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Singh H, Almabhouh FA, Alshaikhli HSI, Hassan MJM, Daud S, Othman R, Md Salleh MFRR. Leptin in reproduction and hypertension in pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24060. [PMID: 39038160 DOI: 10.1071/rd24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin has important roles in numerous physiological functions, including those in the regulation of energy balance, and in immune and reproductive systems. However, in the recent years, evidence has implicated it in a number of obesity-related diseases, where its concentrations in serum are significantly elevated. Elevated serum leptin concentrations and increased placental leptin secretion have been reported in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Whether leptin is responsible for this disorder remains to be established. Leptin injections in healthy rats and mice during pregnancy result in endothelial activation, increased blood pressure and proteinuria. A potential role for leptin in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is hypothesised, particularly in women who are overweight or obese where serum leptin concentrations are often elevated. This review summarises pertinent information in the literature on the role of leptin in puberty, pregnancy, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. In particular, the possible mechanism that may be involved in leptin-induced increase in blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy and the potential role of marinobufagenin in this disease entity. We hypothesise a significant role for oxidative stress in this, and propose a conceptual framework on the events that lead to endothelial activation, raised blood pressure and proteinuria following leptin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harbindarjeet Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fayez A Almabhouh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | | | | | - Suzanna Daud
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosfayati Othman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Fakh Rur Razi Md Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
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Grace MR, Vora NL, Smeester L, Dotters-Katz SK, Fry RC, Bae-Jump V, Boggess K. Sex-Dependent Differences in Mouse Placental Gene Expression following a Maternal High-Fat Diet. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e1273-e1280. [PMID: 36608700 PMCID: PMC10427734 DOI: 10.1055/a-2008-8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In utero fetal exposures may have sex-specific placental gene responses. Our objective was to measure sex-based differences in placental gene expression from dams fed high-fat diet (HFD) versus control diet (CD). STUDY DESIGN We fed timed pregnant Friend virus B-strain dams either a CD (n = 5) or an HFD (n = 5). We euthanized dams on embryonic day 17.5 to collect placentas. We extracted placental RNA and hybridized it to a customized 96-gene Nanostring panel focusing on angiogenic, inflammatory, and growth genes. We compared normalized gene expression between CD and HFD, stratified by fetal sex, using analysis of variance. Pathway analysis was used to further interpret the genomic data. RESULTS Pups from HFD-fed dams were heavier than those from CD-fed dams (0.97 ± 0.06 vs. 0.84 ± 0.08 g, p < 0.001). Male pups were heavier than females in the HFD (0.99 ± 0.05 vs. 0.94 ± 0.06 g, p = 0.004) but not CD (0.87 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.07 g, p = 0.10) group. No sex-based differences in placental gene expression in CD-fed dams were observed. Among HFD-fed dams, placentas from female pups exhibited upregulation of 15 genes (q = 0.01). Network analyses identified a cluster of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cellular function and maintenance, and endocrine system development and function (p = 1 × 10-23). The observed female-specific increased gene expression following in utero HFD exposure was predicted to be regulated by insulin (p = 5.79 × 10-13). CONCLUSION In female compared with male pups, in utero exposure to HFD upregulated placental gene expression in 15 genes predicted to be regulated by insulin. Sex-specific differences in placental expression of these genes should be further investigated. KEY POINTS · Male pups were heavier than female pups at the time of sacrifice when dams were fed an HFD.. · HFD was associated with upregulated gene expression in female placentas.. · Female-specific increased gene was predicted to be regulated by insulin..
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Grace
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victoria Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina
| | - Kim Boggess
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Ozmen A, Nwabuobi C, Tang Z, Guo X, Larsen K, Guller S, Blas J, Moore M, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O. Leptin-Mediated Induction of IL-6 Expression in Hofbauer Cells Contributes to Preeclampsia Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:135. [PMID: 38203306 PMCID: PMC10778808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays a crucial role in regulating energy homoeostasis, neuroendocrine function, metabolism, and immune and inflammatory responses. The adipose tissue is a main source of leptin, but during pregnancy, leptin is also secreted primarily by the placenta. Circulating leptin levels peak during the second trimester of human pregnancy and fall after labor. Several studies indicated a strong association between elevated placental leptin levels and preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis and elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in PE patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that a local increase in placental leptin production induces IL-6 production in Hofbauer cells (HBCs) to contribute to PE-associated inflammation. We first investigated HBCs-specific IL-6 and leptin receptor (LEPR) expression and compared their immunoreactivity in PE vs. gestational age-matched control placentas. Subsequently, we examined the in vitro regulation of IL-6 as well as the phosphorylation levels of intracellular signaling proteins STAT3, STAT5, NF-κB, and ERK1/2 by increasing recombinant human leptin concentrations (10 to 1000 ng/mL) in primary cultured HBCs. Lastly, HBC cultures were incubated with leptin ± specific inhibitors of STAT3 or STAT5, or p65 NF-κB or ERK1/2 MAPK signaling cascades to determine relevant cascade(s) involved in leptin-mediated IL-6 regulation. Immunohistochemistry revealed ~three- and ~five-fold increases in IL-6 and LEPR expression, respectively, in HBCs from PE placentas. In vitro analysis indicated that leptin treatment in HBCs stimulate IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner both at the transcriptional and secretory levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, leptin-treated HBC cultures displayed significantly increased phosphorylation levels of STAT5, p65 NF-κB, and ERK1/2 MAPK and pre-incubation of HBCs with a specific ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor blocked leptin-induced IL-6 expression. Our in situ results show that HBCs contribute to the pathogenesis of PE by elevating IL-6 expression, and in vitro results indicate that induction of IL-6 expression in HBCs is primarily leptin-mediated. While HBCs display an anti-inflammatory phenotype in normal placentas, elevated levels of leptin may transform HBCs into a pro-inflammatory phenotype by activating ERK1/2 MAPK to augment IL-6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ozmen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Chinedu Nwabuobi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (Z.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Kellie Larsen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (Z.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Jacqueline Blas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Monica Moore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Umit A. Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Charles J. Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
| | - Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.O.); (C.N.); (X.G.); (K.L.); (J.B.); (M.M.); (U.A.K.); (C.J.L.)
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Malpeli A, Fasano MV, Sala M, Obregón P, Casado C, Mendez I, Fotia L, Castrogiovanni D, Varea A, Disalvo L, Tournier A, Mazziota L, Rocha D, Kruger AL, Orellano L, Andreoli MF. Leptin receptor expression in blood mononuclear cells of lactating women is associated with infant body weight: Potential role as a molecular biomarker. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13072. [PMID: 37650320 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular biomarkers of maternal leptin resistance associated with infant weight are needed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate gene expression of leptin receptor (LEPR), suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and insulin receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of lactating women and their relationship with infant body weight and adiposity. METHODS At day 10 postpartum, maternal gene expression in PBMCs as well as leptin and insulin concentrations in plasma and milk were assessed (n = 68). Infant weight and BMI z-scores, skinfolds and arm circumference were obtained at 10 days and/or at 3 months old. RESULTS In mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OW/OB), LEPR expression was reduced (p = 0.013) whereas plasma and milk leptin and milk insulin concentrations were elevated. LEPR expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.40 (0.17, 0.63), p = 0.001) but not with leptin concentrations. SOCS3 expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.28 (0.04, 0.51), p = 0.024) and arm circumference (Beta (95% CI): 0.57 (0.32, 0.82), p < 0.001). Relationships remained significant after adjusting for maternal and infant confounders. CONCLUSIONS LEPR and SOCS3 gene expression in PBMCs are novel maternal molecular biomarkers that reflect leptin resistance and are associated with infant body weight and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Malpeli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Fasano
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- Centro de Matemática de La Plata (CMaLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP) - CIC-PBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sala
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Obregón
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Casado
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mendez
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Fotia
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), (UNLP - CIC-PBA - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Varea
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana Disalvo
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Tournier
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Mazziota
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rocha
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Luz Kruger
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura Orellano
- Laboratorio Central, HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María F Andreoli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Marley AR, Ryder JR, Turcotte LM, Spector LG. Maternal obesity and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk in offspring: A summary of trends, epidemiological evidence, and possible biological mechanisms. Leuk Res 2022; 121:106924. [PMID: 35939888 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a heterogenous malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid progenitors and generally initiated in utero, is the most common pediatric cancer. Although incidence of ALL has been steadily increasing in recent decades, no clear reason for this trend has been identified. Rising concurrently with ALL incidence, increasing maternal obesity rates may be partially contributing to increasing ALL prevelance. Epidemiological studies, including a recent meta-analysis, have found an association between maternal obesity and leukemogenesis in offspring, although mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to propose possible mechanisms connecting maternal obesity to ALL risk in offspring, including changes to fetal/neonatal epigenetics, altered insulin-like growth factor profiles and insulin resistance, modified adipokine production and secretion, changes to immune cell populations, and impacts on birthweight and childhood obesity/adiposity. We describe how each proposed mechanism is biologically plausible due to their connection with maternal obesity, presence in neonatal and/or fetal tissue, observation in pediatric ALL patients at diagnosis, and association with leukemogenesis, A description of ALL and maternal obesity trends, a summary of epidemiological evidence, a discussion of the pathway from intrauterine environment to subsequent malignancy, and propositions for future directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Marley
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave S AO-102, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Lucie M Turcotte
