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Huang H, Mu Y, Li S. The biological function of Serpinb9 and Serpinb9-based therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422113. [PMID: 38966643 PMCID: PMC11222584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in discovering novel immune signaling pathways have revolutionized different disease treatments. SERPINB9 (Sb9), also known as Proteinase Inhibitor 9 (PI-9), is a well-known endogenous inhibitor of Granzyme B (GzmB). GzmB is a potent cytotoxic molecule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which plays a crucial role in inducing apoptosis in target cells during immune responses. Sb9 acts as a protective mechanism against the potentially harmful effects of GzmB within the cells of the immune system itself. On the other hand, overexpression of Sb9 is an important mechanism of immune evasion in diseases like cancers and viral infections. The intricate functions of Sb9 in different cell types represent a fine-tuned regulatory mechanism for preventing immunopathology, protection against autoimmune diseases, and the regulation of cell death, all of which are essential for maintaining health and responding effectively to disease challenges. Dysregulation of the Sb9 will disrupt human normal physiological condition, potentially leading to a range of diseases, including cancers, inflammatory conditions, viral infections or other pathological disorders. Deepening our understanding of the role of Sb9 will aid in the discovery of innovative and effective treatments for various medical conditions. Therefore, the objective of this review is to consolidate current knowledge regarding the biological role of Sb9. It aims to offer insights into its discovery, structure, functions, distribution, its association with various diseases, and the potential of nanoparticle-based therapies targeting Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiqing Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Montalvo MJ, Bandey IN, Rezvan A, Wu KL, Saeedi A, Kulkarni R, Li Y, An X, Sefat KMSR, Varadarajan N. Decoding the mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-mediated killing of tumors: insights from granzyme and Fas inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38307835 PMCID: PMC10837176 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell show promise in cancer treatments, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. Decoding the mechanisms used by individual T cells can help improve the efficacy of T cells while also identifying mechanisms of T cell failure leading to tumor escape. Here, we used a suite of assays including dynamic single-cell imaging of cell-cell interactions, dynamic imaging of fluorescent reporters to directly track cytotoxin activity in tumor cells, and scRNA-seq on patient infusion products to investigate the cytotoxic mechanisms used by individual CAR T cells in killing tumor cells. We show that surprisingly, overexpression of the Granzyme B (GZMB) inhibitor, protease inhibitor-9 (PI9), does not alter the cytotoxicity mediated by CD19-specific CAR T cells against either the leukemic cell line, NALM6; or the ovarian cancer cell line, SkOV3-CD19. We designed and validated reporters to directly assay T cell delivered GZMB activity in tumor cells and confirmed that while PI9 overexpression inhibits GZMB activity at the molecular level, this is not sufficient to impact the kinetics or magnitude of killing mediated by the CAR T cells. Altering cytotoxicity mediated by CAR T cells required combined inhibition of multiple pathways that are tumor cell specific: (a) B-cell lines like NALM6, Raji and Daudi were sensitive to combined GZMB and granzyme A (GZMA) inhibition; whereas (b) solid tumor targets like SkOV3-CD19 and A375-CD19 (melanoma) were sensitive to combined GZMB and Fas ligand inhibition. We realized the translational relevance of these findings by examining the scRNA-seq profiles of Tisa-cel and Axi-cel infusion products and show a significant correlation between GZMB and GZMA expression at the single-cell level in a T cell subset-dependent manner. Our findings highlight the importance of the redundancy in killing mechanisms of CAR T cells and how this redundancy is important for efficacious T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Montalvo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irfan N Bandey
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Rezvan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kwan-Ling Wu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arash Saeedi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongshuai Li
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingyue An
