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Sizova O, John LS, Ma Q, Molldrem JJ. Multi-faceted role of LRP1 in the immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166189. [PMID: 37020553 PMCID: PMC10069629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents the major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). GVHD-prone patients rely on GVHD prophylaxis (e.g. methotrexate) and generalized anti-GVHD medical regimen (glucocorticoids). New anti-GVHD therapy strategies are being constantly explored, however there is an urgent need to improve current treatment, since GVHD-related mortality reaches 22% within 5 years in patients with chronic GVHD. This review is an attempt to describe a very well-known receptor in lipoprotein studies - the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) - in a new light, as a potential therapeutic target for GVHD prevention and treatment. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that LRP1 deletion in donor murine T cells results in significantly lower GVHD-related mortality in recipient mice with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) -mismatched HSCT. Given the importance of T cells in the development of GVHD, there is a significant gap in scientific literature regarding LRP1's role in T cell biology. Furthermore, there is limited research interest and publications on this classical receptor molecule in other immune cell types. Herein, we endeavor to summarize existing knowledge about LRP1's role in various immune cells to demonstrate the possibility of this receptor to serve as a novel target for anti-GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sizova
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa St. John
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- ECLIPSE, Therapeutic Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey J. Molldrem,
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Santarelli R, Granato M, Pentassuglia G, Lacconi V, Gilardini Montani MS, Gonnella R, Tafani M, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. KSHV reduces autophagy in THP-1 cells and in differentiating monocytes by decreasing CAST/calpastatin and ATG5 expression. Autophagy 2016; 12:2311-2325. [PMID: 27715410 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) impairs monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs). Macroautophagy/autophagy has been reported to be essential in such a differentiating process. Here we extended these studies and found that the impairment of DC formation by KSHV occurs through autophagy inhibition. KSHV indeed reduces CAST (calpastatin) and consequently decreases ATG5 expression in both THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary monocytes. We unveiled a new mechanism put in place by KSHV to escape from immune control. The discovery of viral immune suppressive strategies that contribute to the onset and progression of viral-associated malignancies is of fundamental importance for finding new therapeutic approaches against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santarelli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Granato
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - G Pentassuglia
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - V Lacconi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - R Gonnella
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Tafani
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,c Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea , Rome , Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Cirone
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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3
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Calcaterra F, Mavilio D, Della Bella S. Bright expression of CD91 identifies highly activated human dendritic cells that can be expanded by defensins. Immunology 2015; 144:661-7. [PMID: 25351513 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CD91 is a scavenger receptor expressed by different immune cells and its ligands defensins have been demonstrated to contribute to immune responses against infections and tumours. We previously demonstrated that CD91 is expressed on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and that human defensins stimulate in vitro the activation of these cells. In this study, we observed that CD91 is expressed at different levels on two distinct moDC subsets: CD91(dim) and CD91(bright) moDCs. Although CD91(bright) moDCs represented a small proportion of total moDCs, this subset showed higher levels of activation and maturation markers compared with CD91(dim) moDCs. The frequency of CD91(bright) moDCs increased by ~ 50% after in vitro stimulation with recombinant human neutrophil peptide-1 (rHNP-1) and recombinant human β defensin-1 (rHBD-1), while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation decreased it by ~ 35%. Both defensins up-regulated moDC expression of CD80, CD40, CD83 and HLA-DR, although to a lower extent compared with LPS. Notably, upon culture with rHNP-1 and rHBD-1, CD91(bright) moDCs maintained their higher activation/maturation status, whereas this was lost upon culture with LPS. Our findings suggest that defensins promote the differentiation into activated CD91(bright) DCs and may encourage the exploitation of the CD91/defensins axis as a novel therapeutic strategy to potentiate antimicrobial and anti-tumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
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4
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Cirone M, Di Renzo L, Lotti LV, Conte V, Trivedi P, Santarelli R, Gonnella R, Frati L, Faggioni A. Activation of dendritic cells by tumor cell death. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1218-1219. [PMID: 23170286 PMCID: PMC3494652 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies indicate that cell death can be either immunogenic or not, depending on its modalities, the type and the activation state of the cells, and finally, the environment where it happens. Increased understanding of the immunogenicity of cancer cell death will significantly improve the outcome of chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University; Rome, Italy
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5
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Abstract
It is becoming apparent that infections by a major class of viruses, those with envelopes, can be inhibited during their entry at the step of fusion with cellular membranes. In this review, we discuss multiple innate immune mechanisms that have evolved to modify the lipid composition of cellular and viral membranes to inhibit virion fusion of enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Zhang X, Mu L, Zhang M, Gao Z, Zhang J, Yao X, Liu C, Wang G, Wang D, Kong Q, Liu Y, Li N, Sun B, Li H. t-PA acts as a cytokine to regulate lymphocyte-endothelium adhesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:90-100. [PMID: 24650778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the capacity for t-PA to affect T cell-brain microvascular endothelial cell adhesion by acting as a cytokine was investigated. Following the treatment of a brain-derived endothelial cell line, bEnd.3, with various concentrations of t-PA, adhesion and transwell migration assays were performed. In the presence of t-PA, enhanced adhesion of T cells to bEnd.3 cells was observed. Using western blot analysis, an increase in ICAM-1 expression was detected for both t-PA-treated bEnd.3 cells and bEnd.3 cells treated with a non-enzymatic form of t-PA. In contrast, when LRP1 was blocked using a specific antibody, upregulation of ICAM-1 was inhibited and cAMP-PKA signaling was affected. Furthermore, using an EAE mouse model, administration of t-PA was associated with an increase in ICAM-1 expression by brain endothelial cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that t-PA can induce ICAM-1 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells, and this may promote the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Mingqing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Zhongming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Chuanliang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China; Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
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7
