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Lai YJ, Yeh YH, Huang YL, De Almeida C, Chang GJ, Chen WJ, Hsu HH. Empagliflozin Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling Through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Activation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2725-2738. [PMID: 39296270 PMCID: PMC11406702 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) exacerbates pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), while its upregulation reduces cell proliferation and vascular remodeling, thereby decreasing PAH severity. SGLT2 inhibitors, developed for type 2 diabetes, might also affect signal transduction in addition to modulating sodium-glucose cotransporters. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) were treated with three SGLT2 inhibitors, canagliflozin (Cana), dapagliflozin (Dapa), and empagliflozin (Empa), to investigate their antiproliferative effects. To assess the impact of Empa on PPARγ, luciferase reporter assays and siRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown were employed to examine regulation of the γ-secretase complex and its downstream target Notch3. Therapy involving daily administration of Empa was initiated 21 days after inducing hypoxia-induced PAH in mice. Empa exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on fast-growing IPAH PASMCs. Empa activated PPARγ to prevent formation of the γ-secretase complex, with specific impacts on presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2), which plays a crucial role in maintaining γ-secretase complex stability, thereby inhibiting Notch3. Similar results were obtained in lung tissue of chronically hypoxic mice. Empa attenuated pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricle hypertrophy in a hypoxic PAH mouse model. Moreover, PPARγ expression was significantly decreased and PEN2, and Notch3 levels were increased in lung tissue from PAH patients compared with non-PAH lung tissue. Empa reverses vascular remodeling by activating PPARγ to suppress the γ-secretase-Notch3 axis. We propose Empa as a PPARγ activator and potential therapeutic for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Lai
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 106328, Taiwan
| | - Celina De Almeida
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsao-Hsun Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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Yoshida S, Eichelberger O, Ulis M, Kreger AM, Gittes GK, Church JT. Intra-Amniotic Sildenafil and Rosiglitazone Late in Gestation Ameliorate the Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotype in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:1515-1525. [PMID: 38350773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension remains difficult to manage in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Prenatal therapy may ameliorate postnatal pulmonary hypertension. We hypothesized that intra-amniotic (IA) injection of either sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, or rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, or both late in gestation would decrease the detrimental pulmonary vascular remodeling seen in CDH and improve peripheral pulmonary blood flow. METHODS Pregnant rats were gavaged with nitrogen on embryonic day (E) 9.5 to induce fetal CDH. Sildenafil and/or rosiglitazone were administered to each fetus via an intra-amniotic injection after laparotomy on the pregnant dam at E19.5, and fetuses delivered at E21.5. Efficacy measures were gross necropsy, histology, peripheral blood flow assessment using intra-cardiac injection of a vascular tracer after delivery, and protein expression analysis. RESULTS Intra-amniotic injections did not affect fetal survival, the incidence of CDH, or lung weight-to-body weight ratio in CDH fetuses. IA sildenafil injection decreased pulmonary vascular muscularization, and rosiglitazone produced an increase in peripheral pulmonary blood flow distribution. The combination of sildenafil and rosiglitazone decreased pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. These intra-amniotic treatments did not show any negative effects in either CDH fetuses or control fetuses. CONCLUSION IA injection of sildenafil and rosiglitazone late in gestation ameliorates the pulmonary hypertensive phenotype of CDH and may have utility in clinical translation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Yoshida
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA; Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivia Eichelberger
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - Michael Ulis
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - Alexander M Kreger
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - Joseph T Church
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA; Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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New Drugs and Therapies in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065850. [PMID: 36982922 PMCID: PMC10058689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a chronic, progressive disorder of the pulmonary vasculature with associated pulmonary and cardiac remodeling. PAH was a uniformly fatal disease until the late 1970s, but with the advent of targeted therapies, the life expectancy of patients with PAH has now considerably improved. Despite these advances, PAH inevitably remains a progressive disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is still an unmet need for the development of new drugs and other interventional therapies for the treatment of PAH. One shortcoming of currently approved vasodilator therapies is that they do not target or reverse the underlying pathogenesis of the disease process itself. A large body of evidence has evolved in the past two decades clarifying the role of genetics, dysregulation of growth factors, inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, sex hormones, neurohormonal pathways, and iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of PAH. This review focuses on newer targets and drugs that modify these pathways as well as novel interventional therapies in PAH.
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Körbelin J, Klein J, Matuszcak C, Runge J, Harbaum L, Klose H, Hennigs JK. Transcription factors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension-Current knowledge and therapeutic potential. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1036096. [PMID: 36684555 PMCID: PMC9853303 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1036096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. Mortality remains high in severe cases despite significant advances in management and pharmacotherapy. Since currently approved PAH therapies are unable to significantly reverse pathological vessel remodeling, novel disease-modifying, targeted therapeutics are needed. Pathogenetically, PAH is characterized by vessel wall cell dysfunction with consecutive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and the right heart. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the process of transcribing DNA into RNA and, in the pulmonary circulation, control the response of pulmonary vascular cells to macro- and microenvironmental stimuli. Often, TFs form complex protein interaction networks with other TFs or co-factors to allow for fine-tuning of gene expression. Therefore, identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms of TF (dys-)function is essential to develop tailored modulation strategies in PAH. This current review provides a compendium-style overview of TFs and TF complexes associated with PAH pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for vasculoregenerative or reverse remodeling therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Medicine, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Jakob Körbelin,
| | - Julius Klein
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Medicine, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Matuszcak
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Medicine, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Runge
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Medicine, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Harbaum
- Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Klose
- Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan K. Hennigs
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Medicine, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Division of Pneumology and Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Jan K. Hennigs,
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5
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Baek EB, Kim YJ, Rho JH, Hong EJ, Lee MY, Kwun HJ. Anti-inflammatory effect of Gyeji-tang in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse model induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2040-2048. [PMID: 36267048 PMCID: PMC9590434 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2131841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease associated with respiratory symptoms and narrowing of airways. Gyeji-tang (GJT) is a traditional Asian medicine that has been used to relieve early-stage cold symptoms, headache, and chills. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect and potential molecular action mechanism of GJT in a mouse model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS COPD was induced in C57BL/6J mice via daily exposure to CS for 1 h for 8 weeks and intranasal administration of LPS on weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7. GJT (100 or 200 mg/kg) or roflumilast (5 mg/kg) was administrated daily for the final 4 weeks of COPD induction. RESULTS Administration of GJT significantly suppressed the CS/LPS-induced increases in: the numbers of total cells and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8; the activities (phosphorylation) of nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; and the expression levels of the structural remodelling markers, transforming growth factor beta, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-7, and MMP-9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that GJT prevents the lung inflammation and airway remodelling induced by CS plus LPS exposure in mice, suggesting that GJT may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bok Baek
