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Redican E, Shevlin M, Hyland P, Karatzias T, Martsenkovskyi D, Ben-Ezra M. Development and validation of the caregiver-report version of the international grief questionnaire (IGQ-CG): Results from a Ukrainian sample of parents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024:13591045241260897. [PMID: 38869939 DOI: 10.1177/13591045241260897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The International Grief Questionnaire (IGQ) is a self-report measure of ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) in adults. This study sought to develop and validate a caregiver-report version of the IGQ for children and adolescents aged 7-17 years; the IGQ-Caregiver Version (IGQ-CG). 639 parents living in Ukraine provided data on themselves and one child in their household as part of the "The Mental Health of Parents and Children in Ukraine Study: 2023 Follow-up" study. The latent structure of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), while convergent validity was assessed through associations with other mental health correlates. Prevalence rates of probable ICD-11 PGD were estimated. CFA results supported a correlated two-factor model ('core' and 'associated' symptoms) and the internal reliability of the scale scores were acceptable. Convergent validity was supported through significant correlations with internalizing symptoms, while contact with the deceased, time since bereavement, and parental PGD were associated with higher scores on the IGQ-CG latent variables. The prevalence of probable ICD-11 PGD was 1.4%, and amongst those with a lifetime bereavement, the conditional rate was 3.2%. The IGQ-CG produces reliable and valid scores for ICD-11 PGD symptoms in children and adolescents as reported by their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enya Redican
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Ireland
| | | | - Dmytro Martsenkovskyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Ukraine
- Institute of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Ukraine
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Rashid L, Bauer A, Bowes L, Creswell C, Halligan S. Maternal experienced bereavement and offspring mental health in early adulthood: the role of modifiable parental factors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38400700 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that 78% of children experience the death of a close friend or family member by 16 years of age, yet longitudinal research examining the mental health outcomes of wider experiences of bereavement is scarce. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of the association between maternal experienced bereavement before the age of 11 years and offspring depressive and anxiety disorders at age 18 and examined moderation of this association by modifiable parental factors. METHODS We analysed data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based birth cohort, including 9,088 child participants with data available on bereavement. Bereavement was measured via maternal report at eight timepoints until children were 11 years. Offspring depressive and anxiety-related disorders were self-reported at 18 years old using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R). The potential moderating roles of maternal anxiety, maternal depression, parental monitoring, positive parenting and negative parenting practices were examined. RESULTS Maternal experienced bereavement was not associated with depression or anxiety-related disorders in early adulthood among offspring. In addition, no support was found for negative parenting practices, parental monitoring or maternal anxiety and depression as moderators of the relationship between maternal experienced bereavement and offspring mental health problems at 18 years old. Findings in relation to the moderating role of positive parenting practices were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that a large number of children are exposed to maternal experienced bereavement. We found no evidence that maternal experienced bereavement during childhood increases the risk for offspring psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. Several methodological considerations prudent to bereavement research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Rashid
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lucy Bowes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cathy Creswell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Paul S, Del Carpio L, Rodríguez P, Herrán ADL. Death in the Scottish curriculum: Denying or confronting? DEATH STUDIES 2023; 48:820-835. [PMID: 38014912 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2023.2283450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The important role of schools in supporting children experiencing bereavement is established, yet less is known about how school curricula include death as part of life and this limits our understanding of the systemic structures that shape children's knowledge and experience of death. To address this gap, this paper discusses an analysis of the Scottish curriculum to explore the extent to which death features in compulsory education for children aged 3 to 15 years. The findings show that whilst death is present across the curricula, certain types of 'knowing' death are promoted, largely situated across religious teaching, which may limit children's engagement with the multiple and complex ways in which death features across individual, social, physical, and relational domains. By integrating the concepts of death systems and death ambivalence, the paper develops new knowledge on the interplay between curricula and sense making around death in children's lives that has practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paul
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - L Del Carpio
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
- Health Technology Assessment in Primary Care and Mental Health (PRISMA) Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rodríguez
- Department of Pedagogy, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A de la Herrán
- Department of Pedagogy, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang T, Krysinska K, Alisic E, Andriessen K. Grief Instruments in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023:302228231171188. [PMID: 37078181 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231171188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Many children and adolescents experience the death of a close person, such as a family member or a friend. However, there is a scarcity of literature on the assessment of grief in bereaved youth. The use of validated instruments is essential to advance our knowledge of grief in children and adolescents. We conducted a systematic review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, to identify instruments that measure grief in this population and explore their characteristics. Searches in six databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, and Web of Science) identified 24 instruments, encompassing three categories: general-purpose grief scales, maladaptive grief scales, and specialized grief scales. We extracted data using a predetermined list of descriptive and psychometric properties. Findings indicate a need to direct research towards more stringent validation of existing instruments and the design of new instruments in line with developments in the understanding of grief in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Zhang
