1
|
Lima KRDA, Lopes MLDDS, de Souza SRG, Fracaro L, da Purificação NRC, Lima MFDO, Lins LAA, Lacchini S, de Araújo AA, de Araújo RF, Perles JVCM, Zanoni JN, Clebis NK. L-glutamine supplementation reduced morphological damage in the renal glomerulus of rats with Walker-256 tumor. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e383923. [PMID: 37851784 PMCID: PMC10578106 DOI: 10.1590/acb383923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of the experimental subcutaneous Walker-256 tumor and L-glutamine supplementation, an antioxidant, on the glomerular morphology of rats. METHODS Twenty Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n = 5): control (C); control treated with 2% L-glutamine (CG); rats with Walker-256 tumor (WT); and rats with Walker-256 tumor treated with 2% L-glutamine (WTG). Renal histological samples were submitted to periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's Trichrome staining to analyze glomerular density, morphometry of glomerular components and glomerulosclerosis; and to immunohistochemistry for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). RESULTS WT showed 50% reduction in body mass gain and cachexia index > 10%, while WTG demonstrated reduction in cachexia (p < 0.05). WT revealed reduction of glomerular density, increase in the glomerular tuft area, mesangial area, matrix in the glomerular tuft, decrease in the urinary space and synechia, and consequently higher glomerulosclerosis (p < 0.05). L-glutamine supplementation in the WTG improved glomerular density, and reduced glomerular tuft area, urinary space, mesangial area, and glomerulosclerosis compared to WT(p < 0.05). WT showed higher collagen area and FGF-2 expression compared to C (p < 0.05). WTG presented lower collagen fibers and FGF-2 expression compared to WT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS L-glutamine supplementation reduced cachexia and was beneficial for glomerular morphology of the rats, as well as it reduced kidney damage and improved the remaining glomeruli morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luciane Fracaro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – Maringá (Paraná) – Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naianne Kelly Clebis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) – Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Guimaraes de Souza Melo C, Nelisis Zanoni J, Raquel Garcia de Souza S, Zignani I, de Lima Leite A, Domingues Heubel A, Vanessa Colombo Martins Perles J, Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf M. Global Proteomic Profile Integrated to Quantitative and Morphometric Assessment of Enteric Neurons: Investigation of the Mechanisms Involved in the Toxicity Induced by Acute Fluoride Exposure in the Duodenum. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:800-814. [PMID: 33689147 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is responsible for controlling the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) functions. Enteric neuropathies are highly correlated to the development of several intestinal disturbances. Fluoride (F) is extensively applied for dental health improvement and its ingestion can promote systemic toxicity with mild to severe GIT symptomatology and neurotoxicity. Although F harmful effects have been published, there is no information regarding noxiousness of a high acute F exposure (25 mg F/kg) on enteric neurons and levels of expression of intestinal proteins in the duodenum. Quantitative proteomics of the duodenum wall associated to morphometric and quantitative analysis of enteric neurons displayed F effects of a high acute exposure. F-induced myenteric neuroplasticity was characterized by a decrease in the density of nitrergic neurons and morphometric alterations in the general populations of neurons, nitrergic neurons, and substance P varicosities. Proteomics demonstrated F-induced alterations in levels of expression of 356 proteins correlated to striated muscle cell differentiation; generation of precursor metabolites and energy; NADH and glutathione metabolic process and purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis. The neurochemical role of several intestinal proteins was discussed specially related to the modulation of enteric neuroplasticity. The results provide a new perspective on cell signaling pathways of gastrointestinal symptomatology promoted by acute F toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabela Zignani
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline de Lima Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Protective effects of quercetin-loaded microcapsules on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats. Auton Neurosci 2021; 230:102759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Wu QJ, Liu ZH, Jiao C, Cheng BY, Li SW, Ma Y, Wang YQ, Wang Y. Effects of Glutamine on Lymphocyte Proliferation and Intestinal Mucosal Immune Response in Heat-Stressed Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- QJ Wu
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - ZH Liu
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - C Jiao
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - BY Cheng
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - SW Li
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Y Ma