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Montesinos-Rongen M, Sanchez-Ruiz M, Siebert S, Winter C, Siebert R, Brunn A, Deckert M. Expression of Cas9 in a Syngeneic Model of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Induces Intracerebral NK and CD8 T Cell-Mediated Lymphoma Cell Lysis Via Perforin. CRISPR J 2022; 5:726-739. [PMID: 36260299 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated gene modification has opened an exciting avenue of targeting genes to study the pathogenesis of diseases and to develop novel therapeutic concepts. However, as the effector protein Cas9 is of bacterial origin, unwanted side effects due to a host immune response against Cas9 need to be considered. Here, we used the syngeneic model of BAL17CNS-induced primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSL, CNS) in BALB/c mice to address this issue. Surprisingly, stable expression of Cas9 in BAL17CNS (BAL17CNS/Cas9) cells rendered them unable to establish PCNSL on intracerebral transplantation. Instead, they induced a prominent intracerebral immune response mediated by CD8 T cells, which lysed BAL17CNS/Cas9 cells via perforin. In addition, B cells contributed to the immune response as evidenced by serum anti-Cas9 antibodies in BALB/c mice as early as day 8 after transplantation of BAL17CNS/Cas9 cells. In athymic BALB/cnu/nu mice, NK cells mounted a vigorous intracerebral immune response with perforin-mediated destruction of BAL17CNS/Cas9 cells. Thus, in the CNS, perforin produced by NK and CD8 T cells was identified as a mediator of cytotoxicity against BAL17CNS/Cas9 cells. These observations should be taken into account when considering therapeutic CRISPR-Cas9-mediated tumor cell manipulation for PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Montesinos-Rongen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monica Sanchez-Ruiz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susann Siebert
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Tuomela K, Ambrose AR, Davis DM. Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867098. [PMID: 35401556 PMCID: PMC8984481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Tuomela
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Antibodies conjugated with viral antigens elicit a cytotoxic T cell response against primary CLL ex vivo. Leukemia 2018; 33:88-98. [PMID: 29925906 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent B cell malignancy in Caucasian adults. The therapeutic armamentarium against this incurable disease has recently seen a tremendous expansion with the introduction of specific pathway inhibitors and innovative immunotherapy. However, none of these approaches is curative and devoid of side effects. We have used B-cell-specific antibodies conjugated with antigens (AgAbs) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to efficiently expand memory CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognized viral epitopes in 12 treatment-naive patients with CLL. The AgAbs carried fragments from the EBNA3C EBV protein that is recognized by the large majority of the population. All CLL cells pulsed with EBNA3C-AgAbs elicited EBV-specific T cell responses, although the intensity varied across the patient collective. Interestingly, a large proportion of the EBV-specific CD4+ T cells expressed granzyme B (GrB), perforin, and CD107a, and killed CLL cells loaded with EBV antigens with high efficiency in the large majority of patients. The encouraging results from this preclinical ex vivo study suggest that AgAbs have the potential to redirect immune responses toward CLL cells in a high percentage of patients in vivo and warrant the inception of clinical trials.
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Lapenta C, Donati S, Spadaro F, Castaldo P, Belardelli F, Cox MC, Santini SM. NK Cell Activation in the Antitumor Response Induced by IFN-α Dendritic Cells Loaded with Apoptotic Cells from Follicular Lymphoma Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:795-806. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mangan MSJ, Bird CH, Kaiserman D, Matthews AY, Hitchen C, Steer DL, Thompson PE, Bird PI. A Novel Serpin Regulatory Mechanism: SerpinB9 IS REVERSIBLY INHIBITED BY VICINAL DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION IN THE REACTIVE CENTER LOOP. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3626-38. [PMID: 26670609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protease inhibitor Sb9 (SerpinB9) is a regulator of the cytotoxic lymphocyte protease GzmB (granzyme B). Although GzmB is primarily involved in the destruction of compromised cells, recent evidence suggests that it is also involved in lysosome-mediated death of the cytotoxic lymphocyte itself. Sb9 protects the cell from GzmB released from lysosomes into the cytosol. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within cytotoxic lymphocytes by receptor stimulation are required for lyososomal permeabilization and release of GzmB into the cytosol. Importantly, ROS also inactivate Sb9 by oxidizing a highly conserved cysteine pair (P1-P1' in rodents and P1'-P2' in other mammals) in the reactive center loop to form a vicinal disulfide bond. Replacement of the P4-P3' reactive center loop residues of the prototype serpin, SERPINA1, with the P4-P5' residues of Sb9 containing the cysteine pair is sufficient to convert SERPINA1 into a ROS-sensitive GzmB inhibitor. Conversion of the cysteine pair to serines in either human or mouse Sb9 results in a functional serpin that inhibits GzmB and resists ROS inactivation. We conclude that ROS sensitivity of Sb9 allows the threshold for GzmB-mediated suicide to be lowered, as part of a conserved post-translational homeostatic mechanism regulating lymphocyte numbers or activity. It follows, for example, that antioxidants may improve NK cell viability in adoptive immunotherapy applications by stabilizing Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S J Mangan
