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Song J, Jeronimus BF, Fisher AJ. Sleep, event appraisal, and affect: An ecological momentary assessment study. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:376-382. [PMID: 38885846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appraisal theory posits that emotions result from cognitive appraisals of events and situations. Experimental work suggests that sleep influences cognitive processes and event appraisal, which the present study examines in real life. Poor sleep influences brain regions involved in the appraisal-to-emotion process, and tired participants showed more conservative appraisal and reported less positive and more negative affect. In the present study, we tested whether sleep duration and/or quality predicted more pleasant event appraisal and whether sleep moderated the association between event appraisal and affect. METHODS Participants (N = 892) from the general Dutch population reported thrice daily on event appraisal and various emotions for 30 days and once daily on sleep duration and quality. We constructed multilevel models to account for the nested structure of our data (observations within participants). RESULTS Multilevel regression analyses showed that on days when participants reported having slept longer and better than their average, their event appraisal was more positive. Subjective sleep duration and quality did not influence the relationship between event appraisal and affect. Hence, poor sleep predicted changes in cognitive functioning, as people appraised situations as more unpleasant. LIMITATIONS We measured subjective sleep duration and quality with two single items and focused on only pleasantness dimension of event appraisal. CONCLUSIONS Results match perspectives on emotions as multicomponent systems involving appraisal processes. Understanding the elements of event appraisal may help unravel the detrimental effects of poor sleep on mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Song
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America.
| | - Bertus F Jeronimus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aaron J Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
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Lee KM, Satpute AB. More than labels: neural representations of emotion words are widely distributed across the brain. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae043. [PMID: 38903026 PMCID: PMC11259136 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although emotion words such as "anger," "disgust," "happiness," or "pride" are often thought of as mere labels, increasing evidence points to language as being important for emotion perception and experience. Emotion words may be particularly important for facilitating access to the emotion concepts. Indeed, deficits in semantic processing or impaired access to emotion words interfere with emotion perception. Yet, it is unclear what these behavioral findings mean for affective neuroscience. Thus, we examined the brain areas that support processing of emotion words using representational similarity analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data (N = 25). In the task, participants saw 10 emotion words (e.g. "anger," "happiness") while in the scanner. Participants rated each word based on its valence on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (Pleasant/Good) to 1 (Unpleasant/Bad) scale to ensure they were processing the words. Our results revealed that a diverse range of brain areas including prefrontal, midline cortical, and sensorimotor regions contained information about emotion words. Notably, our results overlapped with many regions implicated in decoding emotion experience by prior studies. Our results raise questions about what processes are being supported by these regions during emotion experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ajay B Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Gusler S, Guler J, Petrie R, Marshall H, Cooley D, Jackson Y. Adversity Interpreted: A Scoping Review of Adversity Appraisal Measurement. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1111-1133. [PMID: 33511918 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020985544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence suggests that individuals' appraisals (i.e., subjective interpretations) of adverse or traumatic life events may serve as a mechanism accounting for differences in adversity exposure and psychological adjustment, understanding this mechanism is contingent on our ability to reliably and consistently measure appraisals. However, measures have varied widely between studies, making conclusions about how best to measure appraisal a challenge for the field. To address this issue, the present study reviewed 88 articles from three research databases, assessing adults' appraisals of adversity. To be included in the scoping review, articles had to meet the following criteria: (1) published no earlier than 1999, (2) available in English, (3) published as a primary source manuscript, and (4) included a measure assessing for adults' (over the age of 18) subjective primary and/or secondary interpretations of adversity. Each article was thoroughly reviewed and coded based on the following information: study demographics, appraisal measurement tool(s), category of appraisal, appraisal dimensions (e.g., self-blame, impact, and threat), and the tool's reliability and validity. Further, information was coded according to the type of adversity appraised, the time in which the appraised event occurred, and which outcomes were assessed in relation to appraisal. Results highlight the importance of continued examination of adversity appraisals and reveal which appraisal tools, categories, and dimensions are most commonly assessed for. These results provide guidance to researchers in how to examine adversity appraisals and what gaps among the measurement of adversity appraisal which need to be addressed in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daryl Cooley
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Yo Jackson
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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4