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Ferrer DG, Jaldín-Fincati JR, Amigone JL, Capra RH, Collino CJ, Albertini RA, Chiabrando GA. Standardized flow cytometry assay for identification of human monocytic heterogeneity and LRP1 expression in monocyte subpopulations: decreased expression of this receptor in nonclassical monocytes. Cytometry A 2014; 85:601-10. [PMID: 24639232 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present a flow cytometry assay by which human blood monocyte subpopulations-classical (CD14(++) CD16(-)), intermediate (CD14(++) CD16(+)), and nonclassical (CD14(+) CD16(++)) monocytes-can be determined. Monocytic cells were selected from CD45(+) leukocyte subsets by differential staining of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which allows reducing the spill-over of natural killer cells and granulocytes into the CD16(+) monocyte gate. Percentages of monocyte subpopulations established by this procedure were significantly comparable with those obtained by a well-standardized flow cytometry assay based on the HLA-DR monocyte-gating strategy. We also demonstrated that LRP1 is differentially expressed at cell surface of monocyte subpopulations, being significantly lower in nonclassical monocytes than in classical and intermediate monocytes. Cell surface expression of LRP1 accounts for only 20% of the total cellular content in each monocyte subpopulation. Finally, we established the within-individual biological variation (bCV%) of circulating monocyte subpopulations in healthy donors, obtaining values of 21%, 20%, and 17% for nonclassical, intermediate, and classical monocytes, respectively. Similar values of bCV% for LRP1 measured in each monocyte subpopulation were also obtained, suggesting that its variability is mainly influenced by the intrinsic biological variation of circulating monocytes. Thus, we conclude that LRP1 can be used as a third pan-monocytic marker together with CD14 and CD16 to properly identify monocyte subpopulations. The combined determination of monocyte subpopulations and LRP1 monocytic expression may be relevant for clinical studies of inflammatory processes, with special interest in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío G Ferrer
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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Hudig D, Hunter KW, Diamond WJ, Redelman D. Properties of human blood monocytes. I. CD91 expression and log orthogonal light scatter provide a robust method to identify monocytes that is more accurate than CD14 expression. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 86:111-20. [PMID: 24591168 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to improve identification of human blood monocytes by using antibodies to molecules that occur consistently on all stages of monocyte development and differentiation. METHODS We examined blood samples from 200 healthy adults without clinically diagnosed immunological abnormalities by flow cytometry (FCM) with multiple combinations of antibodies and with a hematology analyzer (Beckman LH750). RESULTS CD91 (α2 -macroglobulin receptor) was expressed only by monocytes and to a consistent level among subjects [mean median fluorescence intensity (MFI) = 16.2 ± 3.2]. Notably, only 85.7 ± 5.82% of the CD91(+) monocytes expressed high levels of the classical monocyte marker CD14, with some CD91(+) CD16(+) cells having negligible CD14, indicating that substantial FCM under-counts will occur when monocytes are identified by high CD14. CD33 (receptor for sialyl conjugates) was co-expressed with CD91 on monocytes but CD33 expression varied by nearly ten-fold among subjects (mean MFI = 17.4 ± 7.7). In comparison to FCM analyses, the hematology analyzer systematically over-counted monocytes and eosinophils while lymphocyte and neutrophil differential values generally agreed with FCM methods. CONCLUSIONS CD91 is a better marker to identify monocytes than CD14 or CD33. Furthermore, FCM (with anti-CD91) identifies monocytes better than a currently used clinical CBC instrument. Use of anti-CD91 together with anti-CD14 and anti-CD16 supports the identification of the diagnostically significant monocyte populations with variable expression of CD14 and CD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Hudig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, 89557
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9
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Imami N, Westrop SJ, Grageda N, Herasimtschuk AA. Long-Term Non-Progression and Broad HIV-1-Specific Proliferative T-Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2013; 4:58. [PMID: 23459797 PMCID: PMC3585435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex mechanisms underlying the maintenance of fully functional, proliferative, HIV-1-specific T-cell responses involve processes from early T-cell development through to the final stages of T-cell differentiation and antigen recognition. Virus-specific proliferative CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, important for the control of infection, are observed in some HIV-1(+) patients during early stages of disease, and are maintained in long-term non-progressing subjects. In the vast majority of HIV-1(+) patients, full immune functionality is lost when proliferative HIV-1-specific T-cell responses undergo a variable progressive decline throughout the course of chronic infection. This appears irreparable despite administration of potent combination antiretroviral therapy, which to date is non-curative, necessitating life-long administration and the development of effective, novel, therapeutic interventions. While a sterilizing cure, involving clearance of virus from the host, remains a primary aim, a "functional cure" may be a more feasible goal with considerable impact on worldwide HIV-1 infection. Such an approach would enable long-term co-existence of host and virus in the absence of toxic and costly drugs. Effective immune homeostasis coupled with a balanced response appropriately targeting conserved viral antigens, in a manner that avoids hyperactivation and exhaustion, may prove to be the strongest correlate of durable viral control. This review describes novel concepts underlying full immune functionality in the context of HIV-1 infection, which may be utilized in future strategies designed to improve upon existing therapy. The aim will be to induce long-term non-progressor or elite controller status in every infected host, through immune-mediated control of viremia and reduction of viral reservoirs, leading to lower HIV-1 transmission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrina Imami
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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10
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Franchini M, Urbani S, Amadei B, Rivolta GF, Di Perna C, Riccardi F, Frattini F, Crestani S, Bonfanti C, Formentini A, Quintavalla R, Tagliaferri A. LRP1/CD91 is up-regulated in monocytes from patients with haemophilia A: a single-centre analysis. Haemophilia 2013; 19:e126-32. [PMID: 23387825 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an ubiquitously expressed endocytic receptor that, among its several functions, is involved in the catabolism of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and in the regulation of its plasma concentrations. Although LRP1/CD91 polymorphisms have been associated with increased FVIII levels and a consequent thrombotic risk, no data are available on LRP1/CD91 expression in patients with inherited FVIII deficiency. With the aim of elucidating this issue, 45 consecutive patients with haemophilia A (HA) (18 severe, 5 moderate and 22 mild HA) were enrolled in this cross-sectional, single-centre survey. The LRP1/CD91 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in monocytes from HA patients was significantly higher than that detected in 90 healthy blood donors (105 vs. 67, P < 0.001). This over-expression was independent of hepatitis C virus infection status and varied according to the severity of the haemophilia, being higher in patients with more severe FVIII deficiency. In conclusion, our study documents for the first time that LRP1/CD91 is over-expressed on monocytes from HA patients, with the intensity of expression varying according to the severity of the FVIII deficiency. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franchini
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy.
