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Liu Z, Yu D, Song H, Postings ML, Scott P, Wang Z, Ren J, Qu X. Enantioselective Degrader for Elimination of Extracellular Aggregation-Prone Proteins hIAPP Associated with Type 2 Diabetes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8141-8152. [PMID: 37057955 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation has demonstrated the power to modulate protein homeostasis. For overcoming the limitation to intracellular protein degradation, lysosome targeting chimeras have been recently developed and successfully utilized to degrade a range of disease-relevant extracellular and membrane proteins. Inspired by this strategy, here we describe our proof-of-concept studies using metallohelix-based degraders to deliver the extracellular human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) into the lysosomes for degradation. Our designed metallohelix can bind and inhibit hIAPP aggregation, and the conjugated tri-GalNAc motif can target macrophage galactose-type lectin 1 (MGL1), yielding chimeric molecules that can both inhibit hIAPP aggregation and direct the bound hIAPP for lysosomal degradation in macrophages. Further studies demonstrate that the enhanced hIAPP clearance has been through the endolysosomal system and depends on MGL1-mediated endocytosis. Intriguingly, Λ enantiomers show even better efficiency in preventing hIAPP aggregation and promoting internalization and degradation of hIAPP than Δ enantiomers. Moreover, metallohelix-based degraders also faciltate the clearance of hIAPP through asialoglycoprotein receptor in liver cells. Overall, our studies demonstrate that chiral metallohelix can be employed for targeted degradation of extracellular misfolded proteins and possess enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Dongqin Yu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Miles L Postings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
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Makinde HKM, Dunn JLM, Gadhvi G, Carns M, Aren K, Chung AH, Muhammad LN, Song J, Cuda CM, Dominguez S, Pandolfino JE, Dematte D’Amico JE, Budinger GS, Assassi S, Frech TM, Khanna D, Shaeffer A, Perlman H, Hinchcliff M, Winter DR. Three Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of Monocytes Associate with Disease Activity in Scleroderma Patients. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:595-608. [PMID: 36281773 PMCID: PMC10165944 DOI: 10.1002/art.42380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) display a complex clinical phenotype. Transcriptional profiling of whole blood or tissue from patients are affected by changes in cellular composition that drive gene expression and an inability to detect minority cell populations. We undertook this study to focus on the 2 main subtypes of circulating monocytes, classical monocytes (CMs) and nonclassical monocytes (NCMs) as a biomarker of SSc disease severity. METHODS SSc patients were recruited from the Prospective Registry for Early Systemic Sclerosis. Clinical data were collected, as well as peripheral blood for isolation of CMs and NCMs. Age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. Bulk macrophages were isolated from the skin in a separate cohort. All samples were assayed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS We used an unbiased approach to cluster patients into 3 groups (groups A-C) based on the transcriptional signatures of CMs relative to controls. Each group maintained their characteristic transcriptional signature in NCMs. Genes up-regulated in group C demonstrated the highest expression compared to the other groups in SSc skin macrophages, relative to controls. Patients from groups B and C exhibited worse lung function than group A, although there was no difference in SSc skin disease at baseline, relative to controls. We validated our approach by applying our group classifications to published bulk monocyte RNA-seq data from SSc patients, and we found that patients without skin disease were most likely to be classified as group A. CONCLUSION We are the first to show that transcriptional signatures of CMs and NCMs can be used to unbiasedly stratify SSc patients and correlate with disease activity outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadijat-Kubura M. Makinde
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Julia L. M. Dunn
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Allergy & Immunology. Cincinnati, OH 45229 (current affiliation)
| | - Gaurav Gadhvi
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mary Carns
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathleen Aren
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Anh H. Chung
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lutfiyya N. Muhammad
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jing Song
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Carla M. Cuda
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Salina Dominguez
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - John E. Pandolfino
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jane E. Dematte D’Amico
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - G. Scott Budinger
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Prospective Registry of Early Systemic Sclerosis (PRESS) consortium. Shervin Assassi MD MS- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (TX), Elana Bernstein MD MS- Columbia University (NY), Robyn Domsic MD MS - University of Pittsburgh (PA), Tracy Frech MD MS - University of Utah (UT), Jessica Gordon - Hospital for Special Surgery (NY), Faye Hant - Medical University of South Carolina (SC), Monique Hinchcliff – Yale School of Medicine (CT), Dinesh Khanna MD MS - University of Michigan (MI), Ami Shah - Johns Hopkins University (MD), Victoria Shanmugam - George Washington University (DC)
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Division of Rheumatology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tracy M. Frech
