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Sinkorova J, Stepanova K, Butler JE, Sinkora M. T cells in swine completely rearrange immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103396. [PMID: 31125574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine thymus contains three independent populations of cells that have rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJH genes. The first population can be found exclusively in medulla and it consists of existing mature B cells and plasma cells. The second consists of developing B cells characterized by the presence of selected VDJH rearrangement, similar to B cell lymphogenesis in the bone marrow. The third population is entirely unaffected by selection mechanism for productive VDJH rearrangement and represents T lineage cells that rearrange immunoglobulin genes. Transcription of unselected VDJH repertoire is not allowed in T cells. Sequence analysis of unselected VDJH repertoire from T cells also revealed important consequences for B cell lymphogenesis and selection of B cell repertoire. As far as we know, this is the first evidence that some species completely rearrange VDJH genes in T cells. Our results also support the finding that B cells actively develop in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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2
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Xiao S, Zhang W, Manley NR. Thymic B cell development is controlled by the B potential of progenitors via both hematopoietic-intrinsic and thymic microenvironment-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193189. [PMID: 29462202 PMCID: PMC5819817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from birth through adult possess differing differentiation potential for T or B cell fate in the thymus; neonatal bone marrow (BM) cells also have a higher potential for B cell production in BM compared to adult HSCs. We hypothesized that this hematopoietic-intrinsic B potential might also regulate B cell development in the thymus during ontogeny. METHODS Foxn1lacZ mutant mice are a model in which down regulation of a thymic epithelial cell (TEC) specific transcription factor beginning one week postnatal causes a dramatic reduction of thymocytes production. In this study, we found that while T cells were decreased, the frequency of thymic B cells was greatly increased in these mutants in the perinatal period. We used this model to characterize the mechanisms in the thymus controlling B cell development. RESULTS Foxn1lacZ mutants, T cell committed intrathymic progenitors (DN1a,b) were progressively reduced beginning one week after birth, while thymic B cells peaked at 3-4 weeks with pre-B-II progenitor phenotype, and originated in the thymus. Heterochronic chimeras showed that the capacity for thymic B cell production was due to a combination of higher B potential of neonatal HSCs, combined with a thymic microenvironment deficiency including reduction of DL4 and increase of IL-7 that promoted B cell fate. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the capacity and time course for thymic B-cell production are primarily controlled by the hematopoietic-intrinsic potential for B cells themselves during ontogeny, but that signals from TECs microenvironment also influence the frequency and differentiation potential of B cell development in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy R. Manley
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Gies V, Guffroy A, Korganow AS. [Thymic B cells: not simple bystanders of T cell lymphopoiesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:771-778. [PMID: 28945568 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173308023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the central site for the differentiation and selection of T cells. It has been known for decades that B lymphocytes reside in the thymus, but little attention has been paid to this unique population. Thymic B cells are mainly located in the medulla and at the cortico-medullary junction. They develop intrathymically, do not recirculate and harbor a distinct phenotype in comparison to peripheral B cells. Furthermore, because of their activated phenotype and their precise histological localization, they have been suspected to play a role in the selection of self-reactive T cells. But it is only during this last decade that murine and human studies have highlighted their functions, such as antigen-presenting cells shaping the T cell repertoire. These works have demonstrated the major role of thymic B cells in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gies
- CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC), 67000 Strasbourg, France. Service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, Centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes rares, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Guffroy
- CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC), 67000 Strasbourg, France. Service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, Centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes rares, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC), 67000 Strasbourg, France. Service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, Centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes rares, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
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Sinkora M, Butler JE. Progress in the use of swine in developmental immunology of B and T lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:1-17. [PMID: 26708608 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of higher vertebrates is believed to have evolved to counter the ability of pathogens to avoid expulsion because their high rate of germline mutations. Vertebrates developed this adaptive immune response through the evolution of lymphocytes capable of somatic generation of a diverse repertoire of their antigenic receptors without the need to increase the frequency of germline mutation. The focus of our research and this article is on the ontogenetic development of the lymphocytes, and the repertoires they generate in swine. Several features are discussed including (a) the "closed" porcine placenta means that de novo fetal development can be studied for 114 days without passive influence from the mother, (b) newborn piglets are precocial permitting them to be reared without their mothers in germ-free isolators, (c) swine are members of the γδ-high group of mammals and thus provides a greater opportunity to characterize the role of γδ T cells and (d) because swine have a simplified variable heavy and light chain genome they offer a convenient system to study antibody repertoire development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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5
