1
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Kim N, Yi E, Lee E, Park HJ, Kim HS. Interleukin-2 is required for NKp30-dependent NK cell cytotoxicity by preferentially regulating NKp30 expression. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388018. [PMID: 38698855 PMCID: PMC11063289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors in cancer immunosurveillance, eliminating a broad spectrum of cancer cells without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specificity and graft-versus-host diseases (GvHD) risk. The use of allogeneic NK cell therapies from healthy donors has demonstrated favorable clinical efficacies in treating diverse cancers, particularly hematologic malignancies, but it requires cytokines such as IL-2 to primarily support NK cell persistence and expansion. However, the role of IL-2 in the regulation of activating receptors and the function of NK cells expanded for clinical trials is poorly understood and needs clarification for the full engagement of NK cells in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrated that IL-2 deprivation significantly impaired the cytotoxicity of primary expanded NK cells by preferentially downregulating NKp30 but not NKp46 despite their common adaptor requirement for expression and function. Using NK92 and IL-2-producing NK92MI cells, we observed that NKp30-mediated cytotoxicity against myeloid leukemia cells such as K562 and THP-1 cells expressing B7-H6, a ligand for NKp30, was severely impaired by IL-2 deprivation. Furthermore, IL-2 deficiency-mediated NK cell dysfunction was overcome by the ectopic overexpression of an immunostimulatory NKp30 isoform such as NKp30a or NKp30b. In particular, NKp30a overexpression in NK92 cells improved the clearance of THP-1 cells in vivo without IL-2 supplementation. Collectively, our results highlight the distinct role of IL-2 in the regulation of NKp30 compared to that of NKp46 and suggest NKp30 upregulation, as shown here by ectopic overexpression, as a viable modality to harness NK cells in cancer immunotherapy, possibly in combination with IL-2 immunocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Bourayou E, Perchet T, Meunier S, Bouvier H, Mailhe MP, Melanitou E, Cumano A, Golub R. Bone marrow monocytes sustain NK cell-poiesis during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113676. [PMID: 38217855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant lymphocyte population in the liver. At the onset of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an accumulation of activated NK cells is observed in the liver in parallel with inflammatory monocyte recruitment and an increased systemic inflammation. Using in vivo and in vitro experiments, we unveil a specific stimulation of NK cell-poiesis during NASH by medullary monocytes that trans-present interleukin-15 (IL-15) and secrete osteopontin, a biomarker for patients with NASH. This cellular dialogue leads to increased survival and maturation of NK precursors that are recruited to the liver, where they dampen the inflammatory monocyte infiltration. The increase in the production of both osteopontin and the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex by bone marrow monocytes is induced by endotoxemia. We propose a tripartite gut-liver-bone marrow axis regulating the immune population dynamics and effector functions during liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bourayou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Perchet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Meunier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Hugo Bouvier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Mailhe
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Evie Melanitou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Golub
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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3
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Kobayashi E, Ozawa T, Hamana H, Muraguchi A, Kishi H. Gene modified NK cell line as a powerful tool for evaluation of cloned TCRs for TCR-T cell therapy. Cell Immunol 2023; 383:104656. [PMID: 36521300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy is anticipated as a next generation-immunotherapy for cancer and recent advances of TCR isolation technology have enabled patient's T cells to express TCRs recognizing multiple combinations of specific peptides and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). However, evaluation processes for the TCR-induced cytotoxicity activity using primary T cells are laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we established a cell line that do not express endogenous TCRs, enabling to generate large numbers of homogeneous cells, and can measure the cytotoxic activity of the isolated TCRs. To this end, we transduced a Natural Killer (NK) cell line with human CD3 molecules and interleukin (IL)-2. The TCR expressing NK cells killed target cells as similarly to TCR-transduced primary T cells and secreted various cytokines/chemokines including IL-2. Thus, the gene-modified NK cell can be a powerful tool to rapidly and efficiently evaluate the functions of isolated TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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4
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Bourayou E, Golub R. Inflammatory-driven NK cell maturation and its impact on pathology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1061959. [PMID: 36569860 PMCID: PMC9780665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes involved in a large variety of contexts and are crucial in the immunity to intracellular pathogens as well as cancer due to their ability to kill infected or malignant cells. Thus, they harbor a strong potential for clinical and therapeutic use. NK cells do not require antigen exposure to get activated; their functional response is rather based on a balance between inhibitory/activating signals and on the diversity of germline-encoded receptors they express. In order to reach optimal functional status, NK cells go through a step-wise development in the bone marrow before their egress, and dissemination into peripheral organs via the circulation. In this review, we summarize bone marrow NK cell developmental stages and list key factors involved in their differentiation before presenting newly discovered and emerging factors that regulate NK cell central and peripheral maturation. Lastly, we focus on the impact inflammatory contexts themselves can have on NK cell development and functional maturation.
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5
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Raza Y, Atallah J, Luberto C. Advancements on the Multifaceted Roles of Sphingolipids in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12745. [PMID: 36361536 PMCID: PMC9654982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism plays a complex role in hematological malignancies, beginning with the first historical link between sphingolipids and apoptosis discovered in HL-60 leukemic cells. Numerous manuscripts have reviewed the field including the early discoveries that jumpstarted the studies. Many studies discussed here support a role for sphingolipids, such as ceramide, in combinatorial therapeutic regimens to enhance anti-leukemic effects and reduce resistance to standard therapies. Additionally, inhibitors of specific nodes of the sphingolipid pathway, such as sphingosine kinase inhibitors, significantly reduce leukemic cell survival in various types of leukemias. Acid ceramidase inhibitors have also shown promising results in acute myeloid leukemia. As the field moves rapidly, here we aim to expand the body of literature discussed in previously published reviews by focusing on advances reported in the latter part of the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasharah Raza
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jane Atallah
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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6
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Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency: A Clinical and Immunological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312870. [PMID: 34884674 PMCID: PMC8657623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme, leading to the accumulation of varying degrees of sphingomyelin. Lipid storage leads to foam cell infiltration in tissues, and clinical features including hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary insufficiency and in some cases central nervous system involvement. ASM enzyme replacement therapy is currently in clinical trial being the first treatment addressing the underlying pathology of the disease. Therefore, presently, it is critical to better comprehend ASMD to improve its diagnose and monitoring. Lung disease, including recurrent pulmonary infections, are common in ASMD patients. Along with lung disease, several immune system alterations have been described both in patients and in ASMD animal models, thus highlighting the role of ASM enzyme in the immune system. In this review, we summarized the pivotal roles of ASM in several immune system cells namely on macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, B cells and T cells. In addition, an overview of diagnose, monitoring and treatment of ASMD is provided highlighting the new enzyme replacement therapy available.
