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Kinkade CW, Aleksunes LM, Brinker A, Buckley B, Brunner J, Wang C, Miller RK, O'Connor TG, Rivera-Núñez Z, Barrett ES. Associations between mycoestrogen exposure and sex steroid hormone concentrations in maternal serum and cord blood in the UPSIDE pregnancy cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 260:114405. [PMID: 38878407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fungal-derived toxin found in global food supplies including cereal grains and processed foods, impacting populations worldwide through diet. Because the chemical structure of ZEN and metabolites closely resembles 17β-estradiol (E2), they interact with estrogen receptors α/β earning their designation as 'mycoestrogens'. In animal models, gestational exposure to mycoestrogens disrupts estrogen activity and impairs fetal growth. Here, our objective was to evaluate relationships between mycoestrogen exposure and sex steroid hormone concentrations in maternal circulation and cord blood for the first time in humans. In each trimester, pregnant participants in the UPSIDE study (n = 297) provided urine for mycoestrogen analysis and serum for hormone analysis. At birth, placental mycoestrogens and cord steroids were measured. We fitted longitudinal models examining log-transformed mycoestrogen concentrations in relation to log-transformed hormones, adjusting for covariates. Secondarily, multivariable linear models examined associations at each time point (1st, 2nd, 3rd trimesters, delivery). We additionally considered effect modification by fetal sex. ZEN and its metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), were detected in >93% and >75% of urine samples; >80% of placentas had detectable mycoestrogens. Longitudinal models from the full cohort exhibited few significant associations. In sex-stratified analyses, in pregnancies with male fetuses, estrone (E1) and free testosterone (fT) were inversely associated with ZEN (E1 %Δ: -6.68 95%CI: -12.34, -0.65; fT %Δ: -3.22 95%CI: -5.68, -0.70); while α-ZOL was positively associated with E2 (%Δ: 5.61 95%CI: -1.54, 9.85) in pregnancies with female fetuses. In analysis with cord hormones, urinary mycoestrogens were inversely associated with androstenedione (%Δ: 9.15 95%CI: 14.64, -3.30) in both sexes, and placental mycoestrogens were positively associated with cord fT (%Δ: 37.13, 95%CI: 4.86, 79.34) amongst male offspring. Findings support the hypothesis that mycoestrogens act as endocrine disruptors in humans, as in animal models and livestock. Additional work is needed to understand impacts on maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W Kinkade
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica Brunner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Richard K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Rochester, New York, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, NY, USA; Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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2
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Park SR, Kim SR, Min EK, Oh BC, Jung Y, Kim YH, Lee HY. Unveiling the potential effects of acetylsalicylic acid: insights into regeneration in endometrial stem cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:323. [PMID: 37950232 PMCID: PMC10638813 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although acetylsalicylic acid has been widely used for decades to treat and prevent various diseases, its potential effects on endometrial receptivity and subsequent pregnancy rates are still controversial due to conflicting data: many reports have shown positive effects of acetylsalicylic acid, whereas others have found that it has no effect. Furthermore, the direct effects of acetylsalicylic acid on various functions of normal endometrial cells, especially endometrial stem cells, and their underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been proven. Recently, studies have revealed that a reduced number of active stem/progenitor cells within endometrial tissue limits cyclic endometrial regeneration and subsequently decreases pregnancy success rates, suggesting that endometrial stem cells play a critical role in endometrial regeneration and subsequent endometrial receptivity. METHODS We assessed whether aspirin treatment can inhibit various endometrial stem cell functions related to regenerative capacity, such as self-renewal, migration, pluripotency/stemness, and differentiation capacity, in vitro. Next, we evaluated whether SERPINB2 regulates the effects of aspirin on endometrial stem cell functions by depleting SERPINB2 expression with specific shRNA targeting SERPINB2. To further investigate whether aspirin also inhibits various endometrial stem cell functions in vivo, aspirin was administered daily to mice through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 7 days. RESULTS In addition to its previously identified roles, to the best of our knowledge, we found for the first time that acetylsalicylic acid directly inhibits various human endometrial stem cell functions related to regenerative capacity (i.e., self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and capacity) through its novel target gene SERPINB2 in vitro. Acetylsalicylic acid exerts its function by suppressing well-known prosurvival pathways, such as Akt and/or ERK1/2 signaling, through a SERPINB2 signaling cascade. Moreover, we also found that acetylsalicylic acid markedly inhibits regenerative capacity-related functions in endometrial stem cells within tissue. CONCLUSIONS We have found that acetylsalicylic acid has diverse effects on various endometrial stem cell functions related to regenerative capacity. Our findings are a critical step toward the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to increase the chances of successful pregnancy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ra Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Rim Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Min
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kpan KKG, Manda P, Osseke SM, Tiho S, Ardjouma D. Dietary exposure to zearalenone in maize and millet grains and their porridges marketed in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1264-1274. [PMID: 37561456 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2244085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Maize and millet are among the staple foods of sub-Saharan populations. In Côte d'Ivoire, maize and millet are, respectively, second and third most consumed cereals. In this work, we evaluate the health risk related to the presence of zearalenone in maize and millet and their porridges. The zearalenone contents of the foodstuffs were determined using HPLC-UV. The health risk was characterised by the ratio (R) of probable daily intake (PDI) to acceptable daily intake (ADI). The consumption of maize generates a significant health risk in infants (R = 163.4%). Likewise, millet contains excess zearalenone for infants and children with R = 2934.0% and 118.0%, respectively. The combination of maize and millet increases the risk for infants (R = 457.4%), children (R = 183.0%) and adolescents (R = 101.6%). Millet porridge caused a significant health risk in infants (R = 120%). Consumption of the two types of porridge significantly increases the health risk. Thus, the R ratio varies between 48% and 444% in the case of ingestion of both types of porridge, against 12-56% for maize porridge, and 24-120% for millet porridge. Children and infants were most exposed with respective R of 120% and 444%. These results suggest a need for vigilance to minimise exposure to zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Syrlie Marina Osseke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Seydou Tiho
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dembélé Ardjouma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Lazofsky A, Brinker A, Gupta R, Barrett E, Aleksunes LM, Rivera-Núñez Z, Buckley B. Optimized extraction and analysis methods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for zearalenone and metabolites in human placental tissue. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16940. [PMID: 37484340 PMCID: PMC10361036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone and its metabolites, a group of endocrine disrupting mycotoxins, have been linked to adverse reproductive health effects. They cross the placental barrier, potentially reaching the fetus. In this study, we adapted and optimized our protocol previously used for urine, to measure these mycotoxins in human placentas. We combined a supported liquid extraction step using Chem Elut cartridges with solid phase extraction on Discovery® DSC-NH2 tubes. The optimized extraction efficiencies were between 68 and 80% for all metabolites. Analysis was performed by UHPLC-HRMS using a Betasil™ Phenyl-Hexyl column eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile-methanol-water. The chromatography method separated all analytes in under 15 min. Validation experiments confirmed the method's sensitivity, with LODs ranging from 0.0055 to 0.011 pg/mg tissue. The method was linear over a range of 0.0025-1.5 pg/mg tissue with R2 values ≥ 0.994. Precision and accuracy calculations ranged from 4.7-7.9% and 0.6-6.7% respectively. The method was then successfully applied to a subset of placenta samples (n = 25) collected from an ongoing prospective birth cohort. Interestingly, 92% of the samples contained at least one measurable zearalenone metabolite, providing initial indication of potentially widespread exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lazofsky
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ruby Gupta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Emily Barrett
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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6
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Zhou B, Xie H, Zhou S, Sheng X, Chen L, Zhong M. Construction of AuNPs/reduced graphene nanoribbons co-modified molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the detection of zearalenone. Food Chem 2023; 423:136294. [PMID: 37159967 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is exploited to detect zearalenone (ZEA) by the synergistic effect of reduced graphene nanoribbons (rGNRs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The oxidized GNRs are firstly produced by an improved Hummers' oxidation method, and then reduced and modified together with AuNPs onto a glassy carbon electrode by electrodeposition technique to realize collaborative amplification of electrochemical signal. The molecularly imprinted polymer film with specific recognition sites can be generated on the modified electrode by electropolymerization. The effect of experimental conditions is systematically investigated to obtain the best detection performance. It is found that the constructed sensor shows a wide linear range of 1-500 ng·mL-1 for ZEA with a detection limit as low as 0.34 ng·mL-1. Obviously, our constructed molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor shows great potential in the application of precisely detecting ZEA in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China
| | - Hao Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China
| | - Sisi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China
| | - Xingxin Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414006, China.