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - YQ Wang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martins-Perles JVC, Bossolani GDP, Zignani I, de Souza SRG, Frez FCV, de Souza Melo CG, Barili E, de Souza Neto FP, Guarnier FA, Armani ALC, Cecchini R, Zanoni JN. Quercetin increases bioavailability of nitric oxide in the jejunum of euglycemic and diabetic rats and induces neuronal plasticity in the myenteric plexus. Auton Neurosci 2020; 227:102675. [PMID: 32474374 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the antioxidant, neuroprotective, inflammatory and nitric oxide modulatory actions of quercetin, the aim of this study was to test the effect of quercetin administration in drinking water (40 mg/day/rat) on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), overall population of myenteric neurons (HuC/D) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the jejunal samples from diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (8 rats per group): euglycemic (E), euglycemic administered with quercetin (E+Q), diabetic (D) and diabetic administered with quercetin (D+Q). Rats were induced to diabetes with streptozotocin (35mg/kg/iv) and, after 120 days, the proximal jejunum were collected and processed for immunohistochemical (VIP, nNOS and HuC/D) and chemiluminescence (quantification of tissue NO levels) techniques. Diabetes mellitus reduced the number of nNOS-IR (immunoreactive) (p <0.05) and HuC/D-IR (p <0.001) neurons, however, promoted an increased morphometric area of nNOS-IR neurons (p <0.001) and VIP-IR varicosities (p <0.05). In D+Q group, neuroplasticity effects were observed on HuC/D-IR neurons, accompanied by a reduction of cell body area of neurons nNOS- and VIP-IR varicosities (p <0.05). The NO levels were increased in the E+Q (p <0.05) and D+Q group (p <0.001) compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results showed that quercetin supplementation increased the bioavailability of NO in the jejunum in euglycemic and mitigate the effects of diabetes on nNOS-IR neurons and VIP-IR varicosities in the myenteric plexus of diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleison Daion Piovezana Bossolani
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Zignani
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Sara Raquel Garcia de Souza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Cristina Vieira Frez
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Carina Guimarães de Souza Melo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Emerson Barili
- Department of Statistic, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pinheiro de Souza Neto
- Department of Pathology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid
- Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, PR CEP 86.057-970, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alessandra Guarnier
- Department of Pathology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid
- Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, PR CEP 86.057-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini Armani
- Department of Pathology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid
- Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, PR CEP 86.057-970, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Department of Pathology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid
- Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, PR CEP 86.057-970, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zanoni JN, Piovezana Bossolani GD. DOES THE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AFFECT THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2019; 56:113-117. [PMID: 31460572 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies regarding arthritic diseases have been performed to verify the presence of the neurodegeneration. Given the increased oxidative stress and extra-articular effects of the rheumatoid arthritis, the gastrointestinal studies should be further investigated aiming a better understanding of the systemic effects the disease on enteric nervous system. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the rheumatoid arthritis affects the nitrergic density and somatic area of the nNOS- immunoreactive (IR) myenteric neurons, as well as the morphometric areas of CGRP and VIP-IR varicosities of the ileum of arthritic rats. METHODS Twenty 58-day-old male Holtzmann rats were distributed in two groups: control and arthritic. The arthritic group received a single injection of the Freund's Complete Adjuvant in order to induce arthritis model. The whole-mount preparations of ileum were processed for immunohistochemistry to VIP, CGRP and nNOS. Quantification was used for the nitrergic neurons and morphometric analyses were performed for the three markers. RESULTS The arthritic disease induced a reduction 6% in ileal area compared to control group. No significant differences were observed in nitrergic density comparing both groups. However, arthritic group yielded a reduction of the nitrergic neuronal somatic area and VIP-IR varicosity areas. However, an increase of varicosity CGRP-IR areas was also observed. CONCLUSION Despite arthritis resulted in no alterations in the number of nitrergic neurons, the retraction of ileal area and reduction of nitrergic somatic and VIP-IR varicosity areas may suggest a negative impact the disease on the ENS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Laboratório de Plasticidade Neural Entérica, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Gleison Daion Piovezana Bossolani
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Laboratório de Plasticidade Neural Entérica, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vicentini GE, Martins HA, Fracaro L, de Souza SRG, da Silva Zanoni KP, Silva TNX, Blegniski FP, Guarnier FA, Zanoni JN. Does l -glutamine-supplemented diet extenuate NO-mediated damage on myenteric plexus of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats? Food Res Int 2017; 101:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
9
|