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Rho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Hong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwun
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Molecular Pathways in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710001. [PMID: 36077398 PMCID: PMC9456336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a multifactorial, chronic disease process that leads to pulmonary arterial endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscular hypertrophy, resulting in impaired pliability and hemodynamics of the pulmonary vascular system, and consequent right ventricular dysfunction. Existing treatments target limited pathways with only modest improvement in disease morbidity, and little or no improvement in mortality. Ongoing research has focused on the molecular basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension and is going to be important in the discovery of new treatments and genetic pathways involved. This review focuses on the molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Morris NL, Michael DN, Crotty KM, Chang SS, Yeligar SM. Alcohol-Induced Glycolytic Shift in Alveolar Macrophages Is Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865492. [PMID: 35634337 PMCID: PMC9130492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use increases the risk of developing respiratory infections partially due to impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic capacity. Previously, we showed that chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure led to mitochondrial derangements and diminished oxidative phosphorylation in AM. Since oxidative phosphorylation is needed to meet the energy demands of phagocytosis, EtOH mediated decreases in oxidative phosphorylation likely contribute to impaired AM phagocytosis. Treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, pioglitazone (PIO), improved EtOH-mediated decreases in oxidative phosphorylation. In other models, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) has been shown to mediate the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis; however, the role of HIF-1α in chronic EtOH mediated derangements in AM has not been explored. We hypothesize that AM undergo a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to a glycolytic phenotype in response to chronic EtOH exposure. Further, we speculate that HIF-1α is a critical mediator of this metabolic switch. To test these hypotheses, primary mouse AM (mAM) were isolated from a mouse model of chronic EtOH consumption and a mouse AM cell line (MH-S) were exposed to EtOH in vitro. Expression of HIF-1α, glucose transporters (Glut1 and 4), and components of the glycolytic pathway (Pfkfb3 and PKM2), were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. Lactate levels (lactate assay), cell energy phenotype (extracellular flux analyzer), glycolysis stress tests (extracellular flux analyzer), and phagocytic function (fluorescent microscopy) were conducted. EtOH exposure increased expression of HIF-1α, Glut1, Glut4, Pfkfb3, and PKM2 and shifted AM to a glycolytic phenotype. Pharmacological stabilization of HIF-1α via cobalt chloride treatment in vitro mimicked EtOH-induced AM derangements (increased glycolysis and diminished phagocytic capacity). Further, PIO treatment diminished HIF-1α levels and reversed glycolytic shift following EtOH exposure. These studies support a critical role for HIF-1α in mediating the glycolytic shift in energy metabolism of AM during excessive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niya L Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - David N Michael
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Kathryn M Crotty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Sarah S Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
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8
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The role of immune cells in pulmonary hypertension: Focusing on macrophages. Hum Immunol 2021; 83:153-163. [PMID: 34844784 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening pathological state with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right ventricular failure and heart functional failure. Analyses of human samples and rodent models of pH support the infiltration of various immune cells, including neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells, to the lungs and pulmonary perivascular regions and their involvement in the PH development. There is evidence that macrophages are presented in the pulmonary lesions of pH patients as first-line myeloid leucocytes. Macrophage accumulation and presence, both M1 and M2 phenotypes, is a distinctive hallmark of pH which plays a pivotal role in pulmonary artery remodeling through various cellular and molecular interactions and mechanisms, including CCL2 and CX3CL1 chemokines, adventitial fibroblasts, glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), crosstalk with other immune cells, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and the role of immune cells and responses are involved in PH development. We also summarized the polarization of macrophages in response to different stimuli and their pathological role and their infiltration in the lung of pH patients and animal models.
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9
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Baek EB, Rho JH, Jung E, Seo CS, Kim JH, Kwun HJ. Protective effect of Palmijihwanghwan in a mouse model of cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:281. [PMID: 34784929 PMCID: PMC8594196 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Palmijihwanghwan (PJH) is a traditional medicine and eight constituents derived from PJH possess anti-inflammatory activities. However, the scientific evidence for its potential as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory lung disease has not yet been studied. In this study, we examined the protective effect of PJH in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke (CS) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods Mice received CS exposure for 8 weeks and intranasal instillation of LPS on weeks 1, 3, 5 and 7. PJH (100 and 200 mg/kg) was administrated daily 1 h before CS treatment for the last 4 weeks. Results Compared with CS plus LPS-exposed mice, mice in the PJH-treated group showed significantly decreased inflammatory cells count and reduced inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. PJH also suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) caused by CS plus LPS exposure. Furthermore, CS plus LPS induced increases in matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-7, MMP-9, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression and collagen deposition that were inhibited in PJH-treated mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that PJH prevents respiratory inflammation and airway remodeling caused by CS with LPS exposure suggesting potential therapy for the treatment of COPD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03453-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bok Baek
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Rho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwun
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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Zolty R. Novel Experimental Therapies for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:817-857. [PMID: 34429666 PMCID: PMC8380049 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s236743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and devastating disease characterized by pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling leading to vascular rarefaction with elevation of pulmonary arterial pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance. Often PAH will cause death from right heart failure. Current PAH-targeted therapies improve functional capacity, pulmonary hemodynamics and reduce hospitalization. Nevertheless, today PAH still remains incurable and is often refractory to medical therapy, underscoring the need for further research. Over the last three decades, PAH has evolved from a disease of unknown pathogenesis devoid of effective therapy to a condition whose cellular, genetic and molecular underpinnings are unfolding. This article provides an update on current knowledge and summarizes the progression in recent advances in pharmacological therapy in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Zolty
- Pulmonary Hypertension Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lied Transplant Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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11
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Swietlik EM, Prapa M, Martin JM, Pandya D, Auckland K, Morrell NW, Gräf S. 'There and Back Again'-Forward Genetics and Reverse Phenotyping in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1408. [PMID: 33256119 PMCID: PMC7760524 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the invention of right heart catheterisation in the 1950s enabled accurate clinical diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it was not until 2000 when the landmark discovery of the causative role of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) mutations shed new light on the pathogenesis of PAH. Since then several genes have been discovered, which now account for around 25% of cases with the clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PAH. Despite the ongoing efforts, in the majority of patients the cause of the disease remains elusive, a phenomenon often referred to as "missing heritability". In this review, we discuss research approaches to uncover the genetic architecture of PAH starting with forward phenotyping, which in a research setting should focus on stable intermediate phenotypes, forward and reverse genetics, and finally reverse phenotyping. We then discuss potential sources of "missing heritability" and how functional genomics and multi-omics methods are employed to tackle this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M. Swietlik
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matina Prapa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Divya Pandya
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (E.M.S.); (M.P.); (J.M.M.); (D.P.); (K.A.); (N.W.M.)