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE MMC 484, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Pavithra S, Kishor Kumar DG, Ramesh G, Panigrahi M, Sahoo M, Singh TU, Madhu CL, Manickam K, Shyamkumar TS, Kumar D, Parida S. Fat augments leptin-induced uterine contractions by decreasing JAK2 and BKCa channel expressions in late pregnant rats. Cytokine 2022; 157:155966. [PMID: 35905625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism in obesity causes pregnancy complications in humans and animals. Leptin levels increase in pregnancy, as well as obesity. However, the effect of obesity on uterine leptin receptors and its distal signaling is not clear. The present study aimed to understand the effect of increased fat on leptin signaling in rat uterus. Wistar female rats were fed with an HF diet (40% Fat, 17% Sucrose, 1.25% Cholesterol, 0.75% Cholic acid) for 6 weeks before the mating and during pregnancy. HF diet significantly increased the fat depots, liver weight, serum, and tissue cholesterol levels. It produced fatty degeneration in the liver and caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, cystic endometrial glands, and sub endometrial fibrosis of the uterus. In isometric tension experiments, leptin caused a significant increase in uterine contractions in high fat-fed animals compared to control animals. Analysis of receptor expressions revealed no significant difference between the groups. However, a significant decrease in the JAK2 and BKCaα mRNA expression was observed in the uterus of high fat-fed rats. No change in the BKCaβ, eNOS, iNOS, MLCP, and MLCK mRNA expressions was noticed in the HF group compared to the control. The findings of the present study suggest that the contractile response to leptin in the uterus of high fat-fed rats may be attributed to reduced signaling through JAK2 and, lowered expressions of BKCa channel α subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - D G Kishor Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - G Ramesh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - C L Madhu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - T S Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
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Song X, Shu J, Zhang S, Chen L, Diao J, Li J, Li Y, Wei J, Liu Y, Sun M, Wang T, Qin J. Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Risk of Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Births with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus as a Mediator: A Prospective Cohort Study in Central China. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051072. [PMID: 35268050 PMCID: PMC8912482 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the risk of macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) births in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) status mediated through gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This prospective study included 34,104 singleton pregnancies at 8–14 weeks of gestation. The interesting outcomes were macrosomia (≥4000 g) and LGA (≥90th percentile). Mediation analyses were conducted using log-binomial regression adjusted for age, education, parity, fetal sex, and gestational weight gain. The proportion mediated was estimated based on the risk difference scale, and the E-value was utilized to assess potential confounders. Overall, 15.9% of women had GDM, and there were 4.0% macrosomia and 9.9% LGA births. The proportion mediated by GDM on macrosomia was up to 40% among obese women, and the estimate of the total effect was 6.18 (95% CI: 5.26–7.26), of the natural direct effect was 4.10 (95% CI: 3.35–4.99), and of the natural indirect effect was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.31–1.76). Likewise, among overweight women, the proportion mediated by GDM on macrosomia was up to 40%. Furthermore, consistent findings were evident for the outcome of LGA births. Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity increased the risk of macrosomia and LGA births independently and partly mediated by GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Letao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Jingyi Diao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Yihuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 52 Xiangchun Road, Changsha 410028, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-15273188582 (T.W.); +86-15974269544 (J.Q.)
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (J.S.); (S.Z.); (L.C.); (J.D.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (M.S.)
- National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 52 Xiangchun Road, Changsha 410028, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-15273188582 (T.W.); +86-15974269544 (J.Q.)
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8
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Cowman W, Scroggins SM, Hamilton WS, Karras AE, Bowdler NC, Devor EJ, Santillan MK, Santillan DA. Association between plasma leptin and cesarean section after induction of labor: a case control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:29. [PMID: 35031012 PMCID: PMC8759283 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in pregnancy is common, with more than 50% of pregnant women being overweight or obese. Obesity has been identified as an independent predictor of dysfunctional labor and is associated with increased risk of failed induction of labor resulting in cesarean section. Leptin, an adipokine, is secreted from adipose tissue under the control of the obesity gene. Concentrations of leptin increase with increasing percent body fat due to elevated leptin production from the adipose tissue of obese individuals. Interestingly, the placenta is also a major source of leptin production during pregnancy. Leptin has regulatory effects on neuronal tissue, vascular smooth muscle, and nonvascular smooth muscle systems. It has also been demonstrated that leptin has an inhibitory effect on myometrial contractility with both intensity and frequency of contractions decreased. These findings suggest that leptin may play an important role in dysfunctional labor and be associated with the outcome of induction of labor at term. Our aim is to determine whether maternal plasma leptin concentration is indicative of the outcome of induction of labor at term. We hypothesize that elevated maternal plasma leptin levels are associated with a failed term induction of labor resulting in a cesarean delivery. Methods In this case-control study, leptin was measured in 3rd trimester plasma samples. To analyze labor outcomes, 174 women were selected based on having undergone an induction of labor (IOL), (115 women with successful IOL and 59 women with a failed IOL). Plasma samples and clinical information were obtained from the UI Maternal Fetal Tissue Bank (IRB# 200910784). Maternal plasma leptin and total protein concentrations were measured using commercially available assays. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression models were constructed using regression identified clinically significant confounding variables. All variables were tested at significance level of 0.05. Results Women with failed IOL had higher maternal plasma leptin values (0.5 vs 0.3 pg, P = 0.01). These women were more likely to have obesity (mean BMI 32 vs 27 kg/m2, P = 0.0002) as well as require multiple induction methods (93% vs 73%, p = 0.008). Logistic regression showed Bishop score (OR 1.5, p < 0.001), BMI (OR 0.92, P < 0.001), preeclampsia (OR 0.12, P = 0.010), use of multiple methods of induction (OR 0.22, P = 0.008) and leptin (OR 0.42, P = 0.017) were significantly associated with IOL outcome. Specifically, after controlling for BMI, Bishop Score, and preeclampsia, leptin was still predictive of a failed IOL with an odds ratio of 0.47 (P = 0.046). Finally, using leptin as a predictor for fetal outcomes, leptin was also associated with of fetal intolerance of labor, with an odds ratio of 2.3 (P = 0.027). This association remained but failed to meet statistical significance when controlling for successful (IOL) (OR 1.5, P = 0.50). Conclusions Maternal plasma leptin may be a useful tool for determining which women are likely to have a failed induction of labor and for counseling women about undertaking an induction of labor versus proceeding with cesarean delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Cowman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Present Address: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iowa Methodist Medical Center, 1200 Pleasant Street, Des Moines, IA, 50309, USA
| | - Sabrina M Scroggins
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wendy S Hamilton
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alexandra E Karras
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Noelle C Bowdler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric J Devor
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mark K Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Donna A Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 463 MRF, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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9
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Vasilakos LK, Steinbrekera B, Santillan DA, Santillan MK, Brandt DS, Dagle D, Roghair RD. Umbilical Cord Blood Leptin and IL-6 in the Presence of Maternal Diabetes or Chorioamnionitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836541. [PMID: 35197933 PMCID: PMC8859102 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with elevated maternal insulin, leptin and IL-6. Within the placenta, IL-6 can further stimulate leptin production. Despite structural similarities and shared roles in inflammation, leptin and IL-6 have contrasting effects on neurodevelopment, and the relative importance of maternal diabetes or chorioamnionitis on fetal hormone exposure has not been defined. We hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between IL-6 and leptin with progressively increased levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes and chorioamnionitis. To test this hypothesis, cord blood samples were obtained from 104 term infants, including 47 exposed to maternal diabetes. Leptin, insulin, and IL-6 were quantified by multiplex assay. Factors independently associated with hormone levels were identified by univariate and multivariate linear regression. Unlike IL-6, leptin and insulin were significantly increased by maternal diabetes. Maternal BMI and birth weight were independent predictors of leptin and insulin with birth weight the strongest predictor of leptin. Clinically diagnosed chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis were associated with increased IL-6 but not leptin. Among appropriate for gestational age infants without sepsis, IL-6 and leptin were strongly correlated (R=0.6, P<0.001). In summary, maternal diabetes and birth weight are associated with leptin while chorioamnionitis is associated with IL-6. The constraint of the positive association between leptin and IL-6 to infants without sepsis suggests that the term infant and placenta may have a limited capacity to increase cord blood levels of the neuroprotective hormone leptin in the presence of increased cord blood levels of the potential neurotoxin IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Vasilakos
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Baiba Steinbrekera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Donna A. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mark K. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Debra S. Brandt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel Dagle
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Robert D. Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert D. Roghair,
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10
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Drews B, Milojevic V, Robles M, Wimel L, Dubois C, Vegas AR, Giller K, Chavatte-Palmer P, Daniel H, Giesbertz P, Bruckmaier R, Ulbrich SE. Moderate differences in plasma leptin in mares have no effect on either the amino acid or the fatty acid composition of the uterine fluid. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103827. [PMID: 34843890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Female mammalian reproductive functions are closely linked to body condition and metabolic status. Energy homeostasis is regulated by endocrine hormones such as insulin, IGF-I, leptin and adiponectin via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These metabolic hormones and their receptors are also expressed in reproductive tissues and the embryo. We investigated the relationship between circulating leptin and the fatty acid (FA) and amino acid (AA) composition of the equine uterine fluid (UF) and peripheral blood plasma (BP) by using a mass spectrometry-based approach. UF and BP were collected from ten broodmares on days 6 and 7 post ovulation, respectively. The mares were retrospectively assigned to two groups according to their BP leptin concentrations (high leptin (> 1.6 ng/ml) versus low leptin (<0.8 ng/ml)). Specific AA and FA compositions for BP and UF were found with different levels of respective metabolite abundances. The main FAs in BP were stearic, palmitic and linoleic acid. In UF, the three most abundant FAs were eicosapentaenoic, arachidonic and stearic acid. The AA profile of BP was dominated by glycine, glutamine, serine and alanine, which were likewise among the highly abundant AAs in UF. In UF, glutamic acid had by far the highest concentration. Therefore, BP leptin concentration within a physiological range do not seem to affect the specific FA nor the AA composition of the UF. The composition of the UF may therefore be mediated by local rather than by peripheral metabolic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Drews
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vladimir Milojevic
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Wimel
- IFCE, Station expérimentale de la Valade, 19370 Chamberet, France.
