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Niide T, Asari S, Kawabata K, Hara Y. Specificity of Nuclear Size Scaling in Frog Erythrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:857862. [PMID: 35663388 PMCID: PMC9159806 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.857862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cell has the ability to modulate the size of the nucleus depending on the surrounding environment, to enable nuclear functions such as DNA replication and transcription. From previous analyses of nuclear size scaling in various cell types and species, it has been found that eukaryotic cells have a conserved scaling rule, in which the nuclear size correlates with both cell size and genomic content. However, there are few studies that have focused on a certain cell type and systematically analyzed the size scaling properties in individual species (intra-species) and among species (inter-species), and thus, the difference in the scaling rules among cell types and species is not well understood. In the present study, we analyzed the size scaling relationship among three parameters, nuclear size, cell size, and genomic content, in our measured datasets of terminally differentiated erythrocytes of five Anura frogs and collected datasets of different species classes from published papers. In the datasets of isolated erythrocytes from individual frogs, we found a very weak correlation between the measured nuclear and cell cross-sectional areas. Within the erythrocytes of individual species, the correlation of the nuclear area with the cell area showed a very low hypoallometric relationship, in which the relative nuclear size decreased when the cell size increased. These scaling trends in intra-species erythrocytes are not comparable to the known general correlation in other cell types. When comparing parameters across species, the nuclear areas correlated with both cell areas and genomic contents among the five frogs and the collected datasets in each species class. However, the contribution of genomic content to nuclear size determination was smaller than that of the cell area in all species classes. In particular, the estimated degree of the contribution of genomic content was greater in the amphibian class than in other classes. Together with our imaging analysis of structural components in nuclear membranes, we hypothesized that the observed specific features in nuclear size scaling are achieved by the weak interaction of the chromatin with the nuclear membrane seen in frog erythrocytes.
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Qing Y, Wang X, Wang H, Hu P, Li H, Yu X, Zhu M, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Xu J, Guo Q, Hui H. Pharmacologic targeting of the P-TEFb complex as a therapeutic strategy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:83. [PMID: 34372855 PMCID: PMC8351106 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) kinase activity is involved in the process of transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), a core component of P-TEFb, regulates the process of transcription elongation, which is associated with differentiation and apoptosis in many cancer types. Wogonin, a natural CDK9 inhibitor isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. This study aimed to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms of wogonin on anti- chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRNA and protein levels were analysed by RT-qPCR and western blot. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell differentiation and apoptosis. Cell transfection, immunofluorescence analysis and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays were applied to address the potential regulatory mechanism of wogonin. KU-812 cells xenograft NOD/SCID mice model was used to assess and verify the mechanism in vivo. RESULTS We reported that the anti-CML effects in K562, KU-812 and primary CML cells induced by wogonin were regulated by P-TEFb complex. We also confirmed the relationship between CDK9 and erythroid differentiation via knockdown the expression of CDK9. For further study the mechanism of erythroid differentiation induced by wogonin, co-IP experiments were used to demonstrate that wogonin increased the binding between GATA-1 and FOG-1 but decreased the binding between GATA-1 and RUNX1, which were depended on P-TEFb. Also, wogonin induced apoptosis and decreased the mRNA and protein levels of MCL-1 in KU-812 cells, which is the downstream of P-TEFb. In vivo studies showed wogonin had good anti-tumor effects in KU-812 xenografts NOD/ SCID mice model and decreased the proportion of human CD45+ cells in spleens of mice. We also verified that wogonin exhibited anti-CML effects through modulating P-TEFb activity in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated a special mechanism involving the regulation of P-TEFb kinase activity in CML cells, providing evidences for further application of wogonin in CML clinical treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Po Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Holostic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated DrumTower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Role of Extrinsic Apoptotic Signaling Pathway during Definitive Erythropoiesis in Normal Patients and in Patients with β-Thalassemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093325. [PMID: 32397135 PMCID: PMC7246929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death which has an important role in tissue homeostasis and in the control of organism development. Here, we focus on information concerning the role of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in the control of human erythropoiesis. We discuss the role of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (FasL), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing (TRAIL) and caspases in normal erythroid maturation. We also attempt to initiate a discussion on the observations that mature erythrocytes contain most components of the receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway. Finally, we point to the role of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in ineffective erythropoiesis of different types of β-thalassemia.
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4
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Yeo JH, Lam YW, Fraser ST. Cellular dynamics of mammalian red blood cell production in the erythroblastic island niche. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:873-894. [PMID: 31418139 PMCID: PMC6874942 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, make up approximately a quarter of all cells in the human body with over 2 billion new erythrocytes made each day in a healthy adult human. This massive cellular production system is coupled with a set of cell biological processes unique to mammals, in particular, the elimination of all organelles, and the expulsion and destruction of the condensed erythroid nucleus. Erythrocytes from birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish possess nuclei, mitochondria and other organelles: erythrocytes from mammals lack all of these intracellular components. This review will focus on the dynamic changes that take place in developing erythroid cells that are interacting with specialized macrophages in multicellular clusters termed erythroblastic islands. Proerythroblasts enter the erythroblastic niche as large cells with active nuclei, mitochondria producing heme and energy, and attach to the central macrophage via a range of adhesion molecules. Proerythroblasts then mature into erythroblasts and, following enucleation, in reticulocytes. When reticulocytes exit the erythroblastic island, they are smaller cells, without nuclei and with few mitochondria, possess some polyribosomes and have a profoundly different surface molecule phenotype. Here, we will review, step-by-step, the biophysical mechanisms that regulate the remarkable process of erythropoiesis with a particular focus on the events taking place in the erythroblastic island niche. This is presented from the biological perspective to offer insight into the elements of red blood cell development in the erythroblastic island niche which could be further explored with biophysical modelling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hao Yeo
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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5