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8
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Wang H, Lu Z, Lin X, Wang M, Jiang T, Zhao G, Xv J, Jiang S, Zhang G. The N-terminal hydrophobicity modulates a distal structural domain conformation of zearalenone lacton hydrolase and its application in protein engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110195. [PMID: 36764030 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxins in maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye and other grains. ZEN contamination in feed is an international health issue due to its estrogenicity by competitively binding to estrogen receptors. Enzymatic detoxification of ZEN is superior to physical and chemical methods in terms of safety, environmental impact and preserving nutritional value and palatability, but is hampered by both the currently limited repertoire of detoxifying enzymes and the lack of knowledge about their structure-function relationships. In this study, a ZEN lacton hydrolase candidate (ZHD11C) was identified from thermo-tolerant Fonsecaea multimorphosa CBS 102226, and characterized to be more thermostable than these reported homologues. An intriguing feature of ZHD11C is that the N-terminal hydrophobicity affects its thermal stability and causes conformational change of a domain far from the N-terminal. This finding was successfully applied to enhance the thermostability of the most active ZEN lacton hydrolase ZHD518 through rationally tailoring its N-terminal hydrophobicity. Our results not only provide more insights into the structure-function relationships of ZEN lacton hydrolases, but generate better candidate for bio-decontamination of zearalenone in feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhan Xv
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guimin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Meakin C, Kim C, Lampert T, Aleksunes LM. High-throughput screening of toxicants that modulate extravillous trophoblast migration. Toxicol Lett 2023; 375:1-7. [PMID: 36535517 PMCID: PMC9877196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Migration and subsequent invasion of extravillous trophoblasts into the uterus is essential for proper formation of the placenta. Disruption of these processes may result in poor pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, placenta accreta, fetal growth restriction, or fetal death. Currently, there are several methods for quantifying cell migration and invasion in vitro, each with limitations. Therefore, we developed a novel, high-throughput method to screen chemicals for their ability to alter human trophoblast migration. Human HTR8/SVneo trophoblast cells were cultured in Oris™ cell migration plates containing stopper barriers. After EVT cells attached and chemicals were added to media, stoppers were removed thereby creating a cell-free detection zone for migration. Entry of trophoblasts into this zone was monitored through imaging every 6 h and used to calculate a relative cell density. Chemicals known to increase (epidermal growth factor) and decrease (pertussis toxin and cadmium) trophoblast migration were used to validate this in vitro method. Next, a panel of environmental chemicals including bisphenols, mycoestrogens, and flame retardants, were screened for their ability to alter trophoblast invasion. In conclusion, a real-time method to track extravillous trophoblast migration offers potential for screening contaminants as placental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Meakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Christine Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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10
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Protective effect of glucosamine on zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity and placental dysfunction in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113539. [PMID: 36462645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on zearalenone (ZEA)-induced reproductive toxicity and placental dysfunction in mice. The pregnant mice were randomly divided into one of the four groups, such as the control group, the ZEA group, the GlcN group, and the GlcN plus ZEA group. Reproductive toxicity was induced by consecutive gavages of ZEA at 5 mg/kg body weight during gestational days (GDs 0-14) and in the presence or absence of oral administration of GlcN (0.5 mM). The results showed that GlcN significantly alleviated the decrease of growth performance induced by ZEA exposure of pregnant mice. Meanwhile, ZEA ingestion significantly reduced the number and weight of fetuses, and reduction of placenta weight. Moreover, results of blood biochemical markers indicated that ZEA exposure led to increased oxidative stress levels in pregnant mice. Further analyses demonstrated that ZEA inhibited placental development, resulted in placental inflammation, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, and decreased the expression of placental tight junction proteins, which were reversed by the administration of GlcN. Results of western blot revealed that GlcN reversed ZEA-mediated phenotype by activating PI3K, while inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. All these findings showed that GlcN was effective in the protection against ZEA-induced placental dysfunction and reproductive toxicity in pregnant mice. Supplementation of GlcN might be potential nutritional intervention with an ability to alleviate ZEA-induced toxicity in pregnant mice.