Martins HA, Bazotte RB, Vicentini GE, Lima MM, Guarnier FA, Hermes-Uliana C, Frez FCV, Bossolani GDP, Fracaro L, Fávaro LDS, Manzano MI, Zanoni JN. l-Glutamine supplementation promotes an improved energetic balance in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695960. [PMID: 28345452 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation with oral l-glutamine in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats aged 54 days were randomly divided into four groups: rats without Walker-256 tumor, that is, control rats (C group); control rats supplemented with l-glutamine (CG group); Walker-256 tumor rats without l-glutamine supplementation (WT group); and WT rats supplemented with l-glutamine (WTG group). l-Glutamine was incorporated into standard food at a proportion of 2 g/100 g (2%). After 10 days of the experimental period, the jejunum and duodenum were removed and processed. Protein expression levels of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, that is, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. In addition, plasma corticosterone, glucose, insulin, and urea levels were evaluated. The WTG group showed significantly increased plasma glucose and insulin levels ( p < 0.05); however, plasma corticosterone and urea remained unchanged. Moreover, the WTG group showed increased immunoreactive staining for jejunal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased expression of duodenal glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, the WTG group presented with less intense cancer cachexia and slower tumor growth. These results could be attributed, at least partly, to increased intestinal gluconeogenesis and insulinemia, and better glycemia maintenance during fasting in Walker-256 tumor rats on a diet supplemented with l-glutamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heber Amilcar Martins
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado Lima
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Catchia Hermes-Uliana
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Fracaro
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vicentini GE, Fracaro L, de Souza SRG, Martins HA, Guarnier FA, Zanoni JN. Experimental Cancer Cachexia Changes Neuron Numbers and Peptide Levels in the Intestine: Partial Protective Effects after Dietary Supplementation with L-Glutamine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162998. [PMID: 27635657 PMCID: PMC5026352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysmotility frequently occurs in cancer cachexia and may result from damage to enteric innervation caused by oxidative stress, especially due to glutathione depletion. We assessed the effect of dietary supplementation with 20 g/kg l-glutamine (a glutathione precursor) on the intrinsic innervation of the enteric nervous system in healthy and Walker 256 tumor-bearing Wistar rats during the development of experimental cachexia (14 days), in comparison with non-supplemented rats, by using immunohistochemical methods and Western blotting. The total neural population and cholinergic subpopulation densities in the myenteric plexus, as well as the total population and VIPergic subpopulation in the submucosal plexus of the jejunum and ileum, were reduced in cachectic rats, resulting in adaptive morphometric alterations and an increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, suggesting a neuroplastic response. l-glutamine supplementation prevented decrease in myenteric neuronal density in the ileum, morphometric alterations in the neurons and nerve fibers (in both the plexuses of the jejunum and ileum), and the overexpression of VIP and CGRP. Cancer cachexia severely affected the intrinsic innervation of the jejunum and ileum to various degrees and this injury seems to be associated with adaptive neural plasticity. l-glutamine supplementation presented partial protective effects on the enteric innervation against cancer cachexia, possibly by attenuating oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo E. Vicentini
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fracaro
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sara R. G. de Souza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Heber A. Martins
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Flávia A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline N. Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Supplementation with l-glutamine prevents tumor growth and cancer-induced cachexia as well as restores cell proliferation of intestinal mucosa of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2773-2784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
12
|
Panizzon CPDNB, Zanoni JN, Hermes-Uliana C, Trevizan AR, Sehaber CC, Pereira RVF, Linden DR, Neto MHDM. Desired and side effects of the supplementation with l-glutamine and l-glutathione in enteric glia of diabetic rats. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:625-631. [PMID: 27470531 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Enteric neuropathy associated with Diabetes Mellitus causes dysfunction in the digestive system, such as: nausea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, among others. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with 2% l-glutamine and 1% l-glutathione on neurons and enteric glial cells of ileum of diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats have been used according to these group distributions: Normoglycemic (N), Normoglycemic supplemented with l-glutamine (NG), Normoglycemic supplemented with l-glutathione (NGO), Diabetic (D), Diabetic supplemented with l-glutamine (DG) and Diabetic supplemented with l-glutathione (DGO). After 120days, the ileum was processed for immunohistochemistry of HuC/D and S100β. Quantitative and morphometric analysis have been performed. RESULTS Diabetic rats presented a decrease in the number of neurons when compared to normoglycemic animals. However, diabetes was not associated with a change in glial density. l-Glutathione prevented the neuronal death in diabetic rats. l-Glutathione increased a glial proliferation in diabetic rats. The neuronal area in diabetic rats increased in relation to the normoglycemics. The diabetic rats supplemented with l-glutamine and l-glutathione showed a smaller neuronal area in comparison to diabetic group. The glial cell area was a decreased in the diabetics. The diabetic rats supplemented with l-glutamine and l-glutathione did not have significant difference in the glial cell body area when compared to diabetic rats. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the usage of l-glutamine and l-glutathione as supplements presents both desired and side effects that are different for the same substance in considering normoglycemic or diabetic animals.