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11
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Increased expression of LDL receptor-related protein 1 during human cytomegalovirus infection reduces virion cholesterol and infectivity. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:86-96. [PMID: 22817990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In response to virus infection, cells can alter protein expression to modify cellular functions and limit viral replication. To examine host protein expression during infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an enveloped DNA virus, we performed a semiquantitative, temporal analysis of the cell surface proteome in infected fibroblasts. We determined that resident low density lipoprotein related receptor 1 (LRP1), a plasma membrane receptor that regulates lipid metabolism, is elevated early after HCMV infection, resulting in decreased intracellular cholesterol. siRNA knockdown or antibody-mediated inhibition of LRP1 increased intracellular cholesterol and concomitantly increased the infectious virus yield. Virions produced under these conditions contained elevated cholesterol, resulting in increased infectivity. Depleting cholesterol from virions reduced their infectivity by blocking fusion of the virion envelope with the cell membrane. Thus, LRP1 restricts HCMV infectivity by controlling the availability of cholesterol for the virion envelope, and increased LRP1 expression is likely a defense response to infection.
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12
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Shin YS, Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Jeong YY, Domenico J, Jia Y, Han J, Spallek R, Singh M, Lucas JJ, Gelfand EW. Microbial heat shock protein 65 attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation by modulating the function of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3404-10. [PMID: 22933632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), produced in response to stress, are suppressive in disease models. We previously showed that Mycobacterium leprae HSP65 prevented development of airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice. Our goal in this study was to define the mechanism responsible for the suppressive effects of HSP. In one in vivo approach, BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA, followed by primary OVA challenges. Several weeks later, HSP65 was administered prior to a single, provocative secondary challenge. In a second in vivo approach, the secondary challenge was replaced by intratracheal instillation of allergen-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The in vitro effects of HSP65 on BMDCs were examined in coculture experiments with CD4(+) T cells. In vivo, HSP65 prevented the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Additionally, Th1 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased. In vitro, HSP65 induced Notch receptor ligand Delta1 expression on BMDCs, and HSP65-treated BMDCs skewed CD4(+) T cells to Th1 cytokine production. Thus, HSP65-induced effects on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation were associated with increased Delta1 expression on dendritic cells, modulation of dendritic cell function, and CD4(+) Th1 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seob Shin
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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13
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Cirone M, Di Renzo L, Lotti LV, Conte V, Trivedi P, Santarelli R, Gonnella R, Frati L, Faggioni A. Primary effusion lymphoma cell death induced by bortezomib and AG 490 activates dendritic cells through CD91. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31732. [PMID: 22412839 PMCID: PMC3296697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how cytotoxic agent-induced cancer cell death affects the immune system is of fundamental importance to stimulate immune response to counteract the high mortality due to cancer. Here we compared the immunogenicity of Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) cell death induced by anticancer drug Bortezomib (Velcade) and Tyrphostin AG 490, a Janus Activated Kinase 2/signal trasducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK2/STAT3) inhibitor. We show that both treatments were able to induce PEL apoptosis with similar kinetics and promote dendritic cells (DC) maturation. The surface expression of molecules involved in immune activation, namely calreticulin (CRT), heat shock proteins (HSP) 90 and 70 increased in dying cells. This was correlated with DC activation. We found that PEL cell death induced by Bortezomib was more effective in inducing uptake by DC compared to AG 490 or combination of both drugs. However the DC activation induced by all treatments was completely inhibited when these cells were pretreated with a neutralizing antiboby directed against the HSP90/70 and CRT common receptor, CD91. The activation of DC by Bortezomib and AG 490 treated PEL cells, as seen in the present study, might have important implications for a combined chemo and immunotherapy in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Pawaria S, Binder RJ. CD91-dependent programming of T-helper cell responses following heat shock protein immunization. Nat Commun 2011; 2:521. [PMID: 22045000 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenic heat shock proteins (HSPs) gp96, hsp70 and calreticulin (CRT) bind to CD91 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for cross-presentation of the HSP-chaperoned peptides. This event leads to priming of T-cell responses. Here we show that CD91 serves as a signalling receptor for these HSPs, allowing for the maturation of APCs, secretion of cytokines and priming of T-helper (Th) cells. Specifically, CD91 is phosphorylated in response to HSPs in a unique pattern and phospho-CD91 triggers signalling cascades to activate nuclear factor-kappa B. Each HSP-CD91 interaction on APCs stimulates a unique cytokine profile, which dictates priming of specific Th cell subsets. Thus, in a transforming growth factor-β tumour microenvironment, immunization with CRT, but not gp96 or hsp70, primes Th17-cell responses in a CD91-dependent manner. These results are important for development of T-cell responses in situ in tumour-bearing hosts and for vaccination against cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Pawaria
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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15
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Glycoprotein 96-mediated presentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted peptide and humoral immune responses to HIV-1 p24. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1595-600. [PMID: 19776200 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00160-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral antigens complexed to heat shock proteins (HSPs) can enhance antiviral immunity. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1B' (HIV-1B')-specific, human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2)-restricted peptide (FLQSRPEPTA, Gag(448-457)) and the cellular immune adjuvant effect of HSP gp96 using the HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model. It was found that gp96 could augment cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses specific for the 10-mer peptide of HIV-1B'. This study also evaluated the humoral immune adjuvant effect of HSP gp96 and its N-terminal fragment (N336) and found that immunization of BALB/c mice with a mixture of gp96 or its N-terminal fragment and HIV-1 p24 antigen or with an p24-N336 fusion protein resulted in a significant increase in anti-HIV p24 antibody titer. These results demonstrate the possibility of using gp96 and its N fragment as adjuvants to augment cellular and humoral immune responses against HIV-1 infection.
