1
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Deck SL, Powell MB, Cordisco-Steele L. Child Forensic Interviewers' Conceptions of Their Professional Identity: A Guiding Framework. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024; 33:931-948. [PMID: 39568132 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2431549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
Forensic interviewers face a variety of complex and challenging situations in their role. To help them respond effectively, prioritizing professional identity formation is important. This process involves internalizing the core values, characteristics, and behaviors of the profession. The first step in facilitating this formation is identifying and delineating the core attributes of the profession, which was the focus of the current study. Twenty-one practitioners, recognized for their expertise in interviewing children, were asked about their approach to conducting interviews, and their responses were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis to identify how they conceived their professional identity. The findings indicated that the practitioners perceived their professional identity in consistent ways, most notably in the role of a temporary holder of information, a protector of the evidence, and professionals who prioritize the child. These core values, characteristics, and behaviors align with both best-practice interviewing principles and victims' reported needs. Future development of the framework delineated in this study holds promise for assisting interviewers in flexibly navigating the complexities and challenges of their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Deck
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
| | - Martine B Powell
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
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2
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Krizan Z, Jones M. Investigative fatigue: how sleep-circadian factors shape criminal investigations. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae017. [PMID: 38559774 PMCID: PMC10980285 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Investigating criminal complaints and identifying culprits to be prosecuted in the court of law is an essential process for law-enforcement and public safety. However, law-enforcement investigators operate under very challenging conditions due to stressful environments, understaffing, and public scrutiny, which factors into investigative errors (e.g. uncleared cases). This paper argues that one contributing factor to investigative failures involves sleep and circadian disruption of investigators themselves, known to be prevalent among law-enforcement. By focusing on investigative interviewing, this analysis illustrates how sleep and circadian disruption could impact investigations by considering three broad phases of (1) preparation, (2) information elicitation, and (3) assessment and corroboration. These phases are organized in a framework that outlines theory-informed pathways in need of empirical attention, with special focus on effort and decision-making processes critical to investigations. While existing evidence is limited, preliminary findings support some elements of investigative fatigue. The paper concludes by placing investigative fatigue in a broader context of investigative work while providing recommendations for future research throughout. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Health in the Justice System Collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatan Krizan
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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3
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Thallapureddy S, Sherratt F, Bhandari S, Hallowell M, Hansen H. Exploring bias in incident investigations: An empirical examination using construction case studies. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 86:336-345. [PMID: 37718061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incident investigation is a foundational tool of safety management. Determining the causal factors of any incident underpins organizational learning and subsequent positive change to processes and practices. Research of incident investigation has largely focused on what information to collect, how to analyze it, and how to optimize resultant conclusions and organizational learning. However, much less attention has been paid to the process of information collection, and specifically that of subjective information obtained through interviews. Yet, as all humans are biased and can't help being so, the information collection process is inevitably vulnerable to bias. METHOD Simulated investigation interviews with 34 experienced investigators were conducted within the construction industry. RESULTS Common biases were revealed including confirmation bias, anchoring bias, and fundamental attribution error. Analysis was also able to unpack when and how these biases most often emerged in the interview process, and the potential consequences for organizational learning. CONCLUSIONS Being biased to a certain degree will remain inevitable for any individual, and therefore, efforts to mitigate the effects of biases is necessary. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Increased awareness and insights can support the development of processes and training for investigators to mitigate its effects and thus enhance learning from incidents in the field prevent reoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Thallapureddy
- Construction Safety Research Alliance, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Fred Sherratt
- Construction Safety Research Alliance, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Siddharth Bhandari
- Construction Safety Research Alliance, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Matthew Hallowell
- Construction Safety Research Alliance, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Hayley Hansen
- Construction Safety Research Alliance, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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4
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Dianiska RE, Meissner CA. The effect of credibility assessment techniques on consistency and subsequent memory for the truth. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1184055. [PMID: 37434889 PMCID: PMC10330709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1184055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated interviews are common during an investigation, and perceived consistency between multiple statements is associated with an interviewee's credibility. Furthermore, research has shown that the act of lying can affect a person's memory for what truthfully occurred. The current study assessed the influence of lying on memory during initial and repeated interviews, as well as how an interviewer's approach might affect between-statement consistency for true and false statements. Participants performed a scavenger hunt at two sets of buildings on a university campus and then were either dismissed or interviewed (with a Reverse Order instruction or a Structured Interview) about their activities. Participants chose one set to tell the truth about and then created a lie about activities in another area of campus that had not been visited. One week later, all participants provided a second free recall statement about their activities during the scavenger hunt, and then a final truthful description of both areas that were visited during the scavenger hunt. Truthfully rehearsed experiences were associated with more accurate recall of information learned during the scavenger hunt as well as more consistent and more detailed statements. The Structured Interview led to initially more detailed statements, but more inconsistencies in the form of omissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Dianiska
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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5
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Interviewing in virtual environments: Towards understanding the impact of rapport-building behaviours and retrieval context on eyewitness memory. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:404-421. [PMID: 36251160 PMCID: PMC9575624 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the complexities of episodic memory and necessarily social nature of in-person face-to-face interviews, theoretical and evidence-based techniques for collecting episodic information from witnesses, victims, and survivors champion rapport-building. Rapport is believed to reduce some of the social demands of recalling an experienced event in an interview context, potentially increasing cognitive capacity for remembering. Cognitive and social benefits have also emerged in remote interview contexts with reduced anxiety and social pressure contributing to improved performance. Here, we investigated episodic memory in mock-eyewitness interviews conducted in virtual environments (VE) and in-person face-to-face (FtF), where rapport-building behaviours were either present or absent. Main effects revealed when rapport was present and where interviews were conducted in a VE participants recalled more correct event information, made fewer errors and were more accurate. Moreover, participants in the VE plus rapport-building present condition outperformed participants in all other conditions. Feedback indicated both rapport and environment were important for reducing the social demands of a recall interview, towards supporting effortful remembering. Our results add to the emerging literature on the utility of virtual environments as interview spaces and lend further support to the importance of prosocial behaviours in applied contexts.
