1
|
Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Nucleoside Tetraphosphate Compounds. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2864-2883. [PMID: 38345794 PMCID: PMC10895676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of three types of nucleoside tetraphosphate derivatives 4-9 acting as potential prodrugs of d4T nucleotides: (i) the δ-phosph(on)ate is modified by two hydrolytically stable alkyl residues 4 and 5; (ii) the δ-phosph(on)ate is esterified covalently by one biodegradable acyloxybenzyl moiety and a nonbioreversible moiety 6 and 7; or (iii) the δ-phosphate of nucleoside tetraphosphate is masked by two biodegradable prodrug groups 8 and 9. We were able to prove the efficient release of d4T triphosphate (d4TTP, (i)), δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates (20 and 24, (ii)), and d4T tetraphosphate (d4T4P, (iii)), respectively, by chemical or enzymatic processes. Surprisingly, δ-dialkylated d4T tetraphosphates, δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates, and d4T4P were substrates for HIV-RT. Remarkably, the antiviral activity of TetraPPPPro-prodrug 7 was improved by 7700-fold (SI 5700) as compared to the parent d4T in CEM/TK- cells, denoting a successful cell membrane passage of these lipophilic prodrugs and an intracellular delivery of the nucleotide metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia X, Kullik GA, Bufano M, Brancale A, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane-permeable tenofovir-di- and monophosphate analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116020. [PMID: 38086193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antiviral agents such as nucleoside analogues or acyclic nucleotide analogues (ANPs) and prodrugs thereof is an ongoing task. We report on the synthesis of three types of lipophilic triphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA and dialkylated diphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA. A highly selective release of the different nucleotide analogues ((R)-PMPA-DP, (R)-PMPA-MP, and (R)-PMPA) from these compounds was achieved. All dialkylated (R)-PMPA-prodrugs proved to be very stable in PBS as well as in CEM/0 cell extracts and human plasma. In primer extension assays, both the monoalkylated and the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-DP derivatives acted as (R)-PMPA-DP as a substrate for HIV-RT. In contrast, no incorporation events were observed using human polymerase γ. The dialkylated (R)-PMPA-compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV efficacy in HIV-1/2 infected cells (CEM/0 and CEM/TK-). Remarkably, the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-MP derivative 9a showed a 326-fold improved activity as compared to (R)-PMPA in HIV-2 infected CEM/TK- cells as well as a very high SI of 14,000. We are convinced that this study may significantly contribute to advancing antiviral agents developed based on nucleotide analogues in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuliano A Kullik
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Bufano
- Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vysoká Škola Chemicko-Technologická v Praze, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs of Anti-HIV Active Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Compounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2306021. [PMID: 37884485 PMCID: PMC10754118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs require three phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases to give their triphosphorylated metabolites. Herein, the synthesis of two types of triphosphate prodrugs of different nucleoside analogs is disclosed. Triphosphates comprising: i) a γ-phosphate or γ-phosphonate bearing a bioreversible acyloxybenzyl group and a long alkyl group and ii) γ-dialkyl phosphate/phosphonate modified nucleoside triphosphate analogs. Almost selective conversion of the former TriPPPro-compounds into the corresponding γ-alkylated nucleoside triphosphate derivatives is demonstrated in CEM/0 cell extracts that proved to be stable toward further hydrolysis. The latter γ-dialkylated triphosphate derivatives lead to the slow formation of the corresponding NDPs. Both types of TriPPPro-compounds are highly potent in wild-type CEM/0 cells and more importantly, they exhibit even better activities against HIV-2 replication in CEM/TK- cell cultures. A finding of major importance is that, in primer extension assays, γ-phosphate-modified-NTPs, γ-mono-alkylated-triphosphates, and NDPs prove to be substrates for HIV-RT but not for cellular DNA-polymerases α,γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU Leuven, Herestraat 49LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandes LDR, Lopes JR, Bonjorno AF, Prates JLB, Scarim CB, Dos Santos JL. The Application of Prodrugs as a Tool to Enhance the Properties of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:2234. [PMID: 38005911 PMCID: PMC10675571 DOI: 10.3390/v15112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is an effective treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which has transformed the highly lethal disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), into a chronic and manageable condition. However, better methods need to be developed for enhancing patient access and adherence to therapy and for improving treatment in the long term to reduce adverse effects. From the perspective of drug discovery, one promising strategy is the development of anti-HIV prodrugs. This approach aims to enhance the efficacy and safety of treatment, promoting the development of more appropriate and convenient systems for patients. In this review, we discussed the use of the prodrug approach for HIV antiviral agents and emphasized nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We comprehensively described various strategies that are used to enhance factors such as water solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters, permeability across biological membranes, chemical stability, drug delivery to specific sites/organs, and tolerability. These strategies might help researchers conduct better studies in this field. We also reported successful examples from the primary therapeutic classes while discussing the advantages and limitations. In this review, we highlighted the key trends in the application of the prodrug approach for treating HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (L.d.R.F.); (J.R.L.); (A.F.B.); (J.L.B.P.); (C.B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sterrenberg VT, Stalling D, Knaack JIH, Soh TK, Bosse JB, Meier C. A TriPPPro-Nucleotide Reporter with Optimized Cell-Permeable Dyes for Metabolic Labeling of Cellular and Viral DNA in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308271. [PMID: 37435767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic labeling of nucleic acids in living cells is highly desirable to track the dynamics of nucleic acid metabolism in real-time and has the potential to provide novel insights into cellular biology as well as pathogen-host interactions. Catalyst-free inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions (iEDDA) with nucleosides carrying highly reactive moieties such as axial 2-trans-cyclooctene (2TCOa) would be an ideal tool to allow intracellular labeling of DNA. However, cellular kinase phosphorylation of the modified nucleosides is needed after cellular uptake as triphosphates are not membrane permeable. Unfortunately, the narrow substrate window of most endogenous kinases limits the use of highly reactive moieties. Here, we apply our TriPPPro (triphosphate pronucleotide) approach to directly deliver a highly reactive 2TCOa-modified 2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate reporter into living cells. We show that this nucleoside triphosphate is metabolically incorporated into de novo synthesized cellular and viral DNA and can be labeled with highly reactive and cell-permeable fluorescent dye-tetrazine conjugates via iEDDA to visualize DNA in living cells directly. Thus, we present the first comprehensive method for live-cell imaging of cellular and viral nucleic acids using a two-step labeling approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincente T Sterrenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Stalling
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Iven H Knaack
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K Soh