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Clark KL, George JW, Przygrodzka E, Plewes MR, Hua G, Wang C, Davis JS. Hippo Signaling in the Ovary: Emerging Roles in Development, Fertility, and Disease. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:1074-1096. [PMID: 35596657 PMCID: PMC9695108 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that the Hippo pathway, a highly conserved pathway that regulates organ size control, plays an important role in governing ovarian physiology, fertility, and pathology. Specific to the ovary, the spatiotemporal expression of the major components of the Hippo signaling cascade are observed throughout the reproductive lifespan. Observations from multiple species begin to elucidate the functional diversity and molecular mechanisms of Hippo signaling in the ovary in addition to the identification of interactions with other signaling pathways and responses to various external stimuli. Hippo pathway components play important roles in follicle growth and activation, as well as steroidogenesis, by regulating several key biological processes through mechanisms of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Given the importance of these processes, dysregulation of the Hippo pathway contributes to loss of follicular homeostasis and reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency, and ovarian cancers. This review highlights what is currently known about the Hippo pathway core components in ovarian physiology, including ovarian development, follicle development, and oocyte maturation, while identifying areas for future research to better understand Hippo signaling as a multifunctional pathway in reproductive health and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Clark
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Jitu W George
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Emilia Przygrodzka
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Michele R Plewes
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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12
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Bai J, Li J, Liu N, Jia H, Si X, Zhou Y, Zhai Z, Yang Y, Ren F, Wu Z. Zearalenone induces apoptosis and autophagy by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling in porcine trophectoderm cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:186-199. [PMID: 36712409 PMCID: PMC9851881 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to Fusarium species in foods and feeds, causes a serious hazard to humans and animals. Numerous studies have revealed that ingesting ZEA can disrupt the reproductive function and impair the reproductive process in animals. This experiment was to investigate the toxicological effect and the mechanism of ZEA exposure on reproduction in pigs during early stages of pregnancy. In the present study, we treated with 0 to 80 μmol/L ZEA for 12 or 24 h in trophoblast ectoderm (pTr) cells. The results showed that ZEA had significantly decreased cell proliferation (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by DNA damage-related cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, activation of the apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as impairment of barrier function (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that exposure to ZEA can activation of autophagy in pTr cells. Importantly, pretreatment with chloroquine (CQ) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) led to increased apoptosis in pTr cells. Interestingly, pTr cells pretreated with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an inhibitor of ER stress, resulted in reduced cell death in pTr cells, indicating a critical role for ER stress in the activation of autophagy. In conclusion, these results reveal that ZEA-triggered ER stress is critical for the cell fate decision of pTr cells during early porcine embryonic development. Application of small molecules with ability of blocking ER stress might be therapeutic option to reduce the deleterious effect of ZEA in pregnant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhian Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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13
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Chao HH, Wang L, Ma HH, Zhao AH, Xiao HW, Zhang XF. Identification of apoptotic pathways in zearalenone-treated mouse sertoli cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:257-268. [PMID: 35650142 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the most prevalent non-steroidal oestrogenic mycotoxins, is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi. Due to its toxicity as an oestrogenic compound and wide distribution in feed and foods, the reproductive toxicology of ZEN exposure is of public concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ZEN on Sertoli cells to identify apoptotic pathways induced by this compound. We found that ZEN reduced the viability and caused apoptosis in Sertoli cells in vitro. Notably, we observed that such effects were associated with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the number of cells that showed positive staining for γH2AX and RAD51, enzymes essential for repairing DNA damage. There was a parallel decrease in the expression of occludin and connexin 43, proteins that are present in the testis-blood barrier and gap junctions of Sertoli cells, respectively. Overall, the present study confirms that ZEN exposure can have serious deleterious effects on mammalian Sertoli cells and offers novel insight about its molecular targets in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-He Chao
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China.,Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Hao-Hai Ma
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | | | - Hong-Wei Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
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14
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Gao H, Lu D, Xing M, Xu Q, Xue F. Excavation, expression, and functional analysis of a novel zearalenone-degrading enzyme. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:633-640. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Yang X, Li F, Ning H, Zhang W, Niu D, Shi Z, Chai S, Shan A. Screening of Pig-Derived Zearalenone-Degrading Bacteria through the Zearalenone Challenge Model, and Their Degradation Characteristics. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030224. [PMID: 35324721 PMCID: PMC8952410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is widely found in food and feed. Its cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genetic toxicity, immunotoxicity and hepatorenal toxicity have serious impacts on human and animal health. In order to help animals avoid ZEN poisoning in feed, ZEN-degrading bacterial strains were screened from fecal samples through a zearalenone challenge pig model, and their degradation characteristics were researched. Through the optimization of parameters such as the culture time, pH value, temperature, and strain concentration, the optimal conditions for the ZEN-degrading ability of these strains were preliminarily determined, and the active site of the ZEN degradation was explored. In this study, three strains (SY-3, SY-14, SY-20) with high ZEN degradation capacities were obtained. SY-3 was identified as Proteus mirabilis, and its main degrading component was the supernatant. SY-14 and SY-20 were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Their main degrading components were the intracellular fluid of SY-14, and the intracellular fluid and cell wall of SY-20. The above results showed that the ZEN challenge model was an effective way to screen ZEN-degrading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hangyi Ning
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dongyan Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada;
| | - Zhuo Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Sa Chai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Y.); (H.N.); (W.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
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16
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The Effects of Zearalenone on the Localization and Expression of Reproductive Hormones in the Ovaries of Weaned Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090626. [PMID: 34564630 PMCID: PMC8470812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on the localizations and expressions of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) in the ovaries of weaned gilts. Twenty 42-day-old weaned gilts were randomly allocated into two groups, and treated with a control diet and a ZEA-contaminated diet (ZEA 1.04 mg/kg), respectively. After 7-day adjustment, gilts were fed individually for 35 days and euthanized for blood and ovarian samples collection before morning feeding on the 36th day. Serum hormones of E2, PRG, FSH, LH and GnRH were determined using radioimmunoassay kits. The ovaries were collected for relative mRNA and protein expression, and immunohistochemical analysis of FSHR, LHR, GnRH and GnRHR. The results revealed that ZEA exposure significantly increased the final vulva area (p < 0.05), significantly elevated the serum concentrations of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone and GnRH (p < 0.05), and markedly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of FSHR, LHR, GnRH and GnRHR (p < 0.05). Besides, the results of immunohistochemistry showed that the immunoreactive substances of ovarian FSHR, LHR, GnRH and GnRHR in the gilts fed the ZEA-contaminated diet were stronger than the gilts fed the control diet. Our findings indicated that dietary ZEA (1.04 mg/kg) could cause follicular proliferation by interfering with the localization and expression of FSHR, LHR, GnRH and GnRHR, and then affect the follicular development of weaned gilts.