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6
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Vrij A, Granhag PA, Ashkenazi T, Ganis G, Leal S, Fisher RP. Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1644. [PMID: 36552104 PMCID: PMC9775025 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of verbal lie detection research. This type of research began in the 1970s with examining the relationship between deception and specific words. We briefly review this initial research. In the late 1980s, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) emerged, a veracity assessment tool containing a list of verbal criteria. This was followed by Reality Monitoring (RM) and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), two other veracity assessment tools that contain lists of verbal criteria. We discuss their contents, theoretical rationales, and ability to identify truths and lies. We also discuss similarities and differences between CBCA, RM, and SCAN. In the mid 2000s, 'Interviewing to deception' emerged, with the goal of developing specific interview protocols aimed at enhancing or eliciting verbal veracity cues. We outline the four most widely researched interview protocols to date: the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), and Reality Interviewing (RI). We briefly discuss the working of these protocols, their theoretical rationales and empirical support, as well as the similarities and differences between them. We conclude this article with elaborating on how neuroscientists can inform and improve verbal lie detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Pär Anders Granhag
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tzachi Ashkenazi
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78211, Israel
| | - Giorgio Ganis
- School of Psychology, Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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7
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Unexpected employee location is associated with injury during robberies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200026119. [PMID: 36122220 PMCID: PMC9522337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200026119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of employees are victims of violent crimes at work every year, particularly those in the retail industry, who are frequent targets of robbery. Why are some employees injured while others escape from these incidents physically unharmed? Departing from prevailing models of workplace violence, which focus on the static characteristics of perpetrators, victims, and work environments, we examine why and when injuries during robberies occur. Our multimethod investigation of convenience-store robberies sought evidence from detailed coding of surveillance videos and matched archival data, preregistered experiments with formerly incarcerated individuals and customer service personnel, and a 3-y longitudinal intervention study in the field. While standard retail-industry safety protocols encourage employees to be out from behind the cash register area to be safer, we find that robbers are significantly more likely to injure or kill employees who are located there (versus behind the cash register area) when a robbery begins. A 3-y field study demonstrates that changing the safety training protocol-through providing employees with a behavioral script to follow should a robbery begin when they are on the sales floor-was associated with a significantly lower rate of injury during these robberies. Our research establishes the importance of understanding the interactive dynamics of workplace violence, crime, and conflict.
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8
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Skrifvars J, Antfolk J, Veldhuizen T, Sui V, Korkman J. Eliciting information in official Finnish asylum interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skrifvars
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Tanja Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Sui
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Julia Korkman
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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9
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Milne R, Nunan J, Hope L, Hodgkins J, Clarke C. From Verbal Account to Written Evidence: Do Written Statements Generated by Officers Accurately Represent What Witnesses Say? Front Psychol 2022; 12:774322. [PMID: 35222145 PMCID: PMC8868373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most countries compile evidence from witnesses and victims manually, whereby the interviewer assimilates what the interviewee says during the course of an interview to produce an evidential statement. This exploratory research examined the quality of evidential statements generated in real world investigations. Transcribed witness/victim interviews (N = 15) were compared to the resultant written statements produced by the interviewing officer and signed as an accurate record by the interviewee. A coding protocol was devised to assess the consistency of information between what was said by the interviewee in the verbal interview and what was reported in the written statement. Statements contained numerous errors including omissions, distortions, and the inclusion of information not mentioned in the verbal interview. This exploratory work highlights an important area for future research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Nunan
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Hodgkins
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Clarke
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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10
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Hope L, Anakwah N, Antfolk J, Brubacher SP, Flowe H, Gabbert F, Giebels E, Kanja W, Korkman J, Kyo A, Naka M, Otgaar H, Powell MB, Selim H, Skrifvars J, Sorkpah IK, Sowatey EA, Steele LC, Stevens L, Sumampouw NEJ, Taylor PJ, Trevino‐Rangel J, van Veldhuizen T, Wang J, Wells S. Urgent issues and prospects at the intersection of culture, memory, and witness interviews: Exploring the challenges for research and practice. LEGAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 27:1-31. [DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe pursuit of justice increasingly relies on productive interactions between witnesses and investigators from diverse cultural backgrounds during investigative interviews. To date, the role of cultural context has largely been ignored by researchers in the field of investigative interviewing, despite repeated requests from practitioners and policymakers for evidence‐based guidance for the conduct of interviews with people from different cultures. Through examining cultural differences in human memory and communication and considering specific contextual challenges for investigative interviewing through the lens of culture, this review and associated commentaries highlight the scope for considering culture and human diversity in research on, and the practice of, investigative interviewing with victims, witnesses, and other sources. Across 11 commentaries, contributors highlight the importance of considering the role of culture in different investigative interviewing practices (e.g., rapport building, questioning techniques) and contexts (e.g., gender‐based violence, asylum seeking, child abuse), address common areas of cultural mismatch between interviewer–interviewee expectations, and identify critical future routes for research. We call for an increased focus in the investigative interviewing literature on the nature and needs of our global community and encourage constructive and collaborative discussion between researchers and practitioners from around the world to better identify specific challenges and work together towards evidence‐based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Nkansah Anakwah