| | - C Dubois
- IFCE, Station expérimentale de la Valade, 19370 Chamberet, France.
| | - A Rudolf Vegas
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Giller
- ETH Zurich, Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - P Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H Daniel
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - P Giesbertz
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
| | - Rupert Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - S E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Andrikopoulou M, Panigrahi SK, Jaconia GD, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Smiley RM, Page-Wilson G. Pregnancy-specific Adaptations in Leptin and Melanocortin Neuropeptides in Early Human Gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e5156-e5164. [PMID: 34255061 PMCID: PMC8864743 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is characterized by increased appetitive drive beginning early in gestation, yet the central mechanisms underlying this adaptation are poorly understood in humans. To elucidate central mechanisms underlying appetite regulation in early pregnancy, we examine plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) as well as CSF proopiomelanocortin (POMC) as surrogates for brain melanocortin activity. METHODS Plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor, AgRP, and CSF leptin, POMC, and AgRP were collected from pregnant women before cerclage placement (16.6 ± 1.1 weeks; N = 24), scheduled cesarean section (39.2 ± 0.2 weeks; N = 24), and from nonpregnant controls (N = 24), matched for age and body mass index. RESULTS Plasma leptin was 1.5 times higher in pregnancy vs controls (P = 0.01), but CSF leptin did not differ. CSF/plasma leptin percentage was lower in early pregnancy vs controls (0.8 ± 0.1 vs 1.7 ± 0.2; P < 0.0001) and remained unchanged at term (0.9 ± 0.1), supporting a decrease in leptin transport into CSF in pregnancy. Plasma AgRP, a peripheral biomarker of the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide, was higher in early pregnancy vs controls (95.0 ± 7.8 vs 67.5 ± 5.3; P = 0.005). In early gestation, CSF AgRP did not differ from controls, but CSF POMC was 25% lower (P = 0.006). In contrast, at term, CSF AgRP was 42% higher vs controls (P = 0.0001), but CSF POMC no longer differed. Overall, the CSF AgRP/POMC ratio was 1.5-fold higher in early pregnancy vs controls, reflecting a decrease in melanocortin tone favoring appetitive drive. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy-specific adaptions in the central regulation of energy balance occur early in human gestation and are consistent with decreased leptin transport into brain and resistance to the effects of leptin on target melanocortin neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrikopoulou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giselle D Jaconia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Gabrielle Page-Wilson, MD, 650 W. 168th St, Black Building, Room 2006, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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12
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Fuchs J, Nonn O, Daxboeck C, Groiss S, Moser G, Gauster M, Lang-Olip I, Brislinger D. Automated Quantitative Image Evaluation of Antigen Retrieval Methods for 17 Antibodies in Placentation and Implantation Diagnostic and Research. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-12. [PMID: 34851247 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunostaining in clinical routine and research highly depends on standardized staining methods and quantitative image analyses. We qualitatively and quantitatively compared antigen retrieval methods (no pretreatment, pretreatment with pepsin, and heat-induced pretreatment with pH 6 or pH 9) for 17 antibodies relevant for placenta and implantation diagnostics and research. Using our newly established, comprehensive automated quantitative image analysis approach, fluorescent signal intensities were evaluated. Automated quantitative image analysis found that 9 out of 17 antibodies needed antigen retrieval to show positive staining. Heat induction proved to be the most efficient form of antigen retrieval. Eight markers stained positive after pepsin digestion, with β-hCG and vWF showing enhanced staining intensities. To avoid the misinterpretation of quantitative image data, the qualitative aspect should always be considered. Results from native placental tissue were compared with sections of a placental invasion model based on thermo-sensitive scaffolds. Immunostaining on placentas in vitro leads to new insights into fetal development and maternal pathophysiological pathways, as pregnant women are justifiably excluded from clinical studies. Thus, there is a clear need for the assessment of reliable immunofluorescent staining and pretreatment methods. Our evaluation offers a powerful tool for antibody and pretreatment selection in placental research providing objective and precise results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fuchs
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Olivia Nonn
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Christine Daxboeck
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Silvia Groiss
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Gerit Moser
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Ingrid Lang-Olip
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
| | - Dagmar Brislinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, GrazA-8010, Austria
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13
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Allbrand M, Eklund D, Cao Y, Nilsson K, Lodefalk M. Gene expression of leptin, leptin receptor isoforms and inflammatory cytokines in placentas of obese women - Associations to birth weight and fetal sex. Placenta 2021; 117:64-71. [PMID: 34773742 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptin signaling in placentas of obese women may influence fetal growth and may be dependent on fetal sex. The aim of this study was to investigate placental gene expression of leptin, its receptor and inflammatory cytokines in obese mothers in relation to offspring birth weight and sex. METHODS In total, 109 placental tissue samples from severely obese women (body mass index in first trimester ≥35 kg/m2) giving birth vaginally at term to a healthy child were included. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the analysis of leptin (LEP), its receptor LEPR with two splice variants, interleukin (IL)1B, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL6, IL10, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) and insulin receptor (INSR). The subjects were divided into three groups based on LEP expression percentiles (<25th percentile; 25-75th percentile and >75th percentile). RESULTS A reverse U-shaped association between LEP expression and birth weight z-scores was found (R2 = 0.075, p = 0.005). Placental LEPRb expression was downregulated (p = 0.034) in those with highest LEP expression. Female infants had higher birth weight z-scores than males (0.58 (-1.49-2.88) vs 0.21 (-1.50-2.93), p = 0.020) and their placental LEPRb expression was upregulated (p = 0.047). The associations between expression of different genes differed by sex. DISCUSSION A reverse U-shaped relationship between placental LEP expression and offspring birth weight z-scores was found together with sexual dimorphism in LEPRb expression indicating a complex regulation of fetal growth by placental leptin signaling in maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Allbrand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Eklund
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Nilsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Lodefalk
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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14
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Šimják P, Anderlová K, Cinkajzlová A, Pařízek A, Kršek M, Haluzík M. The possible role of endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue in gestational diabetes mellitus. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2021; 45:228-242. [PMID: 33000620 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.20.03192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diabetes that is first diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy in patients who did not have a history of diabetes before pregnancy. Consequences of GDM include increased risk of macrosomia and birth complications in the infant and an increased risk of maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after pregnancy. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, T2DM, and cardiovascular diseases in the child. GDM is the result of impaired glucose tolerance due to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction on a background of insulin resistance that physiologically increases during pregnancy. The strongest clinical predictors of GDM are overweight and obesity. The fact that women with GDM are more likely to be overweight or obese suggests that adipose tissue dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM, similarly to T2DM. Adipose tissue is not only involved in energy storage but also functions as an active endocrine organ secreting adipokines (specific hormones and cytokines) with the ability to alter insulin sensitivity. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of numerous adipokines produced by fat in the development of GDM. The following text summarizes the current knowledge about a possible role of selected adipokines in the development of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Šimják
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Anderlová
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cinkajzlová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Pařízek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kršek
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic -
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15
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Obesity-associated cardiovascular risk in women: hypertension and heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1523-1544. [PMID: 34160010 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases begins long prior to the presentation of a cardiovascular event. In both men and women, cardiovascular events, and their associated hospitalizations and mortality, are often clinically predisposed by the presentation of a chronic cardiovascular risk factor. Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in both sexes, however, the clinical prevalence of obesity, as well as its contribution to crucial cardiovascular risk factors is dependent on sex. The mechanisms via which obesity leads to cardiovascular risk is also discrepant in women between their premenopausal, pregnancy and postmenopausal phases of life. Emerging data indicate that at all reproductive statuses and ages, the presentation of a cardiovascular event in obese women is strongly associated with hypertension and its subsequent chronic risk factor, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In addition, emerging evidence indicates that obesity increases the risk of both hypertension and heart failure in pregnancy. This review will summarize clinical and experimental data on the female-specific prevalence and mechanisms of hypertension and heart failure in women across reproductive stages and highlight the particular risks in pregnancy as well as emerging data in a high-risk ethnicity in women of African ancestry (AA).