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Pronucleotides of 2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydrothymidine as Potent Anti-HIV Compounds. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12163-12184. [PMID: 37647547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and evaluation of three different nucleotide prodrug systems: (i) nucleoside triphosphate analogues in which the γ-phosph(on)ate has two different lipophilic nonbioreversible alkyl residues with d4TDP as the released nucleotide analogue; (ii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing a bioreversible and a stable β-alkyl group; or (iii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing two nonhydrolysable lipophilic alkyl moieties. The delivery of d4TDP (for the triphosphate precursor) and d4TMP (for the diphosphate precursor) was demonstrated in CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts as well as in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In primer extension assay, we found that γ-dialkylated d4TTP derivatives and d4TDP were accepted as substrates by HIV-RT. Several of these compounds were observed to be extremely active against HIV-1/2 replication in HIV-infected cells. A more than 45,000-fold increase in the anti-HIV activity was detected for compound 18a as compared to the parent d4T which results in a selectivity index value of 37,000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goebel L, Kirschner T, Koska S, Rai A, Janning P, Maffini S, Vatheuer H, Czodrowski P, Goody RS, Müller MP, Rauh D. Targeting oncogenic KRasG13C with nucleotide-based covalent inhibitors. eLife 2023; 12:82184. [PMID: 36972177 PMCID: PMC10042540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations within Ras proteins represent major drivers in human cancer. In this study, we report the structure-based design, synthesis, as well as biochemical and cellular evaluation of nucleotide-based covalent inhibitors for KRasG13C, an important oncogenic mutant of Ras that has not been successfully addressed in the past. Mass spectrometry experiments and kinetic studies reveal promising molecular properties of these covalent inhibitors, and X-ray crystallographic analysis has yielded the first reported crystal structures of KRasG13C covalently locked with these GDP analogues. Importantly, KRasG13C covalently modified with these inhibitors can no longer undergo SOS-catalysed nucleotide exchange. As a final proof-of-concept, we show that in contrast to KRasG13C, the covalently locked protein is unable to induce oncogenic signalling in cells, further highlighting the possibility of using nucleotide-based inhibitors with covalent warheads in KRasG13C-driven cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tonia Kirschner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sandra Koska
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amrita Rai
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helge Vatheuer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul Czodrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roger S Goody
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias P Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang M, Wu C, Liu N, Zhang F, Dong H, Wang S, Chen M, Jiang X, Zhang K, Gu L. SARS-CoV-2 RdRp uses NDPs as a substrate and is able to incorporate NHC into RNA from diphosphate form molnupiravir. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:946-955. [PMID: 36528144 PMCID: PMC9749393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 has been ravaging throughout the world for three years and has severely impaired both human health and the economy. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 employs the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex for genome replication and transcription, making RdRp an appealing target for antiviral drug development. Systematic characterization of RdRp will undoubtedly aid in the development of antiviral drugs targeting RdRp. Here, our research reveals that RdRp can recognize and utilize nucleoside diphosphates as a substrate to synthesize RNA with an efficiency of about two thirds of using nucleoside triphosphates as a substrate. Nucleoside diphosphates incorporation is also template-specific and has high fidelity. Moreover, RdRp can incorporate β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine into RNA while using diphosphate form molnupiravir as a substrate. This incorporation results in genome mutation and virus death. It is also observed that diphosphate form molnupiravir is a better substrate for RdRp than the triphosphate form molnupiravir, presenting a new strategy for drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Cancan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Hongjie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Kundi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chinthapatla R, Sotoudegan M, Srivastava P, Anderson TK, Moustafa I, Passow K, Kennelly S, Moorthy R, Dulin D, Feng J, Harki D, Kirchdoerfer R, Cameron C, Arnold J. Interfering with nucleotide excision by the coronavirus 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:315-336. [PMID: 36546762 PMCID: PMC9841423 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most efficacious antiviral therapeutics are ribonucleos(t)ide analogs. The presence of a 3'-to-5' proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in coronaviruses diminishes the potency of many ribonucleotide analogs. The ability to interfere with ExoN activity will create new possibilities for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExoN is formed by a 1:1 complex of nsp14 and nsp10 proteins. We have purified and characterized ExoN using a robust, quantitative system that reveals determinants of specificity and efficiency of hydrolysis. Double-stranded RNA is preferred over single-stranded RNA. Nucleotide excision is distributive, with only one or two nucleotides hydrolyzed in a single binding event. The composition of the terminal basepair modulates excision. A stalled SARS-CoV-2 replicase in complex with either correctly or incorrectly terminated products prevents excision, suggesting that a mispaired end is insufficient to displace the replicase. Finally, we have discovered several modifications to the 3'-RNA terminus that interfere with or block ExoN-catalyzed excision. While a 3'-OH facilitates hydrolysis of a nucleotide with a normal ribose configuration, this substituent is not required for a nucleotide with a planar ribose configuration such as that present in the antiviral nucleotide produced by viperin. Design of ExoN-resistant, antiviral ribonucleotides should be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukesh Chinthapatla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohamad Sotoudegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas K Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kellan T Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha A Kennelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramkumar Moorthy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Dulin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel A Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rossi FM, McBee DP, Trybala TN, Hulsey ZN, Gonzalez Curbelo C, Mazur W, Baccile JA. Membrane Permeant Analogs for Independent Cellular Introduction of the Terpene Precursors Isopentenyl- and Dimethylallyl-Pyrophosphate. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200512. [PMID: 36354788 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) are the central five-carbon precursors to all terpenes. Despite their significance, exogenous, independent delivery of IPP and DMAPP to cells is impossible as the negatively charged pyrophosphate makes these molecules membrane impermeant. Herein, we demonstrate a facile method to circumvent this challenge through esterification of the β-phosphate with two self-immolative esters (SIEs) that neutralize the negatively charged pyrophosphate to yield membrane-permeant analogs of IPP and DMAPP. Following cellular incorporation, general esterase activity initiates cleavage of the SIEs, resulting in traceless release of IPP and DMAPP for metabolic utilization. Addition of the synthesized IPP and DMAPP precursor analogs rescued cell growth of glioblastoma (U-87MG) cancer cells concurrently treated with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pitavastatin, which otherwise abrogates cell growth via blocking production of IPP and DMAPP. This work demonstrates a new application of a prodrug strategy to incorporate a metabolic intermediate and promises to enable future interrogation of the distinct biological roles of IPP and DMAPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Chemistry SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Dillon P McBee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas N Trybala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Zackary N Hulsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - William Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roy B, Navarro V, Peyrottes S. Prodrugs of Nucleoside 5'-Monophosphate Analogues: Overview of the Recent Literature Concerning their Synthesis and Applications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1256-1303. [PMID: 36093825 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220909122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are widely used as anti-infectious and antitumoral agents. However, their clinical use may face limitations associated with their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and/or their peculiar mechanisms of action. Indeed, once inside the cells, nucleoside analogues require to be metabolized into their corresponding (poly-)phosphorylated derivatives, mediated by cellular and/or viral kinases, in order to interfere with nucleic acid biosynthesis. Within this activation process, the first-phosphorylation step is often the limiting one and to overcome this limitation, numerous prodrug approaches have been proposed. Herein, we will focus on recent literature data (from 2015 and onwards) related to new prodrug strategies, the development of original synthetic approaches and novel applications of nucleotide prodrugs (namely pronucleotides) leading to the intracellular delivery of 5'-monophosphate nucleoside analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Valentin Navarro
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benckendorff CMM, Slyusarchuk VD, Huang N, Lima MA, Smith M, Miller GJ. Synthesis of fluorinated carbocyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9469-9489. [PMID: 36408761 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the canonical nucleosides have a longstanding presence and proven capability within medicinal chemistry and drug discovery research. The synthesis reported herein successfully replaces furanose oxygen with CF2 and CHF in pyrimidine nucleosides, granting access to an alternative pharmacophore space. Key diastereoselective conjugate addition and fluorination methodologies are developed from chiral pool materials, establishing a robust gram-scale synthesis of 6'-(R)-monofluoro- and 6'-gem-difluorouridines. Vital intermediate stereochemistries are confirmed using X-ray crystallography and NMR analysis, providing an indicative conformational preference for these fluorinated carbanucleosides. Utilising these 6'-fluorocarbauridine scaffolds enables synthesis of related cytidine, ProTide and 2'-deoxy analogues alongside a preliminary exploration of their biological capabilities in cancer cell viability assays. This synthetic blueprint offers potential to explore fluorocarbanucleoside scaffolds, indicatively towards triphosphate analogues and as building blocks for oligonucleotide synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caecilie M M Benckendorff
- Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK. .,Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Valentyna D Slyusarchuk
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ningwu Huang
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Mark Smith
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK. .,Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chinthapatla R, Sotoudegan M, Anderson T, Moustafa IM, Passow KT, Kennelly SA, Moorthy R, Dulin D, Feng JY, Harki DA, Kirchdoerfer R, Cameron CE, Arnold JJ. Interfering with nucleotide excision by the coronavirus 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.11.503614. [PMID: 35982684 PMCID: PMC9387131 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.11.503614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most efficacious antiviral therapeutics are ribonucleos(t)ide analogs. The presence of a 3'-to-5' proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in coronaviruses diminishes the potency of many ribonucleotide analogs. The ability to interfere with ExoN activity will create new possibilities for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExoN is formed by a 1:1 complex of nsp14 and nsp10 proteins. We have purified and characterized ExoN using a robust, quantitative system that reveals determinants of specificity and efficiency of hydrolysis. Double-stranded RNA is preferred over single-stranded RNA. Nucleotide excision is distributive, with only one or two nucleotides hydrolyzed in a single binding event. The composition of the terminal basepair modulates excision. A stalled SARS-CoV-2 replicase in complex with either correctly or incorrectly terminated products prevents excision, suggesting that a mispaired end is insufficient to displace the replicase. Finally, we have discovered several modifications to the 3'-RNA terminus that interfere with or block ExoN-catalyzed excision. While a 3'-OH facilitates hydrolysis of a nucleotide with a normal ribose configuration, this substituent is not required for a nucleotide with a planar ribose configuration such as that present in the antiviral nucleotide produced by viperin. Design of ExoN-resistant, antiviral ribonucleotides should be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukesh Chinthapatla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohamad Sotoudegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kellan T. Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha A. Kennelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramkumar Moorthy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Dulin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Y. Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zenchenko AA, Oslovsky VE, Varizhuk IV, Karpova EV, Osolodkin DI, Kozlovskaya LI, Ishmukhametov AA, Drenichev MS. Cytotoxicity reduction by O-nicotinoylation of antiviral 6-benzylaminopurine ribonucleosides. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105355. [PMID: 35390475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the promising approaches in the development of nucleoside prodrugs is to use the nucleoside analogs containing lipophilic biodegradable residues, which are cleaved to biologically active forms after metabolic transformations in the cell. The introduction of such fragments makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug candidate and increase its stability in the cell. In order to study the influence of biodegradable lipophilic groups on antiviral activity and cytotoxicity, in this work we synthesized N6-benzyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-nicotinoyl adenosine and N6-(3-fluorobenzyl)-2',3',5'-tri-O-nicotinoyl adenosine, derivatives of N6-benzyladenosine (BAR) and N6-(3-fluorobenzyl)adenosine (FBAR), which had previously shown prominent antiviral activity against human enterovirus EV-A71 but appeared to be cytotoxic. As a result, the obtained fully-O-nicotinoylated BAR and FBAR inhibited reproduction of EV-A71 strains BrCr and 46,973 and manifested significantly lower cytotoxicity compared to non-protected compounds. In addition, we performed enzymatic hydrolysis of the fully-O-nicotinoylated FBAR in the presence of esterases (Cal B and PLE) to investigate metabolic degradation of O-nicotinoylated compounds in cells. As a result, both enzymes hydrolyzed the tested substrate to form the corresponding O-deprotected nucleoside that may suggest the role of hydrolase-type enzymes as general participants of metabolic activation of O-nicotinoylated prodrugs in different cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina V Varizhuk