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
- Faculty of Law, Criminal Law and Criminology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Sonja P. Brubacher
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing Griffith Criminology Institute Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Heather Flowe
- School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | | | | | | | - Julia Korkman
- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Akira Kyo
- Law School Kwansei Gakuin University Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Makiko Naka
- Department of Comprehensive Psychology Ritsumeikan University Kyoto Japan
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
- Leuven Institute of Criminology Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Martine B. Powell
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing Griffith Criminology Institute Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Hedayat Selim
- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Jenny Skrifvars
- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | | | - Emmanuel A. Sowatey
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Visiting lecturer, Police Academy Accra Ghana
| | | | - Laura Stevens
- School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Nathanael E. J. Sumampouw
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology Universitas Indonesia Kota Depok Indonesia
| | - Paul J. Taylor
- University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology University of Lancaster Lancaster UK
| | | | - Tanja van Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon Wells
- Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats Lancaster UK
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11
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Brubacher SP, van Doore KE, Powell M. Responding to orphanage trafficking from an information gathering perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105222. [PMID: 34364174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimates suggest that close to 3 million institutionalized children internationally have some family to whom they could go home. A proportion of these children is recruited from their communities under false pretenses and has false documentation that describes them as legal orphans. The orphanages where they live exploit them on the basis of their orphanhood. These children are known as paper orphans. The aim of the current article is to provide a profile of their origins and networks based on current available evidence, from an investigative interviewing perspective. Increased discussion and research of this problem will assist in supporting efforts towards reunification of children with families, investigations by law enforcement into orphanages, and successful prosecution of orphanage trafficking. The article provides an overview of the orphanage trafficking context, followed by a comparison of orphanage trafficking victims with other child trafficking victims from the perspective of investigative needs. Investigative needs are outlined with respect to two primary groups who would interview paper orphans and other involved parties (e.g., birth parents, orphanage staff)-law enforcement and reunification officers. In the final section of the article, we encourage further research on orphanage trafficking and provide initial guidance for interviewing in this unique context. This paper serves as a step to raise further awareness of paper orphans, orphanage trafficking, and the specific characteristics of their cases that affect research and planning into how to identify and interview them and others involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja P Brubacher
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, QLD, Australia.
| | | | - Martine Powell
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
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12
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Liebst LS, Lindegaard MR, Bernasco W. Dissecting the Role of Dominance in Robberies: An Analysis and Implications for Microsociology of Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8668-NP8686. [PMID: 31044635 PMCID: PMC8276331 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519845713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influential microsociological theory of violence advanced by Randall Collins suggests that emotional dominance preconditions physical violence. Here, we examine robbery incidents as counterevidence of this proposition. Using 50 video clips of real-life commercial robberies recorded by surveillance cameras, we observed, coded, and analyzed the interpersonal behaviors of offenders and victims in microdetail. We found no support for Collins's hypothesized link between dominance and violence, but evidence against it instead. It is the absence, not the presence, of emotional offender dominance that promotes offender violence. We consider these results in the light of criminological research on robbery violence and suggest that Collins's strong situational stance would benefit from a greater appreciation of instrumental motivation and cold-headed premeditation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bernasco
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Brubacher SP, Gilligan C, Burrows KS, Powell MB. Information Gathering in Investigative and Medical Interviewing: Drawing Parallels Across Contexts. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 36:521-528. [PMID: 31818138 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1700884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Information gleaned from a patients' medical history is a core determinant of a medical diagnosis. Accurate and effective history-taking is, therefore, a foundational skill for medical practitioners and is introduced early in medical training. Recognizing and developing the skills of effective medical interviewing is an ongoing challenge for medical students and experienced clinicians alike. Important parallels exist between the information gathering skills required in medicine and health, and those required in investigative interviewing. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 19 experienced medical professionals from a range of specialty areas. They were asked about the role of the medical interview in their discipline, and about challenges they experience when gathering information from patients. Both theory-driven and grounded-theory approaches were used in combination to identify common themes. The interviews were rich with themes including approaches to introductory phases of the interview, eliciting a narrative account, and several topics that specifically paralleled issues in interviewing of vulnerable witnesses. We explore these themes through a lens of investigative interviewing by applying the knowledge of effective interviewing skills and structures to the data gained from the medical context. In general, themes indicated that there are numerous parallels to information gathering approaches in both contexts. As such, there may be scope for medical education to adopt some of the training techniques employed in the investigative interviewing field. Further, it is hoped that the present findings be used to spark an interdisciplinary conversation about communication from which both sides can learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja P Brubacher