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Bourazopoulou E, Kapsogeorgou EK, Routsias JG, Manoussakis MN, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Functional expression of the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor CD91 in salivary gland epithelial cells. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Facciponte JG, MacDonald IJ, Wang XY, Kim H, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR. Heat Shock Proteins and Scavenger Receptors: Role in Adaptive Immune Responses. Immunol Invest 2009; 34:325-42. [PMID: 16136784 DOI: 10.1081/imm-200064505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived heat shock proteins have shown promise as anti-cancer vaccines in clinical trials. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can generate potent anti-tumor immunity and elicit antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in murine studies. Antigen presenting cells (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), can elicit antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses mediated by HSPs. CD91 was the first identified endocytic scavenger receptor for HSPs on APC that can facilitate the process of cross-presentation. Other scavenger receptors may also play a similar role in this process. The present review critically evaluates the identified HSP endocytic receptors on APCs that may generate adaptive immune responses. A better understanding of this interaction between HSPs and APCs may further unravel mechanisms of immunoadjuvant function of HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Facciponte
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Patiño JC, Velilla PA, Rugeles MT. Factores que influyen en el curso de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 en individuos sin progresión a largo plazo. INFECTIO 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(09)70732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Bolhassani A, Rafati S. Heat-shock proteins as powerful weapons in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1185-99. [PMID: 18844593 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been known as multifunctional proteins. They facilitate the folding and unfolding of proteins, participate in vesicular transport processes, prevent protein aggregation in the densely packed cytosol and are involved in signaling processes. HSPs have been involved in different fields, including autoimmunity, immunity to infections and tumor immunology. Although there are many different kinds of HSPs, only some HSPs, including HSP70 and Gp96, have immunological properties. HSP molecules have been applied into DNA- or protein (peptide)-based vaccines as antigens, chaperones or adjuvants. HSP-based vaccines have been shown to immunize against cancer and infectious diseases in both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. The immunogenicity of HSPs results from two different properties: a peptide-dependent capacity to chaperone and elicit adaptive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against antigenic peptides and a peptide-independent immunomodulatory capacity. Furthermore, HSPs could be immunoregulatory agents with potent and widely applicable therapeutic uses. Accordingly, certain HSPs, such as HSP70 and Gp96, are highly effective carrier molecules for cross-presentation. Their ability in eliciting immune responses against different pathogens (parasite and virus) and their role in cancer immunity will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Stebbing J, Srivastava P. Heat shock protein – receptor-based pharmacogenomics: the search for new cancer antigens. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:117-20. [PMID: 17286531 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Congote LF. Serpin A1 and CD91 as host instruments against HIV-1 infection: are extracellular antiviral peptides acting as intracellular messengers? Virus Res 2007; 125:119-34. [PMID: 17258834 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serpin A1 (alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor) has been shown to be a non-cytolytic antiviral factor present in blood and effective against HIV infection. The best known physiological role of serpin A1 is to inhibit neutrophil elastase, a proteinase which is secreted by neutrophils at sites of infection and inflammation. Decreased HIV-infectivity is associated with decreased density of membrane-associated elastase. The enzyme may facilitate binding of the HIV membrane protein gp120 to host cells, and it specifically cleaves SDF-1, the physiological ligand of the HIV-1 co-receptor CXCR4. It has been suggested that one of the actions of serpin A1 as antiviral agent is to reduce HIV infectivity, and this property could be due to elastase inhibition. However, the most dramatic effect of serpin A1 is inhibition of HIV production. In vitro experiments indicate that the C-terminal peptide of serpin A1, produced during the formation of the complex of serpin with serine proteinases, may be responsible for the inhibition of HIV-1 expression in infected cells. This peptide, an integral part of the serpin-enzyme complex, is internalized by several scavenger receptors. Peptides corresponding to the C-terminal section of serpin A1 inhibit HIV-1 long-terminal-repeat-driven transcription and interact with nuclear proteins, such as alpha1-fetoprotein transcription factor. LDL-receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1/CD91), the best known receptor for serpin-enzyme complexes, is up-regulated in monocytes of HIV-1-infected true non-progressors. CD91 could be one of the major players in host resistance against HIV-1. It has the capacity of internalizing antiviral peptides such as serpin C-terminal fragments and alpha-defensins, and is at the same time the receptor for heat-shock proteins in antigen-presenting cells, in which chaperoned viral peptides could lead to the induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Congote