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Trakarnsanga K, Ferguson D, Daniels DE, Griffiths RE, Wilson MC, Mordue KE, Gartner A, Andrienko TN, Calvert A, Condie A, McCahill A, Mountford JC, Toye AM, Anstee DJ, Frayne J. Vimentin expression is retained in erythroid cells differentiated from human iPSC and ESC and indicates dysregulation in these cells early in differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:130. [PMID: 31036072 PMCID: PMC6489253 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent stem cells are attractive progenitor cells for the generation of erythroid cells in vitro as have expansive proliferative potential. However, although embryonic (ESC) and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells can be induced to undergo erythroid differentiation, the majority of cells fail to enucleate and the molecular basis of this defect is unknown. One protein that has been associated with the initial phase of erythroid cell enucleation is the intermediate filament vimentin, with loss of vimentin potentially required for the process to proceed. Methods In this study, we used our established erythroid culture system along with western blot, PCR and interegation of comparative proteomic data sets to analyse the temporal expression profile of vimentin in erythroid cells differentiated from adult peripheral blood stem cells, iPSC and ESC throughout erythropoiesis. Confocal microscopy was also used to examine the intracellular localisation of vimentin. Results We show that expression of vimentin is turned off early during normal adult erythroid cell differentiation, with vimentin protein lost by the polychromatic erythroblast stage, just prior to enucleation. In contrast, in erythroid cells differentiated from iPSC and ESC, expression of vimentin persists, with high levels of both mRNA and protein even in orthochromatic erythroblasts. In the vimentin-positive iPSC orthochromatic erythroblasts, F-actin was localized around the cell periphery; however, in those rare cells captured undergoing enucleation, vimentin was absent and F-actin was re-localized to the enucleosome as found in normal adult orthrochromatic erythroblasts. Conclusion As both embryonic and adult erythroid cells loose vimentin and enucleate, retention of vimentin by iPSC and ESC erythroid cells indicates an intrinsic defect. By analogy with avian erythrocytes which naturally retain vimentin and remain nucleated, retention in iPSC- and ESC-derived erythroid cells may impede enucleation. Our data also provide the first evidence that dysregulation of processes in these cells occurs from the early stages of differentiation, facilitating targeting of future studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongtana Trakarnsanga
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Deborah E Daniels
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rebecca E Griffiths
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, BS34 7QH, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Kathryn E Mordue
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Abi Gartner
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tatyana N Andrienko
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Annabel Calvert
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alison Condie
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Heriot Watt Research Park, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Angela McCahill
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Heriot Watt Research Park, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Joanne C Mountford
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Heriot Watt Research Park, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, BS34 7QH, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Anstee
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, BS34 7QH, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jan Frayne
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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6
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Sun S, Peng Y, Liu J. Research advances in erythrocyte regeneration sources and methods in vitro. CELL REGENERATION 2018; 7:45-49. [PMID: 30671230 PMCID: PMC6326244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs and transport oxygen to the tissues. The human body must maintain erythrocyte regeneration to support metabolically active cells and tissues. In many hematological diseases, erythrocyte regeneration is impaired. Researchers have studied erythrocyte regeneration for many years both in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we summarize the sources and main culture methods for generating mature and functional red blood cells in vitro. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are classic sources for erythrocyte regeneration. In addition, alternative sources such as immortalized adult human erythroid cell lines and transformed fibroblasts have also been generated and have produced functional red blood cells. The culture systems for erythrocytes differ among laboratories. Researchers hope that improvements in culture techniques may contribute to improved RBC outcomes for blood transfusions, drug delivery and the treatment of hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Sun
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Erythropoiesis Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yuanliang Peng
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Erythropoiesis Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Erythropoiesis Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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7
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Rogerson C, Bergamaschi D, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Uncovering mechanisms of nuclear degradation in keratinocytes: A paradigm for nuclear degradation in other tissues. Nucleus 2018; 9:56-64. [PMID: 29205081 PMCID: PMC5973266 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1412027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic nuclei are essential organelles, storing the majority of the cellular DNA, comprising the site of most DNA and RNA synthesis, controlling gene expression and therefore regulating cellular function. The majority of mammalian cells retain their nucleus throughout their lifetime, however, in three mammalian tissues the nucleus is entirely removed and its removal is essential for cell function. Lens fibre cells, erythroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes all lose their nucleus in the terminal differentiation pathways of these cell types. However, relatively little is known about the pathways that lead to complete nuclear removal and about how these pathways are regulated. In this review, we aim to discuss the current understanding of nuclear removal mechanisms in these three cell types and expand upon how recent studies into nuclear degradation in keratinocytes, an easily accessible experimental model, could contribute to a wider understanding of these molecular mechanisms in both health and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rogerson
- a Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research , Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Daniele Bergamaschi
- a Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research , Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- a Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research , Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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8
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9
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Moras M, Lefevre SD, Ostuni MA. From Erythroblasts to Mature Red Blood Cells: Organelle Clearance in Mammals. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1076. [PMID: 29311991 PMCID: PMC5742207 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis occurs mostly in bone marrow and ends in blood stream. Mature red blood cells are generated from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, through a complex maturation process involving several morphological changes to produce a highly functional specialized cells. In mammals, terminal steps involved expulsion of the nucleus from erythroblasts that leads to the formation of reticulocytes. In order to produce mature biconcave red blood cells, organelles and ribosomes are selectively eliminated from reticulocytes as well as the plasma membrane undergoes remodeling. The mechanisms involved in these last maturation steps are still under investigation. Enucleation involves dramatic chromatin condensation and establishment of the nuclear polarity, which is driven by a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and the clathrin-dependent generation of vacuoles at the nuclear-cytoplasmic junction. This process is favored by interaction between the erythroblasts and macrophages at the erythroblastic island. Mitochondria are eliminated by mitophagy. This is a macroautophagy pathway consisting in the engulfment of mitochondria into a double-membrane structure called autophagosome before degradation. Several mice knock-out models were developed to identify mitophagy-involved proteins during erythropoiesis, but whole mechanisms are not completely determined. Less is known concerning the clearance of other organelles, such as smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus and ribosomes. Understanding the modulators of organelles clearance in erythropoiesis may elucidate the pathogenesis of different dyserythropoietic diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariano A. Ostuni
- UMR-S1134 Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cell, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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10