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7
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Ishay Y, Potruch A, Schwartz A, Berg M, Jamil K, Agus S, Ilan Y. A digital health platform for assisting the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 progression: An adjuvant approach for augmenting the antiviral response and mitigating the immune-mediated target organ damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112228. [PMID: 34649354 PMCID: PMC8455249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory illness associated with high mortality, has been classified as a pandemic. The major obstacles for the clinicians to contain the disease are limited information availability, difficulty in disease diagnosis, predicting disease prognosis, and lack of disease monitoring tools. Additionally, the lack of valid therapies has further contributed to the difficulties in containing the pandemic. Recent studies have reported that the dysregulation of the immune system leads to an ineffective antiviral response and promotes pathological immune response, which manifests as ARDS, myocarditis, and hepatitis. In this study, a novel platform has been described for disseminating information to physicians for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with COVID-19. An adjuvant approach using compounds that can potentiate antiviral immune response and mitigate COVID-19-induced immune-mediated target organ damage has been presented. A prolonged beneficial effect is achieved by implementing algorithm-based individualized variability measures in the treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Assaf Potruch
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Asaf Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Marc Berg
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, USA.
| | - Khurram Jamil
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel.
| | - Samuel Agus
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel.
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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8
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Xiang H, Jin S, Tan F, Xu Y, Lu Y, Wu T. Physiological functions and therapeutic applications of neutral sphingomyelinase and acid sphingomyelinase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111610. [PMID: 33957567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) can be converted into ceramide (Cer) by neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Cer is a second messenger of lipids and can regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Increasing evidence shows that NSM and ASM play key roles in many processes, such as apoptosis, immune function and inflammation. Therefore, NSM and ASM have broad prospects in clinical treatments, especially in cancer, cardiovascular diseases (such as atherosclerosis), nervous system diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the phenotype of dwarfisms in adolescents, playing a complex regulatory role. This review focuses on the physiological functions of NSM and ASM and summarizes their roles in certain diseases and their potential applications in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglang Tan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Jeger JL. Endosomes, lysosomes, and the role of endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis in cancer development. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9801-9810. [PMID: 33185829 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles crucial for the normal functioning of the eukaryotic cell. The primary function of endosomes relates to the transportation of extracellular material into the intracellular domain. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are primarily involved in the degradation of macromolecules. Endosomes and lysosomes interact through two distinct pathways: kiss-and-run and direct fusion. In addition to the internalization of particles, endosomes also play an important role in cell signaling and autophagy. Disruptions in either of these processes may contribute to cancer development. Lysosomal proteins, such as cathepsins, can play a role in both tumorigenesis and cancer cell apoptosis. Since endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis and signaling are important components of normal cellular growth and proliferation, proteins involved in these processes are attractive targets for cancer research and, potentially, therapeutics. This literature review provides an overview of the endocytic pathway, endolysosome formation, and the interplay between endosomal/lysosomal biogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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10
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Honda T, Motoyoshi K, Kasahara J, Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Nakamura H, Murayama T. Tyrosine-phosphorylation and activation of glucosylceramide synthase by v-Src: Its role in survival of HeLa cells against ceramide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158817. [PMID: 32980536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a family of cellular lipid-molecules that regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the simplest glycosphingolipid (GSL), is synthesized from ceramide and UDP-glucose by GlcCer synthase (GCS). Both GlcCer (and resulting GSLs) and ceramide regulate various cellular functions including cell death and multiple drug resistance. Src family tyrosine kinases are up-regulated in various human cancer cells. We examined the effect of v-Src expression on GCS activity, the formation of 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-labeled GlcCer from NBD-ceramide, and the effect of tyrosine132 mutation in GCS on ceramide-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. Expression of v-Src increased the formation of NBD-GlcCer in both intact cells without marked changes in other sphingolipid metabolites and cell homogenates without changing affinities of NBD-ceramide and UDP-glucose. Expression of v-Src also increased tyrosine-phosphorylated levels in GCS proteins in HeLa and HEK293T cells. In HEK293T cells transiently expressing the GCS mutant, GCS-Y132F-HA, showing replacement of the tyrosine132 residue with phenylalanine, tyrosine-phosphorylated levels in GCS proteins were significantly lower than those in control cells expressing the GCS-wild-type-HA. The formation of NBD-GlcCer in HeLa cells stably expressing GCS-Y132F-HA was significantly lower than that in the control. Ceramide-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa-GCS-Y132F-HA cells was significantly greater than in the control. In this study, we showed for the first time that expression of v-Src up-regulated GCS activity via tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme in a post-translational manner. Mechanisms of Src-induced resistance to ceramide-induced cytotoxicity are discussed in relation to the Src-induced up-regulation of GCS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Honda
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Kaisei Motoyoshi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Junya Kasahara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamagata
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; Laboratory of International Scholars in Pharmaceuticals/Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Takahashi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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11
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Ceramide/Sphingomyelin Rheostat Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthases and Chronic Diseases in Murine Models. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:380-405. [PMID: 33024732 PMCID: PMC7521967 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide and sphingomyelin (SM) are major components of the double membrane-bound sphingolipids. Ceramide is an essential bioactive lipid involved in numerous cell processes including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Inversely, SM regulates opposite cellular processes such as proliferation and migration by changing receptor-mediated signal transduction in the lipid microdomain. SM is generated through a transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine to ceramide by SM synthases (SMSs). Research during the past several decades has revealed that the ceramide/SM balance in cellular membranes regulated by SMSs is important to decide the cell fate, survival, and proliferation. In addition, recent experimental studies utilizing SMS knockout mice and murine disease models provide evidence that SMS-regulated ceramide/SM balance is involved in human diseases. Here, we review the basic structural and functional characteristics of SMSs and focus on their cellular functions through the regulation of ceramide/SM balance in membrane microdomains. In addition, we present the pathological or physiological implications of SMSs by analyzing their role in SMS-knockout mice and human disease models. This review finally presents evidence indicating that the regulation of ceramide/SM balance through SMS could be a therapeutic target for human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Kanazawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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12