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17
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Olopade BK, Oranusi SU, Nwinyi OC, Gbashi S, Njobeh PB. Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and some of their masked forms in selected cereals from Southwest Nigeria. NFS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kinkade CW, Rivera-Núñez Z, Gorcyzca L, Aleksunes LM, Barrett ES. Impact of Fusarium-Derived Mycoestrogens on Female Reproduction: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060373. [PMID: 34073731 PMCID: PMC8225184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of the world’s food supply and animal feed with mycotoxins is a growing concern as global temperatures rise and promote the growth of fungus. Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal grains and has also been detected at lower levels in meat, milk, and spices. ZEN’s synthetic derivative, zeranol, is used as a growth promoter in United States (US) and Canadian beef production. Experimental research suggests that ZEN and zeranol disrupt the endocrine and reproductive systems, leading to infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome-like phenotypes, pregnancy loss, and low birth weight. With widespread human dietary exposure and growing experimental evidence of endocrine-disrupting properties, a comprehensive review of the impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites on the female reproductive system is warranted. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological literature and evaluate the potential impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites (commonly referred to as mycoestrogens) on female reproductive outcomes. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42020166469) of the literature (2000–2020) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The data sources were primary literature published in English obtained from searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The ToxR tool was applied to assess risk of bias. In vitro and in vivo studies (n = 104) were identified and, overall, evidence consistently supported adverse effects of mycoestrogens on physiological processes, organs, and tissues associated with female reproduction. In non-pregnant animals, mycoestrogens alter follicular profiles in the ovary, disrupt estrus cycling, and increase myometrium thickness. Furthermore, during pregnancy, mycoestrogen exposure contributes to placental hemorrhage, stillbirth, and impaired fetal growth. No epidemiological studies fitting the inclusion criteria were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W. Kinkade
- Joint Graduate Program in Exposure Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.K.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ludwik Gorcyzca
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA;
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (Z.R.-N.); (L.M.A.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: (C.W.K.); (E.S.B.)
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19
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Lyu C, Khan IM, Wang Z. Capture-SELEX for aptamer selection: A short review. Talanta 2021; 229:122274. [PMID: 33838776 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emerging aptamer, developed through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process, has revolutionized and facilitated the discoveries in basic research. Among all SELEX technology, Capture-SELEX is a variant of the in vitro selection process, which is suitable for isolating aptamers against small molecules. Capture-SELEX library was developed to enable the immobilization of the oligonucleotides instead of the target molecules during the aptamer selection process. The review provides an update on the recent-advances in this new screening method with particular emphasis on key points of capture protocol and its applications. The limitations and the prospects of the Capture-SELEX are also discussed. We hope that present review will inspire more researchers to understand the selection problems from the perspective of Capture-SELEX. Moreover, it will open new pave to improve the efficiency and success of screening to meet the growing demand for aptasensor discovery in small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province, China.
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20
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Zhao L, Xiao Y, Li C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma T, Yang L, Wang X, Jiang H, Li Q, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Zearalenone perturbs the circadian clock and inhibits testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:112-124. [PMID: 33148124 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1841699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin, is known to impair reproductive capability by disrupting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells (LCs), although the mechanism is unknown. Robust rhythmicity of circadian clock and steroidogenic genes were identified in LCs. The aim of this study was to examine whether ZEA significantly attenuated the transcription of core clock genes (Bmal1, Dbp, Per2, and Nr1d1) as well as steroidogenic genes (StAR, Hsd3b2, and Cyp11a1) in mouse testis Leydig cell line (TM3). Western blotting confirmed declines in BMAL1, NR1D1, and StAR protein levels. ZEA also suppressed secreted testosterone levels. In primary LCs, isolated from PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter gene knock in mice, ZEA diminished the amplitude of PER2::LUC expression, and induced a phase shift and period extension. In primary LCs, ZEA also suppressed the expression levels of core clock and steroidogenic genes, reduced protein levels of BMAL1, and decreased testosterone secretion. In vivo expression of core clock and steroidogenic genes were reduced in testes of mice exposed to ZEA for 1 week leading to decreased serum testosterone levels. In summary, data suggest that ZEA may impair testosterone synthesis through attenuation of the circadian clock in LCs culminating in reproductive dysfunction in male mammals .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaoyao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Cuimei Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaojia Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Luda Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Qian Li
- Medical Experiment Centre, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
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21
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Pan P, Ying Y, Ma F, Zou C, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Z, Fang Y, Huang T, Ge RS, Wang Y. Zearalenone disrupts the placental function of rats: A possible mechanism causing intrauterine growth restriction. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111698. [PMID: 32858132 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by a variety of Fusarium fungi. There is evidence that exposure to zearalenone can cause intrauterine growth restriction, but little is known about the mechanism in the rat placenta caused by zearalenone. From gestational day 14-21, female Sprague Dawley rats (60 days old) were gavaged with zearalenone (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day body weight). Zearalenone dose-dependently reduced serum LH and FSH levels of dams at ≥ 5 mg/kg. RNA-seq and qPCR showed that zearalenone significantly down-regulated Slc38a1 expression at 2.5 mg/kg, Echs1 and Pc at 10 mg/kg, as well as Slc1a5, Cd36, Ldlr, Hadhb, and Cyp17a1 expression at a dose of 20 mg/kg, while it up-regulated the expression of Notch signal (Dvl1 and Jag 1). After zearalenone treatment, their proteins showed a similar trend. Zearalenone reduced the phosphorylation of AKT1, ERK1/2, and mTOR at 5 mg/kg or higher and 4EBP1 at 5 mg/kg. Zearalenone also increased BECLIN1, LC3B, and p62 levels and elevated BAX/BCL2 and CASP3/PROCASP3 ratios. In conclusion, zearalenone disrupts placental function such as reduction of nutrient transport and lipid metabolism possibly via AKT1/ERK1/2/mTOR-mediated autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yingfen Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yige Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Sun D, Cui S. Zearalenone affects reproductive functions of male offspring via transgenerational cytotoxicity on spermatogonia in mouse. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108766. [PMID: 32339757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Zearalenone (ZEA) affects not only maternal reproductive function but also that of the offspring. However, the transgenerational toxic effects of ZEA on the spermatogonia of male F1 mice are not clear. The present study was thus designed to determine whether the fertility of male F1 mice was affected following exposure of F0 pregnant mice to ZEA. In present study, 32 pregnant female mice were divided into 4 groups and exposed to ZEA of 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, and the testis development and reproductive performance of 96 male F1 mice were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the F0 pregnant mice treated with ZEA resulted in increased anogenital distances in the newborn male F1 mice. Moreover, ZEA caused abnormal vacuole structures and loose connections in the testes of male F1 offspring, compared with the controls. Further ultramicrostructural analysis showed that the mitochondria appeared to be vacuolated with ablated membranes and cristae, and this was accompanied by the presence of large lipid droplets in the spermatogonia. Further, the semen quality and sperm counts declined significantly, and increased malformation rates and decreased testosterone levels were observed in the male F1 offspring from experimental groups. Our results reveal the toxic effects of ZEA on F0 pregnant mice is transgenerational, and affects the fertility of male F1 mice by damaging the spermatogonial cells. This offers a new viewpoint of ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity in male animals and provides a new potential direction for the treatment and prevention of ZEA-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Phosphatidylcholine could protect the defect of zearalenone exposure on follicular development and oocyte maturation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3486-3506. [PMID: 30472698 PMCID: PMC6286824 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a well-known exogenous endocrine disruptor and can lead to severe negative effects on the human and animal reproductive process. Using a follicle culture model, we have previously shown that ZEA exposure significantly affected the follicular development and antrum formation but the underlying mechanisms are not well known. Therefore, in this study, we explored the metabolomic changes of granulosa cell (GC) culture media with or without ZEA exposure. The results showed that ZEA significantly increased phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidyl ethanolamine adducts in culture medium. A comprehensive analysis with the metabolome data from follicular fluid of small and large antral follicles showed that lyso phosphatidylcholine (LPC) was accumulated during follicle growth, but was depleted by ZEA exposure. Exogenous supplement with LPC to the follicle growth media or oocyte maturation media can partly protect the defect of ZEA exposure on follicular antrum formation and oocyte maturation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ZEA exposure hinders the follicular growth and exogenous LPC can practically protect the defect of ZEA on follicular development and oocyte maturation.