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University
| | - C Gilligan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle
| | - K S Burrows
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, School of Psychology, Deakin University
| | - M B Powell
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University
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14
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Powell MB, Brubacher SP. The origin, experimental basis, and application of the standard interview method: An information‐gathering framework. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine B. Powell
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
| | - Sonja P. Brubacher
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
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15
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Gudjonsson GH. The Science-Based Pathways to Understanding False Confessions and Wrongful Convictions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:633936. [PMID: 33692729 PMCID: PMC7937609 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review shows that there is now a solid scientific evidence base for the "expert" evaluation of disputed confession cases in judicial proceedings. Real-life cases have driven the science by stimulating research into "coercive" police questioning techniques, psychological vulnerabilities to false confession, and the development and validation of psychometric tests of interrogative suggestibility and compliance. Mandatory electronic recording of police interviews has helped with identifying the situational and personal "risk factors" involved in false confessions and how these interact. It is the combination of a detailed evaluation and analysis of real-life cases, experimental work, and community (and prison/police station) studies that have greatly advanced the science over the past 40 years. In this review, the story of the development of the science during this "golden era" is told through the three established error pathways to false confessions and wrongful convictions: misclassification, coercion, and contamination. A case study of a major miscarriage of justice is used to highlight the key issues at each stage of the error pathways and it shows the continued resistance of the judiciary to admit mistakes and learn from them. Science is a powerful platform from which to educate the police and the judiciary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisli H. Gudjonsson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
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16
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Hudson CA, Vrij A, Akehurst L, Hope L. An examination of the
Self‐Administered
Interview as a verbal veracity assessment tool. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Lucy Akehurst
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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17
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Huang CY, Bull R. Applying Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP) to investigative interview evaluation: strengths, challenges and future directions. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:255-273. [PMID: 34712095 PMCID: PMC8547860 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1770634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine the research literature on the decision of expert interviewers within the theoretical framework of the Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP). After providing an overview of the HEP framework, existing research in the investigative interviewing at each of the eight levels of the HEP framework is reviewed. The results identify areas of strength in reliability between experts' observations (Level 2) and of weakness in reliability between experts' conclusions (Level 6). Biases in investigative interview experts' decision making is also revealed at biasability between expert conclusions (Level 8). Moreover, no published data are available in reliability within experts at the level of observations (Level 1) or conclusions (Level 5), biasability within or between expert observations (Level 3 and 4) and biasability within expert conclusions (Level 7). The findings highlight areas where future research and practical endeavour are much needed for the investigative interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Huang
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Ray Bull
- Department of Law, Criminology and Social Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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Boon R, Milne R, Rosloot E, Heinsbroek J. Demonstrating detail in investigative interviews—An examination of the
DeMo
technique. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Boon
- Institute of Criminal Justice StudiesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice StudiesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Eveline Rosloot
- National Police of the Netherlands The Hague the Netherlands
| | - Joris Heinsbroek
- Institute of Criminal Justice StudiesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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19
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The Use of Video to Evaluate On-Farm Demonstrations as a Tactile Space for Learning. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tactile spaces as learning environments influence individuals’ attitudes through social embeddedness or interconnections among people, and physical embodiedness through experiencing surroundings, potentially fostering deep commitments. When on-farm demonstrations operate as tactile spaces, they could potentially support the adoption of innovative agricultural practices. In this article, we introduce video analysis as a methodological approach to evaluate this potential of on-farm demonstration (OFD) as tactile spaces. We reflect upon this methodology with a lens on three Belgian on-farm demonstrations, each on a different topic with a different participant group, all including farmers. As a first result, this method assists in defining strengths and weaknesses of an OFD in terms of using its potential as a rich learning environment. Based on our cases, we suggest deliberately incorporating physical interaction opportunities and verbal references to the surroundings during OFDs, as our data reveals that physical embodiedness opportunities stimulate verbal and physical interactions. However, more research should confirm this. Secondly, our research resulted in lessons learned for future use of video to evaluate OFDs as tactile spaces, building on the VDA methodological framework of Nassauer and Legewie (2018). We summarise our insights in methodological guidelines, which can serve as a starting point to guide future research.
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Inherent Bias in Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision Support Systems for Healthcare. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56030141. [PMID: 32244930 PMCID: PMC7142873 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article is to discuss the inherent bias involved with artificial intelligence-based decision support systems for healthcare. In this article, the authors describe some relevant work published in this area. A proposed overview of solutions is also presented. The authors believe that the information presented in this article will enhance the readers’ understanding of this inherent bias and add to the discussion on this topic. Finally, the authors discuss an overview of the need to implement transdisciplinary solutions that can be used to mitigate this bias.