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Tran HT, Fransen M, Dimitrakopoulou D, Van Imschoot G, Willemarck N, Vleminckx K. Caspase-9 has a nonapoptotic function in Xenopus embryonic primitive blood formation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2371-2381. [PMID: 28576973 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases constitute a family of cysteine proteases centrally involved in programmed cell death, which is an integral part of normal embryonic and fetal development. However, it has become clear that specific caspases also have functions independent of cell death. In order to identify novel apoptotic and nonapoptotic developmental caspase functions, we designed and transgenically integrated novel fluorescent caspase reporter constructs in developing Xenopus embryos and tadpoles. This model organism has an external development, allowing direct and continuous monitoring. These studies uncovered a nonapoptotic role for the initiator caspase-9 in primitive blood formation. Functional experiments further corroborated that caspase-9, but possibly not the executioners caspase-3 and caspase-7, are required for primitive erythropoiesis in the early embryo. These data reveal a novel nonapoptotic function for the initiator caspase-9 and, for the first time, implicate nonapoptotic caspase activity in primitive blood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Thi Tran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Fransen
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Griet Van Imschoot
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Willemarck
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Zhao B, Mei Y, Schipma MJ, Roth EW, Bleher R, Rappoport JZ, Wickrema A, Yang J, Ji P. Nuclear Condensation during Mouse Erythropoiesis Requires Caspase-3-Mediated Nuclear Opening. Dev Cell 2016; 36:498-510. [PMID: 26954545 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian erythropoiesis involves chromatin condensation that is initiated in the early stage of terminal differentiation. The mechanisms of chromatin condensation during erythropoiesis are unclear. Here, we show that the mouse erythroblast forms large, transient, and recurrent nuclear openings that coincide with the condensation process. The opening lacks nuclear lamina, nuclear pore complexes, and nuclear membrane, but it is distinct from nuclear envelope changes that occur during apoptosis and mitosis. A fraction of the major histones are released from the nuclear opening and degraded in the cytoplasm. We demonstrate that caspase-3 is required for the nuclear opening formation throughout terminal erythropoiesis. Loss of caspase-3 or ectopic expression of a caspase-3 non-cleavable lamin B mutant blocks nuclear opening formation, histone release, chromatin condensation, and terminal erythroid differentiation. We conclude that caspase-3-mediated nuclear opening formation accompanied by histone release from the opening is a critical step toward chromatin condensation during erythropoiesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric Wayne Roth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Reiner Bleher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Nikon Imaging Center at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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12
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Li H, Shi J, Huang NJ, Pishesha N, Natarajan A, Eng JC, Lodish HF. Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene disruption in primary erythroid progenitor cells. Haematologica 2016; 101:e216-9. [PMID: 26969085 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nai-Jia Huang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C Eng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harvey F Lodish
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Erythroblast enucleation is a dynein-dependent process. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:247-56.e12. [PMID: 26724640 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian erythroblasts undergo enucleation through a process thought to be similar to cytokinesis. Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) mediate organization of the mitotic spindle apparatus that separates the chromosomes during mitosis and are known to be crucial for proper cytokinesis. However, the role of MTOCs in erythroblast enucleation remains unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of various MTOC inhibitors on cytokinesis and enucleation using human colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-Es) and mature erythroblasts generated from purified CD34(+) cells. We found that erythro-9-[3-(2-hydroxynonyl)]adenine (EHNA), a dynein inhibitor, and monastrol, a kinesin Eg5 inhibitor, as well as various inhibitors of MTOC regulators, including ON-01910 (Plk-1), MLN8237 (aurora A), hesperadin (aurora B), and LY294002 (PI3K), all inhibited CFU-E cytokinesis. Among these inhibitors, however, only EHNA blocked enucleation. Moreover, terminally differentiated erythroblasts expressed only dynein; little or none of the other tested proteins was detected. Over the course of the terminal differentiation of human erythroblasts, the fraction of cells with nuclei at the cell center declined, whereas the fraction of polarized cells, with nuclei shifted to a position near the plasma membrane, increased. Dynein inhibition impaired nuclear polarization, thereby blocking enucleation. These data indicate that dynein plays an essential role not only in cytokinesis but also in enucleation. We therefore conclude that human erythroblast enucleation is a process largely independent of MTOCs, but dependent on dynein.
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Thom CS, Traxler EA, Khandros E, Nickas JM, Zhou OY, Lazarus JE, Silva APG, Prabhu D, Yao Y, Aribeana C, Fuchs SY, Mackay JP, Holzbaur ELF, Weiss MJ. Trim58 degrades Dynein and regulates terminal erythropoiesis. Dev Cell 2014; 30:688-700. [PMID: 25241935 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
TRIM58 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase superfamily member implicated by genome-wide association studies to regulate human erythrocyte traits. Here, we show that Trim58 expression is induced during late erythropoiesis and that its depletion by small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) inhibits the maturation of late-stage nucleated erythroblasts to anucleate reticulocytes. Imaging flow cytometry studies demonstrate that Trim58 regulates polarization and/or extrusion of erythroblast nuclei. In vitro, Trim58 directly binds and ubiquitinates the intermediate chain of the microtubule motor dynein. In cells, Trim58 stimulates proteasome-dependent degradation of the dynein holoprotein complex. During erythropoiesis, Trim58 expression, dynein loss, and enucleation occur concomitantly, and all are inhibited by Trim58 shRNAs. Dynein regulates nuclear positioning and microtubule organization, both of which undergo dramatic changes during erythroblast enucleation. Thus, we propose that Trim58 promotes this process by eliminating dynein. Our findings identify an erythroid-specific regulator of enucleation and elucidate a previously unrecognized mechanism for controlling dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Thom
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Traxler
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eugene Khandros
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jenna M Nickas
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivia Y Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob E Lazarus
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana P G Silva
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dolly Prabhu
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chiaka Aribeana
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Comparative Oncology Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lamins regulate cell trafficking and lineage maturation of adult human hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18892-7. [PMID: 24191023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304996110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as nucleated erythroblasts and megakaryocytes, reside preferentially in adult marrow microenvironments whereas other blood cells readily cross the endothelial barrier into the circulation. Because the nucleus is the largest organelle in blood cells, we hypothesized that (i) cell sorting across microporous barriers is regulated by nuclear deformability as controlled by lamin-A and -B, and (ii) lamin levels directly modulate hematopoietic programs. Mass spectrometry-calibrated intracellular flow cytometry indeed reveals a lamin expression map that partitions human blood lineages between marrow and circulating compartments (P = 0.00006). B-type lamins are highly variable and predominate only in CD34(+) cells, but migration through micropores and nuclear flexibility in micropipette aspiration both appear limited by lamin-A:B stoichiometry across hematopoietic lineages. Differentiation is also modulated by overexpression or knockdown of lamins as well as retinoic acid addition, which regulates lamin-A transcription. In particular, erythroid differentiation is promoted by high lamin-A and low lamin-B1 expression whereas megakaryocytes of high ploidy are inhibited by lamin suppression. Lamins thus contribute to both trafficking and differentiation.