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16
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Salazar-Petres ER, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Pregnancy-induced changes in β-cell function: what are the key players? J Physiol 2021; 600:1089-1117. [PMID: 33704799 DOI: 10.1113/jp281082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic adaptations during pregnancy ensure appropriate nutrient supply to the developing fetus. This is facilitated by reductions in maternal peripheral insulin sensitivity, which enables glucose to be available in the maternal circulation for transfer to the fetus for growth. To balance this process and avoid excessive hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance in the mother during pregnancy, maternal pancreatic β-cells undergo remarkable changes in their function including increasing their proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this review we examine how placental and maternal hormones work cooperatively to activate several signalling pathways, transcription factors and epigenetic regulators to drive adaptations in β-cell function during pregnancy. We also explore how adverse maternal environmental conditions, including malnutrition, obesity, circadian rhythm disruption and environmental pollutants, may impact the endocrine and molecular mechanisms controlling β-cell adaptations during pregnancy. The available data from human and experimental animal studies highlight the need to better understand how maternal β-cells integrate the various environmental, metabolic and endocrine cues and thereby determine appropriate β-cell adaptation during gestation. In doing so, these studies may identify targetable pathways that could be used to prevent not only the development of pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes that impact maternal and fetal wellbeing, but also more generally the pathogenesis of other metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Roberto Salazar-Petres
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amanda Nancy Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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Rio-Aige K, Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Selma-Royo M, Parra-Llorca A, González S, García-Mantrana I, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Collado MC, Pérez Cano FJ. Association of Maternal Microbiota and Diet in Cord Blood Cytokine and Immunoglobulin Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041778. [PMID: 33579027 PMCID: PMC7916816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers confer natural passive immunization to their infants through the transplacental pathway during the gestation period. The objective of the present study was to establish at birth the maternal and cord plasma concentration and relationship of immunoglobulins (Igs), cytokines (CKs), and adipokines. In addition, the impact of the maternal microbiota and diet was explored. The plasma profile of these components was different between mothers and babies, with the levels of many CKs, IgM, IgG2a, IgE, IgA, and leptin significantly higher in mothers than in the cord sample. Moreover, the total Igs, all IgG subtypes, IgE, and the Th1/Th2 ratio positively correlated in the mother–infant pair. Maternal dietary components such as monounsaturated fatty acids-polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber were positively associated with some immune factors such as IgA in cord samples. The microbiota composition clustering also influenced the plasma profile of some factors (i.e., many CKs, some Ig, and adiponectin). In conclusion, we have established the concentration of these immunomodulatory factors in the maternal–neonatal pair at birth, some positive associations, and the influence of maternal diet and the microbiota composition, suggesting that the immune status during pregnancy, in terms of CKs and Igs levels, can influence the immune status of the infant at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rio-Aige
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), National Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sonia González
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (DIMISA, ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Izaskun García-Mantrana
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), National Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), National Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Francisco José Pérez Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:645. [PMID: 33092575 PMCID: PMC7579946 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is a prenatal complication that may contribute to long-term behavioral and neurodevelopmental differences in offspring. This systematic review summarizes research on the association between maternal GWG and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. Methods Google and electronic databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, were searched for original human studies published in English through June 2020. Articles that examined the association between GWG and risk of ASD in offspring were included. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were removed; and data were obtained through critical analysis. Results Of 96 articles searched, eight studies were included in the final review. All studies (n = 7) investigating the association of maternal excessive GWG with risk of ASD in offspring indicated that high GWG was independently associated with an increased risk of ASD. Of five studies investigating the association of inadequate GWG with the risk of ASD, four indicated that low GWG was not associated with an increased risk of ASD. Of seven studies examining the association of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI or weight with the risk of ASD, five reported that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI or weight did not appear to be independently associated with risk of ASD. The GWG-ASD association is independent of maternal BMI and child’s intellectual disability, but offspring’s genetic susceptibility connection to the GWG-ASD association remains a topic of debate. Conclusions The findings suggest that maternal excessive GWG may be associated with increased risk of ASD in offspring. However, insufficient GWG does not appear to have such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St., POBOX: 14711, Tabriz, IR, Postal code: 5166614711, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Jafarpour S, Khosravi S, Janghorbani M, Mansourian M, Karimi R, Ghiasi MR, Miraghajani M, Symonds ME, Farajzadeghan Z, Salehi R. Association of serum and follicular fluid leptin and in vitro Fertilization/ ICSI outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 50:101924. [PMID: 33007525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports regarding circulating leptin and its relationship between pregnancy outcomes in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between serum or follicular fluid (FF) leptin concentrations reported for infertile women and their IVF outcome. A systematic search was undertaken in available databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Embase) to find studies published up to Aug 2020 and the standardized mean difference with 95 % confidence interval was taken from 14 eligible studies. Both graphical (funnel plots) and test methods (Egger's regression test and the Begg) assessed the presence of publication bias. Subgroup analysis was used to investigate the source of heterogeneity. Pooled effect sizes based on the eligible papers indicated that of there is no statistically significant correlation between leptin levels in follicular fluid and serum on the day of ovum pick-up (OPU) and day of HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) administration in pregnant and non-pregnant women who underwent IVF/ICSI cycles. However, combination of leptin in serum and/or FF with other parameters may be a useful marker to predict IVF outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Jafarpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharifeh Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Janghorbani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Karimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moosa Rahimi Ghiasi
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Early Life Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ziba Farajzadeghan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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20
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Determinants of placental leptin receptor gene expression and association with measures at birth. Placenta 2020; 100:89-95. [PMID: 32891006 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The leptin signalling pathway is important in metabolic health during pregnancy. However, few studies have investigated the determinants and extent of leptin receptor gene (LEPR) expression in the placenta, nor the relationship with infant health in early life. Here, we investigate the genetic and maternal in utero determinants of placental LEPR expression, and whether this expression is linked to anthropometric and inflammatory measures at birth in healthy newborns in the Barwon Infant Study. METHODS Placental LEPR expression was measured using RT-qPCR (n = 854 placentae). Associations between genetic variation in LEPR, maternal in utero factors, measures at birth and placental LEPR expression were assessed using multivariable linear regression modelling. RESULTS We found that the genotype at two intronic SNPs, rs9436301 and rs9436746, was independently associated with placental LEPR expression. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational diabetes mellitus, weight gain and smoking in pregnancy were not associated with LEPR expression. Placental LEPR expression was negatively associated with high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in umbilical cord blood, which persisted after adjustment for potential confounders. DISCUSSION Overall, our findings suggest that genetic variation in LEPR plays a key role in regulating placental LEPR expression, which is in turn is associated with inflammatory markers in cord blood at birth. Further studies encompassing other aspects of leptin signalling are warranted to understand if these relationships are causal and have health implications.
