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Boele S, Bülow A, de Haan A, Denissen JJA, Keijsers L. Better, for worse, or both? Testing environmental sensitivity models with parenting at the level of individual families. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:674-690. [PMID: 36734225 PMCID: PMC7616005 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
According to environmental sensitivity models, children vary in responsivity to parenting. However, different models propose different patterns, with responsivity to primarily: (1) adverse parenting (adverse sensitive); or (2) supportive parenting (vantage sensitive); or (3) to both (differentially susceptible). This preregistered study tested whether these three responsivity patterns coexist. We used intensive longitudinal data of Dutch adolescents (N = 256, Mage = 14.8, 72% female) who bi-weekly reported on adverse and supportive parenting and their psychological functioning (tmean = 17.7, tmax = 26). Dynamic Structural Equation Models (DSEM) indeed revealed differential parenting effects. As hypothesized, we found that all three responsivity patterns coexisted in our sample: 5% were adverse sensitive, 3% vantage sensitive, and 26% differentially susceptible. No adolescent appeared unsusceptible, however. Instead, we labeled 28% as unperceptive, because they did not perceive any changes in parenting and scored lower on trait environmental sensitivity than others. Furthermore, unexpected patterns emerged, with 37% responding contrary to parenting theories (e.g., decreased psychological functioning after more parental support). Sensitivity analyses with concurrent effects and parent-reported parenting were performed. Overall, findings indicate that theorized responsivity-to-parenting patterns might coexist in the population, and that there are other, previously undetected patterns that go beyond environmental sensitivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Boele
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Anne Bülow
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Amaranta de Haan
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | | | - Loes Keijsers
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
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2
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Götz FM, Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ. Effect sizes and what to make of them. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:798-800. [PMID: 38519730 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich M Götz
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Samuel D Gosling
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Rentfrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Dietvorst E, Hillegers MHJ, Legerstee JS, Vries LPD, Vreeker A, Keijsers L. Real-time personalized feedback in mHealth for adolescents. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241247937. [PMID: 38766361 PMCID: PMC11100393 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241247937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mobile Health (mHealth) interventions have the potential to improve early identification, prevention, and treatment of mental health problems. Grow It! is a multiplayer smartphone app designed for youth aged 12-25, allowing them to monitor their emotions and engage in daily challenges based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) principles. Recently, a personalized mood profile was added to improve the app. We investigated whether real-time personalized feedback on mood enhances app engagement, user experience, and the effects on affective and cognitive well-being. Sample A (N = 1269, age = 18.60 SD = 3.39, 80.6% girls, 95.4% Dutch) played the original app without feedback on their mood, and an independent Sample B (N = 386, age = 16.04 SD = 3.21, 67.6% girls, 82.9% Dutch) received the renewed version with personalized real-time feedback on their mood. Participants who received personal feedback did not have higher app engagement (t(1750,400) = 1.39, P = .206, d = 0.07; t(692,905) = 0.36, P = .971, d = 0.0) nor higher user experience (t(177,596) = 0.21, P = .831, d = 0.02; (t(794) = 1.28, P = .202, d = 0.12; χ2 (659,141) = 2.83, P = .091). Players of the renewed version (Sample B) experienced significant improvements in affective (t(175) = 3.01, P = .003, d = 0.23) and cognitive well-being (t(175) = 3.48, P = <.001, d = 0.26) over the course of three weeks. The renewed version Grow It! has the potential to enhance youths' affective and cognitive well-being. However, adding real-time insights did not seem to affect app engagement nor user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Dietvorst
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon HJ Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Legerstee
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne P De Vries
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annabel Vreeker
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Keijsers
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Miller KE, Rasmussen A, Jordans MJD. Strategies to improve the quality and usefulness of mental health trials in humanitarian settings. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:974-980. [PMID: 37879349 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A striking rise in the number of people affected by humanitarian crises has led to an increase in mental health and psychosocial support interventions to reduce the psychological effects of such crises. In a parallel trend, researchers have brought increased methodological rigour to their evaluation of these interventions. However, several methodological issues still constrain the quality and real-world relevance of the existing evidence base. We examine five core challenges in randomised controlled trials of mental health and psychosocial support interventions with conflict-affected and disaster-affected populations. These challenges are: translating intervention effects into metrics of real-world significance; giving adequate consideration to the selection and monitoring of control conditions; following rigorous processes to ensure outcome measures are culturally appropriate and psychometrically sound; ensuring and monitoring implementation variables, including fidelity, exposure, participant engagement, and the competence of implementation staff; and assessing mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Andrew Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mark J D Jordans
- Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Lüdtke T, Hedelt KS, Westermann S. Predictors of paranoia in the daily lives of people with non-affective psychosis and non-clinical controls: A systematic review of intensive longitudinal studies. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 81:101885. [PMID: 37354896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Worrying, self-esteem, sleep problems, anomalous internal experiences, reasoning biases, and interpersonal sensitivity are associated with paranoia. However, no review has examined whether these variables function as predictors of paranoia in everyday life. The present systematic review of intensive longitudinal studies (e.g., experience sampling) examined contemporaneous and time-lagged associations between paranoia and each candidate mechanism in individuals with non-affective psychosis and controls (pre-registration: https://osf.io/uwr9d). METHODS We searched electronic databases, PsyArXiv, and reference lists for studies published since 1994. RESULTS Of n = 5,918 results, n = 54 fulfilled inclusion criteria (n = 43 datasets). Most studies examined individuals with non-affective psychosis (n = 34). Strong evidence emerged for negative affect (subsumed under 'anomalous internal experiences') and sleep problems. For self-esteem, results suggest contemporaneous and lagged effects on paranoia but associations are likely driven by between-person variance. The low number of studies (n = 2 studies each) allowed no conclusions regarding worrying and reasoning biases. Findings on interpersonal sensitivity, which should be interpreted with caution because of the predictor's conceptual overlap with paranoia, indicate contemporaneous effects whereas time-lagged and within-person associations could not be judged due to insufficient data. LIMITATIONS The present review used a narrative data-synthetization and it did not cover outcomes such as hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Despite convincing evidence for affect and sleep problems, it remains unclear whether affective states are precursors or also consequences of paranoia (vicious circle), and which of the actigraphy measures (sleep time, -efficiency, -fragmentation, etc.) best predicts paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Lüdtke
- Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Garel N, Greenway KT, Dinh-Williams LAL, Thibault-Levesque J, Jutras-Aswad D, Turecki G, Rej S, Richard-Devantoy S. Intravenous ketamine for benzodiazepine deprescription and withdrawal management in treatment-resistant depression: a preliminary report. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1769-1777. [PMID: 37532888 PMCID: PMC10579413 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the first evidence that sub-anesthetic ketamine infusions for treatment resistant depression (TRD) may facilitate deprescription of long-term benzodiazepine/z-drugs (BZDRs). Long-term BZDR prescriptions are potentially harmful yet common, partly because of challenging withdrawal symptoms. Few pharmacological interventions have evidence for facilitating BZDR discontinuation, and none in patients actively suffering from TRD. In this ambi-directional cohort study, discontinuation of long-term (>6 month) BZDRs was attempted in 22 patients with severe unipolar or bipolar TRD receiving a course of six subanesthetic ketamine infusions over four weeks. We investigated the rates of successful BZDRs deprescription, trajectories of acute psychological withdrawal symptoms, and subsequent BZDRs abstinence during a mean follow-up of 1 year (primary outcome). Clinically significant deteriorations in depression, anxiety, sleep, and/or suicidality during the acute BZDR discontinuation phase were measured by repeated standardized scales and analyzed by latent growth curve models and percent correct classification analysis. Of the 22 eligible patients, all enrolled in this study and 91% (20/22) successfully discontinued all BZDRs by the end of the 4-week intervention, confirmed by urinary analyses. Less than 25% of discontinuers experienced any significant worsening of anxiety, depression, sleep difficulties, or suicidality during treatment. During follow-up (mean [range] duration, 12 [3-24] months), 64% (14/22) of patients remained abstinent from any BZDRs. These preliminary results suggest that ketamine infusions for TRD may facilitate the deprescription of BZDRs, even in patients with active depressive symptoms and significant comorbidity. Further investigation is warranted into this potential novel application of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Kyle T Greenway
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lê-Anh L Dinh-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Soham Rej
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Meditation and Mind-Body Medicine Research Clinic and Geri-PARTy Research Group, Lady Davis Research Institute and Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephane Richard-Devantoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
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7