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Santana-Martins M, Nascimento JL, Sánchez-Hernández MI. Employees’ emotional awareness as an antecedent of organizational commitment—The mediating role of affective commitment to the leader. Front Psychol 2022; 13:945304. [PMID: 35992470 PMCID: PMC9387681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commitment has been perceived as a strategic topic in organizations due to its positive effect on retaining talent, increasing performance, or boosting employees’ innovative behavior. However there are many focis of commitment in the workplace, which has represented a challenge to human resources management, who need implement measures to improve the employee’s commitment. Recent research has suggested a need to conduct studies about commitment, namely antecedents and the relationship between different focis, to understand the dynamic and directionality between them. Hence, the purpose of this work is to analyze how employees’ emotional awareness relates with two focis of commitment (the leader and the organization), also assessing the mediating role of affective commitment to the leader. The study uses structural equation modeling and Lisrel to test the hypotheses considering the multidimensionality of organizational commitment (affective; normative; and continuance), employees emotional awareness (understanding self-emotions; self-control when facing criticism; and understanding others’ emotions), and the affective commitment to the leader, under the scope of Social Exchange Theory. The Mackinon’s Z Test was used to assess the mediation role of affective commitment to the leader. The sample is composed for 403 employees from two multinational companies. The results provide empirical evidence about the mediating role of affective commitment to the leader in the relationship between employees’ emotional awareness and organizational commitment, and the employees’ emotional awareness as an antecedent of commitment. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Santana-Martins
- Business Administration and Sociology Department, School of Economics Sciences and Management, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marisa Santana-Martins,
| | - José Luís Nascimento
- Centro de Administração e Politicas Públicas, Intituto Superior de Ciencias Sociais e Politicas, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Sánchez-Hernández
- Business Administration and Sociology Department, School of Economics Sciences and Management, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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5
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Gerrans P. Alienation and identification in addiction. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2067034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerrans
- Department of Philosophy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Lennie TM, Eerola T. The CODA Model: A Review and Skeptical Extension of the Constructionist Model of Emotional Episodes Induced by Music. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822264. [PMID: 35496245 PMCID: PMC9043863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses contemporary advancements in the affective sciences (described together as skeptical theories) that can inform the music-emotion literature. Key concepts in these theories are outlined, highlighting their points of agreement and disagreement. This summary shows the importance of appraisal within the emotion process, provides a greater emphasis upon goal-directed accounts of (emotion) behavior, and a need to move away from discrete emotion “folk” concepts and toward the study of an emotional episode and its components. Consequently, three contemporary music emotion theories (BRECVEMA, Multifactorial Process Approach, and a Constructionist Account) are examined through a skeptical lens. This critique highlights the over-reliance upon categorization and a lack of acknowledgment of appraisal processes, specifically goal-directed appraisal, in examining how individual experiences of music emerge in different contexts. Based on this critique of current music-emotion models, we present our skeptically informed CODA model - Constructivistly-Organised Dimensional-Appraisal model. This model addresses skeptical limitations of existing theories, reinstates the role of goal-directed appraisal as central to what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual in different contexts and brings together different theoretical frameworks into a single model. From the development of the CODA model, several hypotheses are proposed and applied to musical contexts. These hypotheses address theoretical issues such as acknowledging individual and contextual differences in emotional intensity and valence, as well as differentiating between induced and perceived emotions, and utilitarian and aesthetic emotions. We conclude with a sections of recommendations for future research. Altogether, this theoretical critique and proposed model points toward a positive future direction for music-emotion science. One where researchers can take forward testable predictions about what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lennie
- Department of Music, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas Eerola
- Department of Music, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R. Scherer
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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8
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Domínguez-Borràs J, Vuilleumier P. Amygdala function in emotion, cognition, and behavior. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:359-380. [PMID: 35964983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is a core structure in the anterior medial temporal lobe, with an important role in several brain functions involving memory, emotion, perception, social cognition, and even awareness. As a key brain structure for saliency detection, it triggers and controls widespread modulatory signals onto multiple areas of the brain, with a great impact on numerous aspects of adaptive behavior. Here we discuss the neural mechanisms underlying these functions, as established by animal and human research, including insights provided in both healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Domínguez-Borràs
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology & Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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9
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Brosch T. Affect and emotions as drivers of climate change perception and action: a review. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Interindividual differences in environmentally relevant positive trait affect impacts sustainable behavior in everyday life. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20423. [PMID: 34650092 PMCID: PMC8516924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions are powerful drivers of human behavior that may make people aware of the urgency to act to mitigate climate change and provide a motivational basis to engage in sustainable action. However, attempts to leverage emotions via climate communications have yielded unsatisfactory results, with many interventions failing to produce the desired behaviors. It is important to understand the underlying affective mechanisms when designing communications, rather than treating emotions as simple behavioral levers that directly impact behavior. Across two field experiments, we show that individual predispositions to experience positive emotions in an environmental context (trait affect) predict pro-environmental actions and corresponding shifts in affective states (towards personal as well as witnessed pro-environmental actions). Moreover, trait affect predicts the individual behavioral impact of positively valenced emotion-based intervention strategies from environmental messages. These findings have important implications for the targeted design of affect-based interventions aiming to promote sustainable behavior and may be of interest within other domains that utilize similar intervention strategies (e.g., within the health domain).