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Hassan MJM, Bakar NS, Aziz MA, Basah NK, Singh HJ. Leptin-induced increase in blood pressure and markers of endothelial activation during pregnancy in Sprague Dawley rats is prevented by resibufogenin, a marinobufagenin antagonist. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:184-190. [PMID: 32253169 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Levels of leptin and marinobufagenin (MBG), a cardiotonic steroid, are elevated in the serum of women with pre-eclampsia. Besides this, leptin administration to pregnant rats increases systolic blood pressure (SBP), urinary protein excretion and serum markers of endothelial activation. The link between leptin and MBG is unknown and it is also unclear if leptin-induced increases in blood pressure and proteinuria in the pregnant rat could be prevented by an MBG antagonist. To ascertain this link, this study investigated the effect of resibufogenin (RBG), a marinobufagenin antagonist, on leptin-induced increases in blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy in rats. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 12 weeks, were given either normal saline (CONTROL) or 120 μg/kg/day of leptin (LEP), or 120 μg/kg/day of leptin+30 μg/kg/day of resibufogenin (L + RBG) or 30 μg/kg/day of resibufogenin (RBG) from Day 1-20 of pregnancy. Systolic blood pressure and urinary protein excretion (UPE) were measured during the study period. Animals were euthanized on day 21 of pregnancy and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, (VCAM-1), soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), E-selectin and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were estimated in the serum. SBP, UPE, VCAM-1, sICAM-1 and ET-1 were significantly higher only in the LEP group when compared with those in CONT and in L + RBG and RBG groups. The prevention by RBG of leptin-induced increases in SBP, proteinuria, and endothelial activation during pregnancy seem to suggest a potential role for MBG in leptin-induced adverse effects on blood pressure, urinary protein excretion and endothelial activity during pregnancy in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norizan Kamal Basah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Harbindar Jeet Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; I-PPerFORM, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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22
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Reijnders IF, Mulders AGMGJ, van der Windt M, Steegers EAP, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. The impact of periconceptional maternal lifestyle on clinical features and biomarkers of placental development and function: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:72-94. [PMID: 30407510 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, placenta-related complications contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and preterm birth, with implications for the future health of mothers and offspring. The placenta develops in the periconception period and forms the interface between mother and embryo/fetus. An unhealthy periconceptional maternal lifestyle, such as smoking, alcohol and under- and over-nutrition, can detrimentally influence placental development and function. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The impact of maternal lifestyle on placental health is largely unknown. Therefore, we aim to summarize the evidence of the impact of periconceptional maternal lifestyle on clinical features and biomarkers of placental development and function throughout pregnancy. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive search in Medline, Embase, Pubmed, The Cochrane Library Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted. The search strategy included keywords related to the maternal lifestyle, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, nutrition (including folic acid supplement intake) and body weight. For placental markers throughout pregnancy, keywords related to ultrasound imaging, serum biomarkers and histological characteristics were used. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies published between January 2000 and March 2017 and restricted the analysis to singleton pregnancies and maternal periconceptional lifestyle. Methodological quality was scored using the ErasmusAGE tool. A protocol of this systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016045596). OUTCOMES Of 2593 unique citations found, 82 studies were included. The median quality score was 5 (range: 0-10). The findings revealed that maternal smoking was associated with lower first-trimester placental vascularization flow indices, higher second- and third-trimester resistance of the uterine and umbilical arteries and lower resistance of the middle cerebral artery. Although a negative impact of smoking on placental weight was expected, this was less clear. Alcohol use was associated with a lower placental weight. One study described higher second- and third-trimester placental growth factor (PlGF) levels after periconceptional alcohol use. None of the studies looked at caffeine intake. Adequate nutrition in the first trimester, periconceptional folic acid supplement intake and strong adherence to a Mediterranean diet, were all associated with a lower resistance of the uterine and umbilical arteries in the second and third trimester. A low caloric intake resulted in a lower placental weight, length, breadth, thickness, area and volume. Higher maternal body weight was associated with a larger placenta measured by ultrasound in the second and third trimester of pregnancy or weighed at birth. In addition, higher maternal body weight was associated with decreased PlGF-levels. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Evidence of the impact of periconceptional maternal lifestyle on placental health was demonstrated. However, due to poorly defined lifestyle exposures and time windows of investigation, unstandardized measurements of placenta-related outcomes and small sample sizes of the included studies, a cautious interpretation of the effect estimates is indicated. We suggest that future research should focus more on physiological consequences of unhealthy lifestyle during the critical periconception window. Moreover, we foresee that new evidence will support the development of lifestyle interventions to improve the health of mothers and their offspring from the earliest moment in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatia F Reijnders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie G M G J Mulders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa van der Windt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Stolzenbach F, Valdivia S, Ojeda-Provoste P, Toledo F, Sobrevia L, Kerr B. DNA methylation changes in genes coding for leptin and insulin receptors during metabolic-altered pregnancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Arroyo-Jousse V, Jaramillo A, Castaño-Moreno E, Lépez M, Carrasco-Negüe K, Casanello P. Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165558. [PMID: 31654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal pregestational obesity is a well-known risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which maternal obesity can induce alterations in fetal and later neonatal metabolism are not fully elucidated due to its complexity and multifactorial causes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, are involved in fetal and postnatal growth trajectories, and both are altered in women with pregestational obesity. The placenta synthesizes leptin, which goes mainly to the maternal circulation and in lesser amount to the developing fetus. Maternal pregestational obesity and hyperleptinemia are associated with placental dysfunction and changes in nutrient transporters which directly affect fetal growth and development. By the other side, the embryo can produce its own leptin from early in development, which is associated to fetal weight and adiposity. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is downregulated in maternal obesity. High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the most abundant form and with most biological actions. In maternal obesity lower total and HMW adiponectin levels have been described in the mother, paralleled with high levels in the umbilical cord. Several studies have found that cord blood adiponectin levels are related with postnatal growth trajectories, and it has been suggested that low adiponectin levels in women with pregestational obesity enhance placental insulin sensitivity and activation of placental amino acid transport systems, supporting fetal overgrowth. The possible mechanisms by which maternal pregestational obesity, focusing in the actions of leptin and adiponectin, affects the fetal development and postnatal growth trajectories in their offspring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Lépez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Carrasco-Negüe
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Casanello
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Tehranian N, Hosseini M, Ramezani-Tehrani F, Yousefi S. Association of serum ghrelin with weight gain during pregnancy in overweight and normal women. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:809-813. [PMID: 30465249 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the fact that the ghrelin hormone plays pivotal role in the process of weight gain, its correlation with weighing during pregnancy has not been elucidated. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between plasma ghrelin levels and gestational weight gain in overweight and normal women. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted in 27 overweight and 18 normal body mass index (BMI) pregnant women referring to Tehran health care centers. Weight gain during all trimesters of pregnancy was measured and the blood samples were collected at 8-12 (first trimester) and 16-20 weeks (second trimester) of pregnancy. The plasma total ghrelin concentration was measured by ELISA method. RESULTS The overweight pregnant women exhibited significantly lower weight gain at the second (p = 0.002), third trimesters (p = 0.005) as well as total weighing during pregnancy (p = 0.001) compared to the normal BMI pregnant women. There was no significant difference in plasma ghrelin levels between the groups from the first to the second trimesters of pregnancy (p > 0.05). Moreover, no correlation was found between ghrelin levels and gestational weight gain in the overweight and normal groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the increased level of serum ghrelin could not be considered as a key mediator for weight gain difference during pregnancy of overweight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tehranian
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center,Department of Anatomy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - F Ramezani-Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Yousefi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, 9717853577, Iran.
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Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Extract Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production and Fat Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells by Activating an AMP-Dependent Kinase Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050139. [PMID: 31137508 PMCID: PMC6562390 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major public health problems in the world because it is implicated in metabolic syndromes, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (EAP) extract suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by activating an AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Our results showed that EAP water extract significantly inhibits ROS production, adipogenesis, and lipogenesis during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In addition, EAP decreased mRNA and protein levels of proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). Moreover, EAP suppressed mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas, EAP upregulated adiponectin expression, phosphorylation levels of AMPK and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) protein level during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that EAP water extract can exert ROS-linked anti-obesity effect through the mechanism that might involve inhibition of ROS production, adipogenesis and lipogenesis via an activating AMPK signaling pathway.
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Ostafiichuk SO. Genetic aspects of metabolic disorders in pregnant women with pathological weight gain. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) has been shown to be linked to obesity-related metabolic markers and phenotype. Therefore, we hypothesized that the Gln233Arg LEPR polymorphism is related to metabolic changes in pregnancy and the risk of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). A total of 97 pregnant women with a singleton gestation were enrolled from April 2016 until December 2018. Genetic variants of LEPR were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, leptin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile, and carbohydrate status were assessed in the first, and third trimesters of pregnancy. The recommended GWG was diagnosed in 34.0%, insufficient in 19.6%, and excessive in 46.4% patients. Statistical analysis revealed that 20.6% patients were with AA genotype, 50.5% – AG genotype, and 28.9% – GG genotype. The frequency of GG-alleles carriers of the LEPR Gln233Arg gene in the group of excessive GWG patients was 3 times higher compared to recommended GWG patients. Thus, the inheritance of pathological G-homozygotes increases the risk of excessive weight gain by 7 times, compared to carriers of the AA genotype. LEPR GG polymorphism was significantly associated with high levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoprotein low and very low density, and leptin compared to homozygous А-carriers in the third trimester of pregnancy. In pregnant women with GG polymorphism, the glucose level, insulin level, and HOMO-IR index were significantly increased compared to women with AA genotype in late pregnancy. In the group with excessive GWG, the presence of GG-alleles of the LEPR gene was accompanied by a higher level of hyperleptinemia, compared to carriers of AA-genotype. Inheritance of pathological G-homozygotes was associated with hyperlipidemia, leptin resistance with high leptin serum levels, and increased insulin resistance, which was especially manifested in excessive GWG. In our opinion, excessive GWG can be seen as a marker of the mother's genotype and genetic predisposition to the development of metabolic diseases after delivery.
