRPM2 KO
mice treated with heme oxygenase-1 inducer before caecal ligation and puncture
significantly attenuate organ injury and systemic inflammation. These
improvements are reversed by autophagy inhibitor. Therefore, our findings
suggest that TRPM2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 has a role for bacterial clearance
possibly by regulating autophagy in peritoneal macrophages during polymicrobial
sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoWei Qian
- Department of Anaesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, PR China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anaesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, PR China.,Department of Anaesthesia, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, PR China
| | - XinZhong Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, PR China
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9
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Intricate Interplay between Innate Immune Cells and TRMP2 in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2366-2368. [PMID: 30918048 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2982-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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The function of TRP channels in neutrophil granulocytes. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1017-1033. [PMID: 29717355 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are exposed to widely varying microenvironmental conditions when pursuing their physiological or pathophysiological functions such as fighting invading bacteria or infiltrating cancer tissue. Examples for harsh environmental challenges include among others mechanical shear stress during the recruitment from the vasculature or the hypoxic and acidotic conditions within the tumor microenvironment. Chemokine gradients, reactive oxygen species, pressure, matrix elasticity, and temperature can be added to the list of potential challenges. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels serve as cellular sensors since they respond to many of the abovementioned environmental stimuli. The present review investigates the role of TRP channels in neutrophil granulocytes and their role in regulating and adapting neutrophil function to microenvironmental cues. Following a brief description of neutrophil functions, we provide an overview of the electrophysiological characterization of neutrophilic ion channels. We then summarize the function of individual TRP channels in neutrophil granulocytes with a focus on TRPC6 and TRPM2 channels. We close the review by discussing the impact of the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) on neutrophil granulocytes. Since neutrophil infiltration into PDAC tissue contributes to disease progression, we propose neutrophilic TRP channel blockade as a potential therapeutic option.
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