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Wang N, Wu W, Pan J, Long M. Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070208. [PMID: 31330922 PMCID: PMC6680894 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that is commonly found in cereal crops. ZEA has an estrogen-like effect which affects the reproductive function of animals. It also damages the liver and kidneys and reduces immune function which leads to cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. At present, the detoxification of mycotoxins is mainly accomplished using biological methods. Microbial-based methods involve zearalenone conversion or adsorption, but not all transformation products are nontoxic. In this paper, the non-pathogenic microorganisms which have been found to detoxify ZEA in recent years are summarized. Then, two mechanisms by which ZEA can be detoxified (adsorption and biotransformation) are discussed in more detail. The compounds produced by the subsequent degradation of ZEA and the heterogeneous expression of ZEA-degrading enzymes are also analyzed. The development trends in the use of probiotics as a ZEA detoxification strategy are also evaluated. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Jiawen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 counteracts zearalenone génotoxicty in mice: Chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, DNA fragmentation and apoptotique gene expression. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 840:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang M, Wu W, Li L, He J, Huang S, Chen S, Chen J, Long M, Yang S, Li P. Analysis of the miRNA Expression Profiles in the Zearalenone-Exposed TM3 Leydig Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E635. [PMID: 30717214 PMCID: PMC6386897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an important environmental pollutant, can cause serious harm to human and animal health. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN) on miRNA expression profiles in the mouse Leydig cell line (TM3 Leydig cell line) by miRNA sequencing. The effect of ZEN on the viability of TM3 Leydig cells was verified by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). MiRNA sequencing was performed 24 h after the exposure of TM3 Leydig cells with 50 μmol/L of ZEN. Bioinformatics predicted the miRNA target genes, performed Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, and conducted miRNA-gene-pathway mapping to show the relationship between miRNA, the target gene, and the signalling pathway. The expression levels of miRNA and the miRNA target genes associated with ZEN toxicology were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The miRNA sequencing revealed a significant change (p < 0.05) in the 197 miRNAs in the ZEN-treated and control groups, among which 86 were up-regulated and 111 were down-regulated. GO analysis of the target genes of these miRNAs indicated various biological functions. KEGG analysis showed that the predicted miRNA target genes were involved in signalling pathways, such as cancer, apoptosis, and oxidation, namely, the Ras signalling pathway, Rap1 signalling pathway, PI3K-AKT signalling pathway, Foxo signalling pathway, and AMPK signalling pathway. These results suggest that ZEN, as an estrogen-like toxin, is regulated by microRNAs. Our results can help to examine the toxicological effects of ZEN-regulated miRNAs on germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
- Fushun modern agriculture and poverty alleviation and development promotion center, Fushun 113006, China.
| | - Jianbin He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Althali NJ, Hassan AM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Effect of grape seed extract on maternal toxicity and in utero development in mice treated with zearalenone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5990-5999. [PMID: 30613873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the polyphone content of grape seed extract (GSE) and to assess their protective effects against zearalenone (ZEN)-induced maternal toxicity and in utero development defects in mice. Five groups of pregnant mice were treated orally during days 6-13 of gestation as follows: control group, corn oil as vehicle (0.1 ml/mice)-treated group, ZEN-treated group (25 mg/kg b.w), GSE-treated group (150 mg/kg b.w.), and ZEN plus GSE-treated group. All animals were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestation and samples of bone marrow were collected for the micronucleus assay. The maternal and developmental toxicity were carried out. The HPLC analyses revealed that GES is rich in gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, quercetin, and coumaric acid. ZEN administration resulted in severe maternal and developmental toxicity which included an increase of micronuclei formation in bone marrow, decreased maternal weight gain, and litter weight. It also induces fetal growth retardation, increased number of the aborted dams and resorbed fetuses, abnormality of fetal bone ossification, and number of fetuses with a hematoma. GSE showed positive effects on the pregnant mice and the developing fetuses. Moreover, it counteracted the detrimental effects of ZEN in dams and fetuses. It could be concluded that polyphenols in GSE are a promising candidate to protect against ZEN toxicity in highly endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf J Althali
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza M Hassan
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium in female rats during gestating and lactating on reproductive performance and the intestinal barrier functions in the progeny. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:818-830. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na2) supplementation on the reproductive performance and intestinal barrier functions of gestating and lactating female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and their offspring. Dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2increased the number of implanted embryos per litter during gestation and lactation at GD 20 and increased the number of viable fetuses per litter, and the weight of uterine horns with fetuses increased at 1 d of newborn. The mRNA expression levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx2), superoxide dismutase (SOD1), solute carrier family 2 member 1 (Slc2a1) and solute carrier family 2 member 3 (Slc2a3) in the placenta were increased with dietary PQQ·Na2supplementation. Dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2in gestating and lactating rats increased the CAT, SOD and GPx activities of the jejunal mucosa of weaned rats on PD 21. Dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2in female rats affected the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin, zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) andoccludin) in the jejunal mucosa of their offspring by increasing the expression ofZO-1mRNA in the expression ofZO-1and claudin mRNA in the jejunal mucosa of weaned rats on PD 21. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2in gestating and lactating female rats had positive effects on their reproductive performance and on the intestinal barrier of weaned rats.