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Il’icheva IA, Mikhailov SN. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Nucleoside Derivatives: Structural Features and Mechanisms of Action. Mol Biol 2021; 55:786-812. [PMID: 34955556 PMCID: PMC8682041 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new viruses and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has become a powerful stimulus in the search for new drugs. Nucleosides are a promising class of natural compounds, and more than a hundred drugs have already been created based on them, including antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor agents. The review considers the structural and functional features and mechanisms of action of known nucleoside analogs with antiviral, antibacterial or antiprotozoal activity. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that determine the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs containing hydrophobic fragments. Depending on the structure and position of the hydrophobic substituent, such nucleosides can either block the process of penetration of viruses into cells or inhibit the stage of genome replication. The mechanisms of inhibition of viral enzymes by compounds of nucleoside and non-nucleoside nature have been compared. The stages of creation of antiparasitic drugs, which are based on the peculiarities of metabolic transformations of nucleosides in humans body and parasites, have been considered. A new approach to the creation of drugs is described, based on the use of prodrugs of modified nucleosides, which, as a result of metabolic processes, are converted into an effective drug directly in the target organ or tissue. This strategy makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug to humans and to increase the effectiveness of its action on cells infected by the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Il’icheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kow CS, Javed A, Ramachandram D, Hasan SS. Clinical outcomes of sofosbuvir-based antivirals in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:567-575. [PMID: 34719324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several randomized trials have evaluated the effects of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antivirals on the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. METHODS A systematic literature search with no language restrictions was performed on electronic databases and preprint repositories to identify eligible randomized trials published up to 8 July 2021. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) for outcomes of interest with the use of sofosbuvir combined with direct-acting antiviral agents relative to the nonuse of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents at 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The meta-analysis of 11 trials (n = 2,161) revealed statistically significant reduction in the odds of mortality (pooled odds ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 0.99) but no statistically significant difference in the odds of development of composite endpoint of severe illness (pooled odds ratio = 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.43 to 1.44) with the administration of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents among patients with COVID-19, relative to non-administration of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents.Subgroup analysis with seven trials involving sofosbuvir-daclatasvir revealed no significant mortality benefit (pooled odds ratio = 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.22). CONCLUSION Sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents have no protective effects against the development of severe illness in patients with COVID-19 with the current dosing regimen. Whether sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents could offer mortality benefits would require further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Siang Kow
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Amaan Javed
- University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan D, Ra OH, Yan B. The nucleoside antiviral prodrug remdesivir in treating COVID-19 and beyond with interspecies significance. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:15. [PMID: 34778881 PMCID: PMC8422062 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pandemics result in hundreds and millions of deaths, notable examples of the Spanish Flu, the Black Death and smallpox. The current pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), is unprecedented even in the historical term of pandemics. The unprecedentedness is featured by multiple surges, rapid identification of therapeutic options and accelerated development of vaccines. Remdesivir, originally developed for Ebola viral disease, is the first treatment of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. As demonstrated by in vitro and preclinical studies, this therapeutic agent is highly potent with a broad spectrum activity against viruses from as many as seven families even cross species. However, randomized controlled trials have failed to confirm the efficacy and safety. Remdesivir improves some clinical signs but not critical parameters such as mortality. This antiviral agent is an ester/phosphorylation prodrug and excessive hydrolysis which increases cellular toxicity. Remdesivir is given intravenously, leading to concentration spikes and likely increasing the potential of hydrolysis-based toxicity. This review has proposed a conceptual framework for improving its efficacy and minimizing toxicity not only for the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future ones caused by remdesivir-sensitive viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Yan
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - One Hyuk Ra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kleczewska N, Sikorski PJ, Warminska Z, Markiewicz L, Kasprzyk R, Baran N, Kwapiszewska K, Karpinska A, Michalski J, Holyst R, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Cellular delivery of dinucleotides by conjugation with small molecules: targeting translation initiation for anticancer applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10242-10251. [PMID: 34377411 PMCID: PMC8336483 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cap-dependent translation initiation is one of the experimental approaches that could lead to the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. Synthetic dinucleoside 5',5'-triphosphates cap analogs are potent antagonists of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in vitro and could counteract elevated levels of eIF4E in cancer cells; however, transformation of these compounds into therapeutic agents remains challenging - they do not easily penetrate into cells and are susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. Here, we tested the potential of several small molecule ligands - folic acid, biotin, glucose, and cholesterol - to deliver both hydrolyzable and cleavage-resistant cap analogs into cells. A broad structure-activity relationship (SAR) study using model fluorescent probes and cap-ligand conjugates showed that cholesterol greatly facilitates uptake of cap analogs without disturbing the interactions with eIF4E. The most potent cholesterol conjugate identified showed apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity towards cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kleczewska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Zofia Warminska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Lukasz Markiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Natalia Baran