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11
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Facial Expression Processing of Children Orphaned by Parental HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional ERP Study with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18199995. [PMID: 34639297 PMCID: PMC8507910 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing behavioral studies have suggested that individuals with early life stress usually show abnormal emotional processing. However, limited event-related brain potentials (ERPs) evidence was available to explore the emotional processes in children orphaned by parental HIV/AIDS ("AIDS orphans"). The current study aims to investigate whether there are behavioral and neurological obstacles in the recognition of emotional faces in AIDS orphans and also to further explore the processing stage at which the difference in facial emotion recognition exists. A total of 81 AIDS orphans and 60 non-orphan children were recruited through the local communities and school systems in Henan, China. Participants completed a computer version of the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task while recording ERPs. Behavioral results showed that orphans displayed higher response accuracy and shorter reaction time than the control (ps < 0.05). As for the ERPs analysis, the attenuated amplitude of N170 (i.e., an early component sensitive to facial configuration) was observed in AIDS orphans compared to the non-orphan control with happy and neutral faces; P300 (i.e., an endogenous component for affective valence evaluation in emotional processing) also showed significant differences in parietal lobe between groups, the non-orphan control group produced larger P300 amplitudes than orphans (p < 0.05). The results suggested that compared to the control group, AIDS orphans showed impaired facial emotion recognition ability with reduced brain activation.
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12
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Young NA, Minton AR, Mikels JA. The Appraisal Approach to Aging and Emotion: An Integrative Theoretical Framework. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021; 59:100947. [PMID: 33737760 PMCID: PMC7963263 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To advance our understanding of how emotional experience changes across the adult life span, we propose an integrative theoretical framework: the appraisal approach to aging and emotion (AAAE). AAAE posits that (a) age-related cognitive, motivational, and physical changes fundamentally change the appraisal system in certain ways, and that (b) older adults often deploy appraisal processes in different ways relative to their younger counterparts. As such, we hypothesize that these age-related changes to the appraisal process underlie the finding that older and younger adults tend to experience different emotions. In this paper we integrate findings from the aging literature with appraisal theory, grounding AAAE in theoretical and empirical work relevant to the relationship between aging and appraisal processes. Using our theoretical framework, it is possible to identify critical points of investigation for aging and emotion researchers to further develop our understanding of the proximal-level determinants of age differences in emotion.
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13
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Gerrans P. Pain Asymbolia as Depersonalization for Pain Experience. An Interoceptive Active Inference Account. Front Psychol 2020; 11:523710. [PMID: 33192765 PMCID: PMC7658103 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.523710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
"Mineness," also called "subjective presence" or "personalization," is the feeling that experiences belong to a continuing self. This article argues that mineness is produced by processes of interoceptive active inference that model the self as the underlying cause of continuity and coherence in affective experience. A key component of this hierarchical processing system and hub of affective self-modeling is activity in the anterior insula cortex. I defend the account by applying it to the phenomenon of pain asymbolia, a condition in which nociceptive signals (of bodily damage) are not attributed to the self. Thus, pain asymbolia is a form of "depersonalization for pain" as Klein puts it. The pain is experienced as happening to my body but is not experienced as mine. Thus, we can describe it as loss of subjective presence or "mineness" for the experience of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerrans
- Department of Philosophy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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14
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Individual differences in envy experienced through perspective-taking involves functional connectivity of the superior frontal gyrus. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:783-797. [PMID: 32557135 PMCID: PMC7395029 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Envy is the painful or resentful awareness of another’s advantage combined with a desire to possess that same advantage. Recent neuroscientific research has begun to shed light on the brain regions that process the experience of envy, including regions of the prefrontal cortex involved in emotional processing and social cognition. It is still unclear, however, which regions of the brain are functionally connected during the experience of envy. We recorded functional neuroimaging data while inducing simulated envy in participants, experienced through a perspective-taking hypothetical scenario task. In this task, participants took the perspective of a protagonist portrayed in a written description and compared themselves to either i) a self-similar/superior individual, ii) a self-dissimilar/superior individual, or iii) a self-dissimilar/average individual. During each comparison, participants also reported how much envy they experienced while taking the protagonists perspective. We demonstrate an inverse relationship in the connectivity of the left superior frontal gyrus to both the right supramarginal gyrus and the precuneus with respect to self-reported envy ratings across participants. In other words, we show that the greater the functional connectivity that the left superior frontal gyrus shares with the right supramarginal gyrus and precuneus, the less reported envy a participant experiences. Overall, our results are in line with previous research implicating the superior frontal gyrus in the reappraisal of negative emotions and extend these findings by showing this region is also involved in modulating the simulated experience of the social comparative, negative emotion of envy.