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
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Mair KM, Gaw R, MacLean MR. Obesity, estrogens and adipose tissue dysfunction - implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020952019. [PMID: 32999709 PMCID: PMC7506791 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020952023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent global public health issue characterized by excess body fat. Adipose tissue is now recognized as an important endocrine organ releasing an abundance of bioactive adipokines including, but not limited to, leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Obesity is a common comorbidity amongst pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, with 30% to 40% reported as obese, independent of other comorbidities associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea). An 'obesity paradox' has been observed, where obesity has been associated with subclinical right ventricular dysfunction but paradoxically may confer a protective effect on right ventricular function once pulmonary hypertension develops. Obesity and pulmonary arterial hypertension share multiple pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, elevated leptin (proinflammatory) and reduced adiponectin (anti-inflammatory). The female prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension has instigated the hypothesis that estrogens may play a causative role in its development. Adipose tissue, a major site for storage and metabolism of sex steroids, is the primary source of estrogens and circulating estrogens levels which are elevated in postmenopausal women and men with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review discusses the functions of adipose tissue in both health and obesity and the links between obesity and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Shared pathophysiological mechanisms and the contribution of specific fat depots, metabolic and sex-dependent differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M. Mair
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosemary Gaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret R. MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Sun X, Lu Q, Yegambaram M, Kumar S, Qu N, Srivastava A, Wang T, Fineman JR, Black SM. TGF-β1 attenuates mitochondrial bioenergetics in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells via the disruption of carnitine homeostasis. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101593. [PMID: 32554303 PMCID: PMC7303661 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) signaling is increased and mitochondrial function is decreased in multiple models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) including lambs with increased pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and pressure (Shunt). However, the potential link between TGF-β1 and the loss of mitochondrial function has not been investigated and was the focus of our investigations. Our data indicate that exposure of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC) to TGF-β1 disrupted mitochondrial function as determined by enhanced mitochondrial ROS generation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and disrupted mitochondrial bioenergetics. These events resulted in a decrease in cellular ATP levels, decreased hsp90/eNOS interactions and attenuated shear-mediated NO release. TGF-β1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction was linked to a nitration-mediated activation of Akt1 and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) resulting in the nitration of carnitine acetyl transferase (CrAT) and the disruption of carnitine homeostasis. The increase in Akt1 nitration correlated with increased NADPH oxidase activity associated with increased levels of p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1. The increase in NADPH oxidase was associated with a decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma (PPARγ) and the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, was able to mimic the disruptive effect of TGF-β1 on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Together, our studies reveal for the first time, that TGF-β1 can disrupt mitochondrial function through the disruption of cellular carnitine homeostasis and suggest that stimulating carinitine homeostasis may be an avenue to treat pulmonary vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Manivannan Yegambaram
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Center for Blood Disorders, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Anup Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, The Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, The Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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14
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Keshavarz A, Kadry H, Alobaida A, Ahsan F. Newer approaches and novel drugs for inhalational therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:439-461. [PMID: 32070157 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1729119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by remodeling of small pulmonary arteries leading to increased pulmonary arterial pressure. Existing treatments acts to normalize vascular tone via three signaling pathways: the prostacyclin, the endothelin-1, and the nitric oxide. Although over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in terms of treatments for PAH, the disease still remains incurable with a disappointing prognosis.Areas covered: This review summarizes the pathophysiology of PAH, the advantages and disadvantages of the inhalation route, and assess the relative advantages various inhaled therapies for PAH. The recent studies concerning the development of controlled-release drug delivery systems loaded with available anti-PAH drugs have also been summarized.Expert opinion: The main obstacles of current pharmacotherapies of PAH are their short half-life, stability, and formulations, resulting in reducing the efficacy and increasing systemic side effects and unknown pathogenesis of PAH. The pulmonary route has been proposed for delivering anti-PAH drugs to overcome the shortcomings. However, the application of approved inhaled anti-PAH drugs is limited. Inhalational delivery of controlled-release nanoformulations can overcome these restrictions. Extensive studies are required to develop safe and effective drug delivery systems for PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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15
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Fernández AI, Yotti R, González-Mansilla A, Mombiela T, Gutiérrez-Ibanes E, Pérez del Villar C, Navas-Tejedor P, Chazo C, Martínez-Legazpi P, Fernández-Avilés F, Bermejo J. The Biological Bases of Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235884. [PMID: 31771195 PMCID: PMC6928720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially fatal condition with a prevalence of around 1% in the world population and most commonly caused by left heart disease (PH-LHD). Usually, in PH-LHD, the increase of pulmonary pressure is only conditioned by the retrograde transmission of the left atrial pressure. However, in some cases, the long-term retrograde pressure overload may trigger complex and irreversible biomechanical and biological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. This latter clinical entity, designated as combined pre- and post-capillary PH, is associated with very poor outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of this progression are poorly understood, and most of the current knowledge comes from the field of Group 1-PAH. Treatment is also an unsolved issue in patients with PH-LHD. Targeting the molecular pathways that regulate pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular remodeling has provided excellent results in other forms of PH but has a neutral or detrimental result in patients with PH-LHD. Therefore, a deep and comprehensive biological characterization of PH-LHD is essential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients and, eventually, identify new therapeutic targets. Ongoing research is aimed at identify candidate genes, variants, non-coding RNAs, and other biomarkers with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms potentially involved in PH-LHD. Signaling and effective pathways are particularly emphasized, as well as the current knowledge on -omic biomarkers. Our final aim is to provide readers with the biological foundations on which to ground both clinical and pre-clinical research in the field of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Fernández
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yotti
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Mansilla
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Mombiela
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutiérrez-Ibanes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Candelas Pérez del Villar
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Navas-Tejedor
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Chazo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Legazpi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-586-8279
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16
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Yuan T, Zhang H, Chen D, Chen Y, Lyu Y, Fang L, Du G. Puerarin protects pulmonary arteries from hypoxic injury through the BMPRII and PPARγ signaling pathways in endothelial cells. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:855-861. [PMID: 31408784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that Puerarin has a protective effect on pulmonary arteries. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether Puerarin could protect pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from hypoxic injury and determine its potential targets. METHODS In our study, human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) were injured by hypoxic (1% O2) incubation. Cell viability was detected by a cell counting kit (CCK8). The production of nitric oxide (NO) was detected by Griess reagent and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was detected by the ELISA method. Oxidative stress was measured by a fluorescence microscope via the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Western blotting was employed for studying the mechanism. RESULTS The results show that Puerarin protects HPAECs from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and slightly improves cell viability. Puerarin increases NO and decreases ET-1 to prevent the imbalance between vasoactive substances induced by hypoxia in HPAECs. Puerarin also inhibits the oxidative stress induced by hypoxia. The results from the Western blot show that Puerarin activates the BMPRII/Smad and PPARγ/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Puerarin protects HPAECs from hypoxic injury through the inhibition of oxidative stress and the activation of the BMPRII and PPARγ signaling pathways. This work provides insight into the development of Puerarin as a treatment for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yuan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China
| | - Yucai Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Beijing, China.