Collapse
|
13
|
PEREIRA RENATAV, LINDEN DAVIDR, MIRANDA-NETO MARCÍLIOH, ZANONI JACQUELINEN. Differential effects in CGRPergic, nitrergic, and VIPergic myenteric innervation in diabetic rats supplemented with 2% L-glutamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88 Suppl 1:609-22. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2% L-glutamine supplementation on myenteric innervation in the ileum of diabetic rats, grouped as follows: normoglycemic (N); normoglycemic supplemented with L-glutamine (NG); diabetic (D); and diabetic supplemented with L-glutamine (DG). The ileums were subjected to immunohistochemical techniques to localize neurons immunoreactive to HuC/D protein (HuC/D-IR) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS-IR) and to analyze varicosities immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-IR). L-Glutamine in the DG group (i) prevented the increase in the cell body area of nNOS-IR neurons, (ii) prevented the increase in the area of VIP-IR varicosities, (iii) did not prevent the loss of HuC/D-IR and nNOS-IR neurons per ganglion, and (iv) reduced the size of CGRP-IR varicosities. L-Glutamine in the NG group reduced (i) the number of HuC/D-IR and nNOS-IR neurons per ganglion, (ii) the cell body area of nNOS-IR neurons, and (iii) the size of VIP-IR and CGRP-IR varicosities. 2% L-glutamine supplementation exerted differential neuroprotective effects in experimental diabetes neuropathy that depended on the type of neurotransmitter analyzed. However, the effects of this dose of L-glutamine on normoglycemic animals suggests there are additional actions of this beyond its antioxidant capacity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Góis MB, Hermes-Uliana C, Barreto Zago MC, Zanoni JN, da Silva AV, de Miranda-Neto MH, de Almeida Araújo EJ, Sant'Ana DDMG. Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces death of submucosal enteric neurons and damage in the colonic mucosa of rats. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:56-63. [PMID: 26902605 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial secretion is coordinated by the submucosal plexus (SMP). Chemical mediators from SMP regulate the immunobiological response and direct actions against infectious agents. Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to determine the effects of chronic infection with T. gondii on the morphometry of the mucosa and the submucosal enteric neurons in the proximal colon of rats. Male adult rats were distributed into a control group (n = 10) and an infected group (n = 10). Infected rats received orally 500 oocysts of T. gondii (ME-49). After 36 days, the rats were euthanized and samples of the proximal colon were processed for histology to evaluate mucosal thickness in sections. Whole mounts were stained with methylene blue and subjected to immunohistochemistry to detect vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The total number of submucosal neurons decreased by 16.20%. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons increased by 26.95%. Intraepithelial lymphocytes increased by 62.86% and sulfomucin-producing goblet cells decreased by 22.87%. Crypt depth was greater by 43.02%. It was concluded that chronic infection with T. gondii induced death and hypertrophy in the remaining submucosal enteric neurons and damage to the colonic mucosa of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Biondaro Góis
- State University of Maringa, Department of Morphological Sciences, Maringa, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Aristeu Vieira da Silva
- State University of Feira de Santana, Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fracaro L, Frez F, Silva B, Vicentini G, de Souza S, Martins H, Linden D, Guarnier F, Zanoni J. Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats demonstrate altered interstitial cells of Cajal. Effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:101-15. [PMID: 26526599 PMCID: PMC4688090 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a significant problem in patients with cancer. The effect of cancer on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neurons of the gastrointestinal tract have not been studied previously. Although supplementation with L-glutamine 2% may have beneficial effects in cancer-related cachexia, and be protective of ICC in models of oxidative stress such as diabetes, its effects on ICC in cancer have also not been studied. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control supplemented with L-glutamine (CG), Walker 256 tumor (WT), and Walker 256 tumor supplemented with L-glutamine (WTG). Rats were implanted with tumor cells or injected with saline in the right flank. After 14 days, the jejunal tissues were collected and processed for immunohistochemical techniques including whole mounts and cryosections and Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS Tumor-bearing rats demonstrate reduced numbers of Myenteric ICC and deep muscular plexus ICC and yet increased Ano1 protein expression and enhanced ICC networks. In addition, there is more nNOS protein expressed in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls. L-glutamine treatment had a variety of effects on ICC that may be related to the disease state and the interaction of ICC and nNOS neurons. Regardless, L-glutamine reduced the size of tumors and also tumor-induced cachexia that was not due to altered food intake. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES There are significant effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Although supplementation with L-glutamine has differential and complex effects of ICC, it reduces tumor size and tumor-associated cachexia, which supports its beneficial therapeutic role in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Fracaro