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Fu G, Wang L, Li L, Liu J, Liu S, Zhao X. Bacillus licheniformis CK1 alleviates the toxic effects of zearalenone in feed on weaned female Tibetan piglets. J Anim Sci 2019; 96:4471-4480. [PMID: 30169611 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is widely present in feedstuffs and raw materials, causing reproductive disorders in animals. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis CK1 was used to detoxify ZEA in feed for alleviating its effect in Tibetan piglets. A total of 18 weaned female Tibetan piglets were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (Control, ZEA-free basal diet); treatment group 1 (T1, ZEA-contaminated diet); and treatment group 2 (T2, ZEA-contaminated but pre-fermented by CK1 diet). There were no significant differences of average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (FE) among the 3 groups (P > 0.05). The T1 treatment significantly increased the vulva size and relative weight of the reproductive organ (P < 0.05), compared with the Control. However, the T2 treatment caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in vulva size and relative weight of the reproductive organ compared with the T1 group. The levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P), and estradiol (E2) in the T1 group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the Control, while the levels of LH, P, and E2 in the T2 group were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those in the T1 group. Zearalenone significantly increased (P < 0.05) the expression of estrogen receptor α in uterus and ovary and estrogen receptor β in vagina, while these indicators were not significant different (P > 0.05) between the T2 group and the Control group. In comparison with the Control group, ZEA significantly increased (P < 0.05) expression of several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: ABCB1 and ABCb4 in the vagina, ABCA1 and ABCb4 in the uterus, and ABCB1, ABCb4, ABCD3, and ABCG2 in the ovary, while these transporters in the T2 group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the T1 group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that B. licheniformis CK1 could alleviate the harmful effect of ZEA in Tibetan piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Zhang Y, Lu T, Wang Y, Diao C, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Chen H. Selection of a DNA Aptamer against Zearalenone and Docking Analysis for Highly Sensitive Rapid Visual Detection with Label-Free Aptasensor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12102-12110. [PMID: 30346760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of feed with zearalenone (ZEN) presents a significant risk to animal health. Here, a visible, rapid, and cost-effective aptamer-based method is described for the detection of ZEN. After 8 rounds of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) with an affinity-based monitor and counter-screening process, the ssDNA aptamer Z100 was obtained, which had high affinity (dissociation constant = 15.2 ± 3.4 nM) and good specificity. Docking analysis of Z100 indicated that noncovalent bonds (π-π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions) helped ZEN to anchor in the binding sites. Finally, a label-free detection method based on gold nanoparticles and Z100 at 0.25 μM was developed for ZEN determination. Excellent linearity was achieved, and the lowest detection limit was 12.5 nM. This rapid and simple method for ZEN analysis has high sensitivity and can be applied for on-site detection of ZEN in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Taofeng Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Yue Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Chenxi Diao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin 150069 , China
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Khezri A, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ropstad E, Fraser TW. Mycotoxins induce developmental toxicity and behavioural aberrations in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:500-506. [PMID: 30005262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. In the current study, we investigated developmental and behavioural toxicity in zebrafish larvae after exposure to six different mycotoxins; ochratoxin A (OTA), type A trichothecenes mycotoxin (T-2 toxin), type B trichothecenes mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZOL). Developmental defects, hatching time, and survival were monitored until 96 h post fertilisation (hpf). The EC50, LC50, and IC50 values were calculated. Subsequently, to assess behavioural toxicity, new sets of embryos were exposed to a series of non-lethal doses within the range of environmental and/or developmental concern. Results indicated that all the tested mycotoxins were toxic, they all induced developmental defects, and with the exception of OTA, all affected hatching time. Behavioural effects were only observed following exposure to OTA and ZEN and its metabolites, α ZOL and β ZOL. These results demonstrate that mycotoxins are teratogenic and can influence behaviour in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wk Fraser
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang RQ, Sun XF, Wu RY, Cheng SF, Zhang GL, Zhai QY, Liu XL, Zhao Y, Shen W, Li L. Zearalenone exposure elevated the expression of tumorigenesis genes in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 356:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang K, Wei H, Shen L. Isolation and characterization of the Bacillus cereus BC7 strain, which is capable of zearalenone removal and intestinal flora modulation in mice. Toxicon 2018; 155:9-20. [PMID: 30267721 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) causes serious diseases in both animals and humans and thereby leads to substantial economic losses. The elimination of ZEN contamination from food and feed is an important concern worldwide. This study aimed to screen a bacterium that can efficiently detoxify ZEN both in vitro and in vivo. A bacterium (designated BC7) with high ZEN-removing capability was isolated from mouldy contaminated feeds and characterized as Bacillus cereus based on biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. BC7 could remove 100% and 89.31% of 10 mg/L ZEN in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium and simulated gastric fluid (GSF), respectively, within 24 h at 37 °C. The effects of BC7 on ZEN detoxification and on the intestinal flora were further evaluated using four groups of mice that were intragastrically administered normal saline, BC7 culture (CFU = 3.45 × 108/mL), ZEN (10 mg/kg BW) or BC7 culture (CFU = 3.45 × 108/mL) + ZEN (10 mg/kg BW) for 2 weeks. ZEN showed distinct reproductive and hepatic toxicity, as characterized by increased weights of the uterus and liver, altered levels of oestradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH), increased secretion of the liver injury biomarkers alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and abnormal histological phenotypes for the uterus, ovary and liver. However, BC7 could significantly reduce all the above-mentioned adverse effects caused by ZEN with no harmful effect on the reproductive system and liver in mice. Moreover, the addition of BC7 could efficiently renormalize the ZEN-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota and significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus to maintain the health of the intestinal flora in mice. In conclusion, Bacillus cereus BC7 could be used as a potential feed additive to efficiently remove ZEN in vitro or in vivo and to normalize the disordered gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Kerong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Hong Wei
- The Engineering Technology Research Center for Germ-free and Genome-editing animal, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Lixin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China.
