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Hoshide S, Mogi M, Kario K. How do we tackle nighttime blood pressure? Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2262-2263. [PMID: 37794247 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Association between urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and home blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2022; 40:862-869. [PMID: 35165245 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No studies have demonstrated the association between urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio and all out-of-office blood pressure (BP) [home morning and evening BP (self-measured at home), and 24-h, daytime, and night-time ambulatory BP] in the same cohort. We aimed to assess, which type of out-of-office BP is more strongly associated with urinary Na/K ratio in the general population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population of Ohasama, Japan. Home and ambulatory BP levels were measured, and 24-h urine samples were obtained from 875 participants (men, 25.5%; mean age, 60.1 years). The urinary Na/K ratio in the 24-h urine samples was calculated. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) urinary Na/K ratio was 4.19 (3.36-5.26). Significant positive trends of home morning, home evening, 24-h, and daytime SBP were observed across quartiles of urinary Na/K ratio (trend P ≤ 0.041; adjusted mean values between Q1 and Q4 of urinary Na/K ratio: 121.0-125.5 mmHg for home morning, 120.1-123.8 mmHg for home evening, 121.6-123.4 mmHg for 24-h, 127.5-129.5 mmHg for daytime). Urinary Na/K ratio was not significantly associated with office or night-time SBP and nocturnal BP fall (trend P ≥ 0.13). In the model with both home morning or evening SBP and daytime SBP, only home SBP was significantly associated with urinary Na/K ratio (P ≤ 0.048 for home SBP). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that urinary Na/K ratio might be more strongly associated with home BP than with 24-h and daytime BP but was not associated with night-time BP.
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Sun N, Jiang Y, Wang H, Yuan Y, Cheng W, Han Q, Yuan H, Yang L, Guo Z, Sun Y, Sun G, Yin X, Wang H, Mu J, Wang J. Survey on sodium and potassium intake in patients with hypertension in China. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1957-1964. [PMID: 34563099 PMCID: PMC8630600 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and potassium intake in hypertensive patients in China is not clear. The authors aimed to investigate the distribution of sodium and potassium intake in hypertensive patients in China, and to analyze the relationship between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure. The study was performed in 130 hospitals from 23 provinces across China from 2016 to 2019. Finally, 9501 hypertensive patients average aged 54 years were included. 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured. Distribution of urinary electrolytes were described according to age, gender and region. The association between urinary electrolytes and blood pressure was analyzed by multivariate linear regression. Hypertensive patients exhibited an average 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion of 156.7 ± 81.5 mmol/d and 39.2 ± 20.2 mmol/d (equivalent to sodium chloride of 9.2 g/d, potassium chloride of 2.9 g/d), sodium/potassium ratio (median) of 4.14 (2.92,5.73). Urinary electrolytes were lower in women than men (sodium: 171.1 vs 138.7, p < .05; potassium: 40.3 vs 37.7, p < .05), in the elderly than in the younger (sodium: 168.7 vs 139.9, p < .05; potassium: 39.5 vs. 37.5, p < .05). For every 1 unit of Na/K ratio increase, blood pressure increased by 0.46/0.24 mmHg. Blood pressure was 2.75/1.27 mmHg higher in quartile 4 than quartile 1 of Na/K. It remains high sodium and low potassium for hypertensive patients in China. Decreased sodium, Na/K ratio and increased potassium may help for blood pressure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningling Sun
- Institute of hypertensionPeople's Hospital, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yinong Jiang
- The Institute of Hypertension and Heart FailureThe 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Institute of hypertensionPeople's Hospital, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yifang Yuan
- Institute of hypertensionPeople's Hospital, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of CardiologyTsinghua Changgung HospitalTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenli Cheng
- Department of HypertensionBeijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qinghua Han
- Department of CardiologyFirst Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of HypertensionThird Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of GeriatricsYan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zihong Guo
- Hypertension wardFuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuemin Sun
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical CollegeBaotouChina
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of HypertensionHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Jianjun Mu
- Department of cardiologyFirst Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of HypertensionRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Rhee MY, Kim JS, Kim CH, Kim JH, Lee JH, Kim SW, Nah DY, Gu N, Cho EJ, Sung KC, Hong KS. Prevalence and characteristics of isolated nocturnal hypertension in the general population. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:1126-1133. [PMID: 34503319 PMCID: PMC8435498 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2021.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ascertaining the prevalence of isolated nocturnal hypertension (INHT) in the general population and identifying the characteristics of patients with INHT may be important to determine patients who should receive 24- hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of INHT in the general population. METHODS Of 1,128 participants (aged 20 to 70 years), we analyzed 823 who had valid 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements and were not on antihypertensive drug treatment. RESULTS The prevalence of INHT in the study was 22.8%. Individuals with INHT had a higher office, 24-hour, and daytime and nighttime ambulatory systolic and diastolic BPs compared to individuals with sustained day-night normotension. INHT was more prevalent in individuals with masked hypertension (MH) than in those with sustained hypertension (59.8% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.001). Among individuals with INHT, 92.6% had MH. Among individuals with office BP-based prehypertension, 34.5% had both INHT and MH. The prevalence of INHT was highest in individuals with office BP-based prehypertension. INHT was an independent determinant of MH after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP, systolic and diastolic BP dipping, and systolic and diastolic BP non-dipping. CONCLUSION The present study showed that INHT is not uncommon and is a major determinant of MH. Our findings strongly suggest the use of 24-hour ambulatory BP measurement for individuals within the prehypertension range of office BP owing to the high prevalence of INHT and MH in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Yong Rhee