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - F.C.V. Frez
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - B.C. Silva
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - G.E. Vicentini
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - S.R.G. de Souza
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - H.A. Martins
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - D.R. Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - F.A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - J.N. Zanoni
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil,Address for Correspondence: Prof Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni, Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, 87020-900, Brazil. Tel: (+55) 443011-5944; ,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Rosa CVD, Azevedo SCSF, Bazotte RB, Peralta RM, Buttow NC, Pedrosa MMD, de Godoi VAF, Natali MRM. Supplementation with L-Glutamine and L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Changes Biochemical Parameters and Jejunum Morphophysiology in Type 1 Diabetic Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143005. [PMID: 26659064 PMCID: PMC4681705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the supplementation with L-glutamine and glutamine dipeptide (GDP) on biochemical and morphophysiological parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. For this purpose, thirty animals were distributed into six groups treated orally (gavage) during thirty days: non diabetic rats (Control) + saline, diabetic + saline; Control + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Diabetic + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Control + GDP (400 mg/kg), Diabetic + GDP (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and confirmed by fasting glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL. Physiological parameters, i.e., body mass, food intake, blood glucose, water intake, urine and faeces were evaluated during supplementation. After the period of supplementation, the animals were euthanized. The blood was collected for biochemical assays (fructosamine, transaminases, lipid profile, total protein, urea, ammonia). Moreover, the jejunum was excised and stored for morphophysiological assays (intestinal enzyme activity, intestinal wall morphology, crypt proliferative index, number of serotoninergic cells from the mucosa, and vipergic neurons from the submucosal tunica). The physiological parameters, protein metabolism and intestinal enzyme activity did not change with the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP. In diabetic animals, transaminases and fructosamine improved with L-glutamine and GDP supplementations, while the lipid profile improved with L-glutamine. Furthermore, both forms of supplementation promoted changes in jejunal tunicas and wall morphometry of control and diabetic groups, but only L-glutamine promoted maintenance of serotoninergic cells and vipergic neurons populations. On the other hand, control animals showed changes that may indicate negative effects of L-glutamine. Thus, the supplementation with L-glutamine was more efficient for maintaining intestinal morphophysiology and the supplementation with GDP was more efficient to the organism as a whole. Thus, we can conclude that local differences in absorption and metabolism could explain the differences between the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto B. Bazotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosane M. Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nilza C. Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vilma A. F. de Godoi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Raquel M. Natali
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MR)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Resveratrol Reduces Morphologic Changes in the Myenteric Plexus and Oxidative Stress in the Ileum in Rats with Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3252-63. [PMID: 26077974 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury can be caused by surgical procedures and inflammatory bowel disease. It is normally associated with the increased production of free radicals and changes in the enteric nervous system. AIMS Given the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of resveratrol, the present study assessed its influence on oxidative stress in the intestinal wall and the morphology of myenteric neurons in the ileum of rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS Resveratrol was orally administered daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days. Changes in the ileum response to ischemia after 45 min were investigated followed by 3 h reperfusion. Lipoperoxide and carbonylated protein levels, and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured following ischemia/reperfusion injury. RESULTS The density and morphometry of the general neuronal population, nitrergic neurons and glial cells, and morphometry of VIP varicosities in the ileum were also studied. Lipoperoxide and carbonylated protein levels were 171 and 40% higher during the ischemia/reperfusion, respectively, compared to control cohorts, and resveratrol attenuated these values. The glutathione ratio was 64% lower during ischemia/reperfusion, compared to control cohorts. Resveratrol increased the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, attenuated the changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the detrimental morphologic changes caused by ischemia/reperfusion in the general neuronal population and nitrergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS Oral treatment with resveratrol reduced the oxidative stress in the ileum and attenuated the morphologic changes that occurred in the myenteric plexus of the ileum in rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tashima CM, Hermes-Uliana C, Perles JVCM, de Miranda Neto MH, Zanoni JN. Vitamins C and E (ascorbate/α-tocopherol) provide synergistic neuroprotection in the jejunum in experimental diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:241-8. [PMID: 26433445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the synergistic effects of the association of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on myenteric in the jejunum of diabetic rats. The rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: untreated normoglycemic (UC), untreated diabetic (UD), ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol-treated normoglycemic (CAE) and ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol-treated diabetic (DAE). The rats from the CAE and DAE group received supplementation with ascorbic acid (1g/L in water) and α-tocopherol (1% in chow). At 210-days-old, the animals were sacrified and their jejunum was collected and submitted to immunohistochemistry. Quantitative and/or morphometric analysis were performed. Supplementation with ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol prevented the cell loss of myenteric neurons expressing HuC/D and TrkA in an equivalent proportion. We also observed a reduction of the CGRP nerve fiber varicosities and the prevention of the increased cell body size of submucosal VIP neurons (p<0.05). The association of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol reduced the deleterious effects of diabetes promoting protection on the enteric neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Massao Tashima
- Department of Health and Education, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 86360-000 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Catchia Hermes-Uliana
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79400-000 Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Araújo EJDA, Zaniolo LM, Vicentino SL, Góis MB, Zanoni JN, Silva AVD, Sant’Ana DDMG. Toxoplasma gondii causes death and plastic alteration in the jejunal myenteric plexus. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4829-4839. [PMID: 25944996 PMCID: PMC4408455 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i16.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effects of ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) strain infection on the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the jejunum in rats.
METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into two groups: the control group (CG) (n = 15) received 1 mL of saline solution orally, and the infected group (IG) (n = 15) inoculated with 1 mL of saline solution containing 500 oocysts of M-49 T. gondii strain orally. After 36 d of infection, the rats were euthanized. Infection with T. gondii was confirmed by blood samples collected from all rats at the beginning and end of the experiment. The jejunum of five animals was removed and submitted to routine histological processing (paraffin) for analysis of external muscle thickness. The remaining jejunum from the others animals was used to analyze the general population and the NADH-diaphorase, VIPergic and nitrergic subpopulations of myenteric neurons; and the enteric glial cells (S100-IR).
RESULTS: Serological analysis showed that animals from the IG were infected with the parasite. Hypertrophy affecting jejunal muscle thickness was observed in the IG rats (77.02 ± 42.71) in relation to the CG (51.40 ± 12.34), P < 0.05. In addition, 31.2% of the total number of myenteric neurons died (CG: 39839.3 ± 5362.3; IG: 26766.6 ± 2177.6; P < 0.05); hyperplasia of nitrergic myenteric neurons was observed (CG: 7959.0 ± 1290.4; IG: 10893.0 ± 1156.3; P < 0.05); general hypertrophy of the cell body in the remaining myenteric neurons was noted [CG: 232.5 (187.2-286.0); IG: 248.2 (204.4-293.0); P < 0.05]; hypertrophy of the smallest varicosities containing VIP neurotransmitter was seen (CG: 0.46 ± 0.10; IG: 0.80 ± 0.16; P < 0.05) and a reduction of 25.3% in enteric glia cells (CG: 12.64 ± 1.27; IG: 10.09 ± 2.10; P < 0.05) was observed in the infected rats.
CONCLUSION: It was concluded that infection with oocysts of ME-49 T. gondii strain caused quantitative and plastic alterations in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum in rats.