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15
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Steiger BK, Kegel LC, Spirig E, Jokeit H. Dynamics and diversity of heart rate responses to a disaster motion picture. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 143:64-79. [PMID: 31254545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are dynamic neuropsychophysiological processes that guide behavior and serve as crucial signals during social interactions. Measuring their highly individual temporal dynamics is an unresolved challenge, but the coupling of autonomic and central nervous processes offers a promising approach. We present a feasible approach to study changes in heart rate during emotions and demonstrate a link to empathy. We investigated the interindividual similarity and temporal dynamics of heart rate responses to an emotive motion picture. Forty healthy participants watched "The Impossible" (109 min; Hermida Muñiz et al., 2012) while their heart rate was recorded. Interindividual concordance of heart rate responses was analysed using agglomerative hierarchical clustering analyses to distinguish response patterns throughout the movie and during six highly emotive scenes. This revealed multiple response patterns during emotive scenes. Second, we analysed how changes in heart rate are linked to self-reported empathy. We found that the extent of changes in heart rate is positively linked to trait and state empathy. During specific scenes, this relationship was only visible when individuals with homogeneous heart rate response patterns were observed, but not across discordant response patterns. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that heart rate responses to complex social stimuli are not uniform. Therefore, research should favour statistical procedures with the potential to detect interindividual differences. The approach presented in our study allows us to depict interindividual similarity and diversity in emotional autonomic responses and emphasizes the key role of empathy in emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena C Kegel
- Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hennric Jokeit
- Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Neuroscience Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Ponizovskiy V, Grigoryan L, Kühnen U, Boehnke K. Social Construction of the Value-Behavior Relation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:934. [PMID: 31118911 PMCID: PMC6504687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal values are reliable cross-situational predictors of attitudes and behavior. Since the resurgence in research on values following the introduction of Schwartz's theory of basic values, efforts were focused on identifying universal patterns in value-attitude relations. While some evidence for such universal patterns exists more recent studies point out, there is still considerable variation in value-attitude and value-behavior links across cultures and contexts. Extending the existing literature on potential moderators in this paper, we introduce the concept of value-instantiating beliefs. This study looks at subjective construal of the value relevance of specific behaviors as a proximal moderator of value-attitude and value-behavior relations. We argue that a belief that construes a behavior as a valid instantiation of a value is a prerequisite for the relationship between said value and the behavior. We also argue that such value-instantiating beliefs play a central role in determining the direction of the relationship. In a web-based survey experiment (N = 1724) consisting of three trials, we presented participants with vignettes describing behavioral choices. In order to manipulate the value-instantiating beliefs, the behaviors were described either neutrally, as reinforcing the value, or as inhibiting the value. We then measured the value-instantiating beliefs, the attitude toward the behavior, and the intention to perform it. Instantiating beliefs strongly moderated the relationship between the personal values and the dependent variables in all three trials. Moreover, the direction of the relationship was determined by the instantiating beliefs. The results emphasize the plasticity of the value-behavior relation and the role of social construction in directing the motivational power of values toward concrete instantiating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ponizovskiy
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lusine Grigoryan
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kühnen
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaus Boehnke
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,International Research and Teaching Laboratory of Sociocultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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Chester DS, Lynam DR, Milich R, DeWall CN. Neural mechanisms of the rejection-aggression link. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:501-512. [PMID: 29618118 PMCID: PMC6007431 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Social rejection is a painful event that often increases aggression. However, the neural mechanisms of this rejection–aggression link remain unclear. A potential clue may be that rejected people often recruit the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex’s (VLPFC) self-regulatory processes to manage the pain of rejection. Using functional MRI, we replicated previous links between rejection and activity in the brain’s mentalizing network, social pain network and VLPFC. VLPFC recruitment during rejection was associated with greater activity in the brain’s reward network (i.e. the ventral striatum) when individuals were given an opportunity to retaliate. This retaliation-related striatal response was associated with greater levels of retaliatory aggression. Dispositionally aggressive individuals exhibited less functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and the right VLPFC during aggression. This connectivity exerted a suppressing effect on dispositionally aggressive individuals’ greater aggressive responses to rejection. These results help explain how the pain of rejection and reward of revenge motivate rejected people to behave aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Chester
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard Milich
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - C Nathan DeWall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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18