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Alvarado FL, Calabuig-Navarro V, Haghiac M, Puchowicz M, Tsai PJS, O'Tierney-Ginn P. Maternal obesity is not associated with placental lipid accumulation in women with high omega-3 fatty acid levels. Placenta 2018; 69:96-101. [PMID: 30213493 PMCID: PMC8439553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placentas of obese women have higher lipid content compared to lean women. We have previously shown that supplementation of overweight and obese women with omega-3 fatty acids decreases placental esterification pathways and total lipid content in a mid-western population (Ohio). We hypothesized that placental lipid accumulation and inflammation would be similar between lean and obese women living in a region of high omega-3 intake, such as Hawaii. METHODS Fifty-five healthy, normal glucose tolerant women from Honolulu Hawaii, dichotomized based on pre-pregnancy BMI into lean (BMI <25 kg/m2, n = 29) and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2, n = 26), were recruited at scheduled term cesarean delivery. Maternal plasma DHA levels were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Expression of key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and esterification were measured in placental tissue using qPCR. Total lipids were extracted from placental tissue via the Folch method. TNF-α concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in placental lysates. RESULTS DHA levels were higher in lean women compared to obese women (P = 0.02). However, DHA levels in obese women in Hawaii were eight times higher compared to obese Ohioan women (P=<0.0001). Placental lipid content and expression of key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and esterification were similar (P > 0.05) between lean and obese women in Hawaii. Furthermore, TNF-α placental lysates were not different between lean and obese women. CONCLUSIONS Though obese women in Hawaii have lower DHA levels compared to their lean counterparts, these levels remain over eight times as high as obese Ohioan women. These relatively high plasma omega-3 levels in obese women in Hawaii may suppress placental lipid esterification/storage and inflammation to the same levels of lean women, as seen previously in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Alvarado
- Center for Reproductive Health, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Virtu Calabuig-Navarro
- Center for Reproductive Health, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Maricela Haghiac
- Center for Reproductive Health, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pai-Jong S Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Perrie O'Tierney-Ginn
- Center for Reproductive Health, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Šimják P, Cinkajzlová A, Anderlová K, Pařízek A, Mráz M, Kršek M, Haluzík M. The role of obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R63-R77. [PMID: 29743342 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy in patients with no history of diabetes prior to gestation. It is the most common complication of pregnancy. The underlying pathophysiology shares some common features with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combining relatively insufficient insulin secretion with increased peripheral insulin resistance. While a certain degree of insulin resistance is the physiological characteristics of the second half of pregnancy, it is significantly more pronounced in patients with gestational diabetes. Adipose tissue dysfunction and subclinical inflammation in obesity are well-described causes of increased insulin resistance in non-pregnant subjects and are often observed in individuals with T2DM. Emerging evidence of altered adipokine expression and local inflammation in adipose tissue in patients with gestational diabetes suggests an important involvement of adipose tissue in its etiopathogenesis. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of adipose tissue dysfunction and its role in the development of gestational diabetes. We specifically focus on the significance of alterations of adipokines and immunocompetent cells number and phenotype in fat. Detailed understanding of the role of adipose tissue in gestational diabetes may provide new insights into its pathophysiology and open new possibilities of its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Šimják
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cinkajzlová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Anderlová
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- 3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Pařízek
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kršek
- 3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- 2nd Internal Department, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Poprzeczny AJ, Louise J, Deussen AR, Dodd JM. The mediating effects of gestational diabetes on fetal growth and adiposity in women who are overweight and obese: secondary analysis of the LIMIT randomised trial. BJOG 2018; 125:1558-1566. [PMID: 29782075 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the mediating effect of maternal gestational diabetes on fetal biometry and adiposity measures among overweight or obese pregnant women. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the LIMIT randomised trial. SETTING Public hospitals, metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. POPULATION Pregnant women with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and singleton gestation. METHODS Fetal ultrasound measures at 36 weeks of gestation and baseline BMI from women randomised to the LIMIT trial Standard Care group (n = 912 women) were used to conduct causal mediation analyses using regression-based methods. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Ultrasound measures of fetal biometry and adiposity at 36 weeks of gestation. RESULTS Increased maternal BMI was associated with increased measures of fetal head circumference [direct (unmediated) effect 0.18 (95% CI: 0.05-0.31), P = 0.005; total effect 0.17 (95% CI: 0.02-0.31), P = 0.018], abdominal circumference [direct effect 0.26 (95% CI: 0.11-0.41), P = 0.001; total effect 0.26 (95% CI: 0.11-0.42), P = 0.001] and estimated fetal weight [direct effect 0.22 (95% CI: 0.08-0.35), P = 0.002; total effect 0.22 (95% CI: 0.08-0.35), P = 0.002], with no evidence of mediation by treated gestational diabetes. There was no apparent association between maternal BMI and fetal adiposity measures, or mediation by treated gestational diabetes. CONCLUSIONS We show an important association between increased maternal BMI and fetal growth, not mediated by treated gestational diabetes. There was no association between increased maternal BMI and fetal adiposity measures, or mediation by treated gestational diabetes. Whether these findings represent 'saturation' in the effect of maternal BMI on fetal growth or the effect of treatment of GDM is unclear. FUNDING This project was funded by a 4-year project grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia (ID 519240); The Channel 7 Children's Research Foundation, South Australia; and the US National Institutes of Health (R01 HL094235-01). TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Increased fetal growth associated with maternal obesity is not mediated by gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Poprzeczny
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth, SA, Australia
| | - J Louise
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A R Deussen
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J M Dodd
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Perinatal Medicine, Women's and Babies Division, The Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Faghani Aghoozi M, Tehranian N, Amerian M, Fayazi S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Hamta A, Salehin S. The Predictive Role of Serum Leptin Levels in Pregnant Mothers in Relation to their Delivery Type. PREVENTIVE CARE IN NURSING AND MIDWIFERY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/pcnm.8.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Dietary patterns and their association with adiponectin and leptin concentrations throughout pregnancy: a prospective cohort. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:320-329. [PMID: 29345609 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary patterns (DP) with maternal adiposity indicators, leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations during pregnancy. A prospective cohort of pregnant women followed up at the 5th-13th, 20th -26th and 30th-36th gestational weeks and 30-40 d postpartum was conducted in Rio de Janeiro. A FFQ was administered in the third trimester (30th-36th gestational weeks). The reduced rank regression procedure was used to identify DP that explain response variables (dietary fibre and total fat) related to indicators of maternal adiposity (postpartum weight retention and gestational weight gain (GWG) adequacy), and plasma leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations. The associations between tertiles of DP and the outcomes were determined using logistic regression or longitudinal linear mixed-effect regression models. The mean daily energy intake during pregnancy was 10 104 (sd 3234) kJ (2415 (sd 773) kcal), and GWG was 11·9 (sd 4·2) kg. In all, 40 % of women presented pre-gestational overweight/obesity. Excessive GWG occurred in 34·7 % of pregnant women and 56·6 % were overweight/obese at postpartum. The 'common-Brazilian' DP (characterised by higher intake of beans, rice and lower intake of fast food/snacks, candies/table sugar and processed meats/bacon) was positively associated with adiponectin (β=1·07; 95 % CI 0·17, 1·98). The 'Western' DP (characterised by higher intake of fast food/snacks and processed meat/bacon and lower intake of noodles/pasta/roots/tubers and sodas) was negatively associated with adiponectin (β=-1·11; 95 % CI -2·00, -0·22) and positively associated with leptin concentrations (β=64·9; 95 % CI 22·8, 107·0) throughout pregnancy. It may be suggested that the 'common-Brazilian' is a healthy DP and beneficial for serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin.