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Rahman A, Pallichankandy S, Thayyullathil F, Galadari S. Critical role of H 2O 2 in mediating sanguinarine-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via facilitating ceramide generation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and Par-4 cleavage. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:527-544. [PMID: 30735839 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are a major source of potential anticancer agents, and in order to develop improved and more effective cancer treatments, there is an immense need in exploring and elucidating their mechanism of action. Sanguinarine (SNG), a quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has been shown to induce cytotoxicity in various human cancers and suppresses various pro-tumorigenic processes such as invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in different cancers. Lack of understanding the anticancer mechanism(s) of SNG has impeded the development of this molecule as a potential anticancer agent. Earlier, we have reported that SNG induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ceramide (Cer) generation and Akt dephosphorylation, leading to the induction of apoptosis in human leukemic cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that SNG has potent anti-proliferative activity against prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that SNG induces Cer generation via inhibiting acid ceramidase and glucosylceramide synthase, two important enzymes involved in Cer metabolism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SNG induces ROS-depended extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) cleavage, leading to the induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Overall, our findings provide molecular insight into the role of ROS signaling in the anticancer mechanism(s) of SNG. This may provide the basis for its use as a nontoxic and an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Rahman
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Majima-Horiuchi H, Komine-Aizawa S, Karasaki-Suzuki M, Izumi Y, Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Synergistic induction of interferon-γ by interleukin-2, interleukin-12 and poly(I:C) in a human natural killer cell line. Immunol Med 2018; 41:136-141. [DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2018.1531193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Majima-Horiuchi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Majima Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Karasaki-Suzuki
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Izumi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Aizawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Kim M, Pyo S, Kang CH, Lee CO, Lee HK, Choi SU, Park CH. Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of gastric cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198347. [PMID: 29874279 PMCID: PMC5991383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignancy that has a high mortality rate. Although progress has been made in the treatment of gastric cancer, many patients experience cancer recurrence and metastasis. Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is overexpressed on the cell surface in over one-third of gastric cancer patients, but rarely is expressed in normal tissue. This makes FOLR1 a potential target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy, although the function of FOLR1 has not been elucidated. CAR are engineered fusion receptor composed of an antigen recognition region and signaling domains. T cells expressing CAR have specific activation and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells containing the target antigen. In this study, we generated a CAR that targets FOLR1 composed of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of FOLR1 antibody and signaling domains consisting of CD28 and CD3ζ. Both FOLR1-CAR KHYG-1, a natural killer cell line, and FOLR1-CAR T cells recognized FOLR1-positive gastric cancer cells in a MHC-independent manner and induced secretion of various cytokines and caused cell death. Conclusively, this is the first study to demonstrate that CAR KHYG-1/T cells targeting FOLR1 are effective against FOLR1-positive gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyo Kang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Ock Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyoung Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SUC); (CHP)
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SUC); (CHP)
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15
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D'Angelo G, Moorthi S, Luberto C. Role and Function of Sphingomyelin Biosynthesis in the Development of Cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 140:61-96. [PMID: 30060817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthesis represents a complex, finely regulated process, mostly occurring in vertebrates. It is intimately linked to lipid transport and it is ultimately carried out by two enzymes, SM synthase 1 and 2, selectively localized in the Golgi and plasma membrane. In the course of the SM biosynthetic reaction, various lipids are metabolized. Because these lipids have both structural and signaling functions, the SM biosynthetic process has the potential to affect diverse important cellular processes (such as cell proliferation, cell survival, and migration). Thus defects in SM biosynthesis might directly or indirectly impact the normal physiology of the cell and eventually of the organism. In this chapter, we will focus on evidence supporting a role for SM biosynthesis in specific cellular functions and how its dysregulation can affect neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Sitapriya Moorthi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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16
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Genetic influence on splenic natural killer cell frequencies and maturation among aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2018; 104:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Pellegrinelli V, Campbell M, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids - The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:14-29. [PMID: 28104532 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK.
| | - V Pellegrinelli
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Campbell
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Oresic
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI -20520 Turku, Finland
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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18
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Rahman A, Thayyullathil F, Pallichankandy S, Galadari S. Hydrogen peroxide/ceramide/Akt signaling axis play a critical role in the antileukemic potential of sanguinarine. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:273-89. [PMID: 27154977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis is a prime hallmark of leukemia. Therefore, drugs which restore the sensitivity of leukemic cells to apoptotic stimuli are promising candidates in the treatment of leukemia. Recently, we have demonstrated that sanguinarine (SNG), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, isolated from Sanguinaria canadensis induces ROS-dependent ERK1/2 activation and autophagic cell death in human malignant glioma cells (Pallichankandy et al., 2015; [43]). In this study, we investigated the antileukemic potential of SNG in vitro, and further examined the molecular mechanisms of SNG-induced cell death. In human leukemic cells, SNG activated apoptotic cell death pathway characterized by activation of caspase cascade, DNA fragmentation and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, we have identified a crucial role for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent ceramide (Cer) generation in the facilitation of SNG-induced apoptosis. Additionally, we have found that SNG inhibits Akt, a key anti-apoptotic protein kinase by dephosphorylating it at Ser(473), leading to the dephosphorylation of its downstream targets, GSK3β and mTOR. Interestingly, inhibition of Cer generation, using acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor, significantly reduced the SNG-induced Akt dephosphorylation and apoptosis, whereas, activation of Cer generation using inhibitors of acid ceramidase and glucosylceramide synthase enhanced it. Furthermore, using a group of ceramide activated protein phosphatases (CAPPs) inhibitor (calyculin A, Okadaic acid, and phosphatidic acid), the involvement of protein phosphatase 1 form of CAPP in SNG-induced Akt dephosphorylation and apoptosis was demonstrated. Altogether, these results underscore a critical role for H2O2-Cer-Akt signaling axis in the antileukemic action of SNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Rahman