- Prospective Registry of Early Systemic Sclerosis (PRESS) consortium. Shervin Assassi MD MS- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (TX), Elana Bernstein MD MS- Columbia University (NY), Robyn Domsic MD MS - University of Pittsburgh (PA), Tracy Frech MD MS - University of Utah (UT), Jessica Gordon - Hospital for Special Surgery (NY), Faye Hant - Medical University of South Carolina (SC), Monique Hinchcliff – Yale School of Medicine (CT), Dinesh Khanna MD MS - University of Michigan (MI), Ami Shah - Johns Hopkins University (MD), Victoria Shanmugam - George Washington University (DC)
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology. Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Prospective Registry of Early Systemic Sclerosis (PRESS) consortium. Shervin Assassi MD MS- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (TX), Elana Bernstein MD MS- Columbia University (NY), Robyn Domsic MD MS - University of Pittsburgh (PA), Tracy Frech MD MS - University of Utah (UT), Jessica Gordon - Hospital for Special Surgery (NY), Faye Hant - Medical University of South Carolina (SC), Monique Hinchcliff – Yale School of Medicine (CT), Dinesh Khanna MD MS - University of Michigan (MI), Ami Shah - Johns Hopkins University (MD), Victoria Shanmugam - George Washington University (DC)
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alex Shaeffer
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Harris Perlman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
- Prospective Registry of Early Systemic Sclerosis (PRESS) consortium. Shervin Assassi MD MS- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (TX), Elana Bernstein MD MS- Columbia University (NY), Robyn Domsic MD MS - University of Pittsburgh (PA), Tracy Frech MD MS - University of Utah (UT), Jessica Gordon - Hospital for Special Surgery (NY), Faye Hant - Medical University of South Carolina (SC), Monique Hinchcliff – Yale School of Medicine (CT), Dinesh Khanna MD MS - University of Michigan (MI), Ami Shah - Johns Hopkins University (MD), Victoria Shanmugam - George Washington University (DC)
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology. New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Deborah R. Winter
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. Chicago, IL 60611
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van Gijsel-Bonnello M, Darling NJ, Tanaka T, Di Carmine S, Marchesi F, Thomson S, Clark K, Kurowska-Stolarska M, McSorley HJ, Cohen P, Arthur JSC. Salt-inducible kinase 2 regulates fibrosis during bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102644. [PMID: 36309093 PMCID: PMC9706632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and normally fatal disease with limited treatment options. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib has recently been approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and its effectiveness has been linked to its ability to inhibit a number of receptor tyrosine kinases including the platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. We show here that nintedanib also inhibits salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2), with a similar IC50 to its reported tyrosine kinase targets. Nintedanib also inhibited the related kinases SIK1 and SIK3, although with 12-fold and 72-fold higher IC50s, respectively. To investigate if the inhibition of SIK2 may contribute to the effectiveness of nintedanib in treating lung fibrosis, mice with kinase-inactive knockin mutations were tested using a model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. We found that loss of SIK2 activity protects against bleomycin-induced fibrosis, as judged by collagen deposition and histological scoring. Loss of both SIK1 and SIK2 activity had a similar effect to loss of SIK2 activity. Total SIK3 knockout mice have a developmental phenotype making them unsuitable for analysis in this model; however, we determined that conditional knockout of SIK3 in the immune system did not affect bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Together, these results suggest that SIK2 is a potential drug target for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Darling
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Research Centre of Specialty, Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Samuele Di Carmine
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Biological Services, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher Clark
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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4
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Valverde P, Martínez JD, Cañada FJ, Ardá A, Jiménez-Barbero J. Molecular Recognition in C-Type Lectins: The Cases of DC-SIGN, Langerin, MGL, and L-Sectin. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2999-3025. [PMID: 32426893 PMCID: PMC7276794 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play a pivotal role in intercellular communication processes. In particular, glycan antigens are key for sustaining homeostasis, helping leukocytes to distinguish damaged tissues and invading pathogens from healthy tissues. From a structural perspective, this cross‐talk is fairly complex, and multiple membrane proteins guide these recognition processes, including lectins and Toll‐like receptors. Since the beginning of this century, lectins have become potential targets for therapeutics for controlling and/or avoiding the progression of pathologies derived from an incorrect immune outcome, including infectious processes, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of these receptors is mandatory for the development of specific treatments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about four key C‐type lectins whose importance has been steadily growing in recent years, focusing in particular on how glycan recognition takes place at the molecular level, but also looking at recent progresses in the quest for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valverde