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17
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Rashid J, Nozik-Grayck E, McMurtry IF, Stenmark KR, Ahsan F. Inhaled combination of sildenafil and rosiglitazone improves pulmonary hemodynamics, cardiac function, and arterial remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L119-L130. [PMID: 30307312 PMCID: PMC6383494 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00381.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, dual- or triple-drug combinations comprising different vasodilators are the mainstay for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the patient outcome continues to be disappointing because the existing combination therapy cannot restrain progression of the disease. Previously, we have shown that when given as a monotherapy, long-acting inhaled formulations of sildenafil (a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor) and rosiglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator receptor-γ agonist) ameliorate PAH in rats. Thus, with a goal to develop a new combination therapy, we prepared and characterized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based long-acting inhalable particles of sildenafil and rosiglitazone. We then assessed the efficacy of the combinations of sildenafil and rosiglitazone, given in plain forms or as PLGA particles, in reducing mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and improving pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in Sugen 5416 plus hypoxia-induced PAH rats. After intratracheal administration of the formulations, we catheterized the rats and measured mPAP, cardiac output, total pulmonary resistance, and RVH. We also conducted morphometric studies using lung tissue samples and assessed the degree of muscularization, the arterial medial wall thickening, and the extent of collagen deposition. Compared with the plain drugs, given via the pulmonary or oral route as a single or dual combination, PLGA particles of the drugs, although given at a longer dosing interval compared with the plain drugs, caused more pronounced reduction in mPAP without affecting mean systemic pressure, improved cardiac function, slowed down right heart remodeling, and reduced arterial muscularization. Overall, PLGA particles of sildenafil and rosiglitazone, given as an inhaled combination, could be a viable alternative to currently available vasodilator-based combination therapy for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahidur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas
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18
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La Frano MR, Fahrmann JF, Grapov D, Pedersen TL, Newman JW, Fiehn O, Underwood MA, Mestan K, Steinhorn RH, Wedgwood S. Umbilical cord blood metabolomics reveal distinct signatures of dyslipidemia prior to bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L870-L881. [PMID: 30113229 PMCID: PMC6295510 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common consequence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and remains a primary contributor to increased morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. Unfortunately, at the present time, there are no reliable early predictive markers for BPD-associated PH. Considering its health consequences, understanding in utero perturbations that lead to the development of BPD and BPD-associated PH and identifying early predictive markers is of utmost importance. As part of the discovery phase, we applied a multiplatform metabolomics approach consisting of untargeted and targeted methodologies to screen for metabolic perturbations in umbilical cord blood (UCB) plasma from preterm infants that did ( n = 21; cases) or did not ( n = 21; controls) develop subsequent PH. A total of 1,656 features were detected, of which 407 were annotated by metabolite structures. PH-associated metabolic perturbations were characterized by reductions in major choline-containing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, indicating altered lipid metabolism. The reduction in UCB abundances of major choline-containing phospholipids was confirmed in an independent validation cohort consisting of UCB plasmas from 10 cases and 10 controls matched for gestational age and BPD status. Subanalyses in the discovery cohort indicated that elevations in the oxylipins PGE1, PGE2, PGF2a, 9- and 13-HOTE, 9- and 13-HODE, and 9- and 13-KODE were positively associated with BPD presence and severity. This expansive evaluation of cord blood plasma identifies compounds reflecting dyslipidemia and suggests altered metabolite provision associated with metabolic immaturity that differentiate subjects, both by BPD severity and PH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R La Frano
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | | | - Theresa L Pedersen
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center , Davis, California
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center , Davis, California
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California
| | - Karen Mestan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robin H Steinhorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Stephen Wedgwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California
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19
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Rashid J, Alobaida A, Al-Hilal TA, Hammouda S, McMurtry IF, Nozik-Grayck E, Stenmark KR, Ahsan F. Repurposing rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist and oral antidiabetic, as an inhaled formulation, for the treatment of PAH. J Control Release 2018; 280:113-123. [PMID: 29723610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) is implicated, in some capacity, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Rosiglitazone, an oral antidiabetic and PPAR-γ agonist, has the potential to dilate pulmonary arteries and to attenuate arterial remodeling in PAH. Here, we sought to test the hypothesis that rosiglitazone can be repurposed as inhaled formulation for the treatment of PAH. We have tested this conjecture by preparing and optimizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) based particles of rosiglitazone, assessing the drug particles for pulmonary absorption, investigating the efficacy of the plain versus particulate drug formulation in improving the respiratory hemodynamics in PAH animals, and finally studying the effect of the drug in regulating the molecular markers associated with PAH pathogenesis. The optimized particles were slightly porous and spherical, and released 87.9% ± 6.7% of the drug in 24 h. The elimination half-life of the drug formulated in PLGA particles was 2.5-fold greater than that of the plain drug administered via the same route at the same dose. The optimized formulation, given via the pulmonary route, produced pulmonary selective vasodilation in PAH animals, but oral rosiglitazone had no effect in pulmonary hemodynamics. Rosiglitazone ameliorates the pathogenesis of PAH by balancing the molecular regulators involved in the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. All in all, data generated using intact animal and cellular models point to the conclusion that PLGA particles of an antidiabetic drug can be used for the treatment of a different disease, PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahidur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ahmad Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Taslim A Al-Hilal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Samia Hammouda