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Carey EG, Ridler I, Ford TJ, Stringaris A. Editorial Perspective: When is a 'small effect' actually large and impactful? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1643-1647. [PMID: 37226639 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reporting of effect sizes is standard practice in psychology and psychiatry research. However, interpretation of these effect sizes can be meaningless or misleading - in particular, the evaluation of specific effect sizes as 'small', 'medium' and 'large' can be inaccurate depending on the research context. A real-world example of this is research into the mental health of children and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that clinicians and services are struggling with increased demand, yet population studies looking at the difference in mental health before and during the pandemic report effect sizes that are deemed 'small'. In this short review, we utilise simulations to demonstrate that a relatively small shift in mean scores on mental health measures can indicate a large shift in the number of cases of anxiety and depression when scaled up to an entire population. This shows that 'small' effect sizes can in some contexts be large and impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Grace Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isobel Ridler
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Jane Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- First Dept of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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8
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Barnett MK, Macnamara BN. Individual Responses versus Aggregate Group-Level Results: Examining the Strength of Evidence for Growth Mindset Interventions on Academic Performance. J Intell 2023; 11:104. [PMID: 37367506 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindset theory assumes that students' beliefs about their intelligence-whether these are fixed or can grow-affects students' academic performance. Based on this assumption, mindset theorists have developed growth mindset interventions to teach students that their intelligence or another attribute can be developed, with the goal of improving academic outcomes. Though many papers have reported benefits from growth mindset interventions, others have reported no effects or even detrimental effects. Recently, proponents of mindset theory have called for a "heterogeneity revolution" to understand when growth mindset interventions are effective and when-and for whom-they are not. We sought to examine the whole picture of heterogeneity of treatment effects, including benefits, lack of impacts, and potential detriments of growth mindset interventions on academic performance. We used a recently proposed approach that considers persons as effect sizes; this approach can reveal individual-level heterogeneity often lost in aggregate data analyses. Across three papers, we find that this approach reveals substantial individual-level heterogeneity unobservable at the group level, with many students and teachers exhibiting mindset and performance outcomes that run counter to the authors' claims. Understanding and reporting heterogeneity, including benefits, null effects, and detriments, will lead to better guidance for educators and policymakers considering the role of growth mindset interventions in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel K Barnett
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brooke N Macnamara
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Marsh EL, Goodwin ME, Sayette MA, Marchetti MA, Herz RS. Endogenous mood state and hedonic responses to pleasant odors. J SENS STUD 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza L. Marsh
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Madeline E. Goodwin
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael A. Sayette
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Mary A. Marchetti
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Rachel S. Herz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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10
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Beechey T. Ordinal Pattern Analysis: A Tutorial on Assessing the Fit of Hypotheses to Individual Repeated Measures Data. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:347-364. [PMID: 36542850 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article provides a tutorial introduction to ordinal pattern analysis, a statistical analysis method designed to quantify the extent to which hypotheses of relative change across experimental conditions match observed data at the level of individuals. This method may be a useful addition to familiar parametric statistical methods including repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized linear mixed-effects models, particularly when analyzing inherently individual characteristics, such as perceptual processes, and where experimental effects are usefully modeled in relative rather than absolute terms. METHOD Three analyses of increasing complexity are demonstrated using ordinal pattern analysis. An initial analysis of a very small data set is designed to explicate the simple mathematical calculations that make up ordinal pattern analysis, which can be performed without the aid of a computer. Analyses of slightly larger data sets are used to demonstrate familiar concepts, including comparison of competing hypotheses, handling missing data, group comparisons, and pairwise tests. All analyses can be reproduced using provided code and data. RESULTS Ordinal pattern analysis results are presented, along with an analogous linear mixed-effects analysis, to illustrate the similarities and differences in information provided by ordinal pattern analysis in comparison to familiar parametric methods. CONCLUSION Although ordinal pattern analysis does not produce familiar numerical effect sizes, it does provide highly interpretable results in terms of the proportion of individuals whose results are consistent with a hypothesis, along with individual and group-level statistics, which quantify hypothesis performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Beechey
