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Seong HJ, Baek Y, Lee S, Jin HJ. Gut microbiome and metabolic pathways linked to sleep quality. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1418773. [PMID: 39144221 PMCID: PMC11322573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1418773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep quality is a vital determinant of human health as sleep disorders are associated with cognitive deficits, and chronic sleep deprivation is associated with a broad range of health complications. Previous studies on the association between the gut microbiome and sleep quality have been constrained by small sample sizes or have focused on specific sleep disorders, thus yielding inconsistent results. Herein, we investigated the relationship between microbial composition and sleep quality in a cohort of 159 Koreans. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), determined through a self-administered questionnaire. Gut microbiome analyses were performed using 16S rRNA amplicons. We found no direct correlation between microbial alpha diversity metrics and sleep; however, we identified differences in beta diversity among sleep quality groups (with a PSQI score > 5 indicating poor sleep quality and PSQI ≤5 indicating good sleep quality). We also found differential microbial signatures (Bacteroides, Prevotella 9, and Faecalibacterium) among the groups. Furthermore, functional metabolic pathway profiles revealed significant linear correlations of the L-arginine and L-tryptophan biosynthetic pathways as well as 4-aminobutanoate degradation with sleep status. In particular, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which harbors these metabolic pathways, showed differences between sleep quality groups and a linear association with sleep quality scores and was thus identified as the species most strongly associated with sleep status. This study provides a significant advance in our understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and sleep regulation. The current findings provide a basis for further research into potential therapeutic strategies for sleep disorders targeting the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hee-Jeong Jin
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Knauf C, Heinrichs K, Süllwold R, Icks A, Loerbroks A. Migraine self-management at work: a qualitative study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2024; 19:22. [PMID: 38831381 PMCID: PMC11149347 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-024-00421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is common and can be highly disabling. Adequate migraine self-management (SM) can mitigate the potentially adverse health effects of migraine. However, adequate SM can be challenging to implement in everyday life, for instance, at the workplace. We aimed to explore how migraine SM is carried out at work and which occupational factors may determine effective implementation according to employees with migraine. We also explored the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated re-arrangement of working conditions on migraine SM at work. METHODS We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews (08/2020-01/2021). Participants were eligible if they have worked for at least six months with a minimum of twenty hours per week and with a migraine diagnosis. The interviews were transcribed and content-analyzed using MAXQDA. RESULTS Migraine SM was perceived to be influenced by social interactions at work (e.g., in terms of understanding vs. stigmatization), the level of job decision latitude (JDL, i.e., the extent to which one is able to influence work processes, e.g., when working from home), and workplace design (e.g., in terms of opportunities to withdraw from work). During the COVID-19 pandemic, especially increased JDL appeared to favorably influence migraine SM. CONCLUSIONS Migraine SM at work is fostered or complicated by various psychosocial working conditions. By considering these facilitators and barriers, more migraine-friendly workplaces can be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Knauf
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katherina Heinrichs
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Icks
- Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Loerbroks
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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Langdon RL, DiSabella MT, Strelzik JA. Screen time and pediatric headache: A scoping review of the literature. Headache 2024; 64:211-225. [PMID: 38299747 DOI: 10.1111/head.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence regarding screen use as a contributing factor in pediatric headache and migraine. BACKGROUND Screen exposure is often reported as a headache trigger, though there is no current consensus in terms of how screen type, duration, or frequency influences pediatric headache and the associated burden of disease. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Health and Medical Database, and Google Scholar was performed through November 2022 in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. All English-language articles of pediatric patients aged ≤18 years evaluating screen use in relation to headache were included. RESULTS A total of 48 studies were included. Nearly all studies were cross-sectional and represented international samples. The strongest association between screen use and headache found was for duration of use, and computer use emerged as the most common device type related to headache. While there were mixed findings related to screen use and specific headache diagnosis, migraine appeared to confer a higher risk. Across studies, there were insufficient data to assess the impact of screen use on headache frequency or headache-related disability. Several studies demonstrated changes in screen use and headache patterns related to the COVID-19 pandemic and computer vision syndrome was commonly reported. CONCLUSIONS While there is preliminary evidence supporting possible associations between screen use and pediatric headache, there are several limitations in the present review including a lack of prospective and randomized controlled trials to better demonstrate causal relationships as well as methodological limitations with significant variability in how both headache and screen use are defined and measured. Future studies including real-time screen use and device monitoring are needed to better understand the influence of screen use behaviors on pediatric headache and to help further define best-use guidelines around these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Langdon
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marc T DiSabella
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Strelzik
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Lozada M, D'Adamo P. Enactive interventions can enhance agency, health, and social relationships during childhood. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1245883. [PMID: 38235280 PMCID: PMC10791784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1245883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lozada
