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Sankararaman S, Venegas C, Seth S, Palchaudhuri S. "Feed a Cold, Starve a Fever?" A Review of Nutritional Strategies in the Setting of Bacterial Versus Viral Infections. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:314-322. [PMID: 38587572 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Some data, mostly originally derived from animal studies, suggest that low glucose intake is protective in bacterial sepsis but detrimental in overwhelming viral infections. This has been interpreted into a broad belief that different forms of sepsis may potentially require different nutritional management strategies. There are a few mechanistic differences between the host interactions with virus and bacteria which can explain why there may be opposing responses to macronutrient and micronutrient during the infected state. Here, we aim to review relevant evidence on the mechanisms and pathophysiology of nutritional management strategies in various infectious syndromes and summarize their clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Newer literature - in the context of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic - offers some insight to viral infections. There is still limited clinically applicable data during infection that clearly delineate the role of nutrition during an active viral vs bacterial infections. Based on contrasting findings in different models of viruses and bacteria, the macronutrient and micronutrient needs may depend more on specific infectious organisms that may not be generalizable as bacterial versus viral. Overall, the metabolic effects of sepsis are context dependent, and various host-specific (e.g., age, baseline nutritional status, immune status, comorbidities) and illness variables (phase, duration, and severity of illness) play a significant role in determining the outcome besides pathogen-specific (virus or bacterial or fungi and combined infections) factors. Microbe therapy (probiotics and prebiotics) seems to have therapeutic potential in both viral and bacterial infected states, and this seems like a promising area for further practical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carla Venegas
- Department Critical Care Medicine and Nutrition Support Team, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sonia Seth
- Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sonali Palchaudhuri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chen JY, Huang TR, Hsu SY, Huang CC, Wang HS, Chang JS. Effect and mechanism of quercetin or quercetin-containing formulas against COVID-19: From bench to bedside. Phytother Res 2024; 38:2597-2618. [PMID: 38479376 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since 2019. Immunopathogenesis and thromboembolic events are central to its pathogenesis. Quercetin exhibits several beneficial activities against COVID-19, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antithrombotic effects. Although several reviews have been published, these reviews are incomplete from the viewpoint of translational medicine. The authors comprehensively evaluated the evidence of quercetin against COVID-19, both basically and clinically, to apply quercetin and/or its derivatives in the future. The authors searched the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases without any restrictions. The search terms included COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, quercetin, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, thrombosis, embolism, oxidative, and microbiota. The references of relevant articles were also reviewed. All authors independently screened and reviewed the quality of each included manuscript. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, version 2 (RoB 2) was used to assess the quality of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs). All selected studies were discussed monthly. The effectiveness of quercetin against COVID-19 is not solid due to methodological flaws in the clinical trials. High-quality studies are also required for quercetin-containing traditional Chinese medicines. The low bioavailability and highly variable pharmacokinetics of quercetin hinder its clinical applications. Its positive impact on immunomodulation through reverting dysbiosis of gut microbiota still lacks robust evidence. Quercetin against COVID-19 does not have tough clinical evidence. Strategies to improve its bioavailability and/or to develop its effective derivatives are needed. Well-designed RCTs are also crucial to confirm their effectiveness in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhong Yuan Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Rung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih Yun Hsu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chun Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Syun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung San Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yousef M, Rob M, Varghese S, Rao S, Zamir F, Paul P, Chaari A. The effect of microbiome therapy on COVID-19-induced gut dysbiosis: A narrative and systematic review. Life Sci 2024; 342:122535. [PMID: 38408636 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Emerging evidence highlights the role of COVID-19 in instigating gut dysbiosis, with repercussions on disease severity and bidirectional gut-organ communication involving the lung, heart, brain, and liver. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in addressing gut dysbiosis associated with COVID-19, as well as their impact on related disease severity and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically review 27 studies exploring the efficacy of different microbiome-modulating therapies: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as potential interventions for COVID-19. KEY FINDINGS The probiotics and synbiotics investigated encompassed a spectrum of eight bacterial and fungal genera, namely Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Kluyveromyces. Noteworthy prebiotics employed in these studies included chestnut tannin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, and resistant dextrin. The majority of the investigated biotics exhibited positive effects on COVID-19 patients, manifesting in symptom alleviation, inflammation reduction, and notable decreases in mortality rates. Five studies reported death rates, showing an average mortality ranging from 0 % to 11 % in the intervention groups, as compared to 3 % to 30 % in the control groups. Specifically, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics demonstrated efficacy in diminishing the duration and severity of symptoms while significantly accelerating viral and symptomatic remission. FMT emerged as a particularly effective strategy, successfully restoring gut microbiota and ameliorating gastrointestinal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE The insights gleaned from this review significantly contribute to our broader comprehension of the therapeutic potential of biotics in addressing COVID-19-related gut dysbiosis and mitigating secondary multi-organ complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousef
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mlaak Rob
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sanish Varghese
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shrinidhi Rao
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fahad Zamir
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pradipta Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Chaari
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Zhang W, Jia Q, Han M, Zhang X, Guo L, Sun S, Yin W, Bo C, Han R, Sai L. Bifidobacteria in disease: from head to toe. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:1-15. [PMID: 37644256 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria as a strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, is widely distributed in the intestine, vagina and oral cavity, and is one of the first gut flora to colonize the early stages of life. Intestinal flora is closely related to health, and dysbiosis of intestinal flora, especially Bifidobacteria, has been found in a variety of diseases. Numerous studies have shown that in addition to maintaining intestinal homeostasis, Bifidobacteria may be involved in diseases covering all parts of the body, including the nervous system, respiratory system, genitourinary system and so on. This review collects evidence for the variation of Bifidobacteria in typical diseases among various systems, provides mild and effective therapeutic options for those diseases that are difficult to cure, and moves Bifidobacteria from basic research to further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Guo
- Rongcheng Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rongcheng, Shandong, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Doctoral candidate Class of 2022, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhui Yin
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cunxiang Bo
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ru Han
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Linlin Sai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Liu S, Zhao Y, Feng X, Xu H. SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health: A review of potential mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12578-12596. [PMID: 35894645 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought great problems to mankind, including economic recession and poor health. COVID-19 patients are frequently reported with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting in clinical diagnosis. Maintaining intestinal health is the key guarantee to maintain the normal function of multiple organs, otherwise it will be a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this review was deeply understanded the potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health and put forward reasonable treatment strategies. Combined with the existing researches, we summarized the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health, including intestinal microbiome disruption, intestinal barrier dysfunction, intestinal oxidative stress and intestinal cytokine storm. These adverse intestinal events may affect other organs through the circulatory system or aggravate the course of the disease. Typically, intestinal disadvantage may promote the progression of SARS-CoV-2 through the gut-lung axis and increase the disease degree of COVID-19 patients. In view of the lack of specific drugs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the current review described new strategies of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics and nutrients to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and maintain intestinal health. To provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms and pneumonia in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Plummer AM, Matos YL, Lin HC, Ryman SG, Birg A, Quinn DK, Parada AN, Vakhtin AA. Gut-brain pathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 neurocognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1232480. [PMID: 37841680 PMCID: PMC10568482 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1232480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of non-hospitalized coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients report chronic symptoms after recovering from the acute stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Some of the most persistent and common complaints of this post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) are cognitive in nature, described subjectively as "brain fog" and also objectively measured as deficits in executive function, working memory, attention, and processing speed. The mechanisms of these chronic cognitive sequelae are currently not understood. SARS-CoV-2 inflicts damage to cerebral blood vessels and the intestinal wall by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and also by evoking production of high levels of systemic cytokines, compromising the brain's neurovascular unit, degrading the intestinal barrier, and potentially increasing the permeability of both to harmful substances. Such substances are hypothesized to be produced in the gut by pathogenic microbiota that, given the profound effects COVID-19 has on the gastrointestinal system, may fourish as a result of intestinal post-COVID-19 dysbiosis. COVID-19 may therefore create a scenario in which neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory substances readily proliferate from the gut lumen and encounter a weakened neurovascular unit, gaining access to the brain and subsequently producing cognitive deficits. Here, we review this proposed PACS pathogenesis along the gut-brain axis, while also identifying specific methodologies that are currently available to experimentally measure each individual component of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Plummer