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Boehm D, Mazurier C, Giarratana MC, Darghouth D, Faussat AM, Harmand L, Douay L. Caspase-3 is involved in the signalling in erythroid differentiation by targeting late progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62303. [PMID: 23658722 PMCID: PMC3642196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for caspase activation in erythroid differentiation has been established, yet its precise mode of action remains elusive. A drawback of all previous investigations on caspase activation in ex vivo erythroid differentiation is the lack of an in vitro model producing full enucleation of erythroid cells. Using a culture system which renders nearly 100% enucleated red cells from human CD34(+) cells, we investigated the role of active caspase-3 in erythropoiesis. Profound effects of caspase-3 inhibition were found on erythroid cell growth and differentiation when inhibitors were added to CD34(+) cells at the start of the culture and showed dose-response to the concentration of inhibitor employed. Enucleation was only reduced as a function of the reduced maturity of the culture and the increased cell death of mature cells while the majority of cells retained their ability to extrude their nuclei. Cell cycle analysis after caspase-3 inhibition showed caspase-3 to play a critical role in cell proliferation and highlighted a novel function of this protease in erythroid differentiation, i.e. its contribution to cell cycle regulation at the mitotic phase. While the effect of caspase-3 inhibitor treatment on CD34(+) derived cells was not specific to the erythroid lineage, showing a similar reduction of cell expansion in myeloid cultures, the mechanism of action in both lineages appeared to be distinct with a strong induction of apoptosis causing the decreased yield of myeloid cells. Using a series of colony-forming assays we were able to pinpoint the stage at which cells were most sensitive to caspase-3 inhibition and found activated caspase-3 to play a signalling role in erythroid differentiation by targeting mature BFU-E and CFU-E but not early BFU-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boehm
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazurier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Giarratana
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Dhouha Darghouth
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Faussat
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- IFR 65-St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Plateforme de Cytométrie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Harmand
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
| | - Luc Douay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
- IFR 65-St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Plateforme de Cytométrie, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine et Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Deezagi A, Abedi-Tashi M. Studying the enucleation process, DNA breakdown and telomerase activity of the K562 cell lines during erythroid differentiation in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:122-33. [PMID: 23288413 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During erythropoiesis, some organelles such as mitochondria and nucleus are lost by autophagy and enucleation processes in the presence of macrophages in vivo. In vitro production of erythrocytes has raised many questions about the mechanism of enucleation. The aim of this work was to study the DNA breakdown, enucleation, hemoglobin synthesis and telomerase activity of K562 cells during erythroid differentiation. For these purposes, K562 cells were induced to differentiate by erythropoietin + rhGM-CSF, DMSO, and sodium butyrate separately up to 14 d. In different time intervals, hemoglobin synthesis was evaluated by benzidine staining and RT-PCR for γ-globin gene expression. DNA breakdown was analyzed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, DNA ladder electrophoresis and comet assay. The telomerase activity was evaluated by TRAP assay. Our result indicated that, sodium butyrate and DMSO inhibited K562 cell growth about 50-60% in comparison to untreated control cells. The percentage of benzidine-positive cells was about 45% in the presence of sodium butyrate after 10 d. Densitometric analysis of RT-PCR and calculated data indicated a 1.5-fold increase in relative γ-globin gene expression at 96 h, in the presence of 1 mM sodium butyrate in comparison with untreated cells. DAPI staining did not reveal any evidence of internal lysis of the nucleus during erythroid differentiation at first wk, but this was obvious in the second wk. DNA laddering pattern was not observed in differentiated cells during 14 d. In comet assay, the percentage of DNA in tail, tail length, and tail moment were significantly different between untreated and treated cells (p < 0.05). Telomerase activity was inhibited up to 90.3% during erythroid differentiation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkhaleg Deezagi
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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Cantù C, Bosè F, Bianchi P, Reali E, Colzani MT, Cantù I, Barbarani G, Ottolenghi S, Witke W, Spinardi L, Ronchi AE. Defective erythroid maturation in gelsolin mutant mice. Haematologica 2012; 97:980-8. [PMID: 22271892 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.052522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During late differentiation, erythroid cells undergo profound changes involving actin filament remodeling. One of the proteins controlling actin dynamics is gelsolin, a calcium-activated actin filament severing and capping protein. Gelsolin-null (Gsn(-/-)) mice generated in a C57BL/6 background are viable and fertile.1 DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the functional roles of gelsolin in erythropoiesis by: (i) evaluating gelsolin expression in murine fetal liver cells at different stages of erythroid differentiation (using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry), and (ii) characterizing embryonic and adult erythropoiesis in Gsn(-/-) BALB/c mice (morphology and erythroid cultures). RESULTS In the context of a BALB/c background, the Gsn(-/-) mutation causes embryonic death. Gsn(-/-) embryos show defective erythroid maturation with persistence of circulating nucleated cells. The few Gsn(-/-) mice reaching adulthood fail to recover from phenylhydrazine-induced acute anemia, revealing an impaired response to stress erythropoiesis. In in vitro differentiation assays, E13.5 fetal liver Gsn(-/-) cells failed to undergo terminal maturation, a defect partially rescued by Cytochalasin D, and mimicked by administration of Jasplakinolide to the wild-type control samples. CONCLUSIONS In BALB/c mice, gelsolin deficiency alters the equilibrium between erythrocyte actin polymerization and depolymerization, causing impaired terminal maturation. We suggest a non-redundant role for gelsolin in terminal erythroid differentiation, possibly contributing to the Gsn(-/-) mice lethality observed in mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cantù
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The caspases are unique proteases that mediate the major morphological changes of apoptosis and various other cellular remodeling processes. As we catalog and study the myriad proteins subject to cleavage by caspases, we are beginning to appreciate the full functional repertoire of these enzymes. Here, we examine current knowledge about caspase cleavages: what kinds of proteins are cut, in what contexts, and to what end. After reviewing basic caspase biology, we describe the technologies that enable high-throughput caspase substrate discovery and the datasets they have yielded. We discuss how caspases recognize their substrates and how cleavages are conserved among different metazoan organisms. Rather than comprehensively reviewing all known substrates, we use examples to highlight some functional impacts of caspase cuts during apoptosis and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the roles caspase substrates can play in medicine. Though great progress has been made in this field, many important areas still await exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA.