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Al Jalila Foundation Research Centre, P.O. Box 300100, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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19
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Hosseini S, Shokri F, Ansari Pour S, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Nikoo S, Yousefi M, Zarnani AH. A shift in the balance of T17 and Treg cells in menstrual blood of women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 116:13-22. [PMID: 27128988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine usefulness of menstrual blood for assessment of differential frequency of T cell subsets, peripheral blood (PB) and menstrual blood (MB) from healthy fertile (n=15), unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) women (n=15) and unexplained infertile women (n=8) were collected in the second day of menstrual bleeding. Frequency of T cell subsets was measured by flow cytometry. URSA and unexplained infertile patients had higher frequency of TCRαβ(+)CD3(+)CD56(-) and CD45RO(+) T cells as well as CD45RO(+)/CD45RO(-) ratio in PB as compared to MB. Frequency of CD3(+)TCRγδ(+) cells in PB of unexplained infertile and MB of URSA patients were significantly lower than that in fertile group. In all groups MB contained higher percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory and lower percentages of CD16(+) T cells compared to PB. T17 cells (CD3(+)CD56(-)IL-17(+)) was found to be significantly higher in MB of only fertile and unexplained infertile subjects and not URSA patients in comparison with PB. Compared to PB, only fertile women had higher T17:Treg ratio in their MB. URSA women had significantly lower MB T17 cells and T17:Treg ratio compared to those in fertile and unexplained infertile women. Based on the findings presented here, we speculate that MB has its own unique immune milieu which is not solely continuation of the immune environment of secretory endometrium. Indeed, immunophenotyping of MB immune cells could potentially be a useful tool for investigation of immunological disturbances in pregnancy-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soheila Ansari Pour
- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Nikoo
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Bienias K, Fiedorowicz A, Sadowska A, Prokopiuk S, Car H. Regulation of sphingomyelin metabolism. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:570-81. [PMID: 26940196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SFs) represent a large class of lipids playing diverse functions in a vast number of physiological and pathological processes. Sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant SF in the cell, with ubiquitous distribution within mammalian tissues, and particularly high levels in the Central Nervous System (CNS). SM is an essential element of plasma membrane (PM) and its levels are crucial for the cell function. SM content in a cell is strictly regulated by the enzymes of SM metabolic pathways, which activities create a balance between SM synthesis and degradation. The de novo synthesis via SM synthases (SMSs) in the last step of the multi-stage process is the most important pathway of SM formation in a cell. The SM hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases (SMases) increases the concentration of ceramide (Cer), a bioactive molecule, which is involved in cellular proliferation, growth and apoptosis. By controlling the levels of SM and Cer, SMSs and SMases maintain cellular homeostasis. Enzymes of SM cycle exhibit unique properties and diverse tissue distribution. Disturbances in their activities were observed in many CNS pathologies. This review characterizes the physiological roles of SM and enzymes controlling SM levels as well as their involvement in selected pathologies of the Central Nervous System, such as ischemia/hypoxia, Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), depression, schizophrenia and Niemann Pick disease (NPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Bienias
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Prokopiuk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
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21
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Wang SW, Hojabrpour P, Zhang P, Kolesnick RN, Steinbrecher UP, Gómez-Muñoz A, Duronio V. Regulation of ceramide generation during macrophage apoptosis by ASMase and de novo synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1482-9. [PMID: 26253821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The survival of macrophages depends on the presence of specific cytokines that activate survival signaling events, as well as suppressing formation of apoptosis-inducing pathways. We have previously shown that macrophages deprived of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) produce ceramide that contributes to apoptosis of these cells, a pathway that is suppressed by exposure to oxidized LDL. In this study we have examined macrophages derived from mice lacking acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to ask whether these events are altered due to the impaired ability of these cells to break down sphingomyelin and produce ceramide. We found that these cells do survive better than cells from wild type mice, but they still undergo cell death and some ceramide is formed. We show that the ceramide is being produced by a de novo synthetic pathway. Therefore, ceramide production in M-CSF-deprived macrophages arises from a combination of ASMase activity and de novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Payman Hojabrpour
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Urs P Steinbrecher
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vincent Duronio
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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22
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Lysosomal ceramide generated by acid sphingomyelinase triggers cytosolic cathepsin B-mediated degradation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in natural killer/T lymphoma cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1717. [PMID: 25855965 PMCID: PMC4650549 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that IL-2 deprivation induced acid sphingomyelinase-mediated (ASM-mediated) ceramide elevation and apoptosis in an NK/T lymphoma cell line KHYG-1. However, the molecular mechanism of ASM–ceramide-mediated apoptosis during IL-2 deprivation is poorly understood. Here, we showed that IL-2 deprivation induces caspase-dependent apoptosis characterized by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-8, -9, and -3 cleavage, and degradation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). IL-2 re-supplementation rescued apoptosis via inhibition of XIAP degradation without affecting caspase cleavage. However, IL-2 deprivation induced ceramide elevation via ASM in lysosomes and activated lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB) but not cathepsin D. A CTSB inhibitor CA-074 Me and knockdown of CTSB inhibited ceramide-mediated XIAP degradation and apoptosis. Inhibition of ceramide accumulation in lysosomes using an ASM inhibitor, desipramine, decreased cytosolic activation of CTSB by inhibiting its transfer into cytosol from the lysosome. Knockdown of ASM also inhibited XIAP degradation and apoptosis. Furthermore, cell permeable N-acetyl sphingosine (C2-ceramide), which increases mainly endogenous d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/24:1 ceramide-like IL-2 deprivation, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis with XIAP degradation through CTSB. These findings suggest that lysosomal ceramide produced by ASM mediates XIAP degradation by activation of cytosolic CTSB and caspase-dependent apoptosis. The ASM–ceramide–CTSB signaling axis is a novel pathway of ceramide-mediated apoptosis in IL-2-deprived NK/T lymphoma cells.