- The School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, The Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Xia J, Yang L, Dong L, Niu M, Zhang S, Yang Z, Wumaier G, Li Y, Wei X, Gong Y, Zhu N, Li S. Cefminox, a Dual Agonist of Prostacyclin Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Identified by Virtual Screening, Has Therapeutic Efficacy against Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527168 PMCID: PMC5829529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin receptor (IP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) are both potential targets for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Expression of IP and PPARγ decreases in PAH, suggesting that screening of dual agonists of IP and PPARγ might be an efficient method for drug discovery. Virtual screening (VS) of potential IP-PPARγ dual-targeting agonists was performed in the ZINC database. Ten of the identified compounds were further screened, and cefminox was found to dramatically inhibit growth of PASMCs with no obvious cytotoxicity. Growth inhibition by cefminox was partially reversed by both the IP antagonist RO113842 and the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of action demonstrated that cefminox inhibits the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway through up-regulation of the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN, which is inhibited by GW9662), and enhances cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in PASMCs (which is inhibited by RO113842). In a rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, cefminox displayed therapeutic efficacy not inferior to that of the prostacyclin analog iloprost or the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Our results identified cefminox as a dual agonist of IP and PPARγ that significantly inhibits PASMC proliferation by up-regulation of PTEN and cAMP, suggesting that it has potential for treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xia
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Xi'an Third Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gulinuer Wumaier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Second People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu R, Wang P, Wu C, Chen J, Li C, Xie Y, Wang Q, Liu J, He H, Zhu J. Therapeutic effects of Hedyotis diffusa Willd in a COPD mouse model challenged with LPS and smoke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3385-3391. [PMID: 29545859 PMCID: PMC5840915 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) is a constituent of several Chinese medicines used clinically to treat inflammatory diseases, including airway inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether HDW serves a protective role in suppressing chronic airway inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. A mouse model of chronic smoking was induced via exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) for 30 days, increasing the exposure time for up to 5 min per day and the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice were gavaged with HDW (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg body weight) or normal saline (NS, 0.9%) 1 h prior to CS challenge. Compared with CS and LPS (SL)-induced mice, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from HDW+SL mice were significantly decreased and IL-10 was markedly reduced. Histological examination of the lung tissues revealed that HDW treatment alleviates airway inflammation. In addition, the administration of HDW to human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells suppressed the activity of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. The results of the present study demonstrate that HDW has a therapeutic effect in COPD and the underlying mechanism may be attributed to inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renping Liu
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Peihong Wang
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Caiqing Wu
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Chengxin Li
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Xie
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, P.R. China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Pharmacology, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 344000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Medical Experiment Education Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
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Avouac J, Konstantinova I, Guignabert C, Pezet S, Sadoine J, Guilbert T, Cauvet A, Tu L, Luccarini JM, Junien JL, Broqua P, Allanore Y. Pan-PPAR agonist IVA337 is effective in experimental lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1931-1940. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the antifibrotic effects of the pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist IVA337 in preclinical mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis and related pulmonary hypertension (PH).MethodsIVA337 has been evaluated in the mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in Fra-2 transgenic mice, this latter being characterised by non-specific interstitial pneumonia and severe vascular remodelling of pulmonary arteries leading to PH. Mice received two doses of IVA337 (30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle administered by daily oral gavage up to 4 weeks.ResultsIVA337 demonstrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg a marked protection from the development of lung fibrosis in both mouse models compared with mice receiving 30 mg/kg of IVA337 or vehicle. Histological score was markedly reduced by 61% in the bleomycin model and by 50% in Fra-2 transgenic mice, and total lung hydroxyproline concentrations decreased by 28% and 48%, respectively, as compared with vehicle-treated mice. IVA337 at 100 mg/kg also significantly decreased levels of fibrogenic markers in lesional lungs of both mouse models. In addition, IVA337 substantially alleviated PH in Fra-2 transgenic mice by improving haemodynamic measurements and vascular remodelling. In primary human lung fibroblasts, IVA337 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner fibroblast to myofibroblasts transition induced by TGF-β and fibroblast proliferation mediated by PDGF.ConclusionWe demonstrate that treatment with 100 mg/kg IVA337 prevents lung fibrosis in two complementary animal models and substantially attenuates PH in the Fra-2 mouse model. These findings confirm that the pan-PPAR agonist IVA337 is an appealing therapeutic candidate for these cardiopulmonary involvements.
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Puerarin Protects against Cardiac Fibrosis Associated with the Inhibition of TGF- β1/Smad2-Mediated Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. PPAR Res 2017. [PMID: 28638404 PMCID: PMC5468594 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2647129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Puerarin is a kind of flavonoids and is extracted from Chinese herb Kudzu root. Puerarin is widely used as an adjuvant therapy in Chinese clinics. But little is known about its effects on regulating cardiac fibrosis. Methods Mice were subjected to transverse aorta constriction (TAC) for 8 weeks; meanwhile puerarin was given 1 week after TAC. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed by pathological staining. The mRNA and protein changes of CD31 and vimentin in both animal and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) models were detected. Immunofluorescence colocalization of CD31 and vimentin and scratch test were carried out to examine TGF-β1-induced changes in HUVECs. The agonist and antagonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were used to explore the underlying mechanism. Results Puerarin mitigated TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis, accompanied with suppressed endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). The consistent results were achieved in HUVECs model. TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway was blunted and PPAR-γ expression was upregulated in puerarin-treated mice and HUVECs. Pioglitazone could reproduce the protective effect in HUVECs, while GW9662 reversed this effect imposed by puerarin. Conclusion Puerarin protected against TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis, and this protective effect may be attributed to the upregulation of PPAR-γ and the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad2-mediated EndMT.