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw I. Miecznikowa 1 02-096 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Aneta Karpinska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Michalski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Robert Holyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spera AM. Are nucleotide inhibitors, already used for treating hepatitis C virus infection, a potential option for the treatment of COVID-19 compared with standard of care? A literature review. World J Virol 2021; 10:53-61. [PMID: 33816150 PMCID: PMC7995413 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is global pandemic with various clinical presentations, ranging from cold to sometimes unrecoverable acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although urgently needed, currently there are no specific treatments for COVID-19. Repurposing existing pharmaceuticals to treat COVID-19 is crucial to control the pandemic. In silico and in vitro studies suggest that a nucleotide inhibitor called Sofosbuvir, has also antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), apart from suppressing other positive-strand ribonucleic Acid viruses with conserved polymerase (hepatitis C virus). The aim of this study was to assess if Sofosbuvir improves clinical outcomes in patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. A compre-hensive overview of scientific literature has been made. Terms searched in PubMed were: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, nucleotide inhibitors, pandemic, Sofosbuvir. Results clinical trials conducted among adults with moderate or severe COVID-19 were analyzed. Patients were divided in treatment and control arms, receiving Sofosbuvir plus standard care and standard care alone respectively. The addition of Sofosbuvir to standard care significantly reduced the duration of hospital stay compared with standard care alone in clinical trials examined. If efficacy of these repurposed, cheap and easily available drug against SARS-CoV-2 is further demonstrated, it could be essential to refine the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Spera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Study of Salerno, Salerno 84131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gu W, Martinez S, Nguyen H, Xu H, Herdewijn P, De Jonghe S, Das K. Tenofovir-Amino Acid Conjugates Act as Polymerase Substrates-Implications for Avoiding Cellular Phosphorylation in the Discovery of Nucleotide Analogues. J Med Chem 2020; 64:782-796. [PMID: 33356231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues are used for treating viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. To become polymerase substrates, a nucleotide analogue must be phosphorylated by cellular kinases which is rate-limiting. The goal of this study is to develop dNTP/NTP analogues directly from nucleotides. Tenofovir (TFV) analogues were synthesized by conjugating with amino acids. We demonstrate that some conjugates act as dNTP analogues and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) catalytically incorporates the TFV part as the chain terminator. X-ray structures in complex with HIV-1 RT/dsDNA showed binding of the conjugates at the polymerase active site, however, in different modes in the presence of Mg2+ versus Mn2+ ions. The adaptability of the compounds is seemingly essential for catalytic incorporation of TFV by RT. 4d with a carboxyl sidechain demonstrated the highest incorporation. 4e showed weak incorporation and rather behaved as a dNTP-competitive inhibitor. This result advocates the feasibility of designing NTP/dNTP analogues by chemical substitutions to nucleotide analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Gu
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Martinez
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hoai Nguyen
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hongtao Xu
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kalyan Das
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han J, Funk C, Eyberg J, Bailer S, Richert C. An AZT Analog with Strongly Pairing Ethynylpyridone Nucleobase and Its Antiviral Activity against HSV1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000937. [PMID: 33270983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Challenges resulting from novel viruses or new strains of known viruses call for new antiviral agents. Nucleoside analogs that act as inhibitors of viral polymerases are an attractive class of antivirals. For nucleosides containing thymine, base pairing is weak, making it desirable to identify nucleobase analogs that pair more strongly with adenine, in order to compete successfully with the natural substrate. We have recently described a new class of strongly binding thymidine analogs that contain an ethynylmethylpyridone as base and a C-nucleosidic linkage to the deoxyribose. Here we report the synthesis of the 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxyribose derivative of this compound, dubbed AZW, both as free nucleoside and as ProTide phosphoramidate. As a proof of principle, we studied the activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Whereas the ProTide phosphoramidate suffered from low solubility, the free nucleoside showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that of AZT in a plaque reduction assay. This suggests that strongly pairing C-nucleoside analogs of pyrimidines have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients with antiviral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao C, Weber S, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Prodrugs of γ-Alkyl-Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates: Improved Inhibition of HIV Reverse Transcriptase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22063-22071. [PMID: 32379948 PMCID: PMC7756582 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is one option to apply nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of d4TTP analogues, in which the γ-phosphate was modified covalently by lipophilic alkyl residues, and acyloxybenzyl prodrugs of these γ-alkyl-modified d4TTPs, with the aim of delivering of γ-alkyl-d4TTP into cells. Selective formation of γ-alkyl-d4TTP was proven with esterase and in CD4+ -cell extracts. In contrast to d4TTP, γ-alkyl-d4TTPs proved highly stable against dephosphorylation. Primer extension assays with HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and DNA-polymerases α, β or γ showed that γ-alkyl-d4TTPs were substrates for HIV-RT only. In antiviral assays, compounds were highly potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 also in thymidine-kinase-deficient T-cell cultures (CEM/TK- ). Thus, the intracellular delivery of such γ-alkyl-nucleoside triphosphates may potentially lead to nucleoside triphosphates with a higher selectivity towards the viral polymerase that can act in virus-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhao
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 620146HamburgGermany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 620146HamburgGermany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 620146HamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao C, Weber S, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Prodrugs of γ‐Alkyl‐Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates: Improved Inhibition of HIV Reverse Transcriptase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhao
- Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute for Medical Research KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute for Medical Research KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Espinasse A, Lembke HK, Cao AA, Carlson EE. Modified nucleoside triphosphates in bacterial research for in vitro and live-cell applications. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:333-351. [PMID: 33928252 PMCID: PMC8081287 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are invaluable tools to probe bacterial enzymatic mechanisms, develop novel genetic material, and engineer drugs and proteins with new functionalities. Although the impact of nucleobase alterations has predominantly been studied due to their importance for protein recognition, sugar and phosphate modifications have also been investigated. However, NTPs are cell impermeable due to their negatively charged phosphate tail, a major hurdle to achieving live bacterial studies. Herein, we review the recent advances made to investigate and evolve bacteria and their processes with the use of modified NTPs by exploring alterations in one of the three moieties: the nucleobase, the sugar and the phosphate tail. We also present the innovative methods that have been devised to internalize NTPs into bacteria for in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Espinasse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Hannah K. Lembke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Angela A. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Erin E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota208 Harvard Street SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55454USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota321 Church St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55454USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nack T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Weber S, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. γ-Ketobenzyl-Modified Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs as Potential Antivirals. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13745-13761. [PMID: 33186038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often hampered by insufficient phosphorylation. Nucleoside triphosphate analogues are presented, in which the γ-phosphate was covalently modified by a non-bioreversible, lipophilic 4-alkylketobenzyl moiety. Interestingly, primer extension assays using human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and three DNA-polymerases showed a high selectivity of these γ-modified nucleoside triphosphates to act as substrates for HIV-RT, while they proved to be nonsubstrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In contrast to d4TTP, the γ-modified d4TTPs showed a high resistance toward dephosphorylation in cell extracts. A series of acyloxybenzyl-prodrugs of these γ-ketobenzyl nucleoside triphosphates was prepared. The aim was the intracellular delivery of a stable γ-modified nucleoside triphosphate to increase the selectivity of such compounds to act in infected versus noninfected cells. Delivery of γ-ketobenzyl-d4TTPs was proven in T-lymphocyte cell extracts. The prodrugs were potent inhibitors of HIV-1/2 in cultures of infected CEM/0 cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nack