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23
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Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Picardi P, Laezza C, Sosa S, Tubaro A, Vitale M, Gazzerro P, Malfitano AM, Bifulco M. N6-isopentenyladenosine affects cytotoxic activity and cytokines production by IL-2 activated NK cells and exerts topical anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Pharmacol Res 2014; 89:1-10. [PMID: 25063359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA) is a modified adenosine with an isopentenyl moiety derived from the mevalonate pathway which displays pleiotropic biological effects, including anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activity. Previous evidence revealed a biphasic effect of iPA on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, being pro-proliferative at low doses and anti-proliferative at high doses. Analogously, we have recently shown that low iPA concentrations (<1μM) increased the immune response of natural killer (NK) cells against cancer targets. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of iPA at high concentration (10μM) on IL-2-activated NK cells. iPA, inhibited NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity against their conventional tumor target, human K562 cells. This inhibition was associated with decreased expression and functionality of NK cell activating receptors NKp44 and NKG2D as well as impaired cyto/chemokines secretion (RANTES, MIP-1α, TNF-α and IFN-γ). ERK/MAPK and STAT5 activation in IL-2-activated NK cells were inhibited by iPA. The results obtained in vitro were validated in vivo in the inflammatory murine model of croton oil-induced ear dermatitis. The topical application of iPA significantly reduced mouse ear oedema, thus suggesting anti-inflammatory properties of this molecule. These results show the ability of iPA to exert anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo directly targeting NK cells, providing a novel pharmacological tool in those diseases characterized by a deregulated immune-response, such as cancer or inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paola Picardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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24
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Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Picardi P, Laezza C, Malfitano AM, DˈAlessandro A, Gazzerro P, Vitale M, Carbone E, Bifulco M. N6-isopentenyladenosine, an endogenous isoprenoid end product, directly affects cytotoxic and regulatory functions of human NK cells through FDPS modulation. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1207-19. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0413190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Zhang QB, Sun HC, Zhang KZ, Jia QA, Bu Y, Wang M, Chai ZT, Zhang QB, Wang WQ, Kong LQ, Zhu XD, Lu L, Wu WZ, Wang L, Tang ZY. Suppression of natural killer cells by sorafenib contributes to prometastatic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55945. [PMID: 23409093 PMCID: PMC3568028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a standard treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study was undertaken to determine whether the growth and metastasis of HCC were influenced in mice receiving sorafenib prior to implantation with tumors, and to investigate the in-vivo and in-vitro effect of sorafenib on natural killer (NK) cells. In sorafenib-pretreated BALB/c nu/nu mice and C57BL/6 mice, tumor growth was accelerated, mouse survival was decreased, and lung metastasis was increased. However, the depletion of NK1.1+ cells in C57BL/6 mice eliminated sorafenib-mediated pro-metastatic effects. Sorafenib significantly reduced the number of NK cells and inhibited reactivity of NK cells against tumor cells, in both tumor-bearing and tumor-free C57BL/6 mice. Sorafenib down-regulated the stimulatory receptor CD69 in NK cells of tumor-bearing mice, but not in tumor-free mice, and inhibited proliferation of NK92-MI cells, which is associated with the blocking of the PI3K/AKT pathway, and inhibited cytotoxicity of NK cells in response to tumor targets, which was due to impaired ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest immunotherapeutic approaches activating NK cells may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Niacinamide/administration & dosage
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Niacinamide/pharmacology
- Phenylurea Compounds/administration & dosage
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sorafenib
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Bo Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Zhi Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-An Jia
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-Tao Chai
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Bao Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Qun Kong
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Self-enhancement of hepatitis C virus replication by promotion of specific sphingolipid biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002860. [PMID: 22916015 PMCID: PMC3420934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are key components in the viral life cycle that affect host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated the effect of HCV infection on sphingolipid metabolism, especially on endogenous SM levels, and the relationship between HCV replication and endogenous SM molecular species. We demonstrated that HCV induces the expression of the genes (SGMS1 and 2) encoding human SM synthases 1 and 2. We observed associated increases of both total and individual sphingolipid molecular species, as assessed in human hepatocytes and in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction in which HCV replicates. SGMS1 expression had a correlation with HCV replication. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis with a hepatotropic serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) inhibitor, NA808, suppressed HCV-RNA production while also interfering with sphingolipid metabolism. Further, we identified the SM molecular species that comprise the DRM fraction and demonstrated that these endogenous SM species interacted with HCV nonstructural 5B polymerase to enhance viral replication. Our results reveal that HCV alters sphingolipid metabolism to promote viral replication, providing new insights into the formation of the HCV replication complex and the involvement of host lipids in the HCV life cycle. One of the key components for hepatitis C virus (HCV) propagation is lipids, some of which comprise membranous replication complexes for HCV replication. Research on cofactors that are involved in the formation of the membranous replication complex has advanced steadily; on the other hand, the lipids constituting the membranous replication complex remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that HCV modulates sphingolipid metabolism by promoting sphingolipid biosynthesis, to enhance viral replication. Specifically a specific molecular species of sphingomyelin (SM), a type of sphingolipid interacts with HCV nonstructural 5B polymerase, enhancing HCV replication. This work highlights the relationship between specific molecular species of SMs and HCV replication, giving new insight into the formation of the HCV replication complex and the involvement of host lipids in the HCV life cycle.
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Shakor ABA, Taniguchi M, Kitatani K, Hashimoto M, Asano S, Hayashi A, Nomura K, Bielawski J, Bielawska A, Watanabe K, Kobayashi T, Igarashi Y, Umehara H, Takeya H, Okazaki T. Sphingomyelin synthase 1-generated sphingomyelin plays an important role in transferrin trafficking and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36053-36062. [PMID: 21856749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) endocytosis and recycling are essential for iron uptake and the regulation of cell proliferation. Tf and Tf receptor (TfR) complexes are internalized via clathrin-coated pits composed of a variety of proteins and lipids and pass through early endosomes to recycling endosomes. We investigated the role of sphingomyelin (SM) synthases (SMS1 and SMS2) in clathrin-dependent trafficking of Tf and cell proliferation. We employed SM-deficient lymphoma cells that lacked SMSs and that failed to proliferate in response to Tf. Transfection of SMS1, but not SMS2, enabled these cells to incorporate SM into the plasma membrane, restoring Tf-mediated proliferation. SM-deficient cells showed a significant reduction in clathrin-dependent Tf uptake compared with the parental SM-producing cells. Both SMS1 gene transfection and exogenous short-chain SM treatment increased clathrin-dependent Tf uptake in SM-deficient cells, with the Tf being subsequently sorted to Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. We observed trafficking of the internalized Tf to late/endolysosomal compartments, and this was not dependent on the clathrin pathway in SM-deficient cells. Thus, SMS1-mediated SM synthesis directs Tf-TfR to undergo clathrin-dependent endocytosis and recycling, promoting the proliferation of lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abo Bakr Abdel Shakor
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Hayashi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nomura
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Departmant of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Departmant of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 21-jo, Nishi 11-choume, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hisanori Umehara
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada, Ishikawa 902-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeya
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada, Ishikawa 902-0293, Japan.
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Torres F, Quintana J, Estévez F. 5,7,3'-Trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone inhibits the tubulin polymerization and activates the sphingomyelin pathway. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:113-22. [PMID: 21229608 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds which display a vast array of biological activities and are among the most promising anti-cancer agents. The derivative of quercetin, 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone (THDF), is a natural flavonoid that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Here we show that THDF induces cell-cycle arrest in the M phase and inhibits tubulin polymerization. This was associated with the accumulation of cyclin B1 and p21(Cip1) , changes in the phosphorylation status of cyclin B1, Cdk1, Cdc25C, and MPM-2, and activation of the acidic sphingomyelinase (ASMase). Moreover, desipramine attenuated THDF-mediated cell death, indicating a crucial role of ASMase in the mechanism of cell death. In vivo studies on the athymic nude mouse xenograft model also confirmed that THDF inhibits growth of human leukemia cells and suggest that this compound may have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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29
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Human gammadelta T lymphocytes induce robust NK cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity through CD137 engagement. Blood 2010; 116:1726-33. [PMID: 20519625 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-234211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that control the growth of major histocompatibility complex class I negative tumors. We show here that γδ T lymphocytes, expanded in vitro in the presence isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP), induce NK cell-mediated killing of tumors that are usually resistant to NK cytolysis. The induction of cytotoxicity toward these resistant tumors requires priming of NK cells by immobilized human immunoglobulin G1 and costimulation through CD137L expressed on activated γδ T lymphocytes. This costimulation increases NKG2D expression on the NK-cell surface, which is directly responsible for tumor cell lysis. Moreover, culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with zoledronic acid, a γδ T lymphocyte activating agent, enhances NK-cell direct cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tumors. Our data reveal a novel function of human γδ T lymphocytes in the regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and provide rationale for the use of strategies to manipulate the CD137 pathway to augment innate antitumor immunity.