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - J Daniel Martínez
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Avda Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV-EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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5
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Olukitibi TA, Ao Z, Mahmoudi M, Kobinger GA, Yao X. Dendritic Cells/Macrophages-Targeting Feature of Ebola Glycoprotein and its Potential as Immunological Facilitator for Antiviral Vaccine Approach. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E402. [PMID: 31569539 PMCID: PMC6843631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention of epidemic and pandemic viral infection, the use of the antiviral vaccine has been the most successful biotechnological and biomedical approach. In recent times, vaccine development studies have focused on recruiting and targeting immunogens to dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages to induce innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) has a strong binding affinity with DCs and macrophages. Shreds of evidence have also shown that the interaction between EBOV GP with DCs and macrophages leads to massive recruitment of DCs and macrophages capable of regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, studies for the development of vaccine can utilize the affinity between EBOV GP and DCs/macrophages as a novel immunological approach to induce both innate and acquired immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the unique features of EBOV GP to target the DC, and its potential to elicit strong immune responses while targeting DCs/macrophages. This review hopes to suggest and stimulate thoughts of developing a stronger and effective DC-targeting vaccine for diverse virus infection using EBOV GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Abiola Olukitibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Mona Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Gary A Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l' Université Laval/Centre Hospitalier de l' Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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6
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Novel insights into the immunomodulatory role of the dendritic cell and macrophage-expressed C-type lectin MGL. Immunobiology 2014; 220:185-92. [PMID: 25454488 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on their ability to balance tolerance and inflammation, antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis as well as the instigation of immune activation. Acting as key sensors of tissue integrity and pathogen invasion, they are well equipped with a wide variety of pattern recognition receptors, to which the C-type lectin family also belongs. C-type lectins are glycan-binding receptors that mediate cell-cell communication and pathogen recognition, besides participating in the endocytosis of antigens for presentation to T cells and the fine-tuning of immune responses. Here we review the current state-of-the-art on the dendritic cell and macrophage-expressed C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), highlighting the binding specificities, signaling properties and modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by its human and murine orthologues.
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7
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Bartneck M, Ritz T, Keul HA, Wambach M, Bornemann J, Gbureck U, Ehling J, Lammers T, Heymann F, Gassler N, Lüdde T, Trautwein C, Groll J, Tacke F. Peptide-functionalized gold nanorods increase liver injury in hepatitis. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8767-77. [PMID: 22994679 DOI: 10.1021/nn302502u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds enormous potential for advanced diagnostics and therapy. Although it is known that nanoparticles accumulate in liver in vivo, the impact of cell-targeting particles on the liver, especially in disease conditions, is largely obscure. We had previously demonstrated that peptide-conjugated nanoparticles differentially impact macrophage activation in vitro. We thus comprehensively studied the distribution of gold nanorods (AuNR) in mice in vivo and assessed their hepatotoxicity and impact on systemic and hepatic immune cells in healthy animals and experimental liver disease models. Gold nanorods were stabilized with either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or poly(ethylene glycol) and additional bioactive tripeptides RGD or GLF. Gold nanorods mostly accumulated in liver upon systemic injection in mice, as evidenced by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry from different organs and by non-invasive microcomputerized tomography whole-body imaging. In liver, AuNR were only found in macrophages by seedless deposition and electron microscopy. In healthy animals, AuNR did not cause significant hepatotoxicity as evidenced by biochemical and histological analyses, even at high AuNR doses. However, flow cytometry and gene expression studies revealed that AuNR polarized hepatic macrophages, even at low doses, dependent on the respective peptide sequence, toward M1 or M2 activation. While peptide-modified AuNR did not influence liver scarring, termed fibrosis, in chronic hepatic injury models, AuNR-induced preactivation of hepatic macrophages significantly exacerbated liver damage and disease activity in experimental immune-mediated hepatitis in mice. Bioactively targeted gold nanoparticles are thus potentially harmful in clinically relevant settings of liver injury, as they can aggravate hepatitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Mishra BB, Gundra UM, Teale JM. STAT6⁻/⁻ mice exhibit decreased cells with alternatively activated macrophage phenotypes and enhanced disease severity in murine neurocysticercosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 232:26-34. [PMID: 21051093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, using a murine model for neurocysticercosis, macrophage phenotypes and their functions were examined. Mesocestoides corti infection in the central nervous system (CNS) induced expression of markers associated with alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) and a scarcity of iNOS, a classically activated macrophage marker. The infection in STAT6(-/-) mice resulted in significantly reduced accumulation of AAMs as well as enhanced susceptibility to infection coinciding with increased parasite burden and greater neuropathology. These results demonstrate that macrophages in the helminth infected CNS are largely of AAM phenotypes, particularly as the infection progresses, and that STAT6 dependent responses, possibly involving AAMs, are essential for controlling neurocysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Mishra