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Alisic
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karl Andriessen
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Woodward KP, Yu Z, Chen W, Chen T, Jackson DB, Powell TW, Wang L. Childhood Bereavement, Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences, and Flourishing among Chinese Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4631. [PMID: 36901641 PMCID: PMC10001697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Childhood bereavement (CB) resulting from a parent or primary caregiver death is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. Little is known about the association between CB and adult flourishing in the context of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs). In a cross-sectional observational study, we examined how ACEs, PCEs, and adult flourishing differs by self-reported CB history among 9468 Chinese young adults (18-35 years), of which 4.3% experienced CB (n = 409). Data collection included convenience sampling among university students in Mainland China. Respondents voluntarily completed an online survey between August and November 2020. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regressions examined frequencies and differences in ACEs, PCEs, and flourishing by the history of CB controlling for a few demographic covariates. Bereaved individuals reported significantly higher ACEs and lower PCEs. The odds of experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual abuse as well as household substance abuse, parental mental illness, and parental incarceration ranged from 2.0-5.2 times higher for bereaved individuals. Bereaved participants also reported significant negative relationships with Flourishing Index (β = -0.35, t = -4.19, p < 0.001) and Secure Flourishing Index (β = -0.40, t = -4.96, p < 0.001). Consistent with previous research, our findings demonstrate the lasting effects of CB on well-being. We discuss study implications for ACEs and PCEs screening and surveillance as well as grief counseling to promote flourishing among bereaved youth in China and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista P. Woodward
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wenyi Chen
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tingting Chen
- Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Terrinieka W. Powell
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wray A, Pickwell-Smith B, Greenley S, Pask S, Bamidele O, Wright B, Murtagh F, Boland JW. Parental death: a systematic review of support experiences and needs of children and parent survivors. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2022:bmjspcare-2022-003793. [PMID: 36384696 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-003793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bereaved people need a supportive response from those around them. Knowing children's and surviving parents' needs following parental death is the first step to ensuring a supportive response. However, no systematic review has reported on this phenomenon. AIM To systematically identify and synthesise qualitative literature exploring support experiences of parentally bereaved children and surviving parents. METHODS Systematic review with thematic synthesis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the British Nursing Database were searched for relevant papers to September 2021. Included studies were appraised for quality and thematically synthesised using Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis framework. RESULTS Fifteen qualitative studies from nine countries were included. There were four analytical themes from the children's perspectives (1) Openness of communication with children about death and dying, (2) Children's challenges of managing change, (3) Navigating emotions, and (4) Children's acceptability, access and engagement with support. There were three analytical themes from the parents' perspectives: (1) Adjusting as a parent, (2) Supporting their children, and (3) Parent's acceptability, access and engagement with support. CONCLUSIONS Following a parental death, open and honest communication and involvement in what is happening within the family will help children cope. Both children and parents suppress emotions and avoid conversations to protect each other and those around them. A taboo around death exists and constrains the support some families receive. Childhood bereavement is a public health issue, with a need for professionals and communities to better understand and respond to the needs of bereaved families.CRD42020166179.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wray
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Benjamin Pickwell-Smith
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Sarah Greenley
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Sophie Pask
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Olufikayo Bamidele
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Barry Wright
- Child Orientated Mental Health Innovation Collaborative, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Fliss Murtagh
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Jason W Boland
- Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Palliative Medicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
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Elsner TL, Krysinska K, Andriessen K. Bereavement and educational outcomes in children and young people: A systematic review. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01430343211057228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing bereavement due to the death of a close person is rife in the lives of young people. This review aimed to investigate how bereavement affects educational outcomes of students at various educational levels and what factors may be involved in moderating these outcomes. The systemic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines with searches of peer-reviewed literature in Embase, Emcare, Medline, PsycINFO and Scopus. Twenty-two studies (17 quantitative and 5 qualitative) were included. In general, bereavement can constitute a barrier to educational achievement in young people compromising academic performance, and educational engagement and attainment. Several factors can place young people at greater risk of experiencing this disadvantage and further research into these mechanisms and interventions to mitigate short- and long-term consequences, especially among high-risk groups, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahli L. Elsner
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Karl Andriessen
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia
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