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The neuroscience of intergroup emotion. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Smith R, Killgore WD, Alkozei A, Lane RD. A neuro-cognitive process model of emotional intelligence. Biol Psychol 2018; 139:131-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Jurchiș R, Opre A. A Dual Process Approach to Current Issues from Cognitive Behavior Therapies: an Integrative Perspective. Int J Cogn Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-018-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Yih J, Uusberg A, Taxer JL, Gross JJ. Better together: a unified perspective on appraisal and emotion regulation. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:41-47. [PMID: 30058449 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1504749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of appraisal processes and emotion regulation have been two of the most important contributions of research on cognition and emotion in recent decades. Interestingly, however, progress in these two areas has been less mutually informative than one might expect or desire. To help remedy this situation, we provide an integration of appraisal theory and the process model of emotion regulation by describing parallel, interacting and iterative systems for emotion generation and emotion regulation. Outputs of the emotion generation system are perceived by the emotion regulation system, and emotion regulation strategies then modulate emotion by intervening at specific stages of the emotion generation system, ultimately changing appraisal dimensions. We hope that our unified perspective will encourage and guide future research at the interface of cognition and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yih
- a Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Andero Uusberg
- a Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Jamie L Taxer
- a Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - James J Gross
- a Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
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22
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Sander D, Grandjean D, Scherer KR. An Appraisal-Driven Componential Approach to the Emotional Brain. EMOTION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073918765653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article suggests that methodological and conceptual advancements in affective sciences militate in favor of adopting an appraisal-driven componential approach to further investigate the emotional brain. Here we propose to operationalize this approach by distinguishing five functional networks of the emotional brain: (a) the elicitation network, (b) the expression network, (c) the autonomic reaction network, (d) the action tendency network, and (e) the feeling network, and discuss these networks in the context of the affective neuroscience literature. We also propose that further investigating the “appraising brain” is the royal road to better understand the elicitation network, and may be key to revealing the neural causal mechanisms underlying the emotion process as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Rempel JK, Burris CT, Fathi D. Hate: Evidence for a motivational conceptualization. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Koban L, Jepma M, Geuter S, Wager TD. What's in a word? How instructions, suggestions, and social information change pain and emotion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 81:29-42. [PMID: 29173508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Instructions, suggestions, and other types of social information can have powerful effects on pain and emotion. Prominent examples include observational learning, social influence, placebo, and hypnosis. These different phenomena and their underlying brain mechanisms have been studied in partially separate literatures, which we discuss, compare, and integrate in this review. Converging findings from these literatures suggest that (1) instructions and social information affect brain systems associated with the generation of pain and emotion, and with reinforcement learning, and that (2) these changes are mediated by alterations in prefrontal systems responsible for top-down control and the generation of affective meaning. We argue that changes in expectation and appraisal, a process of assessing personal meaning and implications for wellbeing, are two potential key mediators of the effects of instructions and social information on affective experience. Finally, we propose a tentative model of how prefrontal regions, especially dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex may regulate affective processing based on instructions and socially transmitted expectations more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Koban
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
| | - Marieke Jepma
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Geuter
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Tor D Wager
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
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25
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Panksepp J, Lane RD, Solms M, Smith R. Reconciling cognitive and affective neuroscience perspectives on the brain basis of emotional experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:187-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Moors A. Integration of Two Skeptical Emotion Theories: Dimensional Appraisal Theory and Russell's Psychological Construction Theory. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1235900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Smith R, Thayer JF, Khalsa SS, Lane RD. The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:274-296. [PMID: 28188890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurovisceral integration (NVI) model was originally proposed to account for observed relationships between peripheral physiology, cognitive performance, and emotional/physical health. This model has also garnered a considerable amount of empirical support, largely from studies examining cardiac vagal control. However, recent advances in functional neuroanatomy, and in computational neuroscience, have yet to be incorporated into the NVI model. Here we present an updated/expanded version of the NVI model that incorporates these advances. Based on a review of studies of structural/functional anatomy, we first describe an eight-level hierarchy of nervous system structures, and the contribution that each level plausibly makes to vagal control. Second, we review recent work on a class of computational models of brain function known as "predictive coding" models. We illustrate how the computational dynamics of these models, when implemented within our proposed vagal control hierarchy, can increase understanding of the relationship between vagal control and both cognitive performance and emotional/physical health. We conclude by discussing novel implications of this updated NVI model for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, United States.
