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Reisinger N, Doupovec B, Czabany T, Van Immerseel F, Croubels S, Antonissen G. Endotoxin Translocation Is Increased in Broiler Chickens Fed a Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:167. [PMID: 38668592 PMCID: PMC11053883 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens in livestock production face numerous challenges that can impact their health and welfare, including mycotoxin contamination and heat stress. In this study, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of two mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FBs), along with short-term heat stress conditions, on broiler gut health and endotoxin translocation. An experiment was conducted to assess the impacts of mycotoxin exposure on broilers, focusing on intestinal endotoxin activity, gene expression related to gut barrier function and inflammation, and the plasma concentration of the endotoxin marker 3-OH C14:0 either at thermoneutral conditions or short-term heat stress conditions. Independently of heat stress, broilers fed DON-contaminated diets exhibited reduced body weight gain during the starter phase (Day 1-12) compared to the control group, while broilers fed FB-contaminated diets experienced decreased body weight gain throughout the entire trial period (Day 1-24). Furthermore, under thermoneutral conditions, broilers fed DON-contaminated diets showed an increase in 3-OH C14:0 concentration in the plasma. Moreover, under heat stress conditions, the expression of genes related to gut barrier function (Claudin 5, Zonulin 1 and 2) and inflammation (Toll-like receptor 4, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6) was significantly affected by diets contaminated with mycotoxins, depending on the gut segment. This effect was particularly prominent in broilers fed diets contaminated with FBs. Notably, the plasma concentration of 3-OH C14:0 increased in broilers exposed to both DON- and FB-contaminated diets under heat stress conditions. These findings shed light on the intricate interactions between mycotoxins, heat stress, gut health, and endotoxin translocation in broiler chickens, highlighting the importance of understanding these interactions for the development of effective management strategies in livestock production to enhance broiler health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reisinger
- dsm-firmenich Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Barbara Doupovec
- dsm-firmenich Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Tibor Czabany
- dsm-firmenich Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.V.I.); (S.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.V.I.); (S.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.V.I.); (S.C.); (G.A.)
- Chair Poultry Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Shen J, Zhao W, Cheng J, Cheng J, Zhao L, Dai C, Fu Y, Li B, Chen Z, Shi D, Li H, Deng Y. Lipopolysaccharide accelerates tryptophan degradation in the ovary and the derivative kynurenine disturbs hormone biosynthesis and reproductive performance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131988. [PMID: 37418963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. LPS is released into the surrounding environment during bacterial death and lysis. Due to its chemical and thermal stability, LPS can be detected anywhere and easily exposed to humans and animals. Previous studies have shown that LPS causes hormonal imbalances, ovarian failure, and infertility in mammals. However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of LPS on tryptophan degradation, both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of kynurenine, a tryptophan derivative, on granulosa cell function and reproductive performance were explored. Results showed that p38, NF-κB, and JNK signaling pathways were involved in LPS-induced Ido1 expressions and kynurenine accumulation. Furthermore, the kynurenine decreased estradiol production, but increased granulosa cell proliferation. In vivo, experiments showed that kynurenine decreased estradiol and FSH production and inhibited ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Additionally, pregnancy and offspring survival rates decreased considerably after kynurenine treatment. Our findings suggest that kynurenine accumulation disrupts hormone secretion, ovulation, corpus luteal formation, and reproductive performance in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weimin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Juanru Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chaohui Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanfeng Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bixia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yanfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Li K, Wang L, Yu D, Yan Z, Liu N, Wu A. Cellobiose inhibits the release of deoxynivalenol from transformed deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100077. [PMID: 35415700 PMCID: PMC8991972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NMM.1 efficiently transformed deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside to deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside transformation preferred weak alkaline environments. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside down-regulated cellobiose metabolism of the NMM.1. Cellobiose could efficiently inhibit deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside transformation.
The masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) has been reported to be a detoxification product in plants, but can be hydrolyzed into its toxic precursor, deoxynivalenol (DON). Herein, we reported that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) NMM.1, isolated from Inner Mongolia raw milk, can efficiently transform D3G to DON in a short time. The global transcriptome microarray profiling of L. plantarum NMM.1 revealed differential expression of genes related to the phosphotransferase system (PTS) when D3G was used as the sole carbohydrate source. By adding an exogenous carbon source, we found that cellobiose efficiently inhibited the conversion of D3G into its precursor toxin by L. plantarum NMM.1. Overall, substrate depletion studies, transcriptome analysis, and carbohydrate intervention studies of L. plantarum NMM.1 suggested that cellobiose could be used to prevent the transformation of D3G into its free native DON by L. plantarum, thereby preventing harm to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Li
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Dänicke S, Heymann AK, Oster M, Wimmers K, Tesch T, Bannert E, Bühler S, Kersten S, Frahm J, Kluess J, Kahlert S, Rothkötter HJ, Billenkamp F. Does chronic dietary exposure to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affect the porcine hepatic transcriptome when an acute-phase response is initiated through first or second-pass LPS challenge of the liver? Innate Immun 2021; 27:388-408. [PMID: 34338001 PMCID: PMC8419296 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be increased by systemic inflammation (SI), which also has consequences for hepatic integrity. Liver lesions and a dys-regulated gene network might hamper hepatic handling and elimination of DON whereby the way of initiation of hepatic inflammation might play an additional role. First and second-pass exposure of the liver with LPS for triggering a SI was achieved by LPS infusion via pre- or post-hepatic venous route, respectively. Each infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (0.12 mg DON/kg diet) or with a DON-contaminated diet (4.59 mg DON/kg diet) for 4 wk. Liver transcriptome was evaluated at 195 min after starting infusions. DON exposure alone failed to modulate the mRNA expression significantly. However, pre- and post-hepatic LPS challenges prompted transcriptional responses in immune and metabolic levels. The mRNAs for B-cell lymphoma 2-like protein 11 as a key factor in apoptosis and IFN-γ released by T cells were clearly up-regulated in DON-fed group infused with LPS post-hepatically. On the other hand, mRNAs for nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2, IFN-α and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 3 as ribosomal stress sensors were exclusively up-regulated in control pigs with pre-hepatic LPS infusion. These diverse effects were traced back to differences in TLR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
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Yu YH, Lai YH, Hsiao FSH, Cheng YH. Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Mycotoxin Adsorbent Agents on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways and Inflammation-Associated Gene Expression in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050301. [PMID: 33922863 PMCID: PMC8146456 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin in swine feedstuffs. The intestinal epithelial cells represent the first target for the DON. Here, we studied the effects of DON and mycotoxin adsorbent agents on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inflammation-associated gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Results showed that phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK) was increased after treatment of DON or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in IPEC-J2 cells. The phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK was not further enhanced after co-treatment with DON and LPS. The inos and cox-2 mRNA expression were significantly induced at 6 h after treatment of DON. DON treatment significantly increased the claudin 3 and occludin mRNA expression at 12 h. DON in combination with LPS treatment did not further increase the inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. The DON-induced phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways was impaired by mycotoxin adsorbent agent (nanoscale silicate platelets and the mixture of montmorillonites and yeast cell walls) treatment, thereby decreasing inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DON triggers the inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways and LPS does not further augment the DON-induced inflammatory responses. Mycotoxin adsorbent agents can attenuate DON-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells through modulation of the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yi-Han Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan;
| | - Yeong-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-931-7712
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Dänicke S, Bannert E, Tesch T, Kersten S, Frahm J, Bühler S, Sauerwein H, Görs S, Kahlert S, Rothkötter HJ, Metges CC, Kluess J. Oral exposure of pigs to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol does not modulate the hepatic albumin synthesis during a LPS-induced acute-phase reaction. Innate Immun 2020; 26:716-732. [PMID: 32703050 PMCID: PMC7787558 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920937778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be influenced by systemic
inflammation (SI) which impacts liver. Besides following acute-phase proteins,
our aim was to investigate both the hepatic fractional albumin (ALB) synthesis
rate (FSR) and the ALB concentration as indicators of ALB metabolism in presence
and absence of SI induced by LPS via pre- or post-hepatic venous route. Each
infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (CON, 0.12 mg
DON/kg diet) or with a DON-contaminated diet (DON, 4.59 mg DON/kg diet) for 4
wk. A depression of ALB FSR was observed 195 min after LPS challenge,
independent of feeding group or LPS application route, which was not paralleled
by a down-regulated ALB mRNA expression but by a reduced availability of free
cysteine. The drop in ALB FSR only partly explained the plasma ALB
concentrations which were more depressed in the DON-pre-exposed groups,
suggesting that ALB levels are influenced by further mechanisms. The abundances
of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, pig major acute-phase
protein, fibrinogen and LPS-binding protein mRNA were up-regulated upon LPS
stimulation but not accompanied by increases in the plasma concentrations of
these proteins, pointing at an imbalance between synthesis and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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The Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Intestinal Protective Effects of Baicalin-Copper in Deoxynivalenol-Challenged Piglets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5363546. [PMID: 32064026 PMCID: PMC6996692 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5363546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and intestinal protective effects of baicalin-copper on deoxynivalenol-challenged piglets. Forty weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups and assigned to different diets: (1) basal diet (Con), (2) 4 mg/kg deoxynivalenol of basal diet (DON), (3) 5 g/kg baicalin-copper of basal diet (BCU); and (4) 4 mg/kg deoxynivalenol + 5 g/kg baicalin‐copper of basal diet (DBCU). The results showed that the ADFI and ADG of piglets in the DON group were markedly lower than those in the Con group, but the ADFI and ADG of the DBCU group were not significantly different from those of the Con group. In piglets fed a DON-contaminated diet, dietary supplementation with BCU significantly decreased the mRNA levels of P70S6K, 4E-BP1, and HSP70 in the liver, the protein expression of HO-1 in the jejunum, and the expression of p-Nrf2 and p-NF-κB in the ileum but increased Mn-SOD activity in serum. Dietary supplementation with BCU increased jejunal maltase, ZIP4 and MT mRNA levels, and serum concentrations of Arg, Val, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Tyr in DON-contaminated piglets. In summary, BCU can alleviate the growth impairment induced by DON and enhance antioxidant capacity and nutrition absorption in piglets fed DON-contaminated diets.
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