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Abstract
Glucosylceramide has a unique and often ambiguous role in mammalian cells. Activation of glucosylceramide synthase, the enzyme that places a glucosyl moiety onto ceramide, is the first pathway-committed step to the production of more complex glycosphingolipids such as lactosylceramide and gangliosides. Alterations in the level of glucosylceramide are noted in cells and tissues in response to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, skin disorders and cancer. Overall, upregulation of glucosylceramide offers cellular protection and primes certain cells for proliferation. However, prolonged overabundance of glucosylceramide is detrimental, as seen in Gaucher disease in humans.
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Suck G, Branch DR, Keating A. Irradiated KHYG-1 retains cytotoxicity: Potential for adoptive immunotherapy with a natural killer cell line. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:355-61. [PMID: 16782653 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600649653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate gamma-irradiation on KHYG-1, a highly cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cell line and potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS The NK cell line KHYG-1 was irradiated at 1 gray (Gy) to 50 Gy with gamma-irradiation, and evaluated for cell proliferation, cell survival, and cytotoxicity against tumor targets. RESULTS We showed that a dose of at least 10 Gy was sufficient to inhibit proliferation of KHYG-1 within the first day but not its cytolytic activity. While 50 Gy had an apoptotic effect in the first hours after irradiation, the killing of K562 and HL60 targets was not different from non-irradiated cells but was reduced for the Ph + myeloid leukemia lines, EM-2 and EM-3. CONCLUSIONS gamma-irradiation (at least 10 Gy) of KHYG-1 inhibits cell proliferation but does not diminish its enhanced cytolytic activity against several tumor targets. This study suggests that KHYG-1 may be a feasible immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Suck
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, rincess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada.
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32
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Qin J, Testai FD, Dawson S, Kilkus J, Dawson G. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine formation and action in oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1388-99. [PMID: 19545281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play a major role in neurodegeneration. Increasing concentrations of peroxide induce neural cell death through activation of pro-apoptotic pathways. We now report that hydrogen peroxide generated sn-2 oxidized phosphatidylcholine (OxPC) in neonatal rat oligodendrocytes and that synthetic OxPC [1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo)valeryl-sn-glycero-3 phosphorylcholine, POVPC] also induced apoptosis in neonatal rat oligodendrocytes. POVPC activated caspases 3 and 8, and neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase) but not acid sphingomyelinase. Downstream pro-apoptotic pathways activated by POVPC treatment included the Jun N-terminal kinase proapoptotic cascade and the degradation of phospho-Akt. Activation of NSMase occurred within 1 h, was blocked by inhibitors of caspase 8, increased mainly C18 and C24:1 ceramides, and appeared to be concentrated in detergent-resistant microdomains (Rafts). We concluded that OxPC initially activated NSMase and converted sphingomyelin into ceramide to mediate a series of downstream pro-apoptotic events in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Qin
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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33
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Jin ZX, Huang CR, Dong L, Goda S, Kawanami T, Sawaki T, Sakai T, Tong XP, Masaki Y, Fukushima T, Tanaka M, Mimori T, Tojo H, Bloom ET, Okazaki T, Umehara H. Impaired TCR signaling through dysfunction of lipid rafts in sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1)-knockdown T cells. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1427-37. [PMID: 18820264 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During T cell activation, TCRs cluster at the center of the T cell-antigen-presenting cell interface forming the central supramolecular activation cluster. Although it has been suggested that sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich microdomains, termed lipid rafts, form platforms for the regulation and transduction of TCR signals, an actual role for membrane sphingomyelin (SM), a key component of lipid rafts, has not been reported. After cloning a gene responsible for SM synthesis, sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) 1, we established a SM-knockdown cell line (Jurkat-SMS1/kd) by transfection of SMS1-short-interfering RNA into Jurkat T cells, which is deficient in membrane expression of SM. Upon CD3 stimulation, expression of CD69 (the earliest leukocyte activation antigen), activation-induced cell adhesion and proliferation as well as TCR clustering was severely impaired in Jurkat-SMS1/kd cells. CD3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and association of linker for activation of T cell with ZAP-70 and Grb2 and phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) were also severely impaired in Jurkat-SMS1/kd cells. Finally, translocation of TCR, ZAP-70 and PKC into lipid rafts was markedly decreased in Jurkat-SMS1/kd cells. These findings indicate that membrane SM is crucial for TCR signal transduction, leading to full T cell activation through lipid raft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Xiong Jin
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Kilkus JP, Goswami R, Dawson SA, Testai FD, Berdyshev EV, Han X, Dawson G. Differential regulation of sphingomyelin synthesis and catabolism in oligodendrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1745-57. [PMID: 18489714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons (both primary cultures of 3-day rat hippocampal neurons and embryonic chick neurons) rapidly converted exogenous NBD-sphingomyelin (SM) to NBD-Cer but only slowly converted NBD-Cer to NBD-SM. This was confirmed by demonstrating low in vitro sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) and high sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity in neurons. Similar results were observed in a human neuroblastoma cell line (LA-N-5). In contrast, primary cultures of 3-day-old rat oligodendrocytes only slowly converted NBD-SM to NBD-Cer but rapidly converted NBD-Cer to NBD-SM. This difference was confirmed by high in vitro SMS and low SMase activity in neonatal rat oligodendrocytes. Similar results were observed in a human oligodendroglioma cell line. Mass-Spectrometric analyses confirmed that neurons had a low SM/Cer ratio of (1.5 : 1) whereas oligodendroglia had a high SM/Cer ratio (9 : 1). Differences were also confirmed by [(3)H]palmitate-labeling of ceramide, which was higher in neurons compared with oligodendrocytes. Stable transfection of human oligodendroglioma cells with neutral SMase, which enhanced the conversion of NBD-SM to NBD-Cer and increased cell death, whereas transfection with SMS1 or SMS2 enhanced conversion of NBD-Cer to NBD-SM and was somewhat protective against cell death. Thus, SMS rather than SMases may be more important for sphingolipid homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, whereas the reverse may be true for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kilkus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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35
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Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 2008; 131:1190-203. [PMID: 18083107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1767] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of tyrosine kinase-based cancer therapeutics, for most solid tumors the tyrosine kinases that drive disease remain unknown, limiting our ability to identify drug targets and predict response. Here we present the first large-scale survey of tyrosine kinase activity in lung cancer. Using a phosphoproteomic approach, we characterize tyrosine kinase signaling across 41 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and over 150 NSCLC tumors. Profiles of phosphotyrosine signaling are generated and analyzed to identify known oncogenic kinases such as EGFR and c-Met as well as novel ALK and ROS fusion proteins. Other activated tyrosine kinases such as PDGFRalpha and DDR1 not previously implicated in the genesis of NSCLC are also identified. By focusing on activated cell circuitry, the approach outlined here provides insight into cancer biology not available at the chromosomal and transcriptional levels and can be applied broadly across all human cancers.