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States; University of Tulsa, Oxley College of Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Richard D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, United States
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28
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Caffier D, Gillet C, Heurley LP, Bourrelly A, Barbier F, Naveteur J. Initiation of forward gait with lateral occurrence of emotional stimuli: general findings and relevance for pedestrians crossing roads. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:777-785. [PMID: 27878341 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With reference to theoretical models regarding links between emotions and actions, the present study examined whether the lateral occurrence of an emotional stimulus influences spatial and temporal parameters of gait initiation in 18 younger and 18 older healthy adults. In order to simulate road-crossing hazard for pedestrians, slides of approaching cars were used and they were presented in counterbalanced order with threatening slides from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and control slides of safe walking areas. Each slide was presented on the left side of the participant once the first step was initiated. The results evidenced medio-lateral shifts to the left for the first step (right foot) and to the right for the second step (left foot). These shifts were both modulated by the slide contents in such a way that the resulting distance between the screen and the foot (right or left) was larger with the IAPS and traffic slides than with the control slides. The slides did not affect the base of support, step length, step velocity and time of double support. Advancing age influenced the subjective impact of the slides and gait characteristics, but did not modulate medio-lateral shifts. The data extend evidence of fast, emotional modulation of stepping, with theoretical and applied consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caffier
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (UVHC), Le Mont Houy, 59313, Valenciennes Cedex 09, France
| | - C Gillet
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (UVHC), Le Mont Houy, 59313, Valenciennes Cedex 09, France
| | - L P Heurley
- CERSM Laboratory, University Paris Ouest - Nanterre La Défence, Nanterre, France
| | - A Bourrelly
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (UVHC), Le Mont Houy, 59313, Valenciennes Cedex 09, France.,ISM UMR CNRS 7287, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - F Barbier
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (UVHC), Le Mont Houy, 59313, Valenciennes Cedex 09, France
| | - J Naveteur
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (UVHC), Le Mont Houy, 59313, Valenciennes Cedex 09, France. .,Department of Biology, University of Lille, Lille, France.
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29
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Czamanski-Cohen J, Weihs KL. The Bodymind Model: A platform for studying the mechanisms of change induced by art therapy. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 51:63-71. [PMID: 27777492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces the Bodymind model of Art Therapy and delineates the processes through which it has salutary effects on individuals coping with a variety of health related challenges. The goal of this model is to articulate how activation, reorganization, growth and reintegration of the self can emerge from bodymind processes activated by art therapy. It provides a framework for the conduct of research that will test the key theoretical mechanisms through which art therapy benefits clients. We expect this model to be a spring board for discussion, debate and development of the profession of art therapy. Furthermore, we hope readers can use this model to conduct sound mechanistic studies. This paper can inform social scientists and medical professionals on the manner in which art making can contribute to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Czamanski-Cohen
- The Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, The Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 3498838; The Department of Psychiatry and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85719
| | - K L Weihs
- The Department of Psychiatry and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85719
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30
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Smith R, Lane RD. Unconscious emotion: A cognitive neuroscientific perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:216-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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When at rest: "Event-free" active inference may give rise to implicit self-models of coping potential. Behav Brain Sci 2016; 38:e114. [PMID: 26787344 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Kalisch and colleagues highlight coping potential (CP) as a principle resilience mechanism during event engagement. We complement this discussion by exploring generative implicit CP self-models, arguably emerging during "resting-state," subsequent and prior to events. Resting-state affords a propitious environment for Bayesian learning, wherein appraisals/reappraisals may update active inferential CP self-models, which then mediate appraisal style organization and resilience factor valuation.