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Keerthivasan G, Wickrema A, Crispino JD. Erythroblast enucleation. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:139851. [PMID: 22007239 PMCID: PMC3189604 DOI: 10.4061/2011/139851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the production of orthochromatic erythroblasts can be scaled up to fulfill clinical requirements, enucleation remains one of the critical rate-limiting steps in the production of transfusable red blood cells. Mammalian erythrocytes extrude their nucleus prior to entering circulation, likely to impart flexibility and improve the ability to traverse through capillaries that are half the size of erythrocytes. Recently, there have been many advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mammalian erythrocyte enucleation. This review summarizes these advances, discusses the possible future directions in the field, and evaluates the prospects for improved ex vivo production of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Keerthivasan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Ji P, Murata-Hori M, Lodish HF. Formation of mammalian erythrocytes: chromatin condensation and enucleation. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:409-15. [PMID: 21592797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In all vertebrates, the cell nucleus becomes highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive during the final stages of red cell biogenesis. Enucleation, the process by which the nucleus is extruded by budding off from the erythroblast, is unique to mammals. Enucleation has critical physiological and evolutionary significance in that it allows an elevation of hemoglobin levels in the blood and also gives red cells their flexible biconcave shape. Recent experiments reveal that enucleation involves multiple molecular and cellular pathways that include histone deacetylation, actin polymerization, cytokinesis, cell-matrix interactions, specific microRNAs and vesicle trafficking; many evolutionarily conserved proteins and genes have been recruited to participate in this uniquely mammalian process. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mammalian erythroblast chromatin condensation and enucleation, and conclude with our perspectives on future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reticulocyte remodeling has emerged as an important model for the understanding of vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy in mammalian cells. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of these processes in reticulocytes and the role of these processes in erythroid development. RECENT FINDINGS Enucleation is caused by the coalescence of vesicles at the nuclear-cytoplasmic junction and microfilament contraction. Mitochondrial elimination is achieved through selective autophagy, in which mitochondria are targeted to autophagosomes, and undergo subsequent degradation and exocytosis. The mechanism involves an integral mitochondrial outer membrane protein and general autophagy pathways. Plasma membrane remodeling, and the elimination of certain intracellular organelles occur through the exosomal pathway. SUMMARY Vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy have emerged as central processes in cellular remodeling. In reticulocytes, this includes enucleation and the elimination of all membrane-bound organelles and ribosomes. Ubiquitin-like conjugation pathways, which are required for autophagy in yeast, are not essential for mitochondrial clearance in reticulocytes. Thus, in higher eukaryotes, there appears to be redundancy between these pathways and other processes, such as vesicular nucleation. Future studies will address the relationship between autophagy and vesicular trafficking, and the significance of both for cellular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ney
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Jayapal SR, Lee KL, Ji P, Kaldis P, Lim B, Lodish HF. Down-regulation of Myc is essential for terminal erythroid maturation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40252-65. [PMID: 20940306 PMCID: PMC3001006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.181073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of mammalian erythroid progenitors involves 4-5 cell divisions and induction of many erythroid important genes followed by chromatin and nuclear condensation and enucleation. The protein levels of c-Myc (Myc) are reduced dramatically during late stage erythroid maturation, coinciding with cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase and enucleation, suggesting possible roles for c-Myc in either or both of these processes. Here we demonstrate that ectopic Myc expression affects terminal erythroid maturation in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of Myc at physiological levels did not affect erythroid differentiation or cell cycle shutdown but specifically blocked erythroid nuclear condensation and enucleation. Continued Myc expression prevented deacetylation of several lysine residues in histones H3 and H4 that are normally deacetylated during erythroid maturation. The histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 was up-regulated by Myc, and ectopic Gcn5 expression partially blocked enucleation and inhibited the late stage erythroid nuclear condensation and histone deacetylation. When overexpressed at levels higher than the physiological range, Myc blocked erythroid differentiation, and the cells continued to proliferate in cytokine-free, serum-containing culture medium with an early erythroblast morphology. Gene expression analysis demonstrated the dysregulation of erythropoietin signaling pathway and the up-regulation of several positive regulators of G(1)-S cell cycle checkpoint by supraphysiological levels of Myc. These results reveal an important dose-dependent function of Myc in regulating terminal maturation in mammalian erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Raja Jayapal
- From the Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
- the Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672
| | - Kian Leong Lee
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Peng Ji
- the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, and
| | - Bing Lim
- From the Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
- the Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672
- the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Harvey F. Lodish
- From the Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
- the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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The effect of mild agitation on in vitro erythroid development. J Immunol Methods 2010; 360:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Enucleation of mammalian erythroblasts is a process whose mechanism is largely undefined. The prevailing model suggests that nuclear extrusion occurs via asymmetric cytokinesis. To test this hypothesis, we treated primary erythroblasts with inhibitors of cytokinesis, including blebbistatin, hesperadin, and nocodazole, and then assayed for enucleation. Although these agents inhibited cell-cycle progression and subsequent enucleation when added early in culture, they failed to block enucleation proper when added to postmitotic cells. These results suggest that contraction of the actomyosin ring is not essential for nuclear expulsion. Next, by ultrastructural examination of primary erythroblasts, we observed an accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm proximal to the extruding nucleus. This finding led us to hypothesize that vesicle trafficking contributes to erythroblast enucleation. Here, we show that chemical inhibitors of vesicle trafficking block enucleation of primary erythroblasts without affecting differentiation, cell division, or apoptosis. Moreover, knock-down of clathrin inhibited the enucleation of late erythroblasts. In contrast, vacuolin-1, a small molecule that induces vacuole formation, increased the percentage of enucleated cells. Together, these results illustrate that vesicle trafficking, specifically the formation, movement, and subsequent coalescence of vacuoles at the junction of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, is a critical component of mammalian erythroblast enucleation.