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Correspondence to Moo-Yong Rhee, M.D. Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea Tel: +82-31-961-5775 Fax: +82-31-961-7786 E-mail:
| | - Je Sang Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chee Hae Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kim
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deuk-Young Nah
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Namyi Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Cho
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Ndanuko RN, Ibrahim R, Hapsari RA, Neale EP, Raubenheimer D, Charlton KE. Association between the Urinary Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1751-1767. [PMID: 34117485 PMCID: PMC8483973 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While sodium and potassium are individually important for blood pressure (BP) regulation, the relative contribution of sodium to potassium intake has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary sodium to potassium ratio (UNa: K) and systolic and diastolic BP in adults. A systematic review (PROSPERO; CRD42016035296) was conducted and was reported according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Three scientific databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched to March 2020 while reference lists of included articles were further hand-searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort and cross-sectional studies that assessed 24-h urinary excretion in adults were included. Data from eligible studies were extracted and summarized. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted on RCT data to assess standardized mean differences (SMD) in systolic and diastolic BP according to 24-h UNa: K. Thirty-nine studies were included. Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found a lower UNa: K ratio to be associated with a significantly greater reduction in systolic and diastolic BP compared with a higher UNa: K ratio [SMD: -1.09 (95% CI: -1.91, -0.28) mmHg and -1.42 (95% CI: -2.24, -0.59) mmHg, respectively]. Heterogeneity between RCTs was observed in systolic and diastolic BP (I2 = 97%, P < 0.0001 and I2 = 98%, P < 0.0001, respectively). The current body of evidence demonstrates that a lower 24-h UNa: K ratio is associated with lower BP in adults. Dietary strategies to achieve an increase in potassium while at the same time lowering sodium would be beneficial in lowering BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rukayat Ibrahim
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Retno A Hapsari
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen E Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Gonçalves C, Abreu S. Sodium and Potassium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113447. [PMID: 33182820 PMCID: PMC7697211 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to examine the relationship of sodium and potassium intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among older people. Methods: We performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science (January 2015 to July 2020) without language restriction. Observational and experimental studies that reported the relationship between sodium, potassium, or sodium-to-potassium ratio with CVD among older adults aged higher than 60 years were included. The authors independently screened all identified studies, extracted information, and assessed the quality of included studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) for observational studies and the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2 tool) for randomized trials. Results: We included 12 studies (6 prospective cohort studies, 5 cross-sectional studies, and 1 experimental study). Five of the studies reported on sodium-to-potassium ratio (n = 5), and the others on potassium and/or sodium intake. Cardiovascular events (e.g., stroke and heart failure) were the most reported outcome (n = 9). Of the 12 studies included, five observational studies had low bias risk and the randomized controlled trial was judged as uncertain risk of bias. We found inconsistent results for the effect of the reduction of sodium intake in this population for lower risk of CVD. We found that both the increase of potassium intake and the decrease of sodium-to-potassium ratio were associated with lower risk of hypertension and CVD, particularly stroke. Conclusion: The present review suggests that both higher potassium and lower sodium-to-potassium ratio are associated with lower risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- CIAFEL—Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-507-4320
| | - Sandra Abreu
- CIAFEL—Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, Lusófona University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
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Urinary Sodium and Potassium Levels and Blood Pressure in Population with High Sodium Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113442. [PMID: 33182633 PMCID: PMC7697285 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association of urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio and potassium-to-creatinine ratio with blood pressure in a cross-sectional study comprising Korean adults who participated in the Healthy Twin Study. The participants consisted of 2653 men and women in the Healthy Twin Study aged ≥19 years. Participants’ urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and creatinine was measured from overnight half-day urine samples. Food intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We examined systolic and diastolic blood pressures according to sodium- or potassium-to-creatinine ratios using the generalized linear model. We determined food groups explaining high urinary sodium- or potassium-to-creatinine ratio using the reduced rank regression and calculated sodium- or potassium-contributing food score. We observed that systolic blood pressure was higher among men and women in the highest quintile of urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio or sodium-to-potassium ratio than it was in the lowest quintile. Geometric means (95% CIs) of the lowest and the highest quintiles of systolic blood pressure (mmHg) were 113.4 (111.8–115.0) and 115.6 (114.1–117.2; P for trend = 0.02), respectively, for sodium-to-creatinine ratio. The association between urinary sodium-to-creatinine and systolic blood pressure was more pronounced among individuals whose body mass index (BMI) was less than 25 kg/m2 (P for interaction = 0.03). We found that vegetables, kimchi and seaweed intake contributed to high sodium intake and a sodium-contributing food score were associated with increased blood pressure. In our study, we identified the food groups contributing to high sodium intake and found that high urinary sodium levels were associated with increasing blood pressure among Korean adults.