- Endocrine Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Avenue des pins, Ouest, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Acheampong E, Parveen Z, Mengistu A, Ngoubilly N, Wigdahl B, Lossinsky AS, Pomerantz RJ, Mukhtar M. Cholesterol-depleting statin drugs protect postmitotically differentiated human neurons against ethanol- and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced oxidative stress in vitro. J Virol 2006; 81:1492-501. [PMID: 17108035 PMCID: PMC1797499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals are either alcoholics or prone to alcoholism. Upon ingestion, alcohol is easily distributed into the various compartments of the body, particularly the brain, by crossing through the blood-brain barrier. Both HIV-1 and alcohol induce oxidative stress, which is considered a precursor for cytotoxic responses. Several reports have suggested that statins exert antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory pleiotropic effects, besides their inherent cholesterol-depleting potentials. In our studies, postmitotically differentiated neurons were cocultured with HIV-1-infected monocytes, T cells, or their cellular supernatants in the presence of physiological concentrations of alcohol for 72 h. Parallel cultures were pretreated with statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) with the appropriate controls, i.e., postmitotically differentiated neurons cocultured with uninfected cells and similar cultures treated with alcohol. The oxidative stress responses in the presence/absence of alcohol in these cultures were determined by the production of the well-characterized oxidative stress markers, 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha, total nitrates as an indicator for various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase activity, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). An in vitro culture of postmitotically differentiated neurons with HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells as well as supernatants from these cells enhanced the release of 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha in the conditioned medium six- to sevenfold (monocytes) and four- to fivefold (T cells). It was also observed that coculturing of HIV-1-infected primary monocytes over a time period of 72 h significantly elevated the release of Hsp70 compared with that of uninfected controls. Cellular supernatants of HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells slightly increased Hsp70 levels compared to neurons cultured with uninfected monocytes or T-cell supernatants (controls). Ethanol (EtOH) presence further elevated Hsp70 in both infected and uninfected cultures. The amount of total nitrates was significantly elevated in the coculture system when both infected cells and EtOH were present. Surprisingly, pretreatment of postmitotic neurons with clinically available inhibitors of HMG-coenzyme A reductase (statins) inhibited HIV-1-induced release of stress/toxicity-associated parameters, i.e., Hsp70, isoprostanes, and total nitrates from HIV-1-infected cells. The results of this study provide new insights into HIV-1 neuropathogenesis aimed at the development of future HIV-1 therapeutics to eradicate viral reservoirs from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Acheampong
- Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 329, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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23
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Opposing roles of dendritic cell subsets in HIV-1 infection. Blood 2006. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-031567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Aalamian M, Fuchs E, Gupta R, Levey DL. Autologous renal cell cancer vaccines using heat shock protein-peptide complexes. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:425-33. [PMID: 16962495 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in immune response have progressed well into a third decade, and indications of their use for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the adjuvant setting will be revealed in the near future when a randomized phase III clinical trial is completed. Additional ongoing and planned randomized clinical trials will test the efficacy of HSP-based vaccines in more advanced stages of RCC. This review describes the compelling scientific rationale behind testing HSPs in RCC against the backdrop of other immunotherapeutic approaches in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aalamian
- Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Della Bella S, Nicola S, Brambilla L, Riva A, Ferrucci S, Presicce P, Boneschi V, Berti E, Villa ML. Quantitative and functional defects of dendritic cells in classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Clin Immunol 2006; 119:317-29. [PMID: 16527545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether dendritic cells (DCs) are altered in classic Kaposi's sarcoma (cKS), a lympho-angioproliferative disorder associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection. By direct analysis of peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs), we demonstrated that cKS patients have lower frequency of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs than controls. This reduction was greater in patients with advanced stages of disease. PBDCs from cKS patients also showed up-regulated expression of the scavenger receptor CD91 and impaired IL-12 expression. PB monocytes that represent DC precursors in vivo and in vitro showed the same alterations; accordingly, DCs differentiated in vitro from cKS monocytes were similarly affected. The same alterations were induced by addition of cKS plasma during DC differentiation from control monocytes. These results indicate that PBDCs and their precursors are altered in cKS and suggest that soluble circulating factors participate in this process. The study may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of cKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Della Bella
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Srivastava PK. Immunotherapy for human cancer using heat shock protein-peptide complexes. Curr Oncol Rep 2006; 7:104-8. [PMID: 15717943 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-005-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are primordial and abundant molecules expressed in all cells. Publications starting in 1984 have shown that immunization of mice, rats, and frogs with purified preparations of selected HSPs isolated from cancers leads to protective immunity against the cancer used as the source of the HSP. The basis of the tumor-specific immunogenicity of these molecules lies not in the molecules themselves but in the array of peptides, including antigenic peptides chaperoned by them. These experiments and the ideas derived from them form the basis of an approach to immunotherapy for human cancer that began in 1995 and is now in full swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Srivastava
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA.