- Hearing Sciences-Scottish Section, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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A large-scale prospective study of big wins and their relationship with future involvement and risk among actual online sports bettors. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Mens MMJ, Keijsers L, Dietvorst E, Koval S, Legerstee JS, Hillegers MHJ. Promoting Daily Well-being in Adolescents using mHealth. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:2173-2189. [PMID: 35867325 PMCID: PMC9306228 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are at increased risk for developing mental health problems. The Grow It! app is an mHealth intervention aimed at preventing mental health problems through improving coping by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-inspired challenges as well as self-monitoring of emotions through Experience Sampling Methods (ESM). Yet, little is known about daily changes in well-being and coping during a stressful period, like the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study aimed to elucidate daily changes in positive and negative affect, and adaptive coping, and to better understand the within-person's mechanisms of the Grow It! app. The sample consisted of 12-25-year old Dutch adolescents in two independent cohorts (cohort 1: N = 476, Mage = 16.24, 76.1% female, 88.7% Dutch; cohort 2: N = 814, Mage = 18.45, 82.8% female, 97.2% Dutch). ESM were used to measure daily positive and negative affect and coping (cohort 1: 42 days, 210 assessments per person; cohort 2: 21 days, 105 assessments). The results showed that, on average, adolescents decreased in daily positive affect and adaptive coping, and increased in their experienced negative affect. A positive relation between adaptive coping and positive affect was found, although independent of the CBT-based challenges. Latent class analysis identified two heterogeneous trajectories for both positive and negative affect, indicating that the majority of participants with low to moderate-risk on developing mental health problems were likely to benefit from the Grow It! app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M J Mens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Loes Keijsers
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies/Clinical Child and Family Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dietvorst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soldado Koval
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Legerstee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Vieira JB, Olsson A. Neural defensive circuits underlie helping under threat in humans. eLife 2022; 11:78162. [PMID: 36281636 PMCID: PMC9596154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy for others’ distress has long been considered the driving force of helping. However, when deciding to help others in danger, one must consider not only their distress, but also the risk to oneself. Whereas the role of self-defense in helping has been overlooked in human research, studies in other animals indicate defensive responses are necessary for the protection of conspecifics. In this pre-registered study (N=49), we demonstrate that human defensive neural circuits are implicated in helping others under threat. Participants underwent fMRI scanning while deciding whether to help another participant avoid aversive electrical shocks, at the risk of also being shocked. We found that higher engagement of neural circuits that coordinate fast escape from self-directed danger (including the insula, PAG, and ACC) facilitated decisions to help others. Importantly, using representational similarity analysis, we found that the strength with which the amygdala and insula uniquely represented the threat to oneself (and not the other’s distress) predicted helping. Our findings indicate that in humans, as other mammals, defensive mechanisms play a greater role in helping behavior than previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana B Vieira
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
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14
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Ince RAA, Kay JW, Schyns PG. Within-participant statistics for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:626-630. [PMID: 35710894 PMCID: PMC9586881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in cognitive science typically focus on the population average effect. An alternative is to test each individual participant and then quantify the proportion of the population that would show the effect: the prevalence, or participant replication probability. We argue that this approach has conceptual and practical advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A A Ince
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Jim W Kay
- Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philippe G Schyns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Dietvorst E, Legerstee JS, Vreeker A, Koval S, Mens MM, Keijsers L, Hillegers MHJ. The Grow It! app-longitudinal changes in adolescent well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a proof-of-concept study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 32:1097-1107. [PMID: 35524826 PMCID: PMC9076805 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent mental health and well-being have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this preregistered longitudinal study, we evaluated whether adolescents' well-being improved after playing the multiplayer serious game app Grow It! During the first lockdown (May-June 2020), 1282 Dutch adolescents played the Grow It! app (age = 16.67, SD = 3.07, 68% girls). During the second lockdown (December-May 2020 onwards), an independent cohort of 1871 adolescents participated (age = 18.66, SD = 3.70, 81% girls). Adolescents answered online questionnaires regarding affective and cognitive well-being, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and impact of COVID-19 at baseline. Three to six weeks later, the baseline questionnaire was repeated and user experience questions were asked (N = 462 and N = 733 for the first and second cohort). In both cohorts, affective and cognitive well-being increased after playing the Grow It! app (t = - 6.806, p < 0.001; t = - 6.77, p < 0.001; t = - 6.12, p < 0.001; t = - 5.93, p < 0.001; Cohen's d range 0.20-0.32). At the individual level, 41-53% of the adolescents increased in their affective or cognitive well-being. Adolescents with higher risk profiles (i.e., more depressive symptoms, lower atmosphere at home, and more COVID-19 impact) improved more strongly in their well-being. Positive user evaluations and app engagement were unrelated to changes in affective and cognitive well-being. This proof-of-concept study tentatively suggests that Grow It! supported adolescents during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Dietvorst