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yvette L. Matos
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Henry C. Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sephira G. Ryman
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Aleksandr Birg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Davin K. Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alisha N. Parada
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Andrei A. Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Vogel K, Arra A, Lingel H, Bretschneider D, Prätsch F, Schanze D, Zenker M, Balk S, Bruder D, Geffers R, Hachenberg T, Arens C, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. Bifidobacteria shape antimicrobial T-helper cell responses during infancy and adulthood. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5943. [PMID: 37741816 PMCID: PMC10517955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections early in life are challenging for the unexperienced immune system. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic again has highlighted that neonatal, infant, child, and adult T-helper(Th)-cells respond differently to infections, and requires further understanding. This study investigates anti-bacterial T-cell responses against Staphylococcus aureus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bifidobacterium longum infantis in early stages of life and adults and shows age and pathogen-dependent mechanisms. Beside activation-induced clustering, T-cells stimulated with Staphylococci become Th1-type cells; however, this differentiation is mitigated in Bifidobacterium-stimulated T-cells. Strikingly, prestimulation of T-cells with Bifidobacterium suppresses the activation of Staphylococcus-specific T-helper cells in a cell-cell dependent manner by inducing FoxP3+CD4+ T-cells, increasing IL-10 and galectin-1 secretion and showing a CTLA-4-dependent inhibitory capacity. Furthermore Bifidobacterium dampens Th responses of severely ill COVID-19 patients likely contributing to resolution of harmful overreactions of the immune system. Targeted, age-specific interventions may enhance infection defence, and specific immune features may have potential cross-age utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vogel
- Department of Experimental Paediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aditya Arra
- Department of Experimental Paediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lingel
- Department of Experimental Paediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Prätsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silke Balk
- Department of Experimental Paediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hachenberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Arens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg (UKGM), Gießen Campus, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head/Neck Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Gießen, Germany
| | - Monika C Brunner-Weinzierl
- Department of Experimental Paediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Taufer CR, Rampelotto PH. The Role of Bifidobacterium in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1847. [PMID: 37763251 PMCID: PMC10532519 DOI: 10.3390/life13091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, mainly causes respiratory and intestinal symptoms and changes in the microbiota of patients. We performed a systematic search in major databases using "Bifidobacterium" and "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" as key terms to assess the relationship of the genus to COVID-19. After the selection steps, 25 articles were analyzed. Of these, eighteen were observational, and seven were interventional articles that evaluated the use of Bifidobacterium alone or in mix as probiotics for additional treatment of patients with COVID-19. All stages and severities were contemplated, including post-COVID-19 patients. Overall, Bifidobacterium was associated with both protective effects and reduced abundance in relation to the disease. The genus has been found to be abundant in some cases and linked to disease severity. The studies evaluating the use of Bifidobacterium as probiotics have demonstrated the potential of this genus in reducing symptoms, improving pulmonary function, reducing inflammatory markers, alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms, and even contributing to better control of mortality. In summary, Bifidobacterium may offer protection against COVID-19 through its ability to modulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, compete with pathogenic microbes, and maintain gut barrier function. The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the disease and the genus Bifidobacterium, highlighting the potential of microbiota modulation in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Reginato Taufer