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27
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Congote LF. The C-terminal 26-residue peptide of serpin A1 is an inhibitor of HIV-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:617-22. [PMID: 16554023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serpin A1 (alpha1-proteinase inhibitor) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) production by mechanisms which remain to be elucidated. The complex formation of serpin A1 with proteinases eliminates the proteolytic activity and generates a fragment corresponding to the serpin C-terminal 36-residue peptide. Here, we show that the C-terminal 26-residue peptide of serpin A1 (A1-C26) inhibits HIV-long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription in epithelial cells transfected with HIV-1 LTR promoter-driven genes. A1-C26 increased STAT1 phosphorylation and strongly reduced viral expression in a monocytic cell line infected with HIV-1 NL4-3. This reduction of expression was also observed in HIV-1 infected, PHA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In HIV-1 infected cells, the inhibitory activity of HIV-1 caused by B9-C23 and C1-C26, the A1-C26 homologues corresponding to the C-terminal sections of serpin B9 and serpin C1, was much lower than that obtained with A1-C26. These serpin peptides represent a novel class of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Congote
- Endocrine Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, 687 avenue des pins, ouest, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A1.
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Kebba A, Stebbing J, Rowland S, Ingram R, Agaba J, Patterson S, Kaleebu P, Imami N, Gotch F. Expression of the common heat-shock protein receptor CD91 is increased on monocytes of exposed yet HIV-1-seronegative subjects. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:37-42. [PMID: 15800028 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The significantly higher surface expression of the surface heat-shock protein receptor CD91 on monocytes of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected, long-term nonprogressors suggests that HIV-1 antigen uptake and cross-presentation mediated by CD91 may contribute to host anti-HIV-1 defenses and play a role in protection against HIV-1 infection. To investigate this further, we performed phenotypic analysis to compare CD91 surface expression on CD14(+) monocytes derived from a cohort of HIV-1-exposed seronegative (ESN) subjects, their seropositive (SP) partners, and healthy HIV-1-unexposed seronegative (USN) subjects. The median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD91 on CD14(+) monocytes was significantly higher in ESN compared with SP (P = 0.028) or USN (P = 0.007), as well as in SP compared with USN subjects (P = 0.018). CD91 MFI was not normalized in SP subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) despite sustainable, undetectable plasma viraemia. Data in three SP subjects experiencing viral rebounds following interruption of HAART showed low CD91 MFI comparable with levels in USN subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between CD91 MFI and CD8(+) T cell counts in HAART-naïve SP subjects (r = 0.7, P = 0.015). Increased surface expression of CD91 on CD14(+) monocytes is associated with the apparent HIV-1 resistance that is observed in ESN subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kebba
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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30
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Boyman O, Conrad C, Dudli C, Kielhorn E, Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO. Activation of dendritic antigen-presenting cells expressing common heat shock protein receptor CD91 during induction of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:1211-8. [PMID: 15948984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common and chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder. Although a role for T cells in mediating the induction and maintenance of psoriatic lesions is well established, mechanisms responsible for activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during disease relapse are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES (i) To determine whether expression of the common heat shock protein (HSP) receptor CD91 correlated with development of psoriasis in a mouse model of psoriasis, (ii) to characterize the lesional cells on which CD91 was expressed, and (iii) to investigate whether CD91+ cells in psoriasis showed signs of activation. METHODS Two systems were used in order to study the above-mentioned objectives: (i) skin biopsies taken directly from patients with psoriasis (either psoriatic plaques or symptomless prepsoriatic skin) or from healthy donors, respectively, or (ii) (human) skin biopsies collected during development of psoriasis using a novel xenograft mouse model of psoriasis. The skin samples were then either processed for analysis by light microscopy, or labelled with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies and analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS We observed a markedly increased number of CD91+ cells which paralleled development of new psoriatic lesions in the psoriasis mouse model and in established psoriatic plaques compared with symptomless prepsoriatic or healthy skin. Morphology as well as cell-specific markers showed that CD91 was predominantly expressed by dermal dendritic APCs characterized by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB signalling and the presence of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, an important proinflammatory cytokine in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition, HSP70, a ligand for CD91, was increased in keratinocytes in close vicinity to CD91-bearing APCs in psoriatic lesions. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate massive presence of CD91+ dendritic cells juxtaposed to lesional keratinocytes expressing HSP70, and suggest a novel pathophysiological pathway and therapeutic target for this chronic inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Boyman
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Langelaar MFM, Hope JC, Rutten VPMG, Noordhuizen JPTM, van Eden W, Koets AP. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis recombinant heat shock protein 70 interaction with different bovine antigen-presenting cells. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:242-50. [PMID: 15787741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Heat shock proteins (Hsp) can deliver antigen into the major histocompatibility complex class I presentation pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APC), a process called cross priming, thus stimulating antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell reactions. Hsp were shown to elicit proinflammatory responses in APC. Both processes require interaction of Hsp with APC via specific receptors. This study describes the interaction of recombinant Hsp70 (rHsp70) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells that was restricted to CD14+ cells. Characterized monocyte-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and BoMac, an immortalized bovine macrophage cell line, were used to investigate the interaction of rHsp70 with different bovine APC. Saturation of immature DC with high concentrations of rHsp70 is demonstrated, and it was found that interaction of rHsp70 with DC was related to the maturation stage of the DC. Involvement of CD91 as a cellular receptor for rHsp70 was demonstrated; however, competition studies with immature DC demonstrated that other receptors exist on bovine APC. These data suggest that rHsp70-based vaccines may be useful for the successful immunization of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F M Langelaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Binder RJ, Vatner R, Srivastava P. The heat-shock protein receptors: some answers and more questions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:442-51. [PMID: 15361121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The existence of heat-shock protein (HSP) receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was hypothesized in 1994. The first such receptor, CD91 or LRP, was identified and characterized in 2000. The pace of attribution has quickened since and during the last three years alone, six putative HSP receptors have been identified. These include CD40, LOX-1, CD36, Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4 and SR-A. The literature on HSP receptors on APCs is critically examined in this review and future directions are imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Binder
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA
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Füst G, Beck Z, Bánhegyi D, Kocsis J, Bíró A, Prohászka Z. Antibodies against heat shock proteins and cholesterol in HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:79-85. [PMID: 15488946 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes data on the presence and function of different heat shock proteins (Hsp) in the HIV virions and the infected cells. A 60 kD heat shock protein-like molecule is present in the envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 which can specifically interact with the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. The role of cholesterol in the so-called cholesterol-rich lipid raft where HIV is budding from the infected cells as well as the consequential insertion of cholesterol into the envelope of HIV virion are also discussed. Natural antibodies against 60 kD (Hsp60) and 70 kD (Hsp70) families of Hsp and cholesterol can be detected in most healthy individuals. HIV infection results in a sharp increase in the serum concentration of anti-Hsp70 and cholesterol antibodies whereas no difference in the concentration of anti-Hsp60 antibodies can be detected. Highly active antiretroviral therapy leads to normalization of the levels of both anti-Hsp70 and anti-cholesterol antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Füst
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1125 Budapest, Kútvölgyi u. 4, Hungary.