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Abstract
Nucleic acids represent the main source of autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). DNA and RNA can exit the cell during cell death and, in the extracellular space, can be immunostimulatory. Also extracellularly, DNA and RNA can be incorporated into microparticles (MPs)-small, membrane-bound vesicles released from dying cells by blebbing. We suggest that MPs display autoantigens, such as RNA and DNA, in a highly immunostimulatory manner, enabling them to function as autoadjuvants. In the bone marrow, nucleic-acid-containing MP autoadjuvants might induce B-cell tolerance, whereas in the periphery, they might stimulate mature B cells that have escaped central tolerance. Indeed, because MP autoadjuvants can trigger several receptors, they could effectively provide apoptotic or activating signals to B cells. We would therefore advance the idea that a model for SLE based on MP autoadjuvants can provide a new paradigm to elucidate the mechanisms by which DNA and RNA affect the immune system and critically influence B-cell fate.
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Choi YE, Butterworth M, Malladi S, Duckett CS, Cohen GM, Bratton SB. The E3 ubiquitin ligase cIAP1 binds and ubiquitinates caspase-3 and -7 via unique mechanisms at distinct steps in their processing. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12772-82. [PMID: 19258326 PMCID: PMC2676007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are widely expressed throughout nature and suppress cell death under a variety of circumstances. X-linked IAP, the prototypical IAP in mammals, inhibits apoptosis largely through direct inhibition of the initiator caspase-9 and the effector caspase-3 and -7. Two additional IAP family members, cellular IAP1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2, were once thought to also inhibit caspases, but more recent studies have suggested otherwise. Here we demonstrate that cIAP1 does not significantly inhibit the proteolytic activities of effector caspases on fluorogenic or endogenous substrates. However, cIAP1 does bind to caspase-3 and -7 and does so, remarkably, at distinct steps prior to or following the removal of their prodomains, respectively. Indeed, cIAP1 bound to an exposed IAP-binding motif, AKPD, on the N terminus of the large subunit of fully mature caspase-7, whereas cIAP1 bound to partially processed caspase-3 in a manner that required its prodomain and cleavage between its large and small subunits but did not involve a classical IAP-binding motif. As a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase, cIAP1 ubiquitinated caspase-3 and -7, concomitant with binding, in a reaction catalyzed by members of the UbcH5 subfamily (ubiquitin carrier protein/ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes), and in the case of caspase-3, differentially by UbcH8. Moreover, wild-type caspase-7 and a chimeric caspase-3 (bearing the AKPD motif) were degraded in vivo in a proteasome-dependent manner. Thus, cIAPs likely suppress apoptosis, at least in part, by facilitating the ubiquitination and turnover of active effector caspases in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Choi
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Lelièvre SA. Contributions of extracellular matrix signaling and tissue architecture to nuclear mechanisms and spatial organization of gene expression control. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:925-35. [PMID: 19328836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of histones, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation are interconnected nuclear mechanisms that ultimately lead to the changes in chromatin structure necessary to carry out epigenetic gene expression control. Tissue differentiation is characterized by a specific gene expression profile in association with the acquisition of a defined tissue architecture and function. Elements critical for tissue differentiation, like extracellular stimuli, adhesion and cell shape properties, and transcription factors all contribute to the modulation of gene expression and thus, are likely to impinge on the nuclear mechanisms of epigenetic gene expression control. In this review, we analyze how these elements modify chromatin structure in a hierarchical manner by acting on the nuclear machinery. We discuss how mechanotransduction via the structural continuum of the cell and biochemical signaling to the cell nucleus integrate to provide a comprehensive control of gene expression. The role of nuclear organization in this control is highlighted, with a presentation of differentiation-induced nuclear structure and the concept of nuclear organization as a modulator of the response to incoming signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, Lynn, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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29
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Popova EY, Krauss SW, Short SA, Lee G, Villalobos J, Etzell J, Koury MJ, Ney PA, Chasis JA, Grigoryev SA. Chromatin condensation in terminally differentiating mouse erythroblasts does not involve special architectural proteins but depends on histone deacetylation. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:47-64. [PMID: 19172406 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-9005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Terminal erythroid differentiation in vertebrates is characterized by progressive heterochromatin formation and chromatin condensation and, in mammals, culminates in nuclear extrusion. To date, although mechanisms regulating avian erythroid chromatin condensation have been identified, little is known regarding this process during mammalian erythropoiesis. To elucidate the molecular basis for mammalian erythroblast chromatin condensation, we used Friend virus-infected murine spleen erythroblasts that undergo terminal differentiation in vitro. Chromatin isolated from early and late-stage erythroblasts had similar levels of linker and core histones, only a slight difference in nucleosome repeats, and no significant accumulation of known developmentally regulated architectural chromatin proteins. However, histone H3(K9) dimethylation markedly increased while histone H4(K12) acetylation dramatically decreased and became segregated from the histone methylation as chromatin condensed. One histone deacetylase, HDAC5, was significantly upregulated during the terminal stages of Friend virus-infected erythroblast differentiation. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, blocked both chromatin condensation and nuclear extrusion. Based on our data, we propose a model for a unique mechanism in which extensive histone deacetylation at pericentromeric heterochromatin mediates heterochromatin condensation in vertebrate erythroblasts that would otherwise be mediated by developmentally-regulated architectural proteins in nucleated blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenya Y Popova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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30