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Ji H, Jiang Z, Wei C, Ma Y, Zhao J, Wang F, Zhao B, Wang D, Tang D. Intratumoural microbiota: from theory to clinical application. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:164. [PMID: 37381018 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several environmental, genetic and lifestyle factors are associated with the development of cancer in humans and result in suboptimal treatment. The human microbiota has been implicated in the pathophysiological process of cancer and has been used as a diagnostic, prognostic and risk assessment tool in cancer management. Notably, both extratumoural and intratumoural microbiota are important components of the tumor microenvironment, subtly influencing tumorigenesis, progression, treatment and prognosis. The potential oncogenic mechanisms of action of the intratumoural microbiota include induction of DNA damage, influence on cell signaling pathways and impairment of immune responses. Some naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms can specifically accumulate and replicate in tumors and then initiate various anti-tumor programs, ultimately promoting the therapeutic effect of tumor microbiota and reducing the toxic and side effects of conventional tumor treatments, which may be conducive to the pursuit of accurate cancer treatment. In this review, we summarise evidence revealing the impact of the intratumoural microbiota on cancer occurrence and progress and potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications, which may be a promising novel strategy to inhibit tumor development and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ji
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengting Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichao Ma
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
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Hwang IC, Valeriano VD, Song JH, Pereira M, Oh JK, Han K, Engstrand L, Kang DK. Mucosal immunization with lactiplantibacillus plantarum-displaying recombinant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes on the surface induces humoral and mucosal immune responses in mice. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:96. [PMID: 37161468 PMCID: PMC10169176 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria as a mucosal vaccine vector is considered a promising alternative compared to the use of other microorganisms because of its "Generally Regarded as Safe" status, its potential adjuvant properties, and its tolerogenicity to the host. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is highly transmissible and pathogenic. This study aimed to determine the potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum expressing SARS-CoV-2 epitopes as a mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS In this study, the possible antigenic determinants of the spike (S1-1, S1-2, S1-3, and S1-4), membrane (ME1 and ME2), and envelope (E) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were predicted, and recombinant L. plantarum strains surface-displaying these epitopes were constructed. Subsequently, the immune responses induced by these recombinant strains were compared in vitro and in vivo. Most surface-displayed epitopes induced pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6] and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7, with the highest anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory cytokine ratio in the S1-1 and S1-2 groups, followed by that in the S1-3 group. When orally administered of recombinant L. plantarum expressing SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in mice, all epitopes most increased the expression of IL-4, along with induced levels of TNF-α, interferon-gamma, and IL-10, specifically in spike protein groups. Thus, the surface expression of epitopes from the spike S1 protein in L. plantarum showed potential immunoregulatory effects, suggesting its ability to potentially circumvent hyperinflammatory states relevant to monocyte/macrophage cell activation. At 35 days post immunization (dpi), serum IgG levels showed a marked increase in the S1-1, S1-2, and S1-3 groups. Fecal IgA levels increased significantly from 21 dpi in all the antigen groups, but the boosting effect after 35 dpi was explicitly observed in the S1-1, S1-2, and S1-3 groups. Thus, the oral administration of SARS-CoV-2 antigens into mice induced significant humoral and mucosal immune responses. CONCLUSION This study suggests that L. plantarum is a potential vector that can effectively deliver SARS-CoV-2 epitopes to intestinal mucosal sites and could serve as a novel approach for SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chan Hwang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Valerie Diane Valeriano
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcela Pereira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Molaaghaee-Rouzbahani S, Asri N, Sapone A, Baghaei K, Yadegar A, Amani D, Rostami-Nejad M. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects on gliadin-stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3237. [PMID: 36828897 PMCID: PMC9958093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MQs) pro-inflammatory phenotype is triggered by gliadin peptides. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) showed to enhance the anti-inflammatory phenotype of MQs. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of A. muciniphila, on gliadin stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages. THP-1 cell line monocytes were differentiated into MQs by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). MQs were treated with A. muciniphila before and after stimulation with gliadin (pre- and post-treat). CD11b, as a marker of macrophage differentiation, and CD206 and CD80, as M1 and M2 markers, were evaluated by flow cytometry technique. The mRNA expression of TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-10 and protein levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA techniques, respectively. Results show an increased percentage of M1 phenotype and release of proinflammatory cytokines (like TNF-α and IL-6) by macrophages upon incubation with gliadin. Pre- and post-treatment of gliadin-stimulated macrophages with A. muciniphila induced M2 phenotype associated with decreased proinflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and increased anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines expression relative to the group that was treated with gliadin alone. This study suggests the potential beneficial effect of A. muciniphila on gliadin-stimulated MQs and the importance of future studies focusing on their exact mechanism of action on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molaaghaee-Rouzbahani