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21
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Gilligan C, Brubacher SP, Powell MB. Assessing the training needs of medical students in patient information gathering. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:61. [PMID: 32122357 PMCID: PMC7053046 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-1975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective communication is at the heart of good medical practice but rates of error, patient complaints, and poor clinician job satisfaction are suggestive of room for improvement in this component of medical practice and education. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with experienced clinicians (n = 19) and medical students (n = 20) to explore their experiences associated with teaching and learning clinical communication skills and identify targets for improvements to addressing these skills in medical curricula. RESULTS Interviews were thematically analysed and four key themes emerged; the importance of experience, the value of role-models, the structure of a consultation, and confidence. CONCLUSIONS The findings reinforce the need for improvement in teaching and learning communication skills in medicine, with particular opportunity to target approaches to teaching foundational skills which can establish a strong grounding before moving into more complex situations, thus preparing students for the flexibility required in medical interviewing. A second area of opportunity and need is in the engagement and training of clinicians as mentors and teachers, with the findings from both groups indicating that preparation for teaching and feedback is lacking. Medical programs can improve their teaching of communication skills and could learn from other fields s to identify applicable innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Gilligan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Sonja P Brubacher
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
| | - Martine B Powell
- Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
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22
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Vrij A, Leal S. Proportion of complications in interpreter-absent and interpreter-present interviews. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:155-164. [PMID: 32284786 PMCID: PMC7144335 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2019.1705197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have started searching for combinations of verbal cues to deceit and verbal cues to truth. The proportion of complications (complications divided by complications plus common knowledge details plus self-handicapping strategies) is an example of such a combination, as it includes one verbal cue of truth (complications) and two verbal cues of deceit (common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies). This study examines whether or not complications, common knowledge details, self-handicapping strategies and the proportion of complications can differentiate truth-tellers from liars in interpreter-absent and interpreter-present interviews. Both interpreter-absent and interpreter-present interviews take place frequently, and it is important to know whether or not any given lie detection tool works in both interview settings. For this purpose, three data sets were obtained and the data were aggregated. All four variables were found to differentiate truth-tellers from liars to a similar extent in both interpreter-absent and interpreter-present interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Cassidy H, Akehurst L, Cherryman J. Police Interviewers' Perceptions of Child Credibility in Forensic Investigations. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:61-80. [PMID: 32284780 PMCID: PMC7144289 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2019.1687044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During investigative interviews, police practice can influence key aspects of child credibility, namely the accuracy, competency, reliability, and truthfulness of their testimony. To date, police interviewers' perceptions of how best to assess child credibility at interview, and how practice impacts upon credibility, have been overlooked. We conducted a qualitative study that examined data from focus groups with 16 English police officers who regularly interview children. The focus group transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis, and four main themes were identified - the 4Es: eliciting information, evaluating credibility, empowering the interviewee, and a high-quality end product. Within these themes, police officers acknowledged some responsibility for the perceived credibility of child victims. Poor interviewing practice could decrease the accuracy of the information elicited and cross-examined in court. Registered intermediaries could empower child interviewees and increase their competency. A lack of reliability contributed to evaluating credibility, but this relationship was not straightforward. Finally, obtaining the most truthful account from child victims was not always possible, because there are many barriers to overcome. Our findings suggest the need for a continued focus on interview protocols that facilitate disclosure from child victims and a review of the professional relationship between those who interview children and prosecutors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Cassidy
- School of Applied Social Science, University of Brighton, Falmer, UK
| | - Lucy Akehurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Julie Cherryman
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Vrij A, Leal S, Deeb H, Chan S, Khader M, Chai W, Chin J. Lying about flying: The efficacy of the information protocol and model statement for detecting deceit. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth UK
| | - Haneen Deeb
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth UK
| | - Stephanie Chan
- Home Team Behavioural SciencesMinistry of Home Affairs Singapore
| | - Majeed Khader
- Home Team Behavioural SciencesMinistry of Home Affairs Singapore
| | - Whistine Chai
- Home Team Behavioural SciencesMinistry of Home Affairs Singapore
| | - Jeffery Chin
- Home Team Behavioural SciencesMinistry of Home Affairs Singapore
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25
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Amplifying deceivers' flawed metacognition: Encouraging disclosures after delays with a model statement. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 200:102935. [PMID: 31715443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Truth tellers provide less detail in delayed than in immediate interviews (likely due to forgetting), whereas liars provide similar amounts of detail in immediate and delayed interviews (displaying a metacognitive stability bias effect). We examined whether liar's flawed metacognition after delays could be exploited by encouraging interviewees to provide more detail via a Model Statement. Truthful and deceptive participants were interviewed immediately (n = 78) or after a three-week delay (n = 78). Half the participants in each condition listened to a Model Statement before questioning. In the Immediate condition, truth tellers provided more details than liars. This pattern was unaffected by the Model Statement. In the Delayed condition, truth tellers and liars provided a similar amount of detail in the Model Statement-absent condition, whereas in the Model Statement-present condition, liars provided more details than truth tellers.