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Lu FT, Yang W, Wang YH, Ma HD, Tang W, Yang JB, Li L, Ansari AA, Lian ZX. Thymic B cells promote thymus-derived regulatory T cell development and proliferation. J Autoimmun 2015; 61:62-72. [PMID: 26071985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymic CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for the development of immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis and requires contributions of both thymic dendritic and epithelial cells. Although B cells have been reported to be present within the thymus, there has not hitherto been a definition of their role in immune cell development and, in particular, whether or how they contribute to the Treg cellular thymic compartment. Herein, using both phenotypic and functional approaches, we demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the maintenance of thymic Treg cells and, using an in vitro culture system, demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the size of the thymic Treg compartment via cell-cell MHC II contact and the involvement of two independent co-stimulatory pathways that include interactions between the CD40/CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. Our data also suggest that thymic B cells promote the generation of thymic Treg cell precursors (pre-Treg cells), but not the conversion of FoxP3(+) Treg cells from pre-Treg cells. In addition, thymic B cells directly promote the proliferation of thymic Treg cells that is MHC II contact dependent with a minimal if any role for co-stimulatory molecules including CD40/CD80/CD86. Both pathways are independent of TGFβ. In conclusion, we rigorously define the critical role of thymic B cells in the development of thymic Treg cells from non-Treg to precursor stage and in the proliferation of mature thymic Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ting Lu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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6
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Vazquez MI, Catalan-Dibene J, Zlotnik A. B cells responses and cytokine production are regulated by their immune microenvironment. Cytokine 2015; 74:318-26. [PMID: 25742773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system consists of two types of lymphocytes: T and B cells. These two lymphocytes originate from a common precursor, yet are fundamentally different with B cells mediating humoral immunity while T cells mediate cell mediated immunity. In cytokine production, naïve T cells produce multiple cytokines upon activation while naïve activated B cells do not. B cells are capable of producing cytokines, but their cytokine production depends on their differentiation state and activation conditions. Hence, unlike T cells that can produce a large amount of cytokines upon activation, B cells require specific differentiation and activation conditions to produce cytokines. Many cytokines act on B cells as well. Here, we discuss several cytokines and their effects on B cells including: Interleukins, IL-7, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and Interferons, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ. These cytokines play important roles in the development, survival, differentiation and/or proliferation of B cells. Certain chemokines also play important roles in B cell function, namely antibody production. As an example, we discuss CCL28, a chemokine that directs the migration of plasma cells to mucosal sites. We conclude with a brief overview of B cells as cytokine producers and their likely functional consequences on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica I Vazquez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jovani Catalan-Dibene
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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7
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Moleriu RD, Zaharie D, Moatar-Moleriu LC, Gruia AT, Mic AA, Mic FA. Insights into the mechanisms of thymus involution and regeneration by modeling the glucocorticoid-induced perturbation of thymocyte populations dynamics. J Theor Biol 2014; 348:80-99. [PMID: 24486233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
T-cells develop in the thymus and based on CD4 and CD8 expressions there are four main thymocyte populations in a normal mouse thymus. Currently, there are several mathematical models that describe the dynamics of thymocyte populations in a normal thymus, but only a few of them model the transient perturbation of their homeostasis. Our aim is to model the perturbation in the dynamics of each thymocyte population which is induced by the administration of a glucocorticoid, i.e. dexamethasone. The proposed approach relies on extending a four compartment thymus model based on differential equations by adding perturbation terms either globally (at the level of each equation) or locally (at the level of proliferation, death, and transfer rates). By fitting the perturbed model with experimental data on mice thymi collected before and after the administration of dexamethasone, it was possible to estimate the relevant parameters using a population-based stochastic search method. The fitted model is further used to conduct a quantitative analysis on the differentiated impact of dexamethasone on each T-cell population and on proliferation, death, and transfer processes. The obtained quantitative information on the perturbation could be used to explore and modify the flow of thymocytes between thymus compartments in order to elucidate the mechanisms of thymus involution and its subsequent regeneration. Since glucocorticoids are raised in many pathological situations, such a model could be useful in evaluating the impact of diseases on thymocyte dynamics in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Dumitru Moleriu
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, 4 Vasile Parvan Blvd., Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela Zaharie
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, 4 Vasile Parvan Blvd., Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Cristina Moatar-Moleriu
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, 4 Vasile Parvan Blvd., Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq. Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Teodora Gruia
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Regional Centre for Immunology and Transplant, 10 Iosif Bulbuca Blvd. Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ani Aurora Mic
- Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq. Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felix Aurel Mic
- Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq. Timisoara, Romania.