- grid.411600.2Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Asri
- grid.411600.2Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Sapone
- Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- grid.411600.2Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- grid.411600.2Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Afzalian A, Pashaei Z, Varshochi S, Karimi A, Mojdeganlou H, Mojdeganlou P, Razi A, Ghanadinezhad F, Shojaei A, Amiri A, Dashti M, Ghasemzadeh A, Dadras O, Mehraeen E, Afsahi AM. Gut microbiota and COVID-19: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1080. [PMID: 36721396 PMCID: PMC9881458 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Alteration in humans' gut microbiota was reported in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The gut and upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota harbor a dynamic and complex population of microorganisms and have strong interaction with host immune system homeostasis. However, our knowledge about microbiota and its association with SARS-CoV-2 is still limited. We aimed to systematically review the effects of gut microbiota on the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity and the impact that SARS-CoV-2 could have on the gut microbiota. Methods We searched the keywords in the online databases of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane on December 31, 2021. After duplicate removal, we performed the screening process in two stages; title/abstract and then full-text screening. The data of the eligible studies were extracted into a pre-designed word table. This study adhered to the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Bias Assessment tool. Results Sixty-three publications were included in this review. Our study shows that among COVID-19 patients, particularly moderate to severe cases, the gut and lung microbiota was different compared to healthy individuals. In addition, the severity, and viral load of COVID-19 disease would probably also be influenced by the gut, and lung microbiota's composition. Conclusion Our study concludes that there was a significant difference in the composition of the URT, and gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients compared to the general healthy individuals, with an increase in opportunistic pathogens. Further, research is needed to investigate the probable bidirectional association of COVID-19 and human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Arian Afzalian
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sanaz Varshochi
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | | | - Armin Razi
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Alireza Shojaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ava Amiri
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Dashti
- Department of RadiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Omid Dadras
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information TechnologyKhalkhal University of Medical SciencesKhalkhalIran
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San Diego (UCSD)CaliforniaUSA
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13
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Zhou B, Pang X, Wu J, Liu T, Wang B, Cao H. Gut microbiota in COVID-19: new insights from inside. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2201157. [PMID: 37078497 PMCID: PMC10120564 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has grown to be a global health threat. Gastrointestinal symptoms are thought to be common clinical manifestations apart from a series of originally found respiratory symptoms. The human gut harbors trillions of microorganisms that are indispensable for complex physiological processes and homeostasis. Growing evidence demonstrate that gut microbiota alteration is associated with COVID-19 progress and severity, and post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by decrease of anti-inflammatory bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium and enrichment of inflammation-associated microbiota including Streptococcus and Actinomyces. Therapeutic strategies such as diet, probiotics/prebiotics, herb, and fecal microbiota transplantation have shown positive effects on relieving clinical symptoms. In this article, we provide and summarize the recent evidence about the gut microbiota and their metabolites alterations during and after COVID-19 infection and focus on potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota. Understanding the connections between intestinal microbiota and COVID-19 would provide new insights into COVID-19 management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
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15
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Bacorn M, Romero-Soto HN, Levy S, Chen Q, Hourigan SK. The Gut Microbiome of Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122460. [PMID: 36557713 PMCID: PMC9783902 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been shown to play a critical role in maintaining a healthy state. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is involved in modulating disease severity and potentially contributes to long-term outcomes in adults with COVID-19. Due to children having a significantly lower risk of severe illness and limited sample availability, much less is known about the role of the gut microbiome in children with COVID-19. It is well recognized that the developing gut microbiome of children differs from that of adults, but it is unclear if this difference contributes to the different clinical presentations and complications. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the gut microbiome in children with COVID-19, with gut microbiome dysbiosis being found in pediatric COVID-19 but specific taxa change often differing from those described in adults. Additionally, we discuss possible mechanisms of how the gut microbiome may mediate the presentation and complications of COVID-19 in children and the potential role for microbial therapeutics.