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26
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Jupe LM, Denault V. Science or pseudoscience? A distinction that matters for police officers, lawyers and judges. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 26:753-765. [PMID: 31984109 PMCID: PMC6896483 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2019.1618755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific knowledge has been a significant contributor to the development of better practices within law enforcement agencies. However, some alleged 'experts' have been shown to have disseminated information to police officers, lawyers and judges that is neither empirically tested nor supported by scientific theory. The aim of this article is to provide organisations within the justice system with an overview of a) what science is and is not; b) what constitutes an empirically driven, theoretically founded, peer-reviewed approach; and c) how to distinguish science from pseudoscience. Using examples in relation to non-verbal communication, this article aims to demonstrate that not all information which is presented as comprehensively evaluated is methodologically reliable for use in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marie Jupe
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Denault
- Department of Communication, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Center for Studies in Nonverbal Communication Sciences, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH, Van der Plas I. A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Irina Van der Plas
- University College MaastrichtMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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28
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Brubacher SP, Timms L, Powell M, Bearman M. "She Wanted to Know the Full Story": Children's Perceptions of Open Versus Closed Questions. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:222-231. [PMID: 30616412 DOI: 10.1177/1077559518821730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study explored children's perceptions of open and closed questions in an interview setting. Children aged 7-12 ( n = 83) years watched a short film and were questioned about it by an interviewer who asked only open questions and an interviewer who asked only closed questions (counterbalanced). A third interviewer subsequently invited perceptions of each interview by asking children to compare the interviews on 10 attributes (e.g., length, perceived interviewer interest). Children's comparisons on each of the 10 attributes were analyzed quantitatively and their responses to the follow-up questions underwent thematic analysis. Overall, children tended to find closed questions easier than open questions because they required less thought to answer but felt more listened to and better able to give their stories in response to open questions. Their perceptions frequently matched findings in the literature about the utility of open versus closed questions. The research has implications for interviews with child victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja P Brubacher
- 1 Centre of Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lydia Timms
- 2 Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martine Powell
- 1 Centre of Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeleine Bearman
- 1 Centre of Investigative Interviewing, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Analyzing 21st Century Video Data on Situational Dynamics—Issues and Challenges in Video Data Analysis. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci8030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the turn of the millennium researchers have access to an ever-increasing pool of novel types of video recordings. People use camcorders, mobile phone cameras, and even drones to film and photograph social life, and many public spaces are under video surveillance. More and more sociologists, psychologists, education researchers, and criminologists rely on such visuals to observe and analyze social life as it happens. Based on qualitative or quantitative techniques, scholars trace situations or events step-by-step to explain a social process or outcome. Recently, a methodological framework has been formulated under the label Video Data Analysis (VDA) to provide a reference point for scholars across disciplines. Our paper aims to further contribute to this effort by detailing important issues and potential challenges along the VDA research process. The paper briefly introduces VDA and the value of 21st century visuals for understanding social phenomena. It then reflects on important issues and potential challenges in five steps of conducting VDA, and formulate guidelines on how to conduct a VDA: From setting up the research, to choosing data sources, assessing their validity, to analyzing the data and presenting the findings. These reflections aim to further methodological foundations for studying situational dynamics with 21st century video data.
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30
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Leal S, Vrij A, Vernham Z, Dalton G, Jupe LM, Nahari G, Rozmann N. Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars amongst Arab interviewees: A partial replication of Leal, Vrij, Deeb, and Jupe (2018). APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Leal
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Gary Dalton
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | | | - Galit Nahari
- Department of CriminologyBar‐Ilan university Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Nir Rozmann
- Department of CriminologyBar‐Ilan university Ramat Gan Israel
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31
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Bogaard G, Colwell K, Crans S. Using the Reality Interview improves the accuracy of the Criteria‐Based Content Analysis and Reality Monitoring. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Colwell
- Department of Psychology Southern Connecticut State University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Samantha Crans
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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Leal S, Vrij A, Deeb H, Jupe L. Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars: The benefit of examining core and peripheral details. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Vrij A, Leal S, Fisher RP. Verbal Deception and the Model Statement as a Lie Detection Tool. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:492. [PMID: 30356902 PMCID: PMC6190908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been reliably informed by practitioners that police officers and intelligence officers across the world have started to use the Model Statement lie detection technique. In this article we introduce this technique. We describe why it works, report the empirical evidence that it works, and outline how to use it. Research examining the Model Statement only started recently and more research is required. We give suggestions for future research with the technique. The Model Statement technique is one of many recently developed verbal lie detection methods. We start this article with a short overview of the-in our view- most promising recent developments in verbal lie detection before turning our attention to the Model Statement technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Vrij A. Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
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35
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Castelfranc-Allen JM, Hope L. Visual communication desensitization (VCD©): a novel two-phased approach to interviewing traumatized individuals in investigative contexts. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 25:589-601. [PMID: 31984040 PMCID: PMC6818249 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1474814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigators are increasingly faced with the challenge of obtaining evidence from witnesses who are distressed or traumatized by war, genocide, human trafficking and/or sexual violence. However, interviewing best practice does not explicitly address interviewees' psychological needs, and therapeutic approaches do not incorporate techniques to obtain accurate, detailed information. This article charts the development of the visual communication desensitization (VCD©) interview procedure, designed to secure accurate accounts rapidly while reducing distress. Originally developed to aid a traumatized victim of violent sexual assault who was unable to provide evidence in court, it comprises a two-part cognitive-behavioural approach to eliciting information from cooperative, traumatized witnesses, consisting of a 'narrative-graph' information-gathering component and a dovetailed therapeutic component. The laboratory findings and applied practice observations suggest that the VCD© interview procedure is beneficial for assisting traumatized interviewees in providing accounts, and thus could potentially support capacity-building in humanitarian response and international investigation contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, UK