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Arlıer S. Endothelial cell leptin receptors, leptin and interleukin-8 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia: An in-vitro study. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 14:220-227. [PMID: 29379664 PMCID: PMC5780565 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.78545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Increased leptin hormone and leptin receptor may enhance the generation of proinflammatory cytokines by endothelial cells and lead to endothelial dysfunction. This study assessed the umbilical cord endothelial leptin receptor levels in preeclampsia and investigated the effect of leptin on endothelial interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. Materials and Methods: The association between IL-8 levels with leptin stimulation was investigated in leptin-treated human endothelial cells. Endothelial cell leptin receptor levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry staining, and endothelial IL-8 protein expression by Western blot analysis. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was analyzed using Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Leptin receptor immunoreactivity increased significantly in umbilical cord venous and arterial endothelial cells in normal pregnancy (n=12) compared with preeclampsia (n=7) endothelial cells. The corresponding preeclampsia versus control histologic scores (mean ± SEM) were 67.9±8.8 vs. 127.6±23.1, (p=0.011) for the leptin receptor and 55.4±8,0 vs. 93.7±17.1 (p=0.035), respectively, for the vein endothelial cells. Leptin treatment significantly increased IL-8 protein levels (control vs. 100 and 1000 ng/mL, p=0.003). Conclusion: The findings of increased umbilical cord endothelial leptin receptor levels in preeclampsia and increased endothelial IL-8 expression with exposure to higher leptin concentrations may indicate the contribution of leptin to endothelial dysfunction and increased neutrophil-endothelial interaction, which are significant pathophysiologic features of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Arlıer
- South Florida University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampa, USA.,University of Health Sciences, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adana, Turkey
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34
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Effects of maternal intake of n-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and leptin concentration in cord blood. MARMARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5472/marumj.357250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Allbrand M, Åman J, Lodefalk M. Placental ghrelin and leptin expression and cord blood ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, and C-peptide levels in severe maternal obesity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2839-2846. [PMID: 28783996 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1358262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate placental ghrelin and leptin expression as well as cord blood ghrelin and adiponectin levels in maternal obesity and associations between placental ghrelin expression, cord blood ghrelin levels and maternal and infant variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS Placental ghrelin and leptin expression were analyzed by RT-PCR in 32 severely obese and 32 matched normal-weight women. Cord blood ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, and C-peptide concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS Neither ghrelin nor leptin expression and neither cord blood ghrelin nor adiponectin levels differed between the groups. Placental ghrelin expression was associated with BMI at delivery in the obese women (r = 0.424, p = .016) and in the infants born to normal-weight women with their weight z-scores at six (r = -0.642, p = .010), nine (r = -0.441, p = .015), and 12 months of age (r = -0.402, p = .028). CONCLUSIONS Placental ghrelin and leptin expression as well as cord blood ghrelin and adiponectin levels do not seem to be altered in severe maternal obesity. Placenta-derived ghrelin may influence the infants' postnatal weight gain, but possibly only when the mother has normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Allbrand
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Jan Åman
- b Department of Paediatrics, School of Medical Sciences , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Maria Lodefalk
- b Department of Paediatrics, School of Medical Sciences , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden.,c School of Medical Sciences, University Health Care Research Center , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
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36
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Yamasato K, Tsai PJS, Davis J, Yamamoto SY, Bryant-Greenwood GD. Human relaxins (RLNH1, RLNH2), their receptor (RXFP1) and fetoplacental growth. Reproduction 2017; 154:67-77. [PMID: 28468839 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin, a systemic and placental hormone, has potential roles in fetoplacental growth. Human placenta expresses two RLN genes, RLNH1 and RLNH2 Maternal obesity is common and is associated with abnormal fetal growth. Our aims were to relate systemic and cord blood RLNH2, placental RLNs and their receptor (RXFP1) with fetoplacental growth in context of maternal body mass index, and associations with insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in the same placentas. Systemic, cord blood and placental samples were collected prior to term labor, divided by prepregnancy body mass index: underweight/normal (N = 25) and overweight/obese (N = 44). Blood RLNH2 was measured by ELISA; placental RLNH2, RLNH1, RXFP1, IGF2 and VEGFA were measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry and mRNAs were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Birthweight increased with systemic RLNH2 only in underweight/normal women (P = 0.036). Syncytiotrophoblast RLNH2 was increased in overweight/obese patients (P = 0.017) and was associated with placental weight in all subjects (P = 0.038). RLNH1 had no associations with birthweight or placental weight, but was associated with increased trophoblast and endothelial IGF2 and VEGFA, due to female fetal sex. Thus, while systemic RLNH2 may be involved in birthweight regulation in underweight/normal women, placental RLNH2 in all subjects may be involved in placental weight. A strong association of trophoblast IGF2 with birthweight and placental weight in overweight/obese women suggests its importance. However, an association of only RLNH1 with placental IGF2 and VEGFA was dependent upon female fetal sex. These results suggest that both systemic and placental RLNs may be associated with fetoplacental growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Yamasato
- Department of ObstetricsGynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Pai-Jong Stacy Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - James Davis
- Office of BiostatisticsJohn A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sandra Y Yamamoto
- Department of ObstetricsGynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Gillian D Bryant-Greenwood
- Department of ObstetricsGynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Xie XC, Cao YQ, Gao Q, Wang C, Li M, Wei SG. Acupuncture Improves Intestinal Absorption of Iron in Iron-deficient Obese Patients: A Randomized Controlled Preliminary Trial. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:508-515. [PMID: 28229980 PMCID: PMC5339922 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity has an adverse effect on iron status. Hepcidin-mediated inhibition of iron absorption in the duodenum is a potential mechanism. Iron-deficient obese patients have diminished response to oral iron therapy. This study was designed to assess whether acupuncture could promote the efficacy of oral iron supplementation for the treatment of obesity-related iron deficiency (ID). Methods: Sixty ID or ID anemia (IDA) patients with obesity were screened at Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and were randomly allocated to receive either oral iron replacement allied with acupuncture weight loss treatment (acupuncture group, n = 30) or oral iron combined with sham-acupuncture treatment (control group, n = 30). Anthropometric parameters were measured and blood samples were tested pre- and post-treatment. Differences in the treatment outcomes of ID/IDA were compared between the two groups. Results: After 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment, there was a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip circumference ratio of patients in the acupuncture group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Oral iron supplementation brought more obvious improvements of iron status indicators including absolute increases in serum iron (11.08 ± 2.19 μmol/L vs. 4.43 ± 0.47 μmol/L), transferrin saturation (11.26 ± 1.65% vs. 1.01 ± 0.23%), and hemoglobin (31.47 ± 1.19 g/L vs. 21.00 ± 2.69 g/L) in the acupuncture group than control group (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum leptin (2.26 ± 0.45 ng/ml vs. 8.13 ± 0.55 ng/ml, P < 0.05) and hepcidin (3.52 ± 1.23 ng/ml vs. 6.77 ± 0.84 ng/ml, P < 0.05) concentrations declined significantly in the acupuncture group than those in the control group. Conclusion: Acupuncture-based weight loss can enhance the therapeutic effects of iron replacement therapy for obesity-related ID/IDA through improving intestinal iron absorption, probably by downregulating the systemic leptin-hepcidin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cai Xie
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Cao
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shou-Gang Wei
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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O'brien CM, Poprzeczny A, Dodd JM. Implications of maternal obesity on fetal growth and the role of ultrasound. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:45-58. [PMID: 30058877 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1271707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over fifty percent of women entering pregnancy are overweight or obese. This has a significant impact on short and long term maternal and infant health outcomes, and the intergenerational effects of obesity are now a major public health problem globally. Areas covered: There are two major pathways contributing to fetal growth. Glucose and insulin directly affect growth, while other substrates such as leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factors indirectly influence growth through structural and morphological effects on the placenta, uteroplacental blood flow, and regulation of placental transporters. Advances in ultrasonography over the past decade have led to interest in the prediction of the fetus at risk of overgrowth and adiposity utilizing both standard ultrasound biometry and fetal body composition measurements. However, to date there is no consensus regarding the definition of fetal overgrowth, its reporting, and clinical management. Expert commentary: Maternal dietary intervention targeting the antenatal period appear to be too late to sufficiently affect fetal growth. The peri-conceptual period and early pregnancy are being evaluated to determine if the intergenerational effects of maternal obesity can be altered to improve newborn, infant and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia M O'brien
- a School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, and Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
- b Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit , John Hunter Hospital , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Amanda Poprzeczny
- a School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, and Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Lyell McEwin Hospital , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Jodie M Dodd
- a School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, and Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
- d Department of Perinatal Medicine, Women's and Babies Division , Women's and Children's Hospital , Adelaide , Australia
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Talton OO, Pennington KA, Pollock KE, Bates K, Ma L, Ellersieck MR, Schulz LC. Maternal Hyperleptinemia Improves Offspring Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2636-48. [PMID: 27145007 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes are prevalent worldwide. Offspring of mothers with these conditions weigh more and are predisposed to metabolic syndrome. A hallmark of both conditions is maternal hyperleptinemia, but the role of elevated leptin levels during pregnancy on developmental programming is largely unknown. We previously found that offspring of hyperleptinemic mothers weighed less and had increased activity. The goal of this study was to determine whether maternal leptin affects offspring insulin sensitivity by investigating offspring glucose metabolism and lipid accumulation. Offspring from two maternal hyperleptinemic models were compared. The first model of hyperleptinemia is the Lepr(db/+) mouse, which has a mutation in one copy of the gene that encodes the leptin receptor, resulting in a truncated long form of the receptor, and hyperleptinemia. Wild-type females served as the control for the Lepr(db/+) females. For the second hyperleptinemic model, wild-type females were implanted with miniosmotic pumps, which released leptin (350 ng/h) or saline (as the control) just prior to mating and throughout gestation. In the offspring of these dams, we measured glucose tolerance; serum leptin, insulin, and triglyceride levels; liver triglycerides; pancreatic α- and β-cell numbers; body composition; incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; and the expression of key metabolic genes in the liver and adipose tissue. We found that the offspring of hyperleptinemic dams exhibited improved glucose tolerance, reduced insulin and leptin concentrations, reduced liver triglycerides, and a lower incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Overall, maternal hyperleptinemia was beneficial for offspring glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonseigho O Talton