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16
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Allen J, Evans CA, Datta S. Probiotics for preventing or treating COVID-19; a systematic review of research evidence and meta-analyses of efficacy for preventing death, severe disease, or disease progression. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18526.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 variants threaten health globally. Despite improving vaccines and treatments, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies to prevent or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Potential strategies include probiotics, which are safe, inexpensive, globally available and have been studied previously in relation to respiratory infections. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of experimental, trial or observational research evidence evaluating probiotics compared with control groups for preventing or treating COVID-19. We searched PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar and Web of Science bibliographic databases for studies published until December 6, 2021. We then performed meta-analyses for outcomes reported consistently across studies. Outcomes reported inconsistently or not amenable to meta-analysis were compared descriptively. Results: We identified six eligible studies, which were all published in 2020 and 2021: one randomized controlled trial and five retrospective cohort studies. The only randomized controlled trial reported that groups that ingested probiotics compared with control groups that did not ingest probiotics did not differ significantly with respect to death, severe disease requiring admission to an intensive care unit or disease progression (all p>0.5). The five retrospective cohort studies reported various apparently beneficial and harmful COVID-19 outcome associations with probiotic ingestion. Meta-analyses revealed no significant associations between probiotic use and death, severe disease, or disease progression caused by COVID-19. Descriptive data revealed that probiotic ingestion was associated with a trend towards worsened duration of hospital stay, improvements in measures of respiratory condition and worsened disease duration. The evidence for these contradictory associations was weak because all studies were prone to bias and none were considered to be of high quality. Conclusions: Current evidence does not suggest that probiotics affect COVID-19 severity or mortality. However, additional higher quality studies need to be conducted to definitively determine if probiotics would be a useful adjunctive treatment for COVID-19.
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17
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Zhang X, Wang H, Peng S, Kang J, Xie Z, Tang R, Xing Y, He Y, Yuan H, Xie C, Liu Y. Effect of microplastics on nasal and intestinal microbiota of the high-exposure population. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1005535. [PMID: 36388272 PMCID: PMC9650105 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microplastic has become a growing environmental problem. A balanced microbial environment is an important factor in human health. This study is the first observational cross-sectional study focusing on the effects of microplastics on the nasal and gut microbiota in a highly exposed population. Methods We recruited 20 subjects from a Plastic Factory (microplastics high-exposure area) and the other 20 from Huanhuaxi Park (microplastics low-exposure area) in Chengdu, China. We performed the microplastic analysis of soil, air, and intestinal secretions by laser infrared imaging, and microbiological analysis of nasal and intestinal secretions by 16S rDNA sequencing. Results The result shows that the detected points of microplastics in the environment of the high-exposure area were significantly more than in the low-exposure area. Polyurethane was the main microplastic component detected. The microplastic content of intestinal secretions in the high-exposure group was significantly higher than in the low-exposure group. Specifically, the contents of polyurethane, silicone resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and polyethylene in the high-exposure group were significantly higher than in the low-exposure group. Moreover, high exposure may increase the abundance of nasal microbiotas, which are positively associated with respiratory tract diseases, such as Klebsiella and Helicobacter, and reduce the abundance of those beneficial ones, such as Bacteroides. Simultaneously, it may increase the abundance of intestinal microbiotas, which are positively associated with digestive tract diseases, such as Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Sphingomonas, and reduce the abundance of intestinal microbiotas, which are beneficial for health, such as Ruminococcus Torquesgroup, Dorea, Fusobacterium, and Coprococcus. A combined analysis revealed that high exposure to microplastics may not only lead to alterations in dominant intestinal and nasal microbiotas but also change the symbiotic relationship between intestinal and nasal microbiotas. Conclusion The results innovatively revealed how microplastics can affect the intestinal and nasal microecosystems. Clinical trial registration ChiCTR2100049480 on August 2, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Zhang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Heting Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sihan Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Proctology Department, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruobing Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiqian Xing
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchi He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haipo Yuan
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Chunguang Xie
| | - Ya Liu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Ya Liu
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18