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, United States
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9
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Adams DH, Ju C, Ramaiah SK, Uetrecht J, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:307-21. [PMID: 20071422 PMCID: PMC2871750 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is a common finding during a variety of liver diseases including drug-induced liver toxicity. The inflammatory phenotype can be attributed to the innate immune response generated by Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. The adaptive immune system is also influenced by the innate immune response leading to liver damage. This review summarizes recent advances in specific mechanisms of immune-mediated hepatotoxicity and its application to drug-induced liver injury. Basic mechanisms of activation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils and their unique mechanisms of recruitment into the liver vasculature are discussed. In particular, the role of adhesion molecules and various inflammatory mediators in this process are explored. In addition, the authors describe mechanisms of liver cell damage by these inflammatory cells and critically evaluate the functional significance of each cell type for predictive and idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. It is expected that continued advances in our understanding of immune mechanisms of liver injury will lead to an earlier detection of the hepatotoxic potential of drugs under development and to an earlier identification of susceptible individuals at risk for predictive and idiosyncratic drug toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Adams
- Center for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Shashi K. Ramaiah
- Biomarker and Clinical Pathology Lead, Pfizer-Drug Safety Research and Development, St Louis, Missouri 63017
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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10
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Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:451-83. [PMID: 19105661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2002] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells with well-established roles in the primary response to pathogens, but also in tissue homeostasis, coordination of the adaptive immune response, inflammation, resolution, and repair. These cells recognize danger signals through receptors capable of inducing specialized activation programs. The classically known macrophage activation is induced by IFN-gamma, which triggers a harsh proinflammatory response that is required to kill intracellular pathogens. Macrophages also undergo alternative activation by IL-4 and IL-13, which trigger a different phenotype that is important for the immune response to parasites. Here we review the cellular sources of these cytokines, receptor signaling pathways, and induced markers and gene signatures. We draw attention to discrepancies found between mouse and human models of alternative activation. The evidence for in vivo alternative activation of macrophages is also analyzed, with nematode infection as prototypic disease. Finally, we revisit the concept of macrophage activation in the context of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando O Martinez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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MGL2 Dermal dendritic cells are sufficient to initiate contact hypersensitivity in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5619. [PMID: 19440334 PMCID: PMC2680031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the mammalian immune system. In the skin, epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) survey for invasive pathogens and present antigens to T cells after migration to the cutaneous lymph nodes (LNs). So far, functional and phenotypic differences between these two DC subsets remain unclear due to lack of markers to identify DDCs. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present report, we demonstrated that macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin (MGL) 2 was exclusively expressed in the DDC subset in the skin-to-LN immune system. In the skin, MGL2 was expressed on the majority (about 88%) of MHCII+CD11c+ cells in the dermis. In the cutaneous LN, MGL2 expression was restricted to B220−CD8αloCD11b+CD11c+MHCIIhi tissue-derived DC. MGL2+DDC migrated from the dermis into the draining LNs within 24 h after skin sensitization with FITC. Distinct from LCs, MGL2+DDCs localized near the high endothelial venules in the outer T cell cortex. In FITC-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS), adoptive transfer of FITC+MGL2+DDCs, but not FITC+MGL2−DCs into naive mice resulted in the induction of FITC-specific ear swelling, indicating that DDCs played a key role in initiation of immune responses in the skin. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrated the availability of MGL2 as a novel marker for DDCs and suggested the contribution of MGL2+ DDCs for initiating CHS.