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8
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Coelho V, Saitovitch D, Kalil J, Silva HM. Rethinking the multiple roles of B cells in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:13-21. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835c8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Umland O, Mwangi WN, Anderson BM, Walker JC, Petrie HT. The Blood Contains Multiple Distinct Progenitor Populations with Clonogenic B and T Lineage Potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4147-52. [PMID: 17371970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is seeded by bone marrow-derived progenitors that circulate in the blood. Multiple cell types can be found in the thymus early after i.v. administration or in steady state, but most fail to satisfy the known characteristics of true T progenitors. Cells that do conform to classical definitions retain multilineage potential, but surprisingly, cannot make B cells. Because acquisition of the T lineage fate among noncommitted progenitors is a lengthy process, the absence of B cell potential in early thymocytes suggests that B and T lineages diverge prethymically. To test this suggestion, we screened numerous presumptive progenitor populations for T cell growth and differentiation potential, as well as for clonogenic T or B cell development. We find that blood and marrow each contain multiple distinct subsets that display growth and differentiation potential consistent with being canonical T progenitors. Assessment of clonogenic potential further shows that although all blood and marrow populations have high T cell cloning potential, no T/non-B cells are apparent. These data suggest that either true thymic reconstitution potential derives from a small T/non-B cell subset of one of these populations, or that most of the cells defined as canonical progenitors within the thymus do not, in fact, reside in the mainstream of T progenitor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Umland
- The Scripps-Florida Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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10
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Abstract
T cells developing in the adult thymus ultimately derive from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Here, we summarize research into the identity of the haematopoietic progenitors that leave the bone marrow, migrate through the blood and settle in the thymus to generate T cells. Accumulating data indicate that various different bone-marrow progenitors are T-cell-lineage competent and might contribute to intrathymic T-cell development. Such developmental flexibility implies a mechanism of T-cell-lineage commitment that can operate on a range of T-cell-lineage-competent progenitors, and further indicates that only those T-cell-lineage-competent progenitors able to migrate to, and settle in, the thymus should be considered physiological T-cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3400 Spruce Street, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA.
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11
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Masuda K, Kubagawa H, Ikawa T, Chen CC, Kakugawa K, Hattori M, Kageyama R, Cooper MD, Minato N, Katsura Y, Kawamoto H. Prethymic T-cell development defined by the expression of paired immunoglobulin-like receptors. EMBO J 2005; 24:4052-60. [PMID: 16292344 PMCID: PMC1356317 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are produced in the thymus from progenitors of extrathymic origin. As no specific markers are available, the developmental pathway of progenitors preceding thymic colonization remains unclear. Here we show that progenitors in murine fetal liver and blood, which are capable of giving rise to T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells, but not B cells, can be isolated by their surface expression of paired immunoglobulin-like receptors (PIR). PIR expression is maintained until the earliest intrathymic stage, then downregulated before the onset of CD25 expression. Unlike intrathymic progenitors, generation of prethymic PIR(+) progenitors does not require Hes1-mediated Notch signaling. These findings disclose a prethymic stage of T-cell development programmed for immigration of the thymus, which is genetically separable from intrathymic stages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Liver/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription Factor HES-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Masuda
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ching-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kiyokazu Kakugawa
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Laboratory of Growth Regulation, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimoto Katsura