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Neris Almeida Viana S, do Reis Santos Pereira T, de Carvalho Alves J, Tianeze de Castro C, Santana C da Silva L, Henrique Sousa Pinheiro L, Nougalli Roselino M. Benefits of probiotic use on COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2986-2998. [PMID: 36178362 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2128713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the new global pandemic, which has already resulted in millions of deaths, affecting the world's health and economy. Probiotics have shown benefits in a variety of diseases, including respiratory infections, and may be beneficial in the adjunctive treatment of COVID-19. This study analyzed the effectiveness of probiotics as adjunctive treatment in reducing symptoms of patients with COVID-19, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. The EMBASE (Elsevier), Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) were searched through March 16, 2022. The risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using a fixed-effect model. RoB 2 and ROBINS I were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Nine studies were included (7 clinical trials and 2 cohorts), of which three clinical trials comprised the meta-analysis. Results showed that probiotics were associated with a significant 51% reduction in symptoms reported by COVID-19 patients (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.40-0.61). There was a significant improvement in cough (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.83), headaches (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.65), and diarrhea (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0.12-0.96) of patients on probiotic therapy. These findings suggest that probiotic supplementation is effective in improving symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Neris Almeida Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Laboratory of Studies in Food Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tamires do Reis Santos Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Laboratory of Studies in Food Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janaína de Carvalho Alves
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Laboratory of Studies in Food Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caroline Tianeze de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Nougalli Roselino
- Laboratory of Studies in Food Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
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19
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Lymberopoulos E, Gentili GI, Budhdeo S, Sharma N. COVID-19 severity is associated with population-level gut microbiome variations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:963338. [PMID: 36081770 PMCID: PMC9445151 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.963338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome interacts with many diseases, with recent small studies suggesting a link with COVID-19 severity. Exploring this association at the population-level may provide novel insights and help to explain differences in COVID-19 severity between countries. We explore whether there is an association between the gut microbiome of people within different countries and the severity of COVID-19, measured as hospitalisation rate. We use data from the large (n = 3,055) open-access gut microbiome repository curatedMetagenomicData, as well as demographic and country-level metadata. Twelve countries were placed into two groups (high/low) according to COVID-19 hospitalisation rate before December 2020 (ourworldindata.com). We use an unsupervised machine learning method, Topological Data Analysis (TDA). This method analyses both the local geometry and global topology of a high-dimensional dataset, making it particularly suitable for population-level microbiome data. We report an association of distinct baseline population-level gut microbiome signatures with COVID-19 severity. This was found both with a PERMANOVA, as well as with TDA. Specifically, it suggests an association of anti-inflammatory bacteria, including Bifidobacteria species and Eubacterium rectale, with lower severity, and pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Prevotella copri with higher severity. This study also reports a significant impact of country-level confounders, specifically of the proportion of over 70-year-olds in the population, GDP, and human development index. Further interventional studies should examine whether these relationships are causal, as well as considering the contribution of other variables such as genetics, lifestyle, policy, and healthcare system. The results of this study support the value of a population-level association design in microbiome research in general and for the microbiome-COVID-19 relationship, in particular. Finally, this research underscores the potential of TDA for microbiome studies, and in identifying novel associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lymberopoulos
- The Sharma Lab, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
- Centre for Doctoral Training in AI-London enabled Healthcare Systems, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England
| | - Giorgia Isabella Gentili
- The Sharma Lab, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
| | - Sanjay Budhdeo
- The Sharma Lab, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, England
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- The Sharma Lab, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
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20
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Hazan S. Microbiome-Based Hypothesis on Ivermectin's Mechanism in COVID-19: Ivermectin Feeds Bifidobacteria to Boost Immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952321. [PMID: 35898916 PMCID: PMC9309549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic agent that has gained attention as a potential COVID-19 therapeutic. It is a compound of the type Avermectin, which is a fermented by-product of Streptomyces avermitilis. Bifidobacterium is a member of the same phylum as Streptomyces spp., suggesting it may have a symbiotic relation with Streptomyces. Decreased Bifidobacterium levels are observed in COVID-19 susceptibility states, including old age, autoimmune disorder, and obesity. We hypothesize that Ivermectin, as a by-product of Streptomyces fermentation, is capable of feeding Bifidobacterium, thereby possibly preventing against COVID-19 susceptibilities. Moreover, Bifidobacterium may be capable of boosting natural immunity, offering more direct COVID-19 protection. These data concord with our study, as well as others, that show Ivermectin protects against COVID-19.