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Saba K, Denda-Nagai K, Irimura T. A C-type lectin MGL1/CD301a plays an anti-inflammatory role in murine experimental colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:144-52. [PMID: 19095961 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is caused by abnormal inflammatory and immune responses to harmless substances, such as commensal bacteria, in the large bowel. Such responses appear to be suppressed under healthy conditions, although the mechanism of such suppression is currently unclear. The present study aimed to reveal whether the recognition of bacterial surface carbohydrates by the macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1, MGL1/CD301a, induces both the production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-10. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was orally administrated to mice that lacked MGL1/CD301a (Mgl1(-/-) mice) and their wild-type littermates. Mgl1(-/-) mice showed significantly more severe inflammation than wild-type mice after administration of DSS. MGL1-positive cells in the colonic lamina propria corresponded to macrophage-like cells with F4/80-high, CD11b-positive, and CD11c-intermediate expression. These cells in Mgl1(-/-) mice produced a lower level of IL-10 mRNA compared with wild-type mice after the administration of DSS for 2 days. Recombinant MGL1 was found to bind both Streptococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. among commensal bacteria isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of DSS-treated mice. Heat-killed Streptococcus sp. induced an increase in IL-10 secretion by MGL1-positive colonic lamina propria macrophages, but not the macrophage population from Mgl1(-/-) mice. These results strongly suggest that MGL1/CD301a plays a protective role against colitis by effectively inducing IL-10 production by colonic lamina propria macrophages in response to invading commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Saba
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lumeng CN, DelProposto JB, Westcott DJ, Saltiel AR. Phenotypic switching of adipose tissue macrophages with obesity is generated by spatiotemporal differences in macrophage subtypes. Diabetes 2008; 57:3239-46. [PMID: 18829989 PMCID: PMC2584129 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the mechanism of the phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) from an alternatively activated (M2a) to a classically activated (M1) phenotype with obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ATMs from lean and obese (high-fat diet-fed) C57Bl/6 mice were analyzed by a combination of flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and expression analysis for M2a and M1 genes. Pulse labeling of ATMs with PKH26 assessed the recruitment rate of ATMs to spatially distinct regions. RESULTS Resident ATMs in lean mice express the M2a marker macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 1 (MGL1) and localize to interstitial spaces between adipocytes independent of CCR2 and CCL2. With diet-induced obesity, MGL1(+) ATMs remain in interstitial spaces, whereas a population of MGL1(-)CCR2(+) ATMs with high M1 and low M2a gene expression is recruited to clusters surrounding necrotic adipocytes. Pulse labeling showed that the rate of recruitment of new macrophages to MGL1(-) ATM clusters is significantly faster than that of interstitial MGL1(+) ATMs. This recruitment is attenuated in Ccr2(-/-) mice. M2a- and M1-polarized macrophages produced different effects on adipogenesis and adipocyte insulin sensitivity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The shift in the M2a/M1 ATM balance is generated by spatial and temporal differences in the recruitment of distinct ATM subtypes. The obesity-induced switch in ATM activation state is coupled to the localized recruitment of an inflammatory ATM subtype to macrophage clusters from the circulation and not to the conversion of resident M2a macrophages to M1 ATMs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey N. Lumeng
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Holt MP, Cheng L, Ju C. Identification and characterization of infiltrating macrophages in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1410-21. [PMID: 18713872 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0308173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury remains controversial, as it has been demonstrated that these cells display pro-toxicant and hepato-protective functions. This controversy may stem from the heterogeneity and/or plasticity of macrophages and the difficulty in distinguishing and differentially studying subpopulations of macrophages in the liver. In the present study, using flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence-labeled antibodies against specific cell surface macrophage markers, we were able to, for the first time, identify an APAP-induced macrophage (IM) population distinct from resident Kupffer cells. The data demonstrated that the IMs were derived from circulating monocytes that infiltrated the liver following APAP-induced liver injury. The IMs exhibited a phenotype