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Stebbing J, Bower M, Gazzard B, Wildfire A, Pandha H, Dalgleish A, Spicer J. The common heat shock protein receptor CD91 is up-regulated on monocytes of advanced melanoma slow progressors. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:312-6. [PMID: 15498042 PMCID: PMC1809219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of tumour immunology there is no therapy of proven survival benefit for advanced melanoma. Nevertheless, disease progression is slow in a small proportion of patients with metastatic melanoma, suggesting a contribution to outcome from host factors. Recent data have indicated the importance of the heat shock protein receptor CD91 in immune responses to, and progression of, infectious disease. Here we investigate the relationship between CD91 expression and outcome in malignancy. Rare melanoma patients were recruited with advanced disease that was progressing unusually slowly. CD91 expression on their monocytes was compared with control patients with more typical rapidly advancing metastatic disease. Th1 and Th2 cytokines, as well as innate and adaptive immune subsets, were also measured in the two groups. A significant increase in median CD91 expression levels was observed in slow progressors (P = 0.006). There were no differences in other immune subset markers or inflammatory cytokines. The ability of CD91 to internalize and cross-present tumour antigens through the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway may maintain CD8-positive cytotoxic T cell responses and contribute to slow progression of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Marr S, Goyos A, Gantress J, Maniero GD, Robert J. CD91 up-regulates upon immune stimulation in Xenopus adult but not larval peritoneal leukocytes. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:735-42. [PMID: 15592667 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD91, the endocytic receptor for alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), mediates the internalization of certain heat shock proteins (hsps) and the cross-presentation of peptides they chaperone by antigen-presenting cells. The phylogenetic conservation of the immunologically active CD91 ligands, alpha2M and hsps, is consistent with the idea of an ancestral system of immune surveillance. We have further explored this hypothesis by taking advantage of the frog Xenopus, and asked how conserved is CD91 and whether the expression of CD91 is differentially modulated during immune responses of class I-positive adult and naturally class I-negative larvae. We have identified a Xenopus CD91 gene homologue that displays high sequence identity (>65%) with other CD91 homologues and contains an additional distinctive cytoplasmic NPXY motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that CD91 homologues branch as a monophyletic group distinct from other LDLRs; this suggests an origin of CD91 contemporary with that of metazoans. A 14-kb transcript is detected by Northern blotting in most adult and larval tissues, including lymphoid tissues. RT-PCR study reveals that CD91 is expressed in most cell types, including adult macrophages, B and T cells as well as in splenocytes and thymocytes from naturally MHC class I negative larvae. CD91 is markedly up-regulated in vivo by adult peritoneal leukocytes following bacterial and viral stimulation; it is constitutively expressed on class I-negative larval peritoneal leukocytes at high levels and cannot be further upregulated by such stimulation. These data are in agreement with a conserved role of CD91 in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Marr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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SenGupta D, Norris PJ, Suscovich TJ, Hassan-Zahraee M, Moffett HF, Trocha A, Draenert R, Goulder PJR, Binder RJ, Levey DL, Walker BD, Srivastava PK, Brander C. Heat shock protein-mediated cross-presentation of exogenous HIV antigen on HLA class I and class II. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1987-93. [PMID: 15265933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses are considered important immune components for controlling HIV infection, and their priming may be central to an effective HIV vaccine. We describe in this study an approach by which multiple CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell epitopes are processed and presented from an exogenously added HIV-1 Gag-p24 peptide of 32 aa complexed to heat shock protein (HSP) gp96. CD8(+) T cell recognition of the HSP/peptide complex, but not the peptide alone, was inhibited by brefeldin A, suggesting an endoplasmic reticulum-dependent pathway. This is the first report to describe efficient processing and simultaneous presentation of overlapping class I- and class II-restricted epitopes from the same extracellularly added precursor peptide complexed to HSP. Given previous reports of the strong immunogenicity of HSP/peptide complexes, the present data suggest that HSP-complexed peptides containing multiple MHC class I- and class II-restricted epitopes represent potential vaccine candidates for HIV and other viral infections suitable to induce effective CTL memory by simultaneously providing CD4 T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi SenGupta
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Binder RJ, Srivastava PK. Essential role of CD91 in re-presentation of gp96-chaperoned peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6128-33. [PMID: 15073331 PMCID: PMC395934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308180101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as gp96 are released from cells as a result of necrotic cell death. The ability of endogenous HSP-peptide complexes to elicit antigen-specific T cells requires representation of the chaperoned peptides by antigen-presenting cells. Re-presentation requires the uptake of HSP-peptide complexes through a receptor, suggested to be the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein or CD91. We have used short interfering RNA for CD91 to show that, as antigen-presenting cells lose expression of CD91, their re-presenting ability undergoes a corresponding and dramatic decline. Furthermore, as the cells recover from extinction of CD91 expression, they regain the ability to re-present peptides. The ability of cells to bind alpha(2) macroglobulin, a previously known CD91 ligand, or HSP gp96, and their ability to process peptides chaperoned by alpha(2) macroglobulin, undergo identical variations. These results have been obtained from studies in vitro and from an assay that measures re-presentation in vivo. In additional studies in vivo, protective tumor immunity elicited by tumor-derived gp96-peptide complexes is shown to be abrogated by anti-CD91 antisera. These studies show that CD91 is essential for re-presentation of gp96-chaperoned peptides by MHC molecules and have an important bearing on the mechanism of immunogenicity of necrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Binder