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Overwyk KJ, Quader ZS, Maalouf J, Bates M, Webster J, George MG, Merritt RK, Cogswell ME. Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1174-1200. [PMID: 32449929 PMCID: PMC7490163 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the science surrounding population sodium reduction evolves, monitoring and evaluating new studies on intake and health can help increase our understanding of the associated benefits and risks. Here we describe a systematic review of recent studies on sodium intake and health, examine the risk of bias (ROB) of selected studies, and provide direction for future research. Seven online databases were searched monthly from January 2015 to December 2019. We selected human studies that met specified population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, setting/study design (PICOTS) criteria and abstracted attributes related to the study population, design, intervention, exposure, and outcomes, and evaluated ROB for the subset of studies on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risks or indicators. Of 41,601 abstracts reviewed, 231 studies were identified that met the PICOTS criteria and ROB was assessed for 54 studies. One hundred and fifty-seven (68%) studies were observational and 161 (70%) focused on the general population. Five types of sodium interventions and a variety of urinary and dietary measurement methods were used to establish and quantify sodium intake. Five observational studies used multiple 24-h urine collections to assess sodium intake. Evidence mainly focused on cardiovascular-related indicators (48%) but encompassed an assortment of outcomes. Studies varied in ROB domains and 87% of studies evaluated were missing information on ≥1 domains. Two or more studies on each of 12 outcomes (e.g., cognition) not previously included in systematic reviews and 9 new studies at low ROB suggest the need for ongoing or updated systematic reviews of evidence on sodium intake and health. Summarizing evidence from assessments on sodium and health outcomes was limited by the various methods used to measure sodium intake and outcomes, as well as lack of details related to study design and conduct. In line with research recommendations identified by the National Academies of Science, future research is needed to identify and standardize methods for measuring sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Overwyk
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- IHRC, Inc. Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zerleen S Quader
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- IHRC, Inc. Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Maalouf
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marlana Bates
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary G George
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert K Merritt
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary E Cogswell
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rhee MY, Jeong YJ. Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:555-571. [PMID: 32281323 PMCID: PMC7321755 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium intake reduction has been emphasized because sodium adversely impacts health, especially blood pressure (BP), and the cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. However, data obtained from several cohort studies have raised questions regarding the effects of high sodium intake on BP and the CV disease risk. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate these associations. Studies showing negative associations between urine sodium and BP and CV outcomes relied on estimated 24-hour urine sodium from spot urine that is inappropriate for determining sodium intake at an individual level. Furthermore, controversy about the association between 24-hour urine sodium and BP may have been caused by different characteristics of study populations, such as age distribution, ethnicity, potassium intake and the inclusion of patients with hypertension, the different statistical methods and BP measurement methods. Regarding the association between sodium intake and the CV disease risk, studies showing negative or J- or U-shaped associations used a single baseline measurement of 24-hour urine sodium in their analyses. However, recent studies that employed average of subsequently measured 24-hour urine sodium showed positive, linear associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes, indicating that controversies are caused by the different sodium intake measurement methods and analytic designs. In conclusion, the study shows that positive associations exist between sodium intake and BP, CV outcomes, and mortality, and that the argument that reducing sodium intake is dangerous is invalid. Sodium intake reduction should be recommended to all, and not limited to patients with hypertension or CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yong Rhee
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
| | - Yun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Rhee M, Jo S, Kim J, Kim K, Nah D, Kim S, Gu N, Sung K, Hong K, Cho E, Lee S. Difference in 24‐hour urine sodium excretion between controlled and uncontrolled patients on antihypertensive drug treatment. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:1057-1062. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moo‐Yong Rhee
- Cardiovascular Center Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang‐si Korea
| | - Sang‐Ho Jo
- Division of Cardiology Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital/Hallym University College of Medicine Anyang‐si Korea
| | - Ji‐Hyun Kim
- Cardiovascular Center Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang‐si Korea
| | - Kwang‐Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam‐si Korea
| | - Deuk‐Young Nah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital Gyeongju‐si Korea
| | - Sun‐Woong Kim
- Department of Statistics, Survey and Health Policy Research Center Dongguk University Seoul Korea
| | - Namyi Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang‐si Korea
| | - Ki‐Chul Sung
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | | | - Eun‐Joo Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul's Hospital Catholic University Seoul Korea
| | - Sim‐Yeol Lee
- Department of Home Economics Education Dongguk University Seoul Korea
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