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Guzmán A, García C, Marín AP, Tortajada A, Ruiz MT, Fernández de Henestrosa AR, Marcos R. Formation of micronucleated erythrocytes in mouse bone-marrow under conditions of hypothermia is not associated with stimulation of erythropoiesis. Mutat Res 2008; 656:8-13. [PMID: 18718553 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conditions of marked and long-lasting hypothermia have been shown to increase the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) in mouse bone-marrow. Stimulation of erythropoiesis as a consequence of anoxic conditions associated with decreased body temperature has been suggested as a possible mechanism for hypothermia-induced micronucleus formation. We examined whether chemically induced hypothermic conditions that produced increased MNPCE formation were associated with stimulation of erythropoiesis by measuring erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations in blood. Marked and long-lasting hypothermia was induced in male mice by oral administration of the antipsychotic compounds E-5842 (200 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (100 mg/kg). Maximum decreases from the basal temperature, achieved 8 h after treatment, were 14.8 and 12.8 degrees C, respectively. A statistically significant increase in bone-marrow MNPCE frequency was observed 48 h after administration of E-5842 (p<0.01) or chlorpromazine (p<0.05). Mice made anaemic by retro-orbital bleeding (0.5 ml), which acted as positive control for stimulation of erythropoiesis, showed no relevant variation in mean rectal temperature and a slight non-statistically significant increase in MNPCE frequency after 48 h. Blood samples for determination of EPO levels were obtained 4 (bleed-control animals only), 8, 16 and 24 h after treatment. In spite of the induced hypothermia, no significant variation in EPO blood levels was observed after administration of E-5842 or chlorpromazine. Bleed-induced anaemic mice showed a clear increase in EPO blood levels at all sampled time points, differences from baseline values being statistically significant (p<0.001) at the 8-h samplings and beyond. These results indicate that induction of MNPCE secondary to chemically induced hypothermia is not mediated by stimulation of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guzmán
- Toxicology Department, ESTEVE, Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Naarmann IS, Harnisch C, Flach N, Kremmer E, Kühn H, Ostareck DH, Ostareck-Lederer A. mRNA silencing in human erythroid cell maturation: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K controls the expression of its regulator c-Src. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18461-72. [PMID: 18441016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710328200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythroid precursor cells undergo nuclear extrusion and degradation of mitochondria when they mature to erythrocytes. It has been suggested before that the reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase (r15-LOX) plays an important role in initiating the breakdown of mitochondria in rabbit reticulocytes. The expression of rabbit r15-LOX is regulated by the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) K and E1 at the translational level. However, this mechanism has never been confirmed in human erythropoiesis. Based on K562 cells we have set up an inducible human erythroid cell system. We show that, during induction, K562 cells exhibit changes in morphology and protein expression that are characteristic for terminal erythroid maturation: nuclear exclusion, expression of endogenous human r15-LOX regulated by hnRNP K and hnRNP E1, and loss of mitochondria. Importantly, induction of terminal erythroid maturation in primary human CD34(+) cells recapitulated the results obtained in K562 cells. Employing the physiologically relevant K562 cell system we uncovered a new mechanism of interdependent post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The timely expression of the tyrosine kinase c-Src, which phosphorylates hnRNP K in later stages, is controlled by hnRNP K in early stages of erythroid maturation. hnRNP K binds to the 3'-untranslated region of the c-Src mRNA and inhibits its translation by blocking 80 S ribosome formation. In premature erythroid cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of hnRNP K, but not of hnRNP E1, leads to the de-repression of c-Src synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Naarmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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32
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Abstract
As a result of the genetic experiments performed in Caenorhabditis elegans, it has been tacitly assumed that the core proteins of the 'apoptotic machinery' (CED-3, -4, -9 and EGL-1) would be solely involved in cell death regulation/execution and would not exert any functions outside of the cell death realm. However, multiple studies indicate that the mammalian orthologs of these C. elegans proteins (i.e. caspases, Apaf-1 and multidomain proteins of the Bcl-2 family) participate in cell death-unrelated processes. Similarly, loss-of-function mutations of ced-4 compromise the mitotic arrest of DNA-damaged germline cells from adult nematodes, even in a context in which the apoptotic machinery is inoperative (for instance due to mutations of egl-1 or ced-3). Moreover, EGL-1 is required for the activation of autophagy in starved nematodes. Finally, the depletion of caspase-independent death effectors, such as apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G, provokes cell death-independent consequences, both in mammals and in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These results corroborate the conjecture that any kind of protein that has previously been specifically implicated in apoptosis might have a phylogenetically conserved apoptosis-unrelated function, most likely as part of an adaptive response to cellular stress.
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33
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Pajerowski JD, Dahl KN, Zhong FL, Sammak PJ, Discher DE. Physical plasticity of the nucleus in stem cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15619-24. [PMID: 17893336 PMCID: PMC2000408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702576104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation in embryogenesis involves extensive changes in gene expression structural reorganization within the nucleus, including chromatin condensation and nucleoprotein immobilization. We hypothesized that nuclei in naive stem cells would therefore prove to be physically plastic and also more pliable than nuclei in differentiated cells. Micromanipulation methods indeed show that nuclei in human embryonic stem cells are highly deformable and stiffen 6-fold through terminal differentiation, and that nuclei in human adult stem cells possess an intermediate stiffness and deform irreversibly. Because the nucleo-skeletal component Lamin A/C is not expressed in either type of stem cell, we knocked down Lamin A/C in human epithelial cells and measured a deformability similar to that of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Rheologically, lamin-deficient states prove to be the most fluid-like, especially within the first approximately 10 sec of deformation. Nuclear distortions that persist longer than this are irreversible, and fluorescence-imaged microdeformation with photobleaching confirms that chromatin indeed flows, distends, and reorganizes while the lamina stretches. The rheological character of the nucleus is thus set largely by nucleoplasm/chromatin, whereas the extent of deformation is modulated by the lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. David Pajerowski
- *Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Franklin L. Zhong
- *Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul J. Sammak
- Division of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- *Molecular and Cell Biophysics Laboratory, 129 Towne Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abad PC, Lewis J, Mian IS, Knowles DW, Sturgis J, Badve S, Xie J, Lelièvre SA. NuMA influences higher order chromatin organization in human mammary epithelium. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:348-61. [PMID: 17108325 PMCID: PMC1783787 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-06-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coiled-coil protein NuMA is an important contributor to mitotic spindle formation and stabilization. A potential role for NuMA in nuclear organization or gene regulation is suggested by the observations that its pattern of nuclear distribution depends upon cell phenotype and that it interacts and/or colocalizes with transcription factors. To date, the precise contribution of NuMA to nuclear function remains unclear. Previously, we observed that antibody-induced alteration of NuMA distribution in growth-arrested and differentiated mammary epithelial structures (acini) in three-dimensional culture triggers the loss of acinar differentiation. Here, we show that in mammary epithelial cells, NuMA is present in both the nuclear matrix and chromatin compartments. Expression of a portion of the C terminus of NuMA that shares sequence similarity with the chromatin regulator HPC2 is sufficient to inhibit acinar differentiation and results in the redistribution of NuMA, chromatin markers acetyl-H4 and H4K20m, and regions of deoxyribonuclease I-sensitive chromatin compared with control cells. Short-term alteration of NuMA distribution with anti-NuMA C-terminus antibodies in live acinar cells indicates that changes in NuMA and chromatin organization precede loss of acinar differentiation. These findings suggest that NuMA has a role in mammary epithelial differentiation by influencing the organization of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Abad