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao C, Jia X, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. γ-Non-Symmetrically Dimasked TriPPPro Prodrugs as Potential Antiviral Agents against HIV. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:499-512. [PMID: 33089929 PMCID: PMC7894357 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and nucleoside analogue monophosphate prodrugs are used in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The design of antivirally active nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is a recent and an important advancement in the field of nucleoside analogue drug development. Here, we report on TriPPPro‐derivatives of nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTPs) that comprised two different acyloxybenzyl‐masks at the γ‐phosphate of the NTP aiming to achieve the metabolic bypass. Thus, γ‐non‐symmetrically dimasked TriPPPro‐compounds (γ‐(AB,ab)‐d4TTPs) were synthesized and they proved to be active against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in cultures of infected wild‐type human CD4+ T‐lymphocyte (CEM/0) cells and more importantly also in thymidine kinase‐deficient CD4+ T‐cells (CEM/TK‐). From hydrolysis studies both in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.3) and CEM cell extracts, there was surprisingly no differentiation in the cleavage of the two acyloxybenzyl prodrug‐masks. However, if within one of the two acyloxybenzyl groups a short PEG‐type methoxytriglycol group was introduced, the “standard” acyloxybenzyl‐mask was cleaved with high preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhao
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme‐Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme-Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20154-20160. [PMID: 32757352 PMCID: PMC7436718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoramidates composed of an amino acid and a nucleotide analogue are critical metabolites of prodrugs, such as remdesivir. Hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate liberates the nucleotide, which can then be phosphorylated to become the pharmacologically active triphosphate. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been demonstrated, but a spontaneous chemical process may also occur. We measured the rate of enzyme-free hydrolysis for 17 phosphoramidates of ribonucleotides with amino acids or related compounds at pH 7.5. Phosphoramidates of proline hydrolyzed fast, with a half-life time as short as 2.4 h for Pro-AMP in ethylimidazole-containing buffer at 37 °C; 45-fold faster than Ala-AMP and 120-fold faster than Phe-AMP. Crystal structures of Gly-AMP, Pro-AMP, βPro-AMP and Phe-AMP bound to RNase A as crystallization chaperone showed how well the carboxylate is poised to attack the phosphoramidate, helping to explain this reactivity. Our results are significant for the design of new antiviral prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jia X, Weber S, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane Permeable, Bioreversibly Modified Prodrugs of Nucleoside Diphosphate-γ-Phosphonates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11990-12007. [PMID: 32991174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are widely used as antiviral and anticancer agents, although they require intracellular phosphorylation into their antivirally active form, the triphosphorylated nucleoside analogue metabolites. We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new class of nucleoside triphosphate analogues comprising a C-alkyl-phosphonate moiety replacing the γ-phosphate. These compounds were converted into bioreversibly modified lipophilic prodrugs at the γ-phosphonate by the attachment of an acyloxybenzyl (ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (carbonate) group. Such compounds formed γ-C-(alkyl)-nucleoside triphosphate analogues with high selectivity because of an enzyme-triggered delivery mechanism. The latter compounds were very stable in CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CEM cell) extracts, and they were substrates for HIV-reverse transcriptase without being substrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In antiviral assays, the excellent antiviral activity of the prodrugs that was found in CEM/0 cells was completely kept in CEM/TK- cells. The activity was improved by 3 logs as compared to the parent nucleoside d4T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sayad B, Sobhani M, Khodarahmi R. Sofosbuvir as Repurposed Antiviral Drug Against COVID-19: Why Were We Convinced to Evaluate the Drug in a Registered/Approved Clinical Trial? Arch Med Res 2020; 51:577-581. [PMID: 32387040 PMCID: PMC7188631 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a devastating global pandemic around the world. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases individuals present respiratory complications with possible serious lung damage. There are no specific treatments for COVID-19 as yet, though a number are under evaluation, including experimental antivirals. Sofosbuvir, the clinically approved anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug, is also capable of suppressing other families of positive-strand RNA viruses; Flaviviridae and Togaviridae. Coronaviruses are a family of positive-strand RNA viruses with conserved polymerase, so SARS-CoV-2 RdRp is very likely to be effectively inhibited by sofosbuvir. More importantly, sofosbuvir is safe and well tolerated at 400 mg daily in a 24 week therapeutic regimen. Sofosbuvir active metabolite, however, shows an extremely high intracellular stability So, it is hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection could also be susceptible to sofosbuvir and we were convinced to design and run a clinical trial to evaluate the effect of sofosbuvir 400 mg (in combination with velpatasvir 100 mg, as add-on treatment, in addition to standard of care) on the COVID-19. However, we believe that this manuscript/correspondence should be made available to the international scientific community as soon as possible, with the help of this esteemed journal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Sayad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sobhani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Triphosphate Prodrugs of Various Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6991-7007. [PMID: 32515595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral efficacy of many nucleoside analogues is strongly dependent on their intracellular activation by host cellular kinases to yield ultimately the bioactive nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTP). The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (the TriPPPro approach), in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units, one is the acyloxybenzyl (AB) moiety and the other is the alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB) group. Such compounds formed NTPs with high selectivity by an enzyme-triggered mechanism in human T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts loosing first the AB moiety, followed by the ACB group. This enables the bypass of all steps of the intracellular phosphorylation. This