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Green DE, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Bedi B, Yuan Z, Sadikot RT, Hart CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ enhances human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis through microRNA-21 and programmed cell death 4. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L371-L383. [PMID: 28522568 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00532.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder whose cellular pathogenesis involves enhanced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and resistance to apoptosis signals. Existing evidence demonstrates that the tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) affects patterns of cell growth and repair responses in the systemic vasculature following experimental injury. In the current study, the regulation PDCD4 and its functional effects on growth and apoptosis susceptibility in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were explored. We previously demonstrated that pharmacological activation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) attenuated hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) by inhibiting the expression and mitogenic functions of microRNA-21 (miR-21). In the current study, we hypothesize that PPARγ stimulates PDCD4 expression and HPASMC apoptosis by inhibiting miR-21. Our findings demonstrate that PDCD4 is reduced in the mouse lung upon exposure to chronic hypoxia (10% O2 for 3 wk) and in hypoxia-exposed HPASMCs (1% O2). HPASMC apoptosis was reduced by hypoxia, by miR-21 overexpression, or by siRNA-mediated PPARγ and PDCD4 depletion. Activation of PPARγ inhibited miR-21 expression and resultant proliferation, while restoring PDCD4 levels and apoptosis to baseline. Additionally, pharmacological activation of PPARγ with rosiglitazone enhanced PDCD4 protein expression and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by increased annexin V detection by flow cytometry. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PPARγ confers growth-inhibitory signals in hypoxia-exposed HPASMCs through suppression of miR-21 and the accompanying derepression of PDCD4 that augments HPASMC susceptibility to undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brahmchetna Bedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhihong Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Adesina SE, Wade BE, Bijli KM, Kang BY, Williams CR, Ma J, Go YM, Hart CM, Sutliff RL. Hypoxia inhibits expression and function of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 to promote pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L599-L608. [PMID: 28130258 PMCID: PMC5451594 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00258.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and increased pulmonary vascular pressures that often result in right ventricular dysfunction, leading to right heart failure. Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to PH pathogenesis by altering pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and intracellular signaling pathways. However, the role of mitochondrial antioxidants and oxidant-derived stress signaling in the development of hypoxia-induced PH is largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the role of the major mitochondrial redox regulator thioredoxin 2 (Trx2). Levels of Trx2 mRNA and protein were examined in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) and smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) exposed to hypoxia, a common stimulus for PH, for 72 h. Hypoxia decreased Trx2 mRNA and protein levels. In vitro overexpression of Trx2 reduced hypoxia-induced H2O2 production. The effects of increased Trx2 protein level were examined in transgenic mice expressing human Trx2 (TghTrx2) that were exposed to hypoxia (10% O2) for 3 wk. TghTrx2 mice exposed to hypoxia had exacerbated increases in right ventricular systolic pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy, and increased ROS in the lung tissue. Trx2 overexpression did not attenuate hypoxia-induced increases in Trx2 oxidation or Nox4 expression. Expression of a dominant negative C93S Trx2 mutant that mimics Trx2 oxidation exacerbated hypoxia-induced increases in HPASMC H2O2 levels and cell proliferation. In conclusion, Trx2 overexpression failed to attenuate hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation in vitro or hypoxia-induced PH in vivo. These findings indicate that strategies to enhance Trx2 expression are unlikely to exert therapeutic effects in PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry E Adesina
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Brandy E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | | | - Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and .,Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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26
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Enhanced Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1975-1985. [PMID: 27091928 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00164-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is related to its ability to secrete a variety of virulence factors. Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism wherein small diffusible molecules, specifically acyl-homoserine lactones, are produced by P. aeruginosa to promote virulence. We show here that macrophage clearance of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) is enhanced by activation of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Macrophages treated with a PPARγ agonist (pioglitazone) showed enhanced phagocytosis and bacterial killing of PAO1. It is known that PAO1 QS molecules are inactivated by PON-2. QS molecules are also known to inhibit activation of PPARγ by competitively binding PPARγ receptors. In accord with this observation, we found that infection of macrophages with PAO1 inhibited expression of PPARγ and PON-2. Mechanistically, we show that PPARγ induces macrophage paraoxonase 2 (PON-2), an enzyme that degrades QS molecules produced by P. aeruginosa Gene silencing studies confirmed that enhanced clearance of PAO1 in macrophages by PPARγ is PON-2 dependent. Further, we show that PPARγ agonists also enhance clearance of P. aeruginosa from lungs of mice infected with PAO1. Together, these data demonstrate that P. aeruginosa impairs the ability of host cells to mount an immune response by inhibiting PPARγ through secretion of QS molecules. These studies define a novel mechanism by which PPARγ contributes to the host immunoprotective effects during bacterial infection and suggest a role for PPARγ immunotherapy for P. aeruginosa infections.
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27
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Rashid J, Ahsan F. A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for concurrent determination of sildenafil and rosiglitazone in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:21-27. [PMID: 27392173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are currently treated with more than one drug. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, and rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) activator, is one of those combinations that could be used in PAH. To monitor the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in the presence of rosiglitazone, we have developed and validated a sensitive, specific and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method. We have used this validated method to study the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and rosiglitazone after intravenous administration of sildenafil alone or a combination of sildenafil plus rosiglitazone to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sildenafil and rosiglitazone were extracted from plasma by protein precipitation with methanol. With an octadeuterated sildenafil as the internal standard, the drugs were separated via gradient elution using a C18 column and formic acid in methanol or in water as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.25mL/min. Both sildenafil and rosiglitazone samples in rat plasma produced linear response, when the concentration ranged between 5 and 1000ng/mL (r(2)>0.99). The pharmacokinetics study suggests that intravenous co-administration rosiglitazone plus sildenafil increases the plasma concentration of sildenafil and extends the drug's elimination half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahidur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, United States.