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Kathleen A Pennington
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Kelly E Pollock
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Keenan Bates
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Lixin Ma
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Laura C Schulz
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (O.O.T., K.A.P., K.E.P., K.B., L.C.S.) and Radiology (L.M.) and Divisions of Biological Sciences (O.O.T., K.B., L.C.S.) and Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; and Biomolecular Imaging Center (L.M.), Harry S. Truman Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
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40
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Lepsch J, Farias DR, Vaz JDS, de Jesus Pereira Pinto T, da Silva Lima N, Freitas Vilela AA, Cunha M, Factor-Litvak P, Kac G. Serum saturated fatty acid decreases plasma adiponectin and increases leptin throughout pregnancy independently of BMI. Nutrition 2016; 32:740-7. [PMID: 27036610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum concentrations of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and their fractions are associated with plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations throughout pregnancy. METHODS A prospective cohort of 201 pregnant women was followed from gestational weeks 5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36. Blood samples were collected at the three visits after 12 h of fasting. Fatty acid concentrations were determined using fast gas-liquid chromatography. Plasma adiponectin (μg/mL) and leptin (ng/dL) concentrations were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Statistical analyses included median adipokine concentrations according to the tertiles of fatty acid distribution and multiple linear mixed-effect models adjusted for body mass index, gestational age, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking. RESULTS Women classified in the third SFA concentration tertile had lower median values of adiponectin compared with those in the first tertile ([first trimester: first tertile = 5.36; third tertile = 5.00]; [second trimester: first tertile = 6.39; third tertile = 4.47]; [third trimester: first tertile = 6.46; third tertile = 4.60]). Similar trends were observed for the 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 fractions. In the multiple longitudinal models, total SFA (β = -41.039; P = 0.008) and 16:0 were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin (16:0, β = -0.511; P = 0.001). Total PUFA ω-6 (β = 28.961; P = 0.002) and 18:2 ω-6 (β = 0.259, P = 0.006) were positively associated with the adiponectin. Total SFA (β = 0.110, P = 0.007), 14:0 (β = 0.072, P = 0.011), and 20:3 ω-6 (β = 0.039; P = 0.035) were positively associated with plasma leptin. CONCLUSIONS Total serum SFA and the 16:0 fraction were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin and positively associated with leptin concentrations. Total ω-6 PUFA was positively associated only with plasma adiponectin concentrations throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Lepsch
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dayana Rodrigues Farias
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thatiana de Jesus Pereira Pinto
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália da Silva Lima
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Freitas Vilela
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cunha
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Carlson NS, Hernandez TL, Hurt KJ. Parturition dysfunction in obesity: time to target the pathobiology. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:135. [PMID: 26684329 PMCID: PMC4683915 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a third of women of childbearing age in the United States are obese, and during pregnancy they are at increased risk for delayed labor onset and slow labor progress that often results in unplanned cesarean delivery. The biology behind this dysfunctional parturition is not well understood. Studies of obesity-induced changes in parturition physiology may facilitate approaches to optimize labor in obese women. In this review, we summarize known and proposed biologic effects of obesity on labor preparation, contraction/synchronization, and endurance, drawing on both clinical observation and experimental data. We present evidence from human and animal studies of interactions between obesity and parturition signaling in all elements of the birth process, including: delayed cervical ripening, prostaglandin insensitivity, amniotic membrane strengthening, decreased myometrial oxytocin receptor expression, decreased myocyte action potential initiation and contractility, decreased myocyte gap junction formation, and impaired myocyte neutralization of reactive oxygen species. We found convincing clinical data on the effect of obesity on labor initiation and successful delivery, but few studies on the underlying pathobiology. We suggest research opportunities and therapeutic interventions based on plausible biologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Carlson
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, College of Nursing, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave, MS 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Ave, MS 8613, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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42
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Wu YM, Luo HW, Kou H, Wen YX, Shen L, Pei LG, Zhou J, Zhang YZ, Wang H. Prenatal caffeine exposure induced a lower level of fetal blood leptin mainly via placental mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:109-16. [PMID: 26367767 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It's known that blood leptin level is reduced in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) fetus, and placental leptin is the major source of fetal blood leptin. This study aimed to investigate the decreased fetal blood leptin level by prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) and its underlying placental mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were intragastrically administered caffeine (30-120 mg/kg day) from gestational day 9 to 20. The level of fetal serum leptin and the expression of placental leptin-related genes were analyzed. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the reduced placental leptin's expression by treatment with caffeine (0.8-20 μM) in the BeWo cells. In vivo, PCE significantly decreased fetal serum leptin level in caffeine dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, placental mRNA expression of adenosine A2a receptor (Adora2a), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), a short-type leptin receptor (Ob-Ra) and leptin was reduced in the PCE groups. In vitro, caffeine significantly decreased the mRNA expression of leptin, CREB and ADORA2A in concentration and time-dependent manners. The addition of ADORA2A agonist or adenylyl cyclase (AC) agonist reversed the inhibition of leptin expression induced by caffeine. PCE induced a lower level of fetal blood leptin, which the primary mechanism is that caffeine inhibited antagonized Adora2a and AC activities to decreased cAMP synthesis, thus inhibited the expression of the transcription factor CREB and target gene leptin in the placenta. Meantime, the reduced transportation of maternal leptin by placental Ob-Ra also contributed to the reduced fetal blood leptin. Together, PCE decreased fetal blood leptin mainly via reducing the expression and transportation of leptin in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Meng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Han-Wen Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hao Kou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yin-Xian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ling-Guo Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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43
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Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP. Immune Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Preeclampsia. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3142-76. [PMID: 26569331 PMCID: PMC4693273 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by hypertension occurring after the twentieth week of pregnancy. It is a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries and its pervasiveness is increasing within developed countries including the USA. However, the mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of this maternal disorder and its rising prevalence are far from clear. A major theory with strong experimental evidence is that placental ischemia, resulting from inappropriate remodeling and widening of the maternal spiral arteries, stimulates the release of soluble factors from the ischemic placenta causing maternal endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Aberrant maternal immune responses and inflammation have been implicated in each of these stages in the cascade leading to PE. Regarding the increased prevalence of this disease, it is becoming increasingly evident from epidemiological data that obesity, which is a state of chronic inflammation in itself, increases the risk for PE. Although the specific mechanisms whereby obesity increases the rate of PE are unclear, there are strong candidates including activated macrophages and natural killer cells within the uterus and placenta and activation in the periphery of T helper cells producing cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 and the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt-1 and B cells producing the agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1-aa). This review will focus on the immune mechanisms that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension in PE with an emphasis on the potential importance of inflammatory factors in the increased risk of developing PE in obese pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Ana C Palei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Neri C, Edlow AG. Effects of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Programming: Molecular Approaches. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a026591. [PMID: 26337113 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. Obesity and a high-fat diet have been shown to have deleterious effects on fetal programming, predisposing offspring to adverse cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although large epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal obesity and adverse outcomes for offspring, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Molecular approaches have played a key role in elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of fetal malprogramming in the setting of maternal obesity. These approaches include, among others, characterization of epigenetic modifications, microRNA expression, the gut microbiome, the transcriptome, and evaluation of specific mRNA expression via quantitative reverse transcription polmerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in fetuses and offspring of obese females. This work will review the data from animal models and human fluids/cells regarding the effects of maternal obesity on fetal and offspring neurodevelopment and cardiometabolic outcomes, with a particular focus on molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Neri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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45
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Nüsken E, Herrmann Y, Wohlfarth M, Goecke T, Appel S, Schneider H, Dötsch J, Nüsken K. Strong hypoxia reduces leptin synthesis in purified primary human trophoblasts. Placenta 2015; 36:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tsai PJS, Davis J, Thompson K, Bryant-Greenwood G. Visfatin/Nampt and SIRT1: Roles in Postterm Delivery in Pregnancies Associated With Obesity. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1028-36. [PMID: 25670718 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115570908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin is both a systemic adipocytokine and the cytosolic enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt). This is a longevity protein, which extends the lifespan of human cells by activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In this study, we sought a role for these proteins in obese pregnant women, who experience more postterm deliveries. Thus, 78 women (26 lean, 24 overweight, and 28 obese) were recruited and maternal blood and placental tissue collected prior to term labor. Plasma levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative immunohistochemistry used for placenta. We confirmed maternal plasma interleukin 6 increased according to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; P < .0001) and showed a linear relationship between BMI and syncytiotrophoblast visfatin/Nampt (P = .021) but not with its levels in maternal plasma. Both systemic and placental visfatin/Nampt were significantly associated with placental SIRT1 levels (P = .028 and .017). Thus, higher visfatin/Nampt may prevent a labor-associated decrease in SIRT1 leading to postterm delivery in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Jong Stacy Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - James Davis
- University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Biostatistic Core, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Karen Thompson
- Department of Pathology, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gillian Bryant-Greenwood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
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