Collapse
|
20
|
Is L-glutathione more effective than L-glutamine in preventing enteric diabetic neuropathy? Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:937-48. [PMID: 24370785 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and its complications appear to be multifactorial. Substances with antioxidant potential have been used to protect enteric neurons in experimental diabetes. AIM This study evaluated the effects of supplementation with L-glutamine and L-glutathione on enteric neurons in the jejunum in diabetic rats. METHODS Rats at 90 days of age were distributed into six groups: normoglycemic, normoglycemic supplemented with 2 % L-glutamine, normoglycemic supplemented with 1 % L-glutathione, diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with 2 % L-glutamine (DG), and diabetic supplemented with 1 % L-glutathione (DGT). After 120 days, the jejunums were immunohistochemically stained for HuC/D+ neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Western blot was performed to evaluate nNOS and VIP. Submucosal and myenteric neurons were quantitatively and morphometrically analyzed. RESULTS Diabetic neuropathy was observed in myenteric HuC/D, nNOS, and VIP neurons (p < 0.05). In the submucosal plexus, diabetes did not change nitrergic innervation but increased VIPergic neuronal density and body size (p < 0.05). Supplementation with L-glutathione prevented changes in HuC/D neurons in the enteric plexus (p < 0.05), showing that supplementation with L-glutathione was more effective than with L-glutamine. Myenteric nNOS neurons in the DGT group exhibited a reduced density (34.5 %) and reduced area (p < 0.05). Submucosal neurons did not exhibit changes. The increase in VIP-expressing neurons was prevented in the submucosal plexus in the DG and DGT groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Supplementation with L-glutathione exerted a better neuroprotective effect than L-glutamine and may prevent the development of enteric diabetic neuropathy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Autonomic neuropathy complicates diabetes by increasing patient morbidity and mortality. Surprisingly, considering its importance, development and exploitation of animal models has lagged behind the wealth of information collected for somatic symmetrical sensory neuropathy. Nonetheless, animal studies have resulted in a variety of insights into the pathogenesis, neuropathology, and pathophysiology of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) with significant and, in some cases, remarkable correspondence between rodent models and human disease. Particularly in the study of alimentary dysfunction, findings in intrinsic intramural ganglia, interstitial cells of Cajal and the extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia serving the bowel vie for recognition as the chief mechanism. A body of work focused on neuropathologic findings in experimental animals and human subjects has demonstrated that axonal and dendritic pathology in sympathetic ganglia with relative neuron preservation represents one of the neuropathologic hallmarks of DAN but it is unlikely to represent the entire story. There is a surprising selectivity of the diabetic process for subpopulations of neurons and nerve terminals within intramural, parasympathetic, and sympathetic ganglia and innervation of end organs, afflicting some while sparing others, and differing between vascular and other targets within individual end organs. Rather than resulting from a simple deficit in one limb of an effector pathway, autonomic dysfunction may proceed from the inability to integrate portions of several complex pathways. The selectivity of the diabetic process appears to confound a simple global explanation (e.g., ischemia) of DAN. Although the search for a single unifying pathogenetic hypothesis continues, it is possible that autonomic neuropathy will have multiple pathogenetic mechanisms whose interplay may require therapies consisting of a cocktail of drugs. The role of multiple neurotrophic substances, antioxidants (general or pathway specific), inhibitors of formation of advanced glycosylation end products and drugs affecting the polyol pathway may be complex and therapeutic elements may have both salutary and untoward effects. This review has attempted to present the background and current findings and hypotheses, focusing on autonomic elements including and beyond the typical parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to include visceral sensory and enteric nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ferreira PEB, Lopes CRP, Alves AMP, Alves &EPB, Linden DR, Zanoni JN, Buttow NC. Diabetic neuropathy: an evaluation of the use of quercetin in the cecum of rats. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6416-26. [PMID: 24151360 PMCID: PMC3801312 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of quercetin supplementation on the myenteric neurons and glia in the cecum of diabetic rats. METHODS Total preparations of the muscular tunic were prepared from the ceca of twenty-four rats divided into the following groups: control (C), control supplemented with quercetin (200 mg/kg quercetin body weight) (CQ), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with quercetin (DQ). Immunohistochemical double staining technique was performed with HuC/D (general population)/nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), HuC-D/S-100 and VIP. Density analysis of the general neuronal population HuC/D-IR, the nNOS-IR (nitrergic subpopulation) and the enteric glial cells (S-100) was performed, and the morphometry and the reduction in varicosity population (VIP-IR) in these populations were analyzed. RESULTS Diabetes promoted a significant reduction (25%) in the neuronal density of the HuC/D-IR (general population) and the nNOS-IR (nitrergic subpopulation) compared with the C group. Diabetes also significantly increased the areas of neurons, glial cells and VIP-IR varicosities. Supplementation with quercetin in the DQ group prevented neuronal loss in the general population and increased its area (P < 0.001) and the area of nitrergic subpopulation (P < 0.001), when compared to C group. Quercetin induced a VIP-IR and glial cells areas (P < 0.001) in DQ group when compared to C, CQ and D groups. CONCLUSION In diabetes, quercetin exhibited a neuroprotective effect by maintaining the density of the general neuronal population but did not affect the density of the nNOS subpopulation.