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Kang BY, Park KK, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Green DE, Bijli KM, Yeligar SM, Carthan KA, Searles CD, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and microRNA 98 in Hypoxia-Induced Endothelin-1 Signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:136-46. [PMID: 26098770 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0337oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a critical role in endothelial dysfunction and contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) stimulates microRNAs that inhibit ET-1 and pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) proliferation. The objective of this study was to clarify molecular mechanisms by which PPARγ regulates ET-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In PAECs isolated from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, microRNA (miR)-98 expression was reduced, and ET-1 protein levels and proliferation were increased. Similarly, hypoxia reduced miR-98 and increased ET-1 levels and PAEC proliferation in vitro. In vivo, hypoxia reduced miR-98 expression and increased ET-1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels in mouse lung, derangements that were aggravated by treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist Sugen5416. Reporter assays confirmed that miR-98 binds directly to the ET-1 3'-untranslated region. Compared with littermate control mice, miR-98 levels were reduced and ET-1 and PCNA expression were increased in lungs from endothelial-targeted PPARγ knockout mice, whereas miR-98 levels were increased and ET-1 and PCNA expression was reduced in lungs from endothelial-targeted PPARγ-overexpression mice. Gain or loss of PPARγ function in PAECs in vitro confirmed that alterations in PPARγ were sufficient to regulate miR-98, ET-1, and PCNA expression. Finally, PPARγ activation with rosiglitazone regimens that attenuated hypoxia-induced PH in vivo and human PAEC proliferation in vitro restored miR-98 levels. The results of this study show that PPARγ regulates miR-98 to modulate ET-1 expression and PAEC proliferation. These results further clarify molecular mechanisms by which PPARγ participates in PH pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathy K Park
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer M Kleinhenz
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristal A Carthan
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Adesina SE, Kang BY, Bijli KM, Ma J, Cheng J, Murphy TC, Michael Hart C, Sutliff RL. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:36-47. [PMID: 26073127 PMCID: PMC4615392 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular remodeling, resistance, and pressures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to PH-associated vascular dysfunction. NADPH oxidases (Nox) and mitochondria are major sources of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pulmonary vascular cells. Hypoxia, a common stimulus of PH, increases Nox expression and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. The interactions between these two sources of ROS generation continue to be defined. We hypothesized that mitochondria-derived O(2)(•-) (mtO(2)(•-)) and H(2)O(2) (mtH(2)O(2)) increase Nox expression to promote PH pathogenesis and that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can reduce mtROS, Nox expression, and hypoxia-induced PH. Exposure of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia for 72 h increased mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). To assess the contribution of mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2) to hypoxia-induced PH, mice that overexpress superoxide dismutase 2 (Tg(hSOD2)) or mitochondria-targeted catalase (MCAT) were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (10% O(2)) for three weeks. Compared with hypoxic control mice, MCAT mice developed smaller hypoxia-induced increases in RVSP, α-SMA staining, extracellular H(2)O(2) (Amplex Red), Nox2 and Nox4 (qRT-PCR and Western blot), or cyclinD1 and PCNA (Western blot). In contrast, Tg(hSOD2) mice experienced exacerbated responses to hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia increases mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). Targeting mtH(2)O(2) attenuates PH pathogenesis, whereas targeting mtO(2)(•-) exacerbates PH. These differences in PH pathogenesis were mirrored by RVSP, vessel muscularization, levels of Nox2 and Nox4, proliferation, and H(2)O(2) release. These studies suggest that targeted reductions in mtH(2)O(2) generation may be particularly effective in preventing hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry E Adesina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Juan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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30
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Green DE, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Searles CD, Hart CM. PPARγ Ligands Attenuate Hypoxia-Induced Proliferation in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells through Modulation of MicroRNA-21. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208095 PMCID: PMC4514882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and often fatal disorder whose pathogenesis involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Although modern PH therapies have significantly improved survival, continued progress rests on the discovery of novel therapies and molecular targets. MicroRNA (miR)-21 has emerged as an important non-coding RNA that contributes to PH pathogenesis by enhancing vascular cell proliferation, however little is known about available therapies that modulate its expression. We previously demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation, vascular remodeling and PH through pleiotropic actions on multiple targets, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). PTEN is a validated target of miR-21. We therefore hypothesized that antiproliferative effects conferred by PPARγ activation are mediated through inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-21 expression. Human PASMC monolayers were exposed to hypoxia then treated with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG,10 μM), or in parallel, C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to hypoxia then treated with RSG. RSG attenuated hypoxic increases in miR-21 expression in vitro and in vivo and abrogated reductions in PTEN and PASMC proliferation. Antiproliferative effects of RSG were lost following siRNA-mediated PTEN depletion. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic decreased PTEN and stimulated PASMC proliferation, whereas miR-21 inhibition increased PTEN and attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PPARγ ligands regulate proliferative responses to hypoxia by preventing hypoxic increases in miR-21 and reductions in PTEN. These findings further clarify molecular mechanisms that support targeting PPARγ to attenuate pathogenic derangements in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Li H, Lu W, Cai WW, Wang PJ, Zhang N, Yu CP, Wang DL, Liu BC, Sun W. Telmisartan attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction through a PPAR gamma-dependent PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 28:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Relaxation of human pulmonary arteries by PPARγ agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:445-53. [PMID: 23483194 PMCID: PMC3622741 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that activation of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) may represent a new strategy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It has been demonstrated that PPARγ activation relaxed the isolated mouse pulmonary artery. The aims of the present study were to examine whether and to which extent the two PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone and pioglitazone relax the isolated human pulmonary artery and to investigate the underlying mechanism(s). Isolated human pulmonary arteries were obtained from patients without clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension during resection of lung carcinoma. Vasodilatory effects of PPARγ agonists were examined on endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded vessels preconstricted with the thromboxane prostanoid receptor agonist U-46619. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone (0.01–100 μM) caused a concentration- and/or time-dependent full relaxation of U-46619-preconstricted vessels. The rosiglitazone-induced relaxation was attenuated by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 1 μM, endothelium denudation, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME 300 μM, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin 10 μM, and the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide 10 μM. The prostacyclin IP receptor antagonist RO1138452 1 μM shifted the concentration–response curve for rosiglitazone to the right. The PPARγ agonists pioglitazone and rosiglitazone relax human pulmonary arteries. The rosiglitazone-induced vasorelaxation is partially endothelium-dependent and involves PPARγ receptors, arachidonic acid degradation products, nitric oxide, and KATP channels. Thus, the relaxant effect of PPARγ agonists in human pulmonary arteries may represent a new therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Sharma S, Barton J, Rafikov R, Aggarwal S, Kuo HC, Oishi PE, Datar SA, Fineman JR, Black SM. Chronic inhibition of PPAR-γ signaling induces endothelial dysfunction in the juvenile lamb. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:271-80. [PMID: 23257346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the development of endothelial dysfunction in lambs with increased pulmonary blood flow (PBF) correlates with a decrease in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) signaling. Thus, in this study we determined if the loss of PPAR-γ signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce endothelial dysfunction by exposing lambs with normal PBF to the PPAR-γ antagonist, GW9662. Two-weeks of exposure to GW9662 significantly decreased both PPAR-γ protein and activity. In addition, although eNOS protein and nitric oxide metabolites (NO(x)) were significantly increased, endothelial dependent pulmonary vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was attenuated, indicative of endothelial dysfunction. To elucidate whether downstream mediators of vasodilation were impaired we examined soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-α and β subunit protein, cGMP levels, and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) protein and activity, but we found no significant changes. However, we found that peroxynitrite levels were significantly increased in GW9662-treated lambs and this correlated with a significant increase in protein kinase G-1α (PKG-1α) nitration and a reduction in PKG activity. Peroxynitrite is formed by the interaction of NO with superoxide and we found that there was a significant increase in superoxide generation in GW9662-treated lambs. Further, we identified dysfunctional mitochondria as the primary source of the increased superoxide. Finally, we found that the mitochondrial dysfunction was due to a disruption in carnitine metabolism. We conclude that loss of PPAR-γ signaling is sufficient to induce endothelial dysfunction confirming its important role in maintaining a healthy vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, CB3210B, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Liu Y, Tian XY, Mao G, Fang X, Fung ML, Shyy JYJ, Huang Y, Wang N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor. Hypertension 2012; 60:1471-8. [PMID: 23108648 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An elevated plasma level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or upregulation of 5-HT receptor signaling or both is implicated in vascular contraction and remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists have been shown to ameliorate PAH. However, their effects on the 5-HT-induced contraction of pulmonary arteries remain unknown. Here, we examined the role of PPARγ in inhibiting 5-HT2B receptor (5-HT2BR) to ameliorate PAH. Pulmonary arteries from PAH rats induced by monocrotaline or chronic hypoxia showed an enhanced vasoconstriction in response to BW723C86, a specific agonist for 5-HT2BR. Expression of 5-HT2BR was also increased in pulmonary arteries from the PAH rats, accompanied by vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone in vivo reversed the expression and the vasocontractive effect of 5-HT2BR as well as the thickening of pulmonary arteries. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, 5-HT induced the gene expression of 5-HT2BR, which was inhibited by rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, or adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively activated PPARγ. The pharmacological effect of PPARγ was through the suppression of the 5-HT-induced activator protein-1 activity. These results demonstrated the beneficial effect of PPARγ on 5-HT2BR-mediated vasocontraction, providing a new mechanism for the potential use of PPARγ agonists in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Sharma S, Sun X, Rafikov R, Kumar S, Hou Y, Oishi PE, Datar SA, Raff G, Fineman JR, Black SM. PPAR-γ regulates carnitine homeostasis and mitochondrial function in a lamb model of increased pulmonary blood flow. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41555. [PMID: 22962578 PMCID: PMC3433474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Carnitine homeostasis is disrupted in lambs with endothelial dysfunction secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow (Shunt). Our recent studies have also indicated that the disruption in carnitine homeostasis correlates with a decrease in PPAR-γ expression in Shunt lambs. Thus, this study was carried out to determine if there is a causal link between loss of PPAR-γ signaling and carnitine dysfunction, and whether the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone preserves carnitine homeostasis in Shunt lambs. Methods and Results siRNA-mediated PPAR-γ knockdown significantly reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 (CPT1 and 2) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) protein levels. This decrease in carnitine regulatory proteins resulted in a disruption in carnitine homeostasis and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as determined by a reduction in cellular ATP levels. In turn, the decrease in cellular ATP attenuated NO signaling through a reduction in eNOS/Hsp90 interactions and enhanced eNOS uncoupling. In vivo, rosiglitazone treatment preserved carnitine homeostasis and attenuated the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in Shunt lambs maintaining ATP levels. This in turn preserved eNOS/Hsp90 interactions and NO signaling. Conclusion Our study indicates that PPAR-γ signaling plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function through the regulation of carnitine homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo. Further, it identifies a new mechanism by which PPAR-γ regulates NO signaling through Hsp90. Thus, PPAR-γ agonists may have therapeutic potential in preventing the endothelial dysfunction in children with increased pulmonary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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Tabima DM, Frizzell S, Gladwin MT. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1970-86. [PMID: 22401856 PMCID: PMC3856647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular disease can be defined as either a disease affecting the pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary arterioles, termed pulmonary arterial hypertension, or a disease affecting the left ventricle, called pulmonary venous hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disorder of the pulmonary circulation characterized by endothelial dysfunction, as well as intimal and smooth muscle proliferation. Progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure impair the performance of the right ventricle, resulting in declining cardiac output, reduced exercise capacity, right-heart failure, and ultimately death. While the primary and heritable forms of the disease are thought to affect over 5000 patients in the United States, the disease can occur secondary to congenital heart disease, most advanced lung diseases, and many systemic diseases. Multiple studies implicate oxidative stress in the development of PAH. Further, this oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways, whereby bioavailable NO is decreased and ROS and RNS production are increased. Many canonical ROS and NO signaling pathways are simultaneously disrupted in PAH, with increased expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and xanthine oxidoreductase, uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and reduction in mitochondrial number, as well as impaired mitochondrial function. Upstream dysregulation of ROS/NO redox homeostasis impairs vascular tone and contributes to the pathological activation of antiapoptotic and mitogenic pathways, leading to cell proliferation and obliteration of the vasculature. This paper will review the available data regarding the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension, and provide a description of targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Tabima
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Sheila Frizzell
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
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Kang BY, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Hart CM. The PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone attenuates hypoxia-induced endothelin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L881-91. [PMID: 21926265 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00195.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ activation attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice. The current study examined the hypothesis that PPARγ attenuates hypoxia-induced endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling to mediate these therapeutic effects. To test this hypothesis, human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (1% O(2)) for 72 h and treated with or without the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone (RSG, 10 μM) during the final 24 h of exposure. HPAEC proliferation was measured with MTT assays or cell counting, and mRNA and protein levels of ET-1 signaling components were determined. To explore the role of hypoxia-activated transcription factors, selected HPAECs were treated with inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α (chetomin) or nuclear factor (NF)-κB (caffeic acid phenethyl ester, CAPE). In parallel studies, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (10% O(2)) for 3 wk with or without gavage with RSG (10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for the final 10 days of exposure. Hypoxia increased ET-1, endothelin-converting enzyme-1, and endothelin receptor A and B levels in mouse lung and in HPAECs and increased HPAEC proliferation. Treatment with RSG attenuated hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1α, NF-κB activation, and ET-1 signaling pathway components. Similarly, treatment with chetomin or CAPE prevented hypoxia-induced increases in HPAEC ET-1 mRNA and protein levels. These findings indicate that PPARγ activation attenuates a program of hypoxia-induced ET-1 signaling by inhibiting activation of hypoxia-responsive transcription factors. Targeting PPARγ represents a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit enhanced ET-1 signaling in PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, GA 30033, USA
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