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36
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Bao HF, Zhang ZR, Liang YY, Ma JJ, Eaton DC, Ma HP. Ceramide mediates inhibition of the renal epithelial sodium channel by tumor necrosis factor-alpha through protein kinase C. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1178-86. [PMID: 17634398 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00153.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether ceramide mediates regulation of the renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), confocal microscopy and patch-clamp experiments were performed in A6 distal nephron cells. We found that TNF-alpha (100 ng/ml) had no effect on ENaC activity and ceramide level when the cells were grown in the presence of aldosterone, but significantly inhibited ENaC and induced ceramide production after the cells were pretreated with LY 294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, for 24 h. The inhibition of ENaC induced by TNF-alpha was mimicked by exogenous sphingomyelinase (0.1 U/ml) and C(2)-ceramide (50 microM), but neither C(2)-dihydroceramide, a membrane-impermeable analog of C(2)-ceramide, nor choline, and abolished by pretreatment with GF109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. C(2)-ceramide failed to affect ENaC in the cells pretreated with GF109203X, but not in the cells pretreated with PD-98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor. C(2)-ceramide induced the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) in control A6 cells, but not in the cells pretreated with GF109203X. Together with our previous finding that cytosolic PS maintains ENaC activity in A6 cells, these data suggest that ceramide mediates TNF-alpha inhibition of the renal ENaC via a pathway associated with PKC-dependent externalization of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Bao
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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37
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Feng Y, LeBlanc MH. N-tosyl-l-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone reduces ceramide during hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in newborn rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 551:34-40. [PMID: 17026992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) suppresses apoptosis and protects neurons from damage in animal models. TPCK is thought to act by inhibiting ceramide production by sphingomyelinase. Ceramide is a proapoptotic intracellular signal that is involved in the cerebral ischemia. We wished to see whether ceramide contributes to TPCK's neuroprotective effects in vivo. Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid arteries permanently ligated followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). TPCK (10 mg/kg, n=62) or vehicle (n=63) was administered by i.p. 5 min prior to hypoxia. The level of ceramide in brain cortex both in lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres was measured at 8 h, 18 h, 24 h, 2 and 5 days after hypoxia-ischemia using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The level of ceramide significantly increased due to hypoxic-ischemia at 18, 24 h and 2 days after hypoxia (P<0.05 or P<0.01) but not at 8 h or 5 days after hypoxia as compared to the contralateral hemisphere or a sham group. Pretreatment with TPCK reduced this increase. We also examined the level of sphingomyelin and the activities of the ceramide synthesizing sphingomyelinase enzymes by thin layer chromatography. The activities of acidic and neutral sphingomyelinase significantly increased due to hypoxic ischemia at 24 h after hypoxia. TPCK significantly reduced this increase (P<0.05 vs. vehicle) but did not affect the level of sphingomyelin. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ceramide is involved in TPCK's neuroprotective effects in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the newborn rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzheng Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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38
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Guillén N, Navarro MA, Surra JC, Arnal C, Fernández-Juan M, Cebrián-Pérez JA, Osada J. Cloning, characterization, expression and comparative analysis of pig Golgi membrane sphingomyelin synthase 1. Gene 2006; 388:117-24. [PMID: 17156943 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pig sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) cDNA was cloned, characterized and compared to the human ortholog. Porcine protein consists of 413 amino acids and displays a 97% sequence identity with human protein. A phylogenic tree of proteins reveals that porcine SMS1 is more closely related to bovine and rodent proteins than to human. Analysis of protein mass was higher than the theoretical prediction based on amino acid sequence suggesting a kind of posttranslational modification. Quantitative representation of tissue distribution obtained by real-time RT-PCR showed that it was widely expressed although important variations in levels were obtained among organs. Thus, the cardiovascular system, especially the heart, showed the highest value of all the tissues studied. Regional differences of expression were observed in the central nervous system and intestinal tract. Analysis of the hepatic mRNA and protein expressions of SMS1 following turpentine treatment revealed a progressive decrease in the former paralleled by a decrease in the protein concentration. These findings indicate the variation in expression in the different tissues might suggest a different requirement of Golgi sphingomyelin for the specific function in each organ and a regulation of the enzyme in response to turpentine-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Guillén
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Sanvicens N, Cotter TG. Ceramide is the key mediator of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in retinal photoreceptor cells. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1432-44. [PMID: 16923157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species play a critical role in photoreceptor apoptosis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms triggered by oxidative stress in photoreceptor cell death remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the sphingolipid ceramide is the key mediator of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in 661W retinal photoreceptor cells. Treatment of 661W cells with the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, activates acid sphingomyelinase. As a result, sphingomyelin is hydrolysed, which leads to an increase in the concentration of ceramide. We also show that ceramide is responsible for the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in 661W photoreceptor cells and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. Furthermore, we show for the first time that ceramide is responsible for the increased Ca2+ levels in the mitochondria and cytosol that precedes activation of the calpain-mediated apoptotic pathway. Additionally, we provide evidence that ceramide also activates the endolysosomal protease cathepsin D pathway. In summary, our findings show that ceramide controls the cell death decisions in photoreceptor cells and highlight the relevance of acid sphingomyelinase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sanvicens
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Research Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
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40