approach was applied here to convert some modestly active or even inactive nucleoside analogues into powerful biologically active metabolites. Potent antiviral activity profiles were obtained depending on the lipophilicity of the TriPPPro-NTP prodrugs against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cultures of infected wild-type CD4+ CEM T-cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-). This TriPPPro strategy offers high potential for future antiviral and antitumoral chemotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tera M, Luedtke NW. Cross-linking cellular nucleic acids via a target-directing double click reagent. Methods Enzymol 2020; 641:433-457. [PMID: 32713534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal ligation reactions are powerful tools for characterizing DNA metabolism, DNA-protein binding interactions, and they even provide new leads for therapeutic strategies. Nucleoside analogs can deliver bioorthogonal functional groups into chromatin via cellular metabolic pathways, however, insufficient phosphorylation by endogenous kinases often limits the efficiency of their incorporation. Even when successfully metabolized into biopolymers, steric hindrance of the modified nucleotide by chromatin can inhibit subsequent click reactions. In this chapter, we describe methods that overcome these limitations. Nucleotide monophosphate triesterers can bypass the need for cellular nucleoside kinase activity and thereby enable efficient incorporation of azide groups into cellular DNA. Steric access to and modification of the azide groups within natively folded chromatin can then be accomplished using a bioorthogonal "intercalating reagent" comprised of a cationic Sondheimer diyne that reversibly intercalates into duplexes where it undergoes tandem, strain-promoted cross-linking of two azides to give DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks or DNA-fluorophore conjugation, depending on the relative number and spatial orientation of the azide groups in the DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tera
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
We disclose a study on nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogues in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units and d4T as nucleoside analogue that enable the delivery of d4TTP with high selectivity in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and by enzyme-triggered reactions in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. This allows the bypass of all steps normally needed in the intracellular phosphorylation. These TriPPPro-nucleotides comprising an acyloxybenzyl (AB; ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB; carbonate) in combination with an ACB moiety are described as NTP delivery systems. The introduction of these two different groups led to the selective formation of γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs by chemical hydrolysis and in particular by cell extract enzymes. γ-(AB)-d4TTPs are faster cleaved than γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs. In antiviral assays, the compounds are highly active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in wild-type CEM/O cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Adenine nucleotides as paracrine mediators and intracellular second messengers in immunity and inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:329-337. [PMID: 30674608 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides (AdNs) play important roles in immunity and inflammation. Extracellular AdNs, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and their metabolites, act as paracrine messengers by fine-tuning both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Moreover, intracellular AdNs derived from ATP or NAD play important roles in many cells of the immune system, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and others. These intracellular AdNs are signaling molecules that transduce incoming signals into meaningful cellular responses, e.g. activation of immune responses against pathogens.
Collapse
|
36
|
Membrane-Permeable Octanoyloxybenzyl-Masked cNMPs As Novel Tools for Non-Invasive Cell Assays. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112960. [PMID: 30428589 PMCID: PMC6278358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide (AN) 2nd messengers, such as 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), are central elements of intracellular signaling, but many details of their underlying processes remain elusive. Like all nucleotides, cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) are net-negatively charged at physiologic pH which limits their applicability in cell-based settings. Thus, many cellular assays rely on sophisticated techniques like microinjection or electroporation. This setup is not feasible for medium- to high-throughput formats, and the mechanic stress that cells are exposed to raises the probability of interfering artefacts or false-positives. Here, we present a short and flexible chemical route yielding membrane-permeable, bio-reversibly masked cNMPs for which we employed the octanoyloxybenzyl (OB) group. We further show hydrolysis studies on chemical stability and enzymatic activation, and present results of real-time assays, where we used cAMP and Ca2+ live cell imaging to demonstrate high permeability and prompt intracellular conversion of some selected masked cNMPs. Based on these results, our novel OB-masked cNMPs constitute valuable precursor-tools for non-invasive studies on intracellular signaling.
Collapse
|
37
|
Camarasa MJ. Prodrugs of Nucleoside Triphosphates as a Sound and Challenging Approach: A Pioneering Work That Opens a New Era in the Direct Intracellular Delivery of Nucleoside Triphosphates. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1885-1889. [PMID: 30152096 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleosides, designed to mimic naturally occurring nucleosides, are important antiviral and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. However, nucleosides are not active as such and need to be metabolized, step by step, to their corresponding active nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). This is mediated by phosphorylating enzymes, mainly host cellular kinases with strong specificity for their substrates; in many cases, this specificity prevents efficient conversion into the NTPs. To circumvent this metabolic handicap, successful nucleo(s/t)ide prodrugs have been developed as a valuable concept in the design of effective drugs. The unique concept of the TriPPPro approach, developed by Chris Meier and colleagues, is a powerful tool for the intracellular delivery of active NTPs, bypassing all the phosphorylation steps required by nucleosides to yield the active NTP metabolites. This concept is illustrated herein with general examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bray M, Andrei G, Ballana E, Carter K, Durantel D, Gentry B, Janeba Z, Moffat J, Oomen CJ, Tarbet B, Riveira-Muñoz E, Esté JA. Meeting report: 31 st International Conference on Antiviral Research. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:88-102. [PMID: 30086336 PMCID: PMC7113893 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 31st International Conference on Antiviral Research (ICAR) was held in Porto, Portugal from June 11–15, 2018. In this report, volunteer rapporteurs provide their summaries of scientific presentations, hoping to effectively convey the speakers' goals and the results and conclusions of their talks. This report provides an overview of the invited keynote and award lectures and highlights of short oral presentations, from the perspective of experts in antiviral research. Of note, a session on human cytomegalovirus included an update on the introduction to the clinic of letermovir for the prevention of CMV infection and disease. The 31st ICAR successfully promoted new discoveries in antiviral research and drug development. The 32nd ICAR will be held in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, May 6–10, 2019. The 31st ICAR was held in Porto, Portugal, June 11–15, 2018. This article provides an overview of the invited keynote and award lectures and highlights of short oral presentations. ICAR provided an interdisciplinary forum to review recent developments in all areas of antiviral research. The 32nd ICAR will be held in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, May 6–10, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute - Irsicaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - David Durantel