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA
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Abstract
Physicians have, for over a century, attempted to harness the potential therapeutic power of the immune system to treat patients with cancer. The discovery that cancer regression can be achieved by immune rejection of tumour antigens theoretically allows the eradication of neoplastic cells without toxicity to normal tissues. An understanding of the mode of presentation of tumour antigens, including those complexed to heat shock proteins by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, and their recognition by CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, respectively, has further delineated the potential cancer rejection pathways involved. This also enables the sustained induction and expansion of specific anti-tumour T cells with cytolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- The Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK SW10 9NH
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Stebbing J, Gazzard B, Patterson S, Bower M, Perumal D, Nelson M, McMichael A, Ogg G, Epenetos A, Gotch F, Savage P. Antibody-targeted MHC complex–directed expansion of HIV-1– and KSHV-specific CD8+ lymphocytes: a new approach to therapeutic vaccination. Blood 2004; 103:1791-5. [PMID: 14604955 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe ability of therapeutic vaccines to generate large numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes that have specificity for HIV-1 or other virally infected cells has enormous potential clinical value. However, approaches to produce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vivo via vaccine technology have thus far been disappointing and the ex vivo production of cells for adoptive transfer is labor intensive and expensive. We describe the results of a 2-step antibody-targeting system for the production of CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for HIV-1 and Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV), suitable for use in vivo. In 8 consecutive human leukocyte antigen–A2 (HLA-A2)–positive HIV-1–infected individuals with Kaposi sarcoma, 2 cycles of this system resulted in more than 1 Log increases of specific anti-HIV and anti-KSHV CD8+ lymphocytes. These expanded cells have an effector phenotype that includes the ability to produce interferon-γ and CD45Ra+/CD69+ staining. We have shown that antibody-targeted B cells can function as effective antigen-presenting molecules and lead to sustained specific T-lymphocyte expansion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of immunosuppressed individuals. This approach, which offers an easy and effective protocol for the amplification of specific antiviral and antitumor CTLs, may offer significant advances for in vivo T-cell immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Agnew LL, Kelly M, Howard J, Jeganathan S, Batterham M, Ffrench RA, Gold J, Watson K. Altered lymphocyte heat shock protein 70 expression in patients with HIV disease. AIDS 2003; 17:1985-8. [PMID: 12960833 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200309050-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) expression in lymphocytes isolated from 20 patients with HIV disease and 15 age-matched controls was determined. Fold increases in lymphocyte hsp70 expression after heat shock were 4.52 +/- 2.97 in HIV-positive individuals compared with 2.60 +/- 1.29 for HIV-negative controls (P= 0.001). Given clear roles for HSP in the cross-presentation of antigens, alpha-defensin internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, a further investigation of HSP in HIV patients is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Agnew
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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Stebbing J, Gazzard B, Portsmouth S, Gotch F, Kim L, Bower M, Mandalia S, Binder R, Srivastava P, Patterson S. Disease-associated dendritic cells respond to disease-specific antigens through the common heat shock protein receptor. Blood 2003; 102:1806-14. [PMID: 12750160 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant intracellular proteins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), serve as molecular chaperones for regulatory and maturation pathways. Diverse families of HSPs have been shown to bind antigenic peptides and to play major roles in innate and adaptive immune responses through the common HSP receptor, CD91. HIV-1+ patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) were matched for CD4 count and HIV-1 RNA viral load to HIV-1+ patients without Kaposi sarcoma (and negative for Kaposisarcoma-associated herpesvirus). We then investigated the pathways used by tumor lysates, viral lysates, and viral particles in their activation. In particular, we observed immune responses after HSP depletion using antitumor antibiotics and blockade of the common HSP receptor, CD91. Despite the impaired functional capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from patients with KS, DCs retain the ability to prime the adaptive arm of the immune system through the common HSP receptor, leading to phenotypic activation and stimulation of tetramer-positive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We also show that interferon-producing plasmacytoid DCs are selectively depleted in KS-positive compared with matched KS-negative HIV-1-infected patients. Functionally impaired DCs can effectively cross-present immune responses through the common HSP receptor. These results have important implications for the etiopathogenesis of KS and for the development and design of any compounds, including vaccines, derived from cellular lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Rd, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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