Collapse
|
23
|
de Freitas P, Zanoni JN, Alves AMP, de Miranda Neto MH. Neuroprotection and neurodegeneration in submucosal VIP-IR neurons in the jejunum of ascorbic acid supplemented aging Wistar rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 15:283-8. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
24
|
Sant'Ana DMG, Góis MB, Zanoni JN, da Silva AV, da Silva CJT, Araújo EJA. Intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells and VIP-IR submucosal neurons of jejunum rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:279-86. [PMID: 22804764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) crosses the intestinal barrier in oral infections and can lead to changes in different cell types, including the neurons located there. In the gastrointestinal system, the autonomous nervous system component that regulate blood flow and mucous secretion is the submucosal plexus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of T. gondii infection on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), goblet cells and submucosal neurons that are immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR) of rat jejunum. Twenty male rats distributed as a control group (CG) and an infected group (IG), which received a suspension with 500 parasite oocysts (strain ME-49, genotype II) orally, were assessed. Routine histological sections were used to quantify IELs and to detect mucins secreted by goblet cells. Whole mounts including the submucosal layer were examined using immunofluorescence to detect the VIP neurotransmitter. Quantitative alterations in IELs were not observed. However, the reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of goblet cells that produce neutral mucins (PAS+) and sulphomucins (AB pH 1.0) and the maintenance of sialomucin-secreting cells (AB pH 2.5) resulting in a more fluid mucous were observed. Concerning the VIP-IR submucosal neurons, an increase in fluorescence on IG animals was observed. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of VIP-IR submucosal neurons and atrophy of their cell bodies in IG rats. Infection with T. gondii caused alterations in the chemical composition of the intestinal mucous and reduction in the neuron number and atrophy of the remaining neurons in this cell subpopulation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pereira RVF, Tronchini EA, Tashima CM, Alves EPB, Lima MM, Zanoni JN. L-glutamine supplementation prevents myenteric neuron loss and has gliatrophic effects in the ileum of diabetic rats. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3507-16. [PMID: 21710226 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy caused chronically by diabetes mellitus is related to exacerbation of oxidative stress and a significant reduction in important endogenous antioxidants. L: -Glutamine is an amino acid involved in defense mechanisms and is a substrate for the formation of glutathione, the major endogenous cellular antioxidant. AIM This study investigated the effects of 2% L: -glutamine supplementation on peripheral diabetic neuropathy and enteric glia in the ileum in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normoglycemics (N), normoglycemics supplemented with L: -glutamine (NG), diabetics (D), and diabetics supplemented with L: -glutamine (DG). After 120 days, the ileums were processed for HuC/D and S100 immunohistochemistry. Quantitative and morphometric analysis was performed. RESULTS Diabetes significantly reduced the number of HuC/D-immunoreactive myenteric neurons per unit area and per ganglion in group D compared with normoglycemic animals (group N). L: -Glutamine (2%) prevented neuronal death induced by diabetes (group DG) compared with group D. The glial density per unit area did not change with diabetes (group D) but was significantly reduced after L: -glutamine supplementation (groups NG and DG). Ganglionic glial density was similar among the four groups. The neuronal area was not altered in groups D and DG. Glial size was reduced in group D; this was reversed by L: -glutamine supplementation (group DG). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that 2% L: -glutamine had neuroprotective effects directly on myenteric neurons and indirectly through glial cells, which had gliatrophic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Virginia Fernandes Pereira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790 Bloco H-79, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun GY, Guan CX, Zhou Y, Liu YP, Li SF, Zhou HF, Tang CY, Fang X. Vasoactive intestinal peptide re-balances TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio in acute lung injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|