- *Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
| | - Jason Lewis
- *Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
| | - I. Saira Mian
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8268
| | - David W. Knowles
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8268
| | - Jennifer Sturgis
- *Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
| | - Sunil Badve
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5280; and
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2067
| | - Sophie A. Lelièvre
- *Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
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35
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Jacquel A, Colosetti P, Grosso S, Belhacene N, Puissant A, Marchetti S, Breittmayer JP, Auberger P. Apoptosis and erythroid differentiation triggered by Bcr-Abl inhibitors in CML cell lines are fully distinguishable processes that exhibit different sensitivity to caspase inhibition. Oncogene 2006; 26:2445-58. [PMID: 17043649 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib targets the Bcr-Abl oncogene that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in humans. Recently, we demonstrated that besides triggering apoptosis in K562 cells, imatinib also mediated their erythroid differentiation. Although both events appear to proceed concomitantly, it is not known at present whether or not imatinib-induced apoptosis and differentiation are interdependent processes. Hence, we investigated the requirements for Bcr-Abl inhibitor-mediated apoptosis and erythroid differentiation in several established and engineered CML cell lines. Imatinib triggered apoptosis and erythroid differentiation of different CML cell lines, but only apoptosis exhibited sensitivity to ZVAD-fmk inhibition. Conversely, the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, SB202190, significantly slowed down erythroid differentiation without affecting caspase activation. Furthermore, imatinib and PD166326, another Bcr-Abl inhibitory molecule, triggered erythroid differentiation of K562 cell clones, nevertheless resistant to Bcr-Abl inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Finally, short hairpin RNA inhibitor (shRNAi) silencing of caspase 3 efficiently inhibited caspase activity but had no effect on erythroid differentiation, whereas silencing of Bcr-Abl mimicked imatinib or PD166326 treatment, leading to increased apoptosis and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Taken together, our findings not only demonstrate that Bcr-Abl inhibitor-mediated apoptosis and differentiation are fully distinguishable events, but also that caspases are dispensable for erythroid differentiation of established CML cell lines.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Erythroid Cells/cytology
- Erythroid Cells/enzymology
- Erythroid Cells/pathology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/blood
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jacquel
- INSERM, U526, Cell Death Differentiation and Cancer Team, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Nice, France
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36
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Fraser ST, Isern J, Baron MH. Maturation and enucleation of primitive erythroblasts during mouse embryogenesis is accompanied by changes in cell-surface antigen expression. Blood 2006; 109:343-52. [PMID: 16940424 PMCID: PMC1785074 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive erythroblasts (EryPs) are the first hematopoietic cell type to form during mammalian embryogenesis and emerge within the blood islands of the yolk sac. Large, nucleated EryPs begin to circulate around midgestation, when connections between yolk sac and embryonic vasculature mature. Two to 3 days later, small cells of the definitive erythroid lineage (EryD) begin to differentiate within the fetal liver and rapidly outnumber EryPs in the circulation. The development and maturation of EryPs remain poorly defined. Our analysis of embryonic blood at different stages reveals a stepwise developmental progression within the EryP lineage from E9.5 to E12.5. Thereafter, EryDs are also present in the bloodstream, and the 2 lineages are not easily distinguished. We have generated a transgenic mouse line in which the human epsilon-globin gene promoter drives expression of green fluorescent protein exclusively within the EryP lineage. Here, we have used this line to characterize changes in cell morphology and surface-marker expression as EryPs mature and to track EryP numbers and enucleation throughout gestation. This study identifies previously unrecognized synchronous developmental stages leading to the maturation of EryPs in the mouse embryo. Unexpectedly, we find that EryPs are a stable cell population that persists through the end of gestation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Blood Group Antigens/biosynthesis
- Blood Group Antigens/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Nucleus
- Crosses, Genetic
- Erythroblasts/cytology
- Erythroblasts/metabolism
- Erythropoiesis/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Globins/analysis
- Globins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/analysis
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T. Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joan Isern
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Margaret H. Baron
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; and
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Correspondence: Margaret H. Baron,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1079, 1425 Madison Ave Rm 11-70B, New York, NY 10029-6574; e-mail:
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37
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Grigoryev SA, Bulynko YA, Popova EY. The end adjusts the means: heterochromatin remodelling during terminal cell differentiation. Chromosome Res 2006; 14:53-69. [PMID: 16506096 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-005-1021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
All cells that constitute mature tissues in an eukaryotic organism undergo a multistep process of cell differentiation. At the terminal stage of this process, cells either cease to proliferate forever or rest for a very long period of time. During terminal differentiation, most of the genes that are required for cell 'housekeeping' functions, such as proto-oncogenes and other cell-cycle and cell proliferation genes, become stably repressed. At the same time, nuclear chromatin undergoes dramatic morphological and structural changes at the higher-order levels of chromatin organization. These changes involve both constitutively inactive chromosomal regions (constitutive heterochromatin) and the formerly active genes that become silenced and structurally modified to form facultative heterochromatin. Here we approach terminal cell differentiation as a unique system that allows us to combine biochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic techniques to study the relationship between the hierarchy of chromatin higher-order structures in the nucleus and its function(s) in dynamic packing of genetic material in a form that remains amenable to regulation of gene activity and other DNA-dependent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grigoryev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, H171, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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