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36
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Kleinberg B, van der Toolen Y, Vrij A, Arntz A, Verschuere B. Automated verbal credibility assessment of intentions: The model statement technique and predictive modeling. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 32:354-366. [PMID: 29861544 PMCID: PMC5969289 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, verbal credibility assessment has been extended to the detection of deceptive intentions, the use of a model statement, and predictive modeling. The current investigation combines these 3 elements to detect deceptive intentions on a large scale. Participants read a model statement and wrote a truthful or deceptive statement about their planned weekend activities (Experiment 1). With the use of linguistic features for machine learning, more than 80% of the participants were classified correctly. Exploratory analyses suggested that liars included more person and location references than truth‐tellers. Experiment 2 examined whether these findings replicated on independent‐sample data. The classification accuracies remained well above chance level but dropped to 63%. Experiment 2 corroborated the finding that liars' statements are richer in location and person references than truth‐tellers' statements. Together, these findings suggest that liars may over‐prepare their statements. Predictive modeling shows promise as an automated veracity assessment approach but needs validation on independent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Vrij A, Leal S, Fisher RP, Mann S, Dalton G, Jo E, Shaboltas A, Khaleeva M, Granskaya J, Houston K. Sketching as a technique to eliciting information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Porter CN, Vrij A, Leal S, Vernham Z, Salvanelli G, McIntyre N. Using Specific Model Statements to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit in Information-Gathering Interviews. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Lindegaard MR, Bernasco W. Lessons Learned from Crime Caught on Camera. THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2018; 55:155-186. [PMID: 29472728 PMCID: PMC5808820 DOI: 10.1177/0022427817727830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The widespread use of camera surveillance in public places offers criminologists the opportunity to systematically and unobtrusively observe crime, their main subject matter. The purpose of this essay is to inform the reader of current developments in research on crimes caught on camera. METHODS We address the importance of direct observation of behavior and review criminological studies that used observational methods, with and without cameras, including the ones published in this issue. We also discuss the uses of camera recordings in other social sciences and in biology. RESULTS We formulate six key insights that emerge from the literature and make recommendations for future research. CONCLUSIONS Camera recordings of real-life crime are likely to become part of the criminological tool kit that will help us better understand the situational and interactional elements of crime. Like any source, it has limitations that are best addressed by triangulation with other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim Bernasco
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Spatial Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Fisher RP, Dalton G, Jo E, Shaboltas A, Khaleeva M, Granskaya J, Houston K. Using unexpected questions to elicit information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology; Florida International University; Miami USA
| | - Gary Dalton
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Eunkyung Jo
- Department of Psychology; Hallym University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Alla Shaboltas
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Maria Khaleeva
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Juliana Granskaya
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Kate Houston
- Department of Public Affairs and Social Research; Texas A&M International University; Laredo USA
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van Veldhuizen TS, Maas RPAE, Horselenberg R, van Koppen PJ. Establishing Origin: Analysing the Questions Asked in Asylum Interviews. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2017; 25:283-302. [PMID: 31984021 PMCID: PMC6818277 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2017.1376607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of evidence, asylum seekers are interviewed to assess the credibility of their stories. Few studies have examined whether or not the questions asked in such interviews stimulate the applicant to give lengthy, detailed, and accurate answers. The style, type, and content of the questions asked in order to assess a claim about origin were analysed in 40 case files from the Dutch Immigration Service. A large proportion of the questions were closed and fact-checking questions. Less than one fifth of questions were open or cued recall questions. The results show that to assess credibility of origin, knowledge questions were posed about the immediate living environment, flight to Europe, identity documents, country of origin, and personal background of applicants. Possibilities for increasing the quantity and quality of information obtained in asylum interviews are discussed. Future research should validate the assumption that truthful claimants have substantial knowledge about their country and town of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S. van Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rachel P. A. E. Maas
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Horselenberg
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van Koppen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Vrij A, Meissner CA, Fisher RP, Kassin SM, Morgan CA, Kleinman SM. Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:927-955. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691617706515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proponents of “enhanced interrogation techniques” in the United States have claimed that such methods are necessary for obtaining information from uncooperative terrorism subjects. In the present article, we offer an informed, academic perspective on such claims. Psychological theory and research shows that harsh interrogation methods are ineffective. First, they are likely to increase resistance by the subject rather than facilitate cooperation. Second, the threatening and adversarial nature of harsh interrogation is often inimical to the goal of facilitating the retrieval of information from memory and therefore reduces the likelihood that a subject will provide reports that are extensive, detailed, and accurate. Third, harsh interrogation methods make lie detection difficult. Analyzing speech content and eliciting verifiable details are the most reliable cues to assessing credibility; however, to elicit such cues subjects must be encouraged to provide extensive narratives, something that does not occur in harsh interrogations. Evidence is accumulating for the effectiveness of rapport-based information-gathering approaches as an alternative to harsh interrogations. Such approaches promote cooperation, enhance recall of relevant and reliable information, and facilitate assessments of credibility. Given the available evidence that torture is ineffective, why might some laypersons, policymakers, and interrogation personnel support the use of torture? We conclude our review by offering a psychological perspective on this important question.