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia, Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. S. Legerstee
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia, Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Vreeker
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia, Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Koval
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia, Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. M. Mens
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - L. Keijsers
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia, Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Barhoun P, Fuelscher I, Do M, He JL, Cerins A, Bekkali S, Youssef GJ, Corp D, Major BP, Meaney D, Enticott PG, Hyde C. The role of the primary motor cortex in motor imagery: A theta burst stimulation study. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14077. [PMID: 35503930 PMCID: PMC9540768 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While mentally simulated actions activate similar neural structures to overt movement, the role of the primary motor cortex (PMC) in motor imagery remains disputed. The aim of the study was to use continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to modulate corticospinal activity to investigate the putative role of the PMC in implicit motor imagery in young adults with typical and atypical motor ability. A randomized, double blind, sham‐controlled, crossover, offline cTBS protocol was applied to 35 young adults. During three separate sessions, adults with typical and low motor ability (developmental coordination disorder [DCD]), received active cTBS to the PMC and supplementary motor area (SMA), and sham stimulation to either the PMC or SMA. Following stimulation, participants completed measures of motor imagery (i.e., hand rotation task) and visual imagery (i.e., letter number rotation task). Although active cTBS significantly reduced corticospinal excitability in adults with typical motor ability, neither task performance was altered following active cTBS to the PMC or SMA, compared to performance after sham cTBS. These results did not differ across motor status (i.e., typical motor ability and DCD). These findings are not consistent with our hypothesis that the PMC (and SMA) is directly involved in motor imagery. Instead, previous motor cortical activation observed during motor imagery may be an epiphenomenon of other neurophysiological processes and/or activity within brain regions involved in motor imagery. This study highlights the need to consider multi‐session theta burst stimulation application and its neural effects when probing the putative role of motor cortices in motor imagery. A controlled continuous theta burst stimulation protocol was adopted to examine the role of the primary motor cortex in motor imagery. While corticospinal excitability was suppressed in individuals with typical motor ability, no changes in imagery performance were detected after applying active stimulation to the motor regions. This suggests that motor regions may not be causally implicated in motor imagery and/or that multiple stimulation sessions may be required when inducing cognitive‐behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Barhoun
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Fuelscher
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Do
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason L He
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andris Cerins
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soukayna Bekkali
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Corp
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan P Major
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dwayne Meaney
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Hyde
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Kasran S, Hughes S, De Houwer J. Learning via instructions about observations: exploring similarities and differences with learning via actual observations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220059. [PMID: 35360350 PMCID: PMC8965423 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our behaviour toward stimuli can be influenced by observing how another person (a model) interacts with those stimuli. We investigated whether mere instructions about a model's interactions with stimuli (i.e. instructions about observations) are sufficient to alter evaluative and fear responses and whether these changes are similar in magnitude to those resulting from actually observing the interactions. In Experiments 1 (n = 268) and 2 (n = 260), participants either observed or read about a model reacting positively or negatively to stimuli. Evaluations of those stimuli were then assessed via ratings and a personalized implicit association test. In Experiments 3 (n = 60) and 4 (n = 190), we assessed participants' fear toward stimuli after observing or reading about a model displaying distress in the presence of those stimuli. While the results consistently indicated that instructions about observations induced behavioural changes, they were mixed with regard to whether instructions were as powerful in changing behaviour as observations. We discuss whether learning via observations and via instructions may be mediated by similar or different processes, how they might differ in their suitability for conveying certain types of information, and how their relative effectiveness may depend on the information to be transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kasran
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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18