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Prenatal exposure to zearalenone disrupts reproductive potential and development via hormone-related genes in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Liew WPP, Mohd-Redzwan S. Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:60. [PMID: 29535978 PMCID: PMC5834427 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites produced by fungi known as mycotoxins, are capable of causing mycotoxicosis (diseases and death) in human and animals. Contamination of feedstuffs as well as food commodities by fungi occurs frequently in a natural manner and is accompanied by the presence of mycotoxins. The occurrence of mycotoxins' contamination is further stimulated by the on-going global warming as reflected in some findings. This review comprehensively discussed the role of mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and aflatoxins) toward gut health and gut microbiota. Certainly, mycotoxins cause perturbation in the gut, particularly in the intestinal epithelial. Recent insights have generated an entirely new perspective where there is a bi-directional relationship exists between mycotoxins and gut microbiota, thus suggesting that our gut microbiota might be involved in the development of mycotoxicosis. The bacteria-xenobiotic interplay for the host is highlighted in this review article. It is now well established that a healthy gut microbiota is largely responsible for the overall health of the host. Findings revealed that the gut microbiota is capable of eliminating mycotoxin from the host naturally, provided that the host is healthy with a balance gut microbiota. Moreover, mycotoxins have been demonstrated for modulation of gut microbiota composition, and such alteration in gut microbiota can be observed up to species level in some of the studies. Most, if not all, of the reported effects of mycotoxins, are negative in terms of intestinal health, where beneficial bacteria are eliminated accompanied by an increase of the gut pathogen. The interactions between gut microbiota and mycotoxins have a significant role in the development of mycotoxicosis, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. Such knowledge potentially drives the development of novel and innovative strategies for the prevention and therapy of mycotoxin contamination and mycotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabran Mohd-Redzwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Diao C, Han L, Yinjie N, Liu S, Chen H. Glutamine Ameliorates Mucosal Damage Caused by Immune Responses to Duck Plague Virus. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817708674. [PMID: 28620271 PMCID: PMC5464388 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817708674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune-releasing effects of L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation in duck plague virus (DPV)-infected ducklings were evaluated in 120 seven-day-old ducklings that were divided into 8 groups. The ducklings in control and DPV, 0.5Gln and DPV + 0.5Gln, 1.0Gln and DPV + 1.0Gln, and 2.0Gln and DPV + 2.0Gln received 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g of Gln/kg feed/d by gastric perfusion, respectively. Then, the ducklings in control to 2.0Gln were injected with 0.2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline, while those in DPV to DPV + 2.0Gln were injected with DPV at 0.2 mL of 2000 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infection dose) 30 minutes after gavage with Gln, sampled at 12 hours and days 1, 2, 4, and 6. Glutamine supplementation under physiological conditions enhanced immune function and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressions in a dose-dependent manner. An increase in Gln supplementation under DPV-infected conditions enhanced growth performance, decreased immunoglobulin (Ig) release in plasma and secretory IgA in the duodenum, ameliorated plasma cytokine levels, and suppressed overexpressions of the TLR4 pathway in the duodenum. The positive effects of Gln on the humoral immunity- and intestinal inflammation-related damage should be considered a mechanism by which immunonutrition can assist in the recovery from DPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenxi Diao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lingxia Han
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Niu Yinjie
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Gestational Zearalenone Exposure Causes Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity in Pregnant Rats and Female Offspring. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010021. [PMID: 28067781 PMCID: PMC5308253 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an oestrogenic mycotoxin commonly found in food and feed products and can affect reproduction and development in both humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the toxic effects of ZEN on maternal SD rats and the F1 female offspring. Sixty-four pregnant rats were divided into 4 groups and exposed to feed contaminated with ZEN (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg feed) on gestational days (GDs) 0–21. Compared with the controls, the groups exposed to 10 and 20 mg/kg ZEN showed significantly decreased feed intake and body weight of pregnant rats and/or female offspring. Meanwhile, 20 mg/kg ZEN significantly decreased the birth weight and viability of F1 newborn rats. Moreover, 10 and 20 mg/kg ZEN diets increased follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations but decreased oestradiol in both maternal and F1 adult rats. In the F1 generation, ZEN caused no pathological changes in ovaries and uterus in weaned rats, but significant follicular atresia and a thinning uterine layer were found in F1 female adult rats in the 20 mg/kg ZEN group. These impairments concurred with the inhibited mRNA and protein levels of oestrogen receptor-alpha (Esr1) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) in the adult uterus and/or ovaries. Furthermore, 10 and/or 20 mg/kg ZEN exposure significantly reduced Esr1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHr), and ATP binding cassette transporters b1 and c1 (ABCb1 and ABCc1) in the placenta and foetal and weaned F1 brains, and also produced a dose-dependent increase in 3β-HSD in the placenta. Additionally, 20 mg/kg ZEN significantly upregulated ABCc5 expression in the placenta and ovaries of weaned rats. These results suggested that prenatal ZEN exposure in rats affected maternal and foetal development and may lead to long-term reproductive impairment in F1 adult females.
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Shi B, Su Y, Chang S, Sun Y, Meng X, Shan A. Vitamin C protects piglet liver against zearalenone-induced oxidative stress by modulating expression of nuclear receptors PXR and CAR and their target genes. Food Funct 2017; 8:3675-3687. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a common mycotoxin found in human food and animal feed, is effectively detoxified by vitamin C by modulation of the nuclear receptor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Siying Chang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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Effect of Degradation of Zearalenone-Contaminated Feed by Bacillus licheniformis CK1 on Postweaning Female Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100300. [PMID: 27763510 PMCID: PMC5086660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin, is mainly produced by Fusarium fungi. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis CK1 isolated from soil with the capability of degrading ZEA was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the adverse effects of ZEA in piglets. The gilts were fed one of the following three diets for 14 days: a basic diet for the control group; the basic diet supplemented with ZEA-contaminated basic diet for the treatment 1 (T1) group; and the basic diet supplemented with fermented ZEA-contaminated basic diet by CK1 for the treatment 2 (T2) group. The actual ZEA contents (analyzed) were 0, 1.20 ± 0.11, 0.47 ± 0.22 mg/kg for the control, T1, and T2 diets, respectively. The results showed that the T1 group had significantly increased the size of vulva and the relative weight of reproductive organs compared to the control group at the end of the trial. The T1 group significantly decreased the concentration of the luteinizing hormone (LH) compared with the control and T2 groups. Expression of ERβ was significantly up-regulated in the T2 group compared with the control. In addition, expression of ERβ was not different between the control and the T1 group. In summary, our results suggest that Bacillus licheniformis CK1 could detoxify ZEA in feed and reduce the adverse effects of ZEA in the gilts.
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Fleck SC, Churchwell MI, Doerge DR, Teeguarden JG. Urine and serum biomonitoring of exposure to environmental estrogens II: Soy isoflavones and zearalenone in pregnant women. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:19-27. [PMID: 27255803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Urine and serum biomonitoring was used to measure internal exposure to selected dietary estrogens in a cohort of 30 pregnant women. Exposure was measured over a period comprising one-half day in the field (6 h) and one day in a clinic (24 h). Biomonitoring of the dietary phytoestrogens genistein (GEN), daidzein (DDZ) and equol (EQ), as well as the mycoestrogen, zearalenone (ZEN) and its congeners, was conducted using UPLC-MS/MS. Biomonitoring revealed evidence of internal exposure to naturally occurring dietary estrogens during pregnancy. Urinary concentrations of total GEN, DDZ and EQ were similar to levels reported for general adult U.S. POPULATION Measurable concentrations of total (parent and metabolites) GEN, DDZ and EQ were present in 240, 207 and 2 of 270 serum samples, respectively. Six out of 30 subjects had measurable concentrations of unconjugated GEN and/or DDZ in serum between 0.6 and 7.1 nM. Urine to serum total isoflavone ratios for GEN, DDZ and EQ were 13, 47, and 180, respectively. ZEN and its reductive metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), were present in pregnant women (11 out of 30 subjects) as conjugates at levels near the limit of quantification. The average total urinary concentration was 0.10 μg/L for ZEN and 0.11 μg/L for α-ZEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Fleck
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Mona I Churchwell
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Justin G Teeguarden
- Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 93771, USA.