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Dalton G, Jo E, Shaboltas A, Khaleeva M, Granskaya J, Houston K. Using the model statement to elicit information and cues to deceit in interpreter-based interviews. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 177:44-53. [PMID: 28477454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how the presence of an interpreter during an interview affects eliciting information and cues to deceit, while using a method that encourages interviewees to provide more detail (model statement, MS). A total of 199 Hispanic, Korean and Russian participants were interviewed either in their own native language without an interpreter, or through an interpreter. Interviewees either lied or told the truth about a trip they made during the last twelve months. Half of the participants listened to a MS at the beginning of the interview. The dependent variables were 'detail', 'complications', 'common knowledge details', 'self-handicapping strategies' and 'ratio of complications'. In the MS-absent condition, the interviews resulted in less detail when an interpreter was present than when an interpreter was absent. In the MS-present condition, the interviews resulted in a similar amount of detail in the interpreter present and absent conditions. Truthful statements included more complications and fewer common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies than deceptive statements, and the ratio of complications was higher for truth tellers than liars. The MS strengthened these results, whereas an interpreter had no effect on these results.
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Harvey AC, Vrij A, Leal S, Lafferty M, Nahari G. Insurance based lie detection: Enhancing the verifiability approach with a model statement component. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 174:1-8. [PMID: 28088655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Verifiability Approach (VA) is verbal lie detection tool that has shown promise when applied to insurance claims settings. This study examined the effectiveness of incorporating a Model Statement comprised of checkable information to the VA protocol for enhancing the verbal differences between liars and truth tellers. METHOD The study experimentally manipulated supplementing (or withholding) the VA with a Model Statement. It was hypothesised that such a manipulation would (i) encourage truth tellers to provide more verifiable details than liars and (ii) encourage liars to report more unverifiable details than truth tellers (compared to the no model statement control). As a result, it was hypothesized that (iii) the model statement would improve classificatory accuracy of the VA. Participants reported 40 genuine and 40 fabricated insurance claim statements, in which half the liars and truth tellers where provided with a model statement as part of the VA procedure, and half where provide no model statement. RESULTS All three hypotheses were supported. In terms of accuracy, the model statement increased classificatory rates by the VA considerably from 65.0% to 90.0%. CONCLUSION Providing interviewee's with a model statement prime consisting of checkable detail appears to be a useful refinement to the VA procedure.
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Ewens S, Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Jo E, Shaboltas A, Ivanova M, Granskaya J, Houston K. Using the Model Statement to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit from Native Speakers, Non-native Speakers and Those Talking Through an Interpreter. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ewens
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Eunkyung Jo
- Department of Psychology; Hallym University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Alla Shaboltas
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Juliana Granskaya
- Department of Psychology; St. Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Kate Houston
- Department of Social Sciences; Texas A&M International University; Laredo USA
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Vrij A, Fisher RP. Which Lie Detection Tools are Ready for Use in the Criminal Justice System? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Evaluating the Effects of Stress and Fatigue on Police Officer Response and Recall: A Challenge for Research, Training, Practice and Policy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Millen AE, Hope L, Hillstrom AP, Vrij A. Tracking the truth: the effect of face familiarity on eye fixations during deception. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:930-943. [PMID: 27064964 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1172093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In forensic investigations, suspects sometimes conceal recognition of a familiar person to protect co-conspirators or hide knowledge of a victim. The current experiment sought to determine whether eye fixations could be used to identify memory of known persons when lying about recognition of faces. Participants' eye movements were monitored whilst they lied and told the truth about recognition of faces that varied in familiarity (newly learned, famous celebrities, personally known). Memory detection by eye movements during recognition of personally familiar and famous celebrity faces was negligibly affected by lying, thereby demonstrating that detection of memory during lies is influenced by the prior learning of the face. By contrast, eye movements did not reveal lies robustly for newly learned faces. These findings support the use of eye movements as markers of memory during concealed recognition but also suggest caution when familiarity is only a consequence of one brief exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa E Millen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- a Department of Psychology , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Anne P Hillstrom
- b Department of Psychology , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Aldert Vrij
- a Department of Psychology , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
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Translating theory into practice: Evaluating a cognitive lie detection training workshop. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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