consistent with that of alternatively activated macrophages and demonstrated the ability to phagocytize apoptotic cells and induce apoptosis of neutrophils. Furthermore, in the absence of the IMs, the resolution of hepatic damage following APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was delayed in CCR2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings likely contribute to the role of the IMs in the processes of tissue repair, including counteracting inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. The present study also demonstrated the ability of separating populations of macrophages and delineating distinct functions of each group in future studies of inflammatory disease in the liver and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Holt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Sorror M, Storer B, Sandmaier BM, Maloney DG, Chauncey TR, Langston A, Maziarz RT, Pulsipher M, McSweeney PA, Storb R. Hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index and Karnofsky performance status are independent predictors of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. Cancer 2008; 112:1992-2001. [PMID: 18311781 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly and medically infirm cancer patients are increasingly offered allogeneic nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). A better understanding of the impact of health status on HCT outcomes is warranted. Herein, a recently developed HCT-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) was compared with a widely acceptable measure of health status, the Karnofsky performance status (KPS). METHODS The outcomes of 341 patients were evaluated, conditioned for either related or unrelated HCT by 2-gray (Gy) total body irradiation given alone or combined with fludarabine at a dose of 90 mg/m(2). Comorbidities were assessed retrospectively by the HCT-CI. Performance status before and toxicities after HCT were graded prospectively using the KPS and National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity criteria, respectively. RESULTS Weak Spearman rank correlations were noted between HCT-CI and KPS and between the 2 measures and age, number of prior chemotherapy regimens, and intervals between diagnosis and HCT (all r < 0.20). High-risk diseases correlated significantly with higher mean HCT-CI scores (P = .009) but not low KPS (P = .37). In multivariate models, the HCT-CI had significantly greater independent predictive power for toxicities (P = .004), nonrelapse mortality (P = .0002), and overall mortality (P = .0002) compared with the KPS (P = .05, .13, and .05, respectively). Using consolidated HCT-CI and KPS scores, patients were stratified into 4 risk groups with 2-year survivals of 68%, 58%, 41%, and 32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HCT-CI and KPS should be assessed simultaneously before HCT. The use of both tools combined likely refines risk-stratification for HCT outcomes. Novel guidelines for assessment of performance status among HCT patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sorror
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Oo-puthinan S, Maenuma K, Sakakura M, Denda-Nagai K, Tsuiji M, Shimada I, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J, Bovin NV, Irimura T. The amino acids involved in the distinct carbohydrate specificities between macrophage galactose-type C-type lectins 1 and 2 (CD301a and b) of mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van Vliet SJ, Saeland E, van Kooyk Y. Sweet preferences of MGL: carbohydrate specificity and function. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:83-90. [PMID: 18249034 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins play important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to the mannose- or fucose-specific C-type lectins DC-SIGN and mannose receptor, the galactose-type lectins, of which only macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is found within the immune system, are less well known. MGL is selectively expressed by immature dendritic cells and macrophages with elevated levels on tolerogenic or alternatively activated subsets. Human MGL has an exclusive specificity for rare terminal GalNAc structures, which are revealed on the tumor-associated mucin MUC1 and CD45 on effector T cells. These findings implicate MGL in the homeostatic control of adaptive immunity. We discuss here the functional similarities and differences between MGL orthologs and compare MGL to its closest homolog, the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Maruyama T, Iizuka H, Tobisawa Y, Shiba T, Matsuda T, Kurohane K, Imai Y. Influence of local treatments with capsaicin or allyl isothiocyanate in the sensitization phase of a fluorescein-isothiocyanate-induced contact sensitivity model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 143:144-54. [PMID: 17259732 DOI: 10.1159/000099081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced contact hypersensitivity models, dibutyl phthalate has been empirically used as a solvent ingredient. We have demonstrated that dibutyl phthalate has an adjuvant effect through the facilitation of trafficking