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Parenting, Peers and Psychosocial Adjustment: Are the Same-or Different-Children Affected by Each? J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:443-457. [PMID: 35076830 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prospective research presented herein extends work on parent and peer effects on adolescent psychosocial adjustment by looking beyond average effects. Instead, it considers variation in susceptibility to each source of influence in order to assess the extent to which those individuals most and least susceptible to parent effects are similarly-or differentially-susceptible to peer effects. Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1364, 48.3% female, age range: 10-15 yrs., race/ethnicity: 80.4% white, 12.9% black and 6.7% other) was analyzed to assess the degree to which each child was susceptible to parent and peer effects. Toward this end, an influence statistic, DFBETAS, was used. A significant and moderate positive association between the two susceptibility effects indicated that children most or least susceptible to the effects of quality of parenting proved to be similarly affected by their peers, although this was not the case for a substantial minority of youth. The fact that at least some children vary dramatically in the effects to which they are most susceptible is discussed with respect to potential targets of intervention, namely, parents or peers.
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19
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Valkenburg PM. Social media use and well-being: What we know and what we need to know. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 45:101294. [PMID: 35016087 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Research into the impact of social media use (SMU) on well-being (e.g., happiness) and ill-being (e.g., depression) has exploded over the past few years. From 2019 to August 2021, 27 reviews have been published: nine meta-analyses, nine systematic reviews, and nine narrative reviews, which together included hundreds of empirical studies. The aim of this umbrella review is to synthesize the results of these meta-analyses and reviews. Even though the meta-analyses are supposed to rely on the same evidence base, they yielded disagreeing associations with well- and ill-being, especially for time spent on SM, active SMU, and passive SMU. This umbrella review explains why their results disagree, summarizes the gaps in the literature, and ends with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti M Valkenburg
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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20
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When dueling emotions and conflicting beliefs predict subjective ambivalence: The role of meta-bases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Pouwels JL, Valkenburg PM, Beyens I, van Driel II, Keijsers L. Some socially poor but also some socially rich adolescents feel closer to their friends after using social media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21176. [PMID: 34707197 PMCID: PMC8551228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Who benefits most from using social media is an important societal question that is centered around two opposing hypotheses: the rich-get-richer versus the poor-get-richer hypothesis. This study investigated the assumption that both hypotheses may be true, but only for some socially rich and some socially poor adolescents and across different time intervals. We employed a state-of-the-art measurement burst design, consisting of a three-week experience sampling study and seven biweekly follow-up surveys. Person-specific analyses of more than 70,000 observations from 383 adolescents revealed that 12% of the socially rich adolescents (high in friendship support or low in loneliness) felt closer to their friends after using social media, as opposed to about 25% of the socially poor adolescents (low in friendship support or high in loneliness). However, only 1 to 6% of all adolescents (socially rich and poor) felt closer both in the short- and longer-term. These results indicate that the rich-get-richer and the poor-get-richer hypotheses can hold both, but for different adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loes Pouwels
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patti M Valkenburg
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ine Beyens
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene I van Driel
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Keijsers
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Ince RA, Paton AT, Kay JW, Schyns PG. Bayesian inference of population prevalence. eLife 2021; 10:62461. [PMID: 34612811 PMCID: PMC8494477 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within neuroscience, psychology, and neuroimaging, the most frequently used statistical approach is null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) of the population mean. An alternative approach is to perform NHST within individual participants and then infer, from the proportion of participants showing an effect, the prevalence of that effect in the population. We propose a novel Bayesian method to estimate such population prevalence that offers several advantages over population mean NHST. This method provides a population-level inference that is currently missing from study designs with small participant numbers, such as in traditional psychophysics and in precision imaging. Bayesian prevalence delivers a quantitative population estimate with associated uncertainty instead of reducing an experiment to a binary inference. Bayesian prevalence is widely applicable to a broad range of studies in neuroscience, psychology, and neuroimaging. Its emphasis on detecting effects within individual participants can also help address replicability issues in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Aa Ince
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Angus T Paton
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jim W Kay
- Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe G Schyns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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McManus RM, Mason JE, Young L. Re-examining the role of family relationships in structuring perceived helping obligations, and their impact on moral evaluation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Donoghue T, Schaworonkow N, Voytek B. Methodological considerations for studying neural oscillations. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:3502-3527. [PMID: 34268825 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural oscillations are ubiquitous across recording methodologies and species, broadly associated with cognitive tasks, and amenable to computational modelling that investigates neural circuit generating mechanisms and neural population dynamics. Because of this, neural oscillations offer an exciting potential opportunity for linking theory, physiology and mechanisms of cognition. However, despite their prevalence, there are many concerns-new and old-about how our analysis assumptions are violated by known properties of field potential data. For investigations of neural oscillations to be properly interpreted, and ultimately developed into mechanistic theories, it is necessary to carefully consider the underlying assumptions of the methods we employ. Here, we discuss seven methodological considerations for analysing neural oscillations. The considerations are to (1) verify the presence of oscillations, as they may be absent; (2) validate oscillation band definitions, to address variable peak frequencies; (3) account for concurrent non-oscillatory aperiodic activity, which might otherwise confound measures; measure and account for (4) temporal variability and (5) waveform shape of neural oscillations, which are often bursty and/or nonsinusoidal, potentially leading to spurious results; (6) separate spatially overlapping rhythms, which may interfere with each other; and (7) consider the required signal-to-noise ratio for obtaining reliable estimates. For each topic, we provide relevant examples, demonstrate potential errors of interpretation, and offer suggestions to address these issues. We primarily focus on univariate measures, such as power and phase estimates, though we discuss how these issues can propagate to multivariate measures. These considerations and recommendations offer a helpful guide for measuring and interpreting neural oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Donoghue
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natalie Schaworonkow
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bradley Voytek
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Palena N, Caso L. Investigative Interviewing Research: Ideas and Methodological Suggestions for New Research Perspectives. Front Psychol 2021; 12:715028. [PMID: 34335429 PMCID: PMC8320696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palena
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Letizia Caso
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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26
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Sebben S, Ullrich J. Can conditionals explain explanations? A modus ponens model of B because A. Cognition 2021; 215:104812. [PMID: 34246085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We suggest a normative model for the evaluation of explanations B because A based on probabilistic conditional reasoning and compare it with empirical data. According to the modus ponens model of explanations, the probability of B because A should equal the joint probability of the conditional if A then B and the explanans A. We argue that B because A expresses the conjunction of A and B as well as positive relevance of A for B. In Study 1, participants (N = 80) judged the subjective probabilities of 20 sets of statements with a focus on belief-based reasoning under uncertainty. In Study 2, participants (N = 376) were assigned to one of six item sets for which we varied the inferential relevance of A for B to explore boundary conditions of our model. We assessed the performance of our model across a range of analyses and report results on the Equation, a fundamental model in research on probabilistic reasoning concerning the evaluation of conditionals. In both studies, results indicate that participants' belief in statements B because A followed model predictions systematically. However, a sizeable proportion of sets of beliefs contained at least one incoherence, indicating deviations from the norms of rationality suggested by our model. In addition, results of Study 2 lend support to the idea that inferential relevance may be relevant for the evaluation of both conditionals and explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sebben
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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How to Use Questionnaire Results in Psychosocial Risk Assessment: Calculating Risks for Health Impairment in Psychosocial Work Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137107. [PMID: 34281047 PMCID: PMC8296915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial risk questionnaires are common instruments in occupational safety and health promotion. Organizations use psychosocial risk questionnaires to obtain an economic overview of psychological job stressors and job resources. However, the procedures to assess if a result for a given workplace group is critical and calls for further action differ significantly and are often based on an arbitrary rule of thumb instead of empirically based evaluations. This article presents a method to translate questionnaire results into risk values for the occurrence of health impairment. We test this method on a dataset including the job stressors, job resources, and emotional exhaustion of 4210 employees from different industries. We applied logistic regression analysis to calculate the risks for impaired psychological health, indicated by high values of the burnout indicator emotional exhaustion. The results indicate significantly different health impairment risks (probabilities) for different scores on the job stressors and job resources scales as well as for scale score combinations. The risk values can be used to define cutoff values between high- and low-risk workplaces that are empirically based on stressor–strain relationships and are easily understandable by all stakeholders in the psychosocial risk assessment process, including laypersons.