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Yang Z, Khoury C, Jean-Baptiste G, Greenwood MT. Identification of mouse sphingomyelin synthase 1 as a suppressor of Bax-mediated cell death in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2006; 6:751-62. [PMID: 16879426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified mouse sphingomyelin synthase 1 as a novel suppressor of the growth inhibitory effect of heterologously expressed Bax. Yeast cells expressing sphingomyelin synthase 1 were also found to show an increased resistance to a variety of cytotoxic stimuli including hydrogen peroxide, osmotic stress and elevated temperature. Sphingomyelin synthase 1 functions by catalyzing the conversion of ceramide and phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol. Ceramide is an antiproliferative and proapoptotic sphingolipid whose level increases in response to a variety of stresses. Consistent with its biochemical function, yeast cells expressing sphingomyelin synthase 1 have an enhanced ability to grow in media containing the cell-permeable C2-ceramide analog as well as the ceramide precursor phytosphingosine. We also show that overexpression of AUR1, a potential yeast functional homolog of sphingomyelin synthase, also protects cells from osmotic stress. Taken together, these results suggest that sphingomyelin synthase 1 likely prevents cell death by counteracting stress-mediated accumulation of endogenous sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Hallett WHD, Murphy WJ. Positive and negative regulation of Natural Killer cells: therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2006; 16:367-82. [PMID: 16934486 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells can mediate numerous anti-tumor and anti-viral effector functions as well as play important immunoregulatory roles in various disease states. Promoting the ability of NK cells to respond in an immunotherapeutic setting has often been sought by the addition of NK cell-stimulating factors. However, such therapies are often found to be insufficient, which may in part be due to the presence of inhibitory influences on the NK cell. NK cells can respond to a plethora of cytokines which are generated by numerous cell types and these interactions can markedly affect NK cell survival and activity. NK cells also possess multiple activating and inhibiting receptors which can alter their function. Whether the NK cell will become activated or not can depend on a complex balance of activating and inhibitory signals received by the cell and modulation of these signals may shift the balance on NK activation. This review discusses the various activating and inhibitory stimuli which can act on NK cells, and suggests that future NK cell-based therapies consider not only activating stimuli but also removal of possible inhibitory elements which could prevent optimal NK cell function and/or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H D Hallett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MS 199, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Chan SYV, Hilchie AL, Brown MG, Anderson R, Hoskin DW. Apoptosis induced by intracellular ceramide accumulation in MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cells is dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 82:1-11. [PMID: 16624283 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to promote intracellular ceramide accumulation in cancer cells may have therapeutic utility because ceramide is an important second messenger during apoptosis. Exposure to cell-permeable C(6) ceramide or tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthate (an inducer of de novo ceramide synthesis and an inhibitor of sphingomyelin synthase) caused MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma cells to die by apoptosis. Concomitant treatment with the ceramidase inhibitor D-erythro-2-(N-myristoylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol (MAPP) or the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor 1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP) potentiated the cytotoxic effect of C(6) ceramide, indicating that C(6) ceramide-mediated cytotoxicity was antagonized by the action of ceramidases and glucosylceramide synthase. Interestingly, treatment with PPMP alone, but not MAPP alone, also induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 cells, suggesting that conversion to glucosylceramide rather than catabolism by ceramidases prevented endogenous ceramide from reaching cytotoxic levels. C(6) ceramide-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 cells was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species, and was inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and glutathione. Although mitochondrial membrane integrity was disrupted in C(6) ceramide-treated MDA-MB-435 cells, apoptosis was not mediated by caspases because there was no protective effect by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Collectively, these findings indicate that strategies to enhance intracellular ceramide accumulation in malignant cells might offer a novel approach to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Velda Chan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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Yang Z, Jean-Baptiste G, Khoury C, Greenwood MT. The mouse sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) gene is alternatively spliced to yield multiple transcripts and proteins. Gene 2005; 363:123-32. [PMID: 16226406 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) is a recently identified 413-residue protein that plays a critical role in sphingolipid metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of ceramide and phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol (DAG). We have previously reported the isolation of a mouse SMS1 encoding cDNA that contains a unique 5' UTR sequence. Three other mouse SMS1 cDNAs that differed in their 5' and 3' non-coding sequences were present in GenBank. In order to ascertain the origin of the unique 5' and 3' UTR sequences, we analyzed the structure of the mouse SMS1 gene. Analysis of the four different SMS1 cDNA sequences and of the corresponding mouse genomic fragment revealed that the SMS1 gene consists of 16 exons that are alternatively spliced to produce 4 different mRNAs (SMS1alpha1, SMS1alpha2, SMS1beta and SMS1gamma) and 3 different proteins (SMS1alpha, SMS1beta and SMS1gamma). RT-PCR was used to demonstrate that all four SMS1 cDNAs represent expressed transcripts that show distinctly different tissue distributions. Transcripts for SMS1alpha1, SMS1alpha2 and SMS1beta were found to increase in response to the pro-apoptotic effects of TNF-alpha. Finally, using a yeast-based assay, we confirmed that SMS1alpha prevents the growth inhibitory effects of Bax but SMS1beta neither prevents nor enhances the effects of Bax or of SMS1alpha. Taken together these results demonstrate the complexity of SMS1 gene structure, expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Polypeptide Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
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Suck G, Branch DR, Smyth MJ, Miller RG, Vergidis J, Fahim S, Keating A. KHYG-1, a model for the study of enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1160-71. [PMID: 16219538 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cytotoxicity of KHYG-1 with other natural killer (NK)/NK T-cell lines and identify molecules that may be associated with enhanced cytotoxicity, thereby eventually leading to improved NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS NK/NK T-cell lines KHYG-1, NK-92, YT, and SNT-8 were compared with a novel flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay under different culture conditions. Transcription, expression, and phosphorylation studies were performed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry. RESULTS KHYG-1 is a highly cytotoxic cell line, exceeding the cytolytic capacity of the other cell lines against K562. KHYG-1 is also highly cytotoxic against the leukemia cell lines EM2, EM3, and HL60. The novel activation receptor NKp44 and its adaptor, DAP12, NKG2D, and constitutively phosphorylated ERK2 may be associated with the enhanced cytotoxicity of KHYG-1. This cell line most likely mediates cytolysis by granzyme M (but not granzymes A and B) together with perforin, which is constitutively fully cleaved to the 60-kD form, in contrast to the other cell lines. CONCLUSION KHYG-1 is a valuable model for the study of enhanced cytotoxicity by NK cells. In addition to the activation of NKp44, KHYG-1 may induce apoptosis of tumor cells by the newly described granzyme M/perforin pathway. Targeted modifications of effector molecules demonstrated in this model could generate NK cells with even greater killing ability that may be particularly attractive for clinical application. Moreover, our demonstration of greater cytotoxicity of KHYG-1 versus NK-92 cells, already in clinical trials, suggests a direct therapeutic role for KHYG-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet Suck
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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