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, UMR_5286 CNRS/University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Brian Gentry
- Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Clasien J Oomen
- Virology Division, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- AIDS Research Institute - Irsicaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute - Irsicaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Weising S, Sterrenberg V, Schols D, Meier C. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of TriPPPro-AbacavirTP, TriPPPro-CarbovirTP, and Their 1′,2′-cis-Disubstituted Analogues. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1771-1778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weising
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincente Sterrenberg
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Rega Institute for Medical Research; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jeganathan S, Müller MP, Ali I, Goody RS. Assays for Nucleotide Competitive Reversible and Irreversible Inhibitors of Ras GTPases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4690-4699. [PMID: 29791793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the Ras protein has been seen as a potential target for cancer therapy for the past 30 years, there was a tendency to consider it undruggable until recently. This has changed with the demonstration that small molecules with a specificity for (disease related mutants of) Ras can indeed be found, and some of these molecules form covalent adducts. A subgroup of these molecules can be characterized as competing with binding of the natural ligands GTP and GDP. Because of the distinct properties of Ras and related GTPases, in particular the very high nucleotide affinities and associated very low dissociation rates, assays for characterizing such molecules are not trivial. This is compounded by the fact that Ras family GTPases tend to be thermally unstable in the absence of a bound nucleotide. Here, we show that instead of using the unstable nucleotide-free Ras, the protein can be isolated as a 1:1 complex with a modified nucleotide (GDP-β-methyl ester) with low affinity to Ras. With this nucleotide analogue bound to the protein, testing of inhibitors is made experimentally more convenient and we present assays that allow the rapid assessment of the kinetic constants describing the inhibition process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Jeganathan
- Department of Structural Biochemistry , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Matthias P Müller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Dortmund University of Technology , Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Structural Biochemistry , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Roger S Goody
- Department of Structural Biochemistry , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wojtczak BA, Sikorski PJ, Fac-Dabrowska K, Nowicka A, Warminski M, Kubacka D, Nowak E, Nowotny M, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. 5'-Phosphorothiolate Dinucleotide Cap Analogues: Reagents for Messenger RNA Modification and Potent Small-Molecular Inhibitors of Decapping Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5987-5999. [PMID: 29676910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 5' cap consists of 7-methylguanosine (m7G) linked by a 5'-5'-triphosphate bridge to messenger RNA (mRNA) and acts as the master regulator of mRNA turnover and translation initiation in eukaryotes. Cap analogues that influence mRNA translation and turnover (either as small molecules or as part of an RNA transcript) are valuable tools for studying gene expression, which is often also of therapeutic relevance. Here, we synthesized a series of 15 dinucleotide cap (m7GpppG) analogues containing a 5'-phosphorothiolate (5'-PSL) moiety (i.e., an O-to-S substitution within the 5'-phosphoester) and studied their biological properties in the context of three major cap-binding proteins: translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and two decapping enzymes, DcpS and Dcp2. While the 5'-PSL moiety was neutral or slightly stabilizing for cap interactions with eIF4E, it significantly influenced susceptibility to decapping. Replacing the γ-phosphoester with the 5'-PSL moiety (γ-PSL) prevented β-γ-pyrophosphate bond cleavage by DcpS and conferred strong inhibitory properties. Combining the γ-PSL moiety with α-PSL and β-phosphorothioate (PS) moiety afforded first cap-derived hDcpS inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Susceptibility to Dcp2 and translational properties were studied after incorporation of the new analogues into mRNA transcripts by RNA polymerase. Transcripts containing the γ-PSL moiety were resistant to cleavage by Dcp2. Surprisingly, superior translational properties were observed for mRNAs containing the α-PSL moiety, which were Dcp2-susceptible. The overall protein expression measured in HeLa cells for this mRNA was comparable to mRNA capped with the translation augmenting β-PS analogue reported previously. Overall, our study highlights 5'-PSL as a synthetically accessible cap modification, which, depending on the substitution site, can either reduce susceptibility to decapping or confer superior translational properties on the mRNA. The 5'-PSL-analogues may find application as reagents for the preparation of efficiently expressed mRNA or for investigation of the role of decapping enzymes in mRNA processing or neuromuscular disorders associated with decapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blazej A Wojtczak
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kaja Fac-Dabrowska
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Warminski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dorota Kubacka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Elzbieta Nowak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw , 4 Ks. Trojdena Street , 02-109 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Nowotny
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw , 4 Ks. Trojdena Street , 02-109 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Granger E, Solomianko K, Young C, Erb J. Exploration of chiral Lewis acid Mg 2+ catalysts in the synthesis of aryl organophosphate triesters from phosphorus oxychloride through a three-step, two-pot substitution sequence. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
44
|
Zuo X, Huo Z, Kang D, Wu G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhan P. Current insights into anti-HIV drug discovery and development: a review of recent patent literature (2014-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:299-316. [PMID: 29411697 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1438410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance challenges, together with the difficulty to eradicate the virus, off-target effects and significant cumulative drug toxicities, it is still imperative to develop next-generation anti-HIV agents with novel chemical classes or new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED We primarily focused on current strategies to discover novel anti-HIV agents. Moreover, examples of anti-HIV lead compounds were mainly selected from recently patented publications (reported between 2014 and 2017). In particular, 'privileged structure'-focused substituents decorating approach, scaffold hopping, natural-product diversification and prodrug are focused on. Furthermore, exploitation of new compounds with unexplored mechanisms of action and medicinal chemistry strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir were also described. Perspectives that could inspire future anti-HIV drug discovery are delineated. EXPERT OPINION Even if a large number of patents have been disclosed recently, additional HIV inhibitors are still required, especially novel chemical skeletons displaying a unexploited mechanism of action. Current medicinal chemistry strategies are inadequate, and appropriate and new methodologies and technologies should be exploited to identify novel anti-HIV drug candidates in a time- and cost- effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zuo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Ji'nan , PR China
| |
Collapse
|