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32
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Smith R, Alkozei A, Lane RD, Killgore WD. Unwanted reminders: The effects of emotional memory suppression on subsequent neuro-cognitive processing. Conscious Cogn 2016; 44:103-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Ory S, Le Jeune F, Haegelen C, Vicente S, Philippot P, Dondaine T, Jannin P, Drapier S, Drapier D, Sauleau P, Vérin M, Péron J. Pre-frontal-insular-cerebellar modifications correlate with disgust feeling blunting after subthalamic stimulation: A positron emission tomography study in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:378-395. [PMID: 26670087 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently advanced our understanding of the major role played by this basal ganglion in human emotion. Research indicates that STN DBS can induce modifications in all components of emotion, and neuroimaging studies have shown that the metabolic modifications correlated with these emotional disturbances following surgery are both task- and sensory input-dependent. Nevertheless, to date, these modifications have not been confirmed for all emotional components, notably subjective emotional experience, or feelings. To identify the neural network underlying the modification of feelings following STN DBS, we assessed 16 patients with Parkinson's disease before and after surgery, using both subjective assessments of emotional experience and 18 [F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18 FDG-PET). The patients viewed six film excerpts intended to elicit happy, angry, fearful, sad, disgusted, and neutral feelings, and they self-rated the intensity of these feelings. After DBS, there was a significant reduction in the intensity of the disgust feeling. Correlations were observed between decreased disgust experience and cerebral glucose metabolism (FDG uptake) in the bilateral pre-frontal cortices (orbitofrontal, dorsolateral, and inferior frontal gyri), bilateral insula, and right cerebellum. We suggest that the STN contributes to the synchronization process underlying the emergence of feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ory
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Neurology Department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Florence Le Jeune
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Eugène Marquis Centre, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Haegelen
- MediCIS, INSERM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes I, France.,Neurosurgery Department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Siobhan Vicente
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre for Research on Cognition and Learning, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Department of Psychology, University of Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Pierre Jannin
- MediCIS, INSERM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes I, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Neurology Department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Adult Psychiatry Department, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Sauleau
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Physiology Department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- 'Behaviour and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1, Rennes University Hospital, France.,Neurology Department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Julie Péron
- 'Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics' Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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The neural basis of one's own conscious and unconscious emotional states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Verduyn P, Delaveau P, Rotgé JY, Fossati P, Van Mechelen I. Determinants of Emotion Duration and Underlying Psychological and Neural Mechanisms. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915590618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are traditionally considered to be brief states that last for seconds or a few minutes at most. However, due to pioneering theoretical work of Frijda and recent empirical studies, it has become clear that the duration of emotions is actually highly variable with durations ranging from a few seconds to several hours, or even longer. We review research on determinants of emotion duration. Three classes of determinants are identified: features related to the (a) emotion-eliciting event (event duration and event appraisal), (b) emotion itself (nature of the emotion component, nature of the emotion, and emotion intensity), and (c) emotion-experiencing person (dispositions and emotion regulatory actions). Initial evidence on the psychological and neural mechanisms that underlie their effects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline Delaveau
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rotgé
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Iven Van Mechelen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Assessing Teacher Appraisals and Stress in the Classroom: Review of the Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-015-9322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Chang LJ, Gianaros PJ, Manuck SB, Krishnan A, Wager TD. A Sensitive and Specific Neural Signature for Picture-Induced Negative Affect. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002180. [PMID: 26098873 PMCID: PMC4476709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging has identified many correlates of emotion but has not yet yielded brain representations predictive of the intensity of emotional experiences in individuals. We used machine learning to identify a sensitive and specific signature of emotional responses to aversive images. This signature predicted the intensity of negative emotion in individual participants in cross validation (n =121) and test (n = 61) samples (high–low emotion = 93.5% accuracy). It was unresponsive to physical pain (emotion–pain = 92% discriminative accuracy), demonstrating that it is not a representation of generalized arousal or salience. The signature was comprised of mesoscale patterns spanning multiple cortical and subcortical systems, with no single system necessary or sufficient for predicting experience. Furthermore, it was not reducible to activity in traditional “emotion-related” regions (e.g., amygdala, insula) or resting-state networks (e.g., “salience,” “default mode”). Overall, this work identifies differentiable neural components of negative emotion and pain, providing a basis for new, brain-based taxonomies of affective processes. By using images to induce negative emotions in human participants, this study uses neuroimaging to develop and validate a distributed brain signature of emotion that can predict the magnitude and type of negative affective experience in new individuals. Emotions are an important aspect of human experience and behavior; yet, we do not have a clear understanding of how they are processed in the brain. We have identified a neural signature of negative emotion—a neural activation pattern distributed across the brain that accurately predicts how negative a person will feel after viewing an aversive image. This pattern encompasses multiple brain subnetworks in the cortex and subcortex. This neural activation pattern dramatically outperforms other brain indicators of emotion based on activation in individual regions (e.g., amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate) as well as networks of regions (e.g., limbic and “salience” networks). In addition, no single subnetwork is necessary or sufficient for accurately determining the intensity and type of affective response. Finally, this pattern appears to be specific to picture-induced negative affect, as it did not respond to at least one other aversive experience: painful heat. Together, these results provide a neurophysiological marker for feelings induced by a widely used probe of negative affect and suggest that brain imaging has the potential to accurately uncover how someone is feeling based purely on measures of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Chang
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJC); (TDW)
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anjali Krishnan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJC); (TDW)
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38
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Cohen N, Moyal N, Lichtenstein-Vidne L, Henik A. Explicit vs. implicit emotional processing: The interaction between processing type and executive control. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:325-39. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.1000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Lench HC, Bench SW, Darbor KE, Moore M. A Functionalist Manifesto: Goal-Related Emotions From an Evolutionary Perspective. EMOTION REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073914553001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional theories posit that emotions are elicited by particular goal-related situations that represented adaptive problems and that emotions are evolved features of coordinated responses to those situations. Yet little theory or research has addressed the evolutionary aspects of these theories. We apply five criteria that can be used to judge whether features are adaptations. There is evidence that sadness, anger, and anxiety relate to unique changes in physiology, cognition, and behavior, those changes are correlated, situations that give rise to emotions are consistent, and emotions are complex. To date, there is little experimental evidence regarding whether discrete emotions resolve adaptive problems and do so relatively efficiently. Evidence supporting all criteria is required to claim that discrete emotions are evolved features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melody Moore
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, USA
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40
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Author Reply: Toward a Multilevel Mechanistic Explanation of Complex Regularities Between Environment and Emotional Components. EMOTION REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073914534503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In reply to the commentaries of Clay-Warner (2014), Gendolla (2014), Nesse (2014), Shweder (2014), and Zachar (2014), I repeat the essential features of appraisal theories of the second flavor: They take emotional components (and not specific emotions) as the phenomenon to be explained, and they strive for a multilevel mechanistic explanation that leaves room for complex and dynamical processes or mechanisms. Every mechanistic explanation starts with an accurate description of regularities between inputs and outputs. Regularities do not preclude context-dependent variety, because there is no limit to the number of input factors that can influence the output, and back.