FITC-presenting dendritic cells (DC) from the skin to draining lymph nodes. Here we investigated the effects of local pretreatment with substances that are capable of desensitizing sensory neurons in the sensitization phase. METHODS Local pretreatment of BALB/c mice with capsaicin (epicutaneous), allyl isothiocyanate (epicutaneous) or a truncated form of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP(8-37); intradermal) was performed before contact sensitization to FITC. The ear swelling test was employed to monitor sensitization. The appearance of FITC-presenting CD11c-positive cells in the draining lymph nodes was detected by flow cytometry. Cytokine production in local lymph node cell cultures was determined by ELISA. RESULTS The ear swelling response was reduced in mice pretreated with capsaicin or allyl isothiocyanate. DC trafficking and maturation (based on the levels of co-stimulators CD80 and CD86) were inhibited. Interleukin-4 production by local lymph nodes was suppressed with allyl isothiocyanate but not with capsaicin. Pretreatment with CGRP(8-37) suppressed sensitization to FITC. CONCLUSIONS Local pretreatment with substances that are capable of desensitizing sensory neurons through the respective transient receptor potential channels suppressed skin sensitization to FITC in a mouse model. This was associated with reduced trafficking and maturation of FITC-presenting DC. A CGRP antagonist also suppressed the sensitization to FITC, suggesting the possible involvement of sensory neurons in sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and COE Program for the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
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Yuita H, Tsuiji M, Tajika Y, Matsumoto Y, Hirano K, Suzuki N, Irimura T. Retardation of removal of radiation-induced apoptotic cells in developing neural tubes in macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1-deficient mouse embryos. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1368-75. [PMID: 16096344 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MGL1/CD301a is a C-type lectin that recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine as monosaccharides and is expressed on limited populations of macrophages and dendritic cells at least in adult mice. In this study, pregnant mice with Mgl1+/- genotype were mated with Mgl1+/- or Mgl1-/- genotype males, and the embryos were used to assess a hypothesis that this molecule plays an important role in the clearance of apoptotic cells. After X-ray irradiation at 1 Gy of developing embryos at 10.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.), the number of Mgl1-/- pups was significantly reduced as compared with Mgl1+/+ pups. Distributions of MGL1-positive cells, MGL2-positive cells, and apoptotic cells were histologically examined in irradiated Mgl1+/+ embryos. MGL1-positive cells were detected in the neural tube in which many cells undergo apoptosis, whereas MGL2-positive cells were not observed. Biotinylated recombinant MGL1 bound a significant portion of the apoptotic cells. When Mgl1+/+ and Mgl1-/- embryos were examined for the presence of apoptotic cells, similar numbers of apoptotic cells gave rise, but the clearance of these cells was slower in Mgl1-/- embryos than in Mgl1+/+ embryos. These results strongly suggest that MGL1/CD301a is involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells. This process should be essential in the repair and normal development of X-ray-irradiated embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yuita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Sato K, Komatsu N, Higashi N, Imai Y, Irimura T. Granulation tissue formation by nonspecific inflammatory agent occurs independently of macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin-1. Clin Immunol 2005; 115:47-50. [PMID: 15870020 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of a macrophage galactose-type calcium-type lectin-1 (MGL1) in antigen-independent granulation tissue formation was investigated. Granulation tissue was induced by injection of carrageenan in an air pouch and distribution of macrophages expressing MGL1/2 was histologically examined. MGL1/2-positive cells were not observed in the granulation tissue induced by carrageenan though these cells were present in dermis. This was distinct from the fact that MGL1/2-positive cells were abundant in granulation tissue induced by antigenic stimulation. CD11b-positive cells were in dermis and carrageenan-induced granulation tissue. Because antigen-induced granulation tissue formation was previously shown to decrease in MGL1-deficient mice or after treatment with anti-MGL1 antibody, we investigated the effects of MGL1-deficient status on carrageenan-induced granulation tissue formation. The thickness of granulation tissue was almost identical between wild-type and MGL1-deficient mice. It is highly likely that MGL1-positive cells are not involved in tissue remodeling when inflammation is driven by nonspecific stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Sato
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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