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Lu M, Tayu R, Ikawa T, Masuda K, Matsumoto I, Mugishima H, Kawamoto H, Katsura Y. The earliest thymic progenitors in adults are restricted to T, NK, and dendritic cell lineage and have a potential to form more diverse TCRbeta chains than fetal progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5848-56. [PMID: 16237077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell progenitors in the adult thymus (AT) are not well characterized. In the present study, we show that the earliest progenitors in the murine AT are, like those in fetal thymus (FT), unable to generate B or myeloid cells, but still retain the ability to generate NK cells and dendritic cells. However, AT progenitors are distinct from those in FT or fetal liver, in that they are able to produce approximately 100 times larger numbers of T cells than progenitors in fetuses. Such a capability to generate a large number of T cells was mainly attributed to their potential to extensively proliferate before the TCRbeta chain gene rearrangement. We propose that the AT is colonized by T/NK/dendritic cell tripotential progenitors with much higher potential to form diversity in TCRbeta chains than FT progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Development, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Sambandam A, Maillard I, Zediak VP, Xu L, Gerstein RM, Aster JC, Pear WS, Bhandoola A. Notch signaling controls the generation and differentiation of early T lineage progenitors. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:663-70. [PMID: 15951813 DOI: 10.1038/ni1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the transmembrane receptor Notch is critical for T lineage development, but progenitor subsets that first receive Notch signals have not been defined. Here we identify an immature subset of early T lineage progenitors (ETPs) in the thymus that expressed the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt3 and had preserved B lineage potential at low progenitor frequency. Notch signaling was active in ETPs and was required for generation of the ETP population. Additionally, Notch signals contributed to the subsequent differentiation of ETPs. In contrast, multipotent hematopoietic progenitors circulated in the blood even in the absence of Notch signaling, suggesting that critical Notch signals during early T lineage development are delivered early after thymic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivazhagan Sambandam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Schröder C, Azimzadeh AM, Wu G, Price JO, Atkinson JB, Pierson RN. Anti-CD20 treatment depletes B-cells in blood and lymphatic tissue of cynomolgus monkeys. Transpl Immunol 2003; 12:19-28. [PMID: 14551029 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(03)00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macaque species offer a valuable model for translational allo-transplantation and tolerance studies. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy in Macaca fascicularis is associated with elaboration of anti-donor antibodies. Since T-independent pathways of B cell activation have been described, and anti-B cell strategies have proven to be a fruitful tolerogenic adjunct in rodent and xenogenic models, here we investigate whether an anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) would be useful to deplete B-cells in a pre-clinical allo-transplantation setting in macaques. METHODS Three cynomolgus macaques which had previously rejected a cardiac allograft and one with concurrent subacute vascular rejection were treated weekly with rituximab 20 mg/kg i.v. for 4 and 2 weeks, respectively. B-cell levels (CD19+ cells) were measured by flow cytometry in peripheral blood, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow cells at various intervals after initiation of treatment. B-cells and plasma cells were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry at necropsy in spleen, lymph node, tonsil and thymus tissue sections. Anti-donor antibody titers were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS B-cells expressing CD19 were not detectable in the peripheral blood in any animal within 24 h after initial treatment, or over the ensuing month. At necropsy, the germinal centers in spleen and lymph node were completely depleted of CD20+ B-cells in 2 animals, leaving a hypocellular trabecular pattern around preserved plasma cell follicles. Substantial but incomplete depletion of B-cells was demonstrated in the other 2 animals, in each instance immunohistochemical findings in spleen and lymph node exhibiting higher sensitivity for residual B-cells compared to FACS. Anti-donor antibody titers exhibited kinetics similar to untreated animals over this short follow-up. COMMENT Treatment with anti-CD20 very efficiently depletes peripheral and tissue B-cells but not plasma cells in this macaque species. Biopsy of lymph node is necessary and may be sufficient to assess B-cell clearance in secondary lymphoid organs in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Notch signaling regulates many cell fate decisions during development of multi-cellular organisms. Signals initiated by Notch influence a wide variety of processes that include lineage specification, cell survival and proliferation, and border formation. During development of the immune system, Notch has been shown to influence the fate of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and committed progenitors. Notch appears to play an especially important role in the development of cells that mediate acquired immunity where Notch influences multiple aspects of T and B cell development. In this review, we will focus on the potential functions of Notch signaling during lymphoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 611 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3111, USA.
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