- INIBIOMA, CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Paola D'Adamo
- ECyC IPEHCS CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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Lichtwald A, Weiss C, Lange A, Ittermann T, Allenberg H, Grabe HJ, Heckmann M. Association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring's outcomes at 9 to 15 years of age. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:105-118. [PMID: 37689592 PMCID: PMC10770235 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight, overweight and obesity might increase the risk for worse short- and long-term outcome in the offspring. There is a need for further study into the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the combined outcome of physical development, state of health and social behavior in children. QUESTION Is maternal pre-pregnancy BMI associated with the child outcome in terms of physical development, state of health and social behavior (school and leisure time behavior) at the age of 9 to 15 years? METHODS In the population-based birth cohort study Survey of Neonates in Pomerania (SNIP) children at the age 9-15 years and their families were re-examined by questionnaire-based follow-up. 5725 mother-child pairs were invited to SNiP-follow-up. This analysis is based on the recall fraction of 24.1% (n = 1379). Based on the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), 4 groups were formed: underweight (ppBMI < 19 kg/m2, n = 117), normal weight (ppBMI 19-24.99 kg/m2, n = 913, reference), overweight (ppBMI 25-30 kg). /m2, n = 237) and obesity (ppBMI > 30 kg/m2, n = 109). RESULTS In the multiple regression model, the BMI-z-score for children of mothers in the underweight group was -0.50 lower, and 0.50/1.07 higher in the overweight/obese group (p < 0.001) compared to reference at median age of 12 years. No differences were found in children of underweight mothers with regard to social behavior (interaction with friends and family), school and sports performance (coded from "very good" to "poor"), other leisure activities (watching television, using mobile phones, gaming), and health (occurrence of illnesses) compared to children of normal weight mothers. In contrast, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower school and sports performance, and higher screen time (smart phone, gaming, television) compared to children of normal weight mothers. CONCLUSION Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity but not underweight was negatively associated with school performance and leisure time behavior in the offspring at 9-15 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lichtwald
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Cathérine Weiss
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Anja Lange
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute of Community Medicine, Division of Health Care Epidemiology and Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Allenberg
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Heckmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Yoon SY, Kim HM, Yi YY. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic era on children with primary headache: a questionnaire survey study and literature review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1179979. [PMID: 37492607 PMCID: PMC10364439 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1179979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in individual isolation and secondary problems, especially in children. Research on the effect of the social isolation on children with primary headache is limited. This study aimed at exploring the effects of environmental changes caused by COVID-19 on headache in children. Methods This cross-sectional survey study enrolled school-aged children (age, 8-16 years) with headache who were able to complete the questionnaire from a Pediatric Headache Clinic between January 2021 and December 2022. Headache diaries for all patients were in their medical records and two questionnaire responses were requested at a 3-month interval. The questionnaires included headache type, frequency, previous medical conditions, family history, Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment scores (PedMIDAS) scores, changes in daily life after COVID-19, and factors that aggravated headaches associated with social distancing. Results We identified 35 patients who were diagnosed with primary headache and continued to visit our outpatient clinic for at least 3 months. Among them, 33 (15 males and 18 females) patients responded to the first survey. The average age (±SD) of patients was 12.5 ± 1.9 years. PedMIDAS scores were not affected by the COVID-19 infection history. Prolonged use of masks and increased use of digital devices were reported as the most common factors that aggravated headache during the pandemic era. Conclusion COVID-19 did not affect in worsening primary headache in children. However, the pandemic can introduce various changes in daily life, which in turn can affect the management of headache. By gathering feedback regarding the thoughts of the patients on the impact of the current pandemic environment, patient counseling on the precautions and management can be conducted in advance in the case of repeated lockdown in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University and Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University and Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University and Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Gaya AR, Brum R, Brites K, Gaya A, de Borba Schneiders L, Duarte Junior MA, López-Gil JF. Electronic device and social network use and sleep outcomes among adolescents: the EHDLA study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:919. [PMID: 37208650 PMCID: PMC10197024 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the evident risk in the literature between the use of screen devices and sleep, there are still few studies on the relationship between each electronic screen device, media programs and sleep duration and sleep-related problems among adolescents and which variables interfere in these relationships. Therefore, this study has the following objectives: (1) to determine which are the most common electronic display devices related to sleep time and outcomes and (2) to determine which are the most common social network applications, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, associated with sleep outcomes. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with 1101 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Age, sex, sleep, psychosocial health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), sport practice, and time spent on screen devices were assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Linear regression analyses were applied, adjusting for several covariables. Poisson regression was applied between the sexes. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Cell phone use was more associated with sleep time (13%). In boys, time spent on cell phones (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; p < 0.001) and videogames (PR = 1.08; p = 0.005) had a higher prevalence ratio. When psychosocial health was included in the models, we found the greatest association (Model 2: PR = 1.15; p = 0.007). For girls, time spent on the cell phone was significantly associated with sleep-related problems (PR = 1.12; p < 0.001), and adherence to the MD became the second most important in the model (PR = 1.35; p < 0.001), followed by psychosocial health and cell phone use (PR = 1.24; p = 0.007). Time spent on WhatsApp was associated with sleep-related problems only among girls (PR = 1.31; p = 0.001) and was the most important variable in the model along with MD (PR = 1.26; p = 0.005) and psychosocial health (PR = 1.41; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a relationship between cell phones, video games, and social networks with sleep-related problems and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Reis Gaya
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, n° 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo Brum
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, n° 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Keith Brites
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, n° 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adroaldo Gaya
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, n° 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Borba Schneiders
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, n° 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - José Francisco López-Gil
- Universidad Pública de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Público de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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Zou L, Wang T, Herold F, Ludyga S, Liu W, Zhang Y, Healy S, Zhang Z, Kuang J, Taylor A, Kramer AF, Chen S, Tremblay MS, Hossain MM. Associations between sedentary behavior and negative emotions in adolescents during home confinement: Mediating role of social support and sleep quality. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100337. [PMID: 36199367 PMCID: PMC9508146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged periods of sedentary behaviour, for instance, engendered by home confinement in Shenzhen city, has led to negative mental health consequences, especially in adolescents. Previous research suggests, in general, that sedentary behavior can increase negative emotions. However, the specific mechanism driving the relationship between sedentary behavior and negative emotions is still relatively unclear. Social support and sleep quality might partly explain the effect of sedentary behavior on negative emotions. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the associations between sedentary behavior and negative emotions, and to investigate if social support and sleep quality mediate such a relationship. Method During home confinement due to the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak, 1179 middle and high school students in Shenzhen were invited to voluntarily complete an e-questionnaire, including the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data from 1065 participants were included in the analysis. Results We observed significant sex-related and demografic-related differences in emotional (e.g., anxiety, stress and social support) and other outcome variables (e.g., sitting duration and PSQI score). Furthermore, sedentary behavior, social support, and sleep quality were associated with negative emotions (p < .01), even after controlling for sex, age, only-child case, body mass index, and metabolic equivalent level. In addition, social support and sleep quality partially mediated the association between sedentary behavior and negative emotions. Conclusion The findings of the current study suggest that social support and sleep quality partially mediate the relationship between sedentary behavior and negative emotions in middle and high school students during home confinement in Shenzhen city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education & Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Body-Brian-Mind Laboratory; Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ting Wang
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education & Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Physical Education Unit, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Sean Healy
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Body-Brian-Mind Laboratory; Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
| | - Jin Kuang
- Body-Brian-Mind Laboratory; Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
| | - Alyx Taylor
- School of Rehabilitation, Sport and Psychology, AECC University College, Bournemouth, BH5 2DF, UK
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Center for Cognitive & Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - M. Mahbub Hossain
- Department of Decision and Information Sciences, C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Puzio D, Makowska I, Rymarczyk K. Raising the Child-Do Screen Media Help or Hinder? The Quality over Quantity Hypothesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9880. [PMID: 36011514 PMCID: PMC9408637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Screen media are ubiquitous in human life across all age, cultural and socioeconomic groups. The ceaseless and dynamic growth of technological possibilities has given rise to questions regarding their effect on the well-being of children. Research in this area largely consists of cross-sectional studies; experimental and randomized studies are rare, which makes drawing causative conclusions difficult. However, the prevailing approach towards the use of screen media by children has focused on time limitations. The emerging evidence supports a more nuanced perspective. It appears that the older the child, the more important how the screen media are used becomes. Concentrating on the quality of the screen, time has become increasingly relevant in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated a transfer of educational and social functioning from real-life to the digital world. With this review, we aimed at gathering current knowledge on the correlations of different screen media use and development outcomes, as well as providing an overview of potential benefits that new technologies may provide to the pediatric population. To summarize, if one cannot evade screen time in children, how can we use it for children's maximum advantage?
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Puzio
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Makowska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krystyna Rymarczyk
- Department of Biological Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, 03-815 Warszawa, Poland
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