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28
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Bohne A, Nordahl D, Lindahl ÅAW, Ulvenes P, Wang CEA, Pfuhl G. Emotional Infant Face Processing in Women With Major Depression and Expecting Parents With Depressive Symptoms. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657269. [PMID: 34276481 PMCID: PMC8283203 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of emotional facial expressions is of great importance in interpersonal relationships. Aberrant engagement with facial expressions, particularly an engagement with sad faces, loss of engagement with happy faces, and enhanced memory of sadness has been found in depression. Since most studies used adult faces, we here examined if such biases also occur in processing of infant faces in those with depression or depressive symptoms. In study 1, we recruited 25 inpatient women with major depression and 25 matched controls. In study 2, we extracted a sample of expecting parents from the NorBaby study, where 29 reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms, and 29 were matched controls. In both studies, we assessed attentional bias with a dot-probe task using happy, sad and neutral infant faces, and facial memory bias with a recognition task using happy, sad, angry, afraid, surprised, disgusted and neutral infant and adult faces. Participants also completed the Ruminative Responses Scale and Becks Depression Inventory-II. In study 1, we found no group difference in either attention to or memory accuracy for emotional infant faces. Neither attention nor recognition was associated with rumination. In study 2, we found that the group with depressive symptoms disengaged more slowly than healthy controls from sad infant faces, and this was related to rumination. The results place emphasis on the importance of emotional self-relevant material when examining cognitive processing in depression. Together, these studies demonstrate that a mood-congruent attentional bias to infant faces is present in expecting parents with depressive symptoms, but not in inpatients with Major Depression Disorder who do not have younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bohne
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Åsne A W Lindahl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Ulvenes
- Modum Bad Research Institute, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Catharina E A Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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29
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Henderson EL, Simons DJ, Barr DJ. The Trajectory of Truth: A Longitudinal Study of the Illusory Truth Effect. J Cogn 2021; 4:29. [PMID: 34164597 PMCID: PMC8194981 DOI: 10.5334/joc.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated statements are rated as subjectively truer than comparable new statements, even though repetition alone provides no new, probative information (the illusory truth effect). Contrary to some theoretical predictions, the illusory truth effect seems to be similar in magnitude for repetitions occurring after minutes or weeks. This Registered Report describes a longitudinal investigation of the illusory truth effect (n = 608, n = 567 analysed) in which we systematically manipulated intersession interval (immediately, one day, one week, and one month) in order to test whether the illusory truth effect is immune to time. Both our hypotheses were supported: We observed an illusory truth effect at all four intervals (overall effect: χ 2(1) = 169.91; M repeated = 4.52, M new = 4.14; H1), with the effect diminishing as delay increased (H2). False information repeated over short timescales might have a greater effect on truth judgements than repetitions over longer timescales. Researchers should consider the implications of the choice of intersession interval when designing future illusory truth effect research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Henderson
- Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Hill Campus, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, KT2 7LB, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Daniel J. Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, US
| | - Dale J. Barr
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
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30
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Harrington EE, Bishop AJ, Do HM, Sheng W. Perceptions of socially assistive robots: A pilot study exploring older adults’ concerns. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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