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21
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Stricker S, Hain T, Chao CM, Rudloff S. Respiratory and Intestinal Microbiota in Pediatric Lung Diseases-Current Evidence of the Gut-Lung Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126791. [PMID: 35743234 PMCID: PMC9224356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is known to influence local immune homeostasis in the gut and to shape the developing immune system towards elimination of pathogens and tolerance towards self-antigens. Even though the lung was considered sterile for a long time, recent evidence using next-generation sequencing techniques confirmed that the lower airways possess their own local microbiota. Since then, there has been growing evidence that the local respiratory and intestinal microbiota play a role in acute and chronic pediatric lung diseases. The concept of the so-called gut–lung axis describing the mutual influence of local microbiota on distal immune mechanisms was established. The mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota modulates the systemic immune response include the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and signaling through pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and segmented filamentous bacteria. Those factors influence the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells and further modulate differentiation and recruitment of T cells to the lung. This article does not only aim at reviewing recent mechanistic evidence from animal studies regarding the gut–lung axis, but also summarizes current knowledge from observational studies and human trials investigating the role of the respiratory and intestinal microbiota and their modulation by pre-, pro-, and synbiotics in pediatric lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-985-56617
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Department of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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22
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Loo WK, Hasikin K, Suhaimi A, Yee PL, Teo K, Xia K, Qian P, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Dhanalakshmi S, Azizan MM, Lai KW. Systematic Review on COVID-19 Readmission and Risk Factors: Future of Machine Learning in COVID-19 Readmission Studies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:898254. [PMID: 35677770 PMCID: PMC9168237 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.898254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, current studies on hospital readmission due to infection of COVID-19 were discussed, compared, and further evaluated in order to understand the current trends and progress in mitigation of hospital readmissions due to COVID-19. Boolean expression of (“COVID-19” OR “covid19” OR “covid” OR “coronavirus” OR “Sars-CoV-2”) AND (“readmission” OR “re-admission” OR “rehospitalization” OR “rehospitalization”) were used in five databases, namely Web of Science, Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus. From the search, a total of 253 articles were screened down to 26 articles. In overall, most of the research focus on readmission rates than mortality rate. On the readmission rate, the lowest is 4.2% by Ramos-Martínez et al. from Spain, and the highest is 19.9% by Donnelly et al. from the United States. Most of the research (n = 13) uses an inferential statistical approach in their studies, while only one uses a machine learning approach. The data size ranges from 79 to 126,137. However, there is no specific guide to set the most suitable data size for one research, and all results cannot be compared in terms of accuracy, as all research is regional studies and do not involve data from the multi region. The logistic regression is prevalent in the research on risk factors of readmission post-COVID-19 admission, despite each of the research coming out with different outcomes. From the word cloud, age is the most dominant risk factor of readmission, followed by diabetes, high length of stay, COPD, CKD, liver disease, metastatic disease, and CAD. A few future research directions has been proposed, including the utilization of machine learning in statistical analysis, investigation on dominant risk factors, experimental design on interventions to curb dominant risk factors and increase the scale of data collection from single centered to multi centered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kit Loo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairunnisa Hasikin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anwar Suhaimi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Por Lip Yee
- Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kareen Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kaijian Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pengjiang Qian
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yizhang Jiang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Informatics of Medical (Nursing) School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Samiappan Dhanalakshmi
- Department of ECE, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
- Samiappan Dhanalakshmi
| | - Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
- Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan
| | - Khin Wee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Khin Wee Lai
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23
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Xu L, Yang CS, Liu Y, Zhang X. Effective Regulation of Gut Microbiota With Probiotics and Prebiotics May Prevent or Alleviate COVID-19 Through the Gut-Lung Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895193. [PMID: 35548347 PMCID: PMC9081431 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can disrupt the gut microbiota balance, and patients usually have intestinal disorders. The intestine is the largest immune organ of the human body, and gut microbes can affect the immune function of the lungs through the gut-lung axis. Many lines of evidence support the role of beneficial bacteria in enhancing human immunity, preventing pathogen colonization, and thereby reducing the incidence and severity of infection. In this article, we review the possible approach of modulating microbiota to help prevent and treat respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, and discuss the possibility of using probiotics and prebiotics for this purpose. We also discuss the mechanism by which intestinal micro-flora regulate immunity and the effects of probiotics on the intestinal micro-ecological balance. Based on this understanding, we propose the use of probiotics and prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota for the prevention or alleviation of COVID-19 through the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Chung S. Yang, ; Xin Zhang,
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Chung S. Yang, ; Xin Zhang,
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