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41
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Singer N, Podlipsky I, Esposito F, Okon-Singer H, Andelman F, Kipervasser S, Neufeld MY, Goebel R, Fried I, Hendler T. Distinct iEEG activity patterns in temporal-limbic and prefrontal sites induced by emotional intentionality. Cortex 2014; 60:121-38. [PMID: 25288171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our emotions tend to be directed towards someone or something. Such emotional intentionality calls for the integration between two streams of information; abstract hedonic value and its associated concrete content. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we found that the combination of these two streams, as modeled by short emotional music excerpts and neutral film clips, was associated with synergistic activation in both temporal-limbic (TL) and ventral-lateral PFC (vLPFC) regions. This additive effect implies the integration of domain-specific 'affective' and 'cognitive' processes. Yet, the low temporal resolution of the fMRI limits the characterization of such cross-domain integration. To this end, we complemented the fMRI data with intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) recordings from twelve patients with intractable epilepsy. As expected, the additive fMRI activation in the amygdala and vLPFC was associated with distinct spatio-temporal iEEG patterns among electrodes situated within the vicinity of the fMRI activation foci. On the one hand, TL channels exhibited a transient (0-500 msec) increase in gamma power (61-69 Hz), possibly reflecting initial relevance detection or hedonic value tagging. On the other hand, vLPFC channels showed sustained (1-12 sec) suppression of low frequency power (2.3-24 Hz), possibly mediating changes in gating, enabling an on-going readiness for content-based processing of emotionally tagged signals. Moreover, an additive effect in delta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) was found among the TL channels, possibly reflecting the integration between distinct domain specific processes. Together, this study provides a multi-faceted neurophysiological signature for computations that possibly underlie emotional intentionality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neomi Singer
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Podlipsky
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Hadas Okon-Singer
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Fani Andelman
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Svetlana Kipervasser
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Epilepsy Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Y Neufeld
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Epilepsy Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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42
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Brosch T, Sander D. Appraising value: the role of universal core values and emotions in decision-making. Cortex 2014; 59:203-5. [PMID: 24815392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brosch
- Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - David Sander
- Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Appraisal and constructivist theories of emotion both emphasize that emotions are not modular phenomena, but are constructed from more basic psychological parts. In the scientific debate, differences between the two approaches are sometimes overplayed, by classifying appraisal theories as “natural kinds” models, and sometimes underplayed, by basically merging them into constructivist accounts. The aim of this contribution is to illustrate some similarities and some differences between contemporary appraisal and constructivist approaches, and to highlight the fact that appraisal theory has indeed already confronted the idea of construction in the elicitation of emotion. In doing so, I want to argue that, while there is a distinction between appraisal and constructivist camps, it is not as stark as one might think, even though the names of the “ingredients” of emotions may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brosch
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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44
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Abstract
The comments by Brosch and Sander, de Sousa, Frijda, Kuppens, and Parkinson admirably complement the four main articles, adding layers of complexity, but perhaps at the expense of theoretical parsimony and stringency. Their suggestions are inspiring and heuristic, but we must not forget that science is about testing concrete predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Phoebe C. Ellsworth
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, USA
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45
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Abstract
The special section commentators take us to the frontiers of appraisal theory. Following their lead, I discuss cross-cultural commonalities, domain-specific appraisals, individual differences, nonappraisal determinants, and a blueprint for the appraising brain.
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