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Kunishige K, Kawate N, Inaba T, Tamada H. Exposure to Zearalenone During Early Pregnancy Causes Estrogenic Multitoxic Effects in Mice. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:421-427. [PMID: 27485361 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116657194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although zearalenone (ZEN; Sigma Chemicals, St Louis, Missouri) is a well-known mycotoxin with estrogenic activity, the toxic effects of ZEN during pregnancy are unknown. This study compared the effects of daily subcutaneous injections of ZEN (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) with those of 17β-estradiol (E2; [Sigma Chemicals] 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 μg/kg) in mice. Injections were administered on gestational days (GDs) 1 to 5, the period including implantation which is sensitive to hormonal balance. The effects of ZEN or E2 were evaluated by comparing the number of live fetuses, their weight, and absorbed conceptuses on GD 18, with those in vehicle-treated controls. In addition, implantation, embryos in the oviducts and those in uteri without implantation sites were investigated on GD 5. In mice treated with the highest dose of ZEN or E2, decidual responses and plasma progesterone concentrations were measured on GDs 5 and 6, respectively, and delayed implantation was investigated on GDs 9 and 14. The results showed that treatment with ZEN, in a manner similar to that seen for E2, led to obstruction of essential processes for establishing and maintaining pregnancy, such as embryo migration from oviducts to uteri, the decidual response, and activation of luteal function. Zearalenone also induced delayed implantation and loss of conceptuses and at low doses caused a retarded growth of the fetuses after normal implantation. It was therefore concluded that ZEN causes multiple estrogenic toxic actions when administered during early pregnancy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Kunishige
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kawate
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tamada
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Gao R, Meng Q, Li J, Liu M, Zhang Y, Bi C, Shan A. Modified halloysite nanotubes reduce the toxic effects of zearalenone in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 26933493 PMCID: PMC4772320 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and has been proven to affect the reproductive capacity of many species to varying degrees. The present experiment was designed to study the maternal persistent effects of zearalenone toxicity in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings, and the alleviation of zearalenone toxicity by modified halloysite nanotubes (MHNTs). Methods Eighteen sows were fed with one of three dietary treatments that included the following: (1) a control diet, (2) a contaminated grain diet (with 50 % moldy corn, 2.77 mg/kg ZEN), and (3) a contaminated grain diet (with 50 % moldy corn, 2.76 mg/kg ZEN) + 1 % MHNTs. Each sow was exclusively fed its experimental diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation at a total of 2 kg daily. Muscle samples were collected from six piglets per treatment at birth, weaning and finishing. Results The results showed that feeding the sows with the ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation decreased the ADG, ADFI and G:F of their offsprings (P < 0.05). The muscle fiber numbers in the newborn, weaning and growing-finishing pigs and the muscle fiber diameters at birth and weaning were also decreased by maternal ZEN exposure (P < 0.05). The expressions of IGF-I, IGF-II, Myf-5 and Mstn at birth and IGF-II, Pax7, Myf-5 and MyoD1 at weaning were altered by feeding gestating sows with ZEN-contaminated diets (P < 0.05). The MHNTs reduced most of the ZEN-induced toxic effects: the ADG and ADFI on growth performance, the muscle fiber numbers at weaning and finishing and the muscle fiber diameters at weaning (P < 0.05). The expression levels of IGF-II and Mstn in newborn piglets and IGF-II and Myf-5 in weaning piglets were also prevented by adding 1 % MHNTs (P < 0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the offsprings of sows fed with ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 day of gestation exhibited weakening on growth performance, physiological changes in their muscle fibers and alterations of mRNA expression in their muscle tissues, and also indicated that MHNTs prevented most of the ZEN-induced weakening in the muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Jianan Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 P. R. China
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Chen Q, Lu Z, Hou W, Shi B, Shan A. Effects of Modified Maifanite on Zearalenone Toxicity in Female Weaner Pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Jia Z, Yin S, Liu M, Zhang Y, Gao R, Shi B, Shan A, Chen Z. Modified halloysite nanotubes and the alleviation of kidney damage induced by dietary zearalenone in swine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1048748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Use of modified halloysite nanotubes in the feed reduces the toxic effects of zearalenone on sow reproduction and piglet development. Theriogenology 2015; 83:932-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Lin P, Chen F, Sun J, Zhou J, Wang X, Wang N, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang A, Jin Y. Mycotoxin zearalenone induces apoptosis in mouse Leydig cells via an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent signalling pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:71-7. [PMID: 25720297 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium mycotoxin that causes several reproductive disorders and genotoxic effects. This study demonstrated the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in ZEN-induced mouse Leydig cell death. Our study showed that ZEN reduced cell proliferation in a murine Leydig tumour cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of apoptosis as a major cause of ZEN-induced cell death was further confirmed by the results of a caspase-3 activity assay, which showed a ZEN dose-dependent increase in cell death. Treatment of MLTC-1 and primary mouse Leydig cells with ZEN upregulated the expression of the ER stress-typical markers GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 protein. Further, pre-treating the cells with 4-phenylbutyrate or knocking down GRP78 using lentivirus-encoded shRNA significantly diminished ZEN-induced apoptosis and inhibited the expression of CHOP and caspase-12. In summary, these results suggest that the activation of an ER stress pathway plays a key role in ZEN-induced apoptosis in the mouse Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Fenglei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - YaPing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Yin S, Meng Q, Zhang B, Shi B, Shan A, Li Z. Alleviation of zearalenone toxicity by modified halloysite nanotubes in the immune response of swine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:87-99. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.987700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Liu M, Gao R, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Bi C, Shan A. Toxic effects of maternal zearalenone exposure on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, immunological and morphological changes in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106412. [PMID: 25180673 PMCID: PMC4152245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal zearalenone (ZEN) exposure on the intestine of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and its offspring. Ninety-six pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into four groups and were fed with diets containing ZEN at concentrations of 0.3 mg/kg, 48.5 mg/kg, 97.6 mg/kg or 146.0 mg/kg from gestation days (GD) 1 to 7. All rats were fed with mycotoxin-free diet until their offspring were weaned at three weeks of age. The small intestinal fragments from pregnant rats at GD8, weaned dams and pups were collected and studied for toxic effects of ZEN on antioxidant status, immune response, expression of junction proteins, and morphology. The results showed that ZEN induced oxidative stress, affected the villous structure and reduced the expression of junction proteins claudin-4, occludin and connexin43 (Cx43) in a dose-dependent manner in pregnant rats. Different effects on the expression of cytokines were also observed both in mRNA and protein levels in these pregnant groups. Ingestion of high levels of ZEN caused irreversible damage in weaned dams, such as oxidative stress, decreased villi hight and low expression of junction proteins and cytokines. Decreased expression of jejunal interleukin-8 (IL-8) and increased expression of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2) mRNA were detected in weaned offspring, indicating long-term damage caused by maternal ZEN. We also found that the Nrf2 expression both in mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in the ZEN-treated groups of pregnant dams and the high-dose of ZEN group of weaned dams. The data indicate that modulation of Nrf2-mediated pathway is one of mechanism via which ZEN affects gut wall antioxidant and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
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