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Catherina H Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Anthony Y Matthews
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Corinne Hitchen
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - David L Steer
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
| | - Philip E Thompson
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia and
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8
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Taylor JG, Gribben JG. Microenvironment abnormalities and lymphomagenesis: Immunological aspects. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:36-45. [PMID: 26232774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells within the microenvironment identify and eliminate cells displaying signs of malignant potential. Immunosurveillance effector Natural Killer (NK) cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) identify malignant cells through germline receptors such as NKG2D and in the case of CTLs, presentation of antigen through the T cell receptor. Manipulation of immunosurveillance through altered tumor-identifying ligand expression or secretion, resistance to cytotoxicity, or compromised cytotoxic cell activity through immune tolerance mechanisms all contribute to failure of these systems to prevent cancer development. This review examines the diverse mechanisms by which alterations in the immune microenvironment can promote lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Wennerberg E, Pfefferle A, Ekblad L, Yoshimoto Y, Kremer V, Kaminskyy VO, Juhlin CC, Höög A, Bodin I, Svjatoha V, Larsson C, Zedenius J, Wennerberg J, Lundqvist A. Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells are sensitive to NK cell-mediated lysis via ULBP2/5/6 and chemoattract NK cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5733-44. [PMID: 25212604 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer with no curative therapies available. To date, strategies to target ATC by immunotherapy have not been evaluated. We investigated whether ATC would be a suitable target for natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first established seven new cell lines from ATC tumors, three from papillary thyroid carcinoma tumors and analyzed them together with eight additional ATC cell lines. Cells were analyzed for sensitivity to lysis by NK cells and their ability to chemoattract and regulate the activity of NK cells. In addition, fresh tumor samples and peripheral blood from six patients with ATC were analyzed for NK cell infiltration and phenotype. RESULTS We observed that ATC cell lines are sensitive to lysis by ex vivo expanded NK cells and that the lysis was abrogated upon blockade of NKG2D. Sensitivity of thyroid cancer cell lines to NK cell-mediated lysis correlated with surface expression of UL16-binding protein 2 on tumor cells. Moreover, ATC cell lines produced high levels of CXCL10 and stimulated migration of expanded NK cells and ATC tumors were enriched for NK cells expressing the cognate chemokine receptor CXCR3. However, compared with NK cells in peripheral blood, ATC tumor-derived NK cells displayed a suppressed phenotype with a downregulated expression of NKG2D. In vitro, suppression of NK cell-mediated lysis and NKG2D expression by ATC cells was restored upon neutralization of prostaglandin-E2. CONCLUSIONS ATC cell lines are sensitive to NK cell-mediated lysis via ULBP2/5/6 and chemoattract CXCR3-positive NK cells. Patients with ATC may benefit from NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wennerberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Pfefferle
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronika Kremer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitaliy O Kaminskyy
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Höög
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Bodin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitalijs Svjatoha
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Zedenius
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Division of ORL/Head&Neck Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Baychelier F, Achour A, Nguyen S, Raphael M, Toubert A, Besson C, Arnoux A, Roos-Weil D, Marty M, Chapelier A, Samuel D, Debré P, Vieillard V. Natural killer cell deficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 34:604-12. [PMID: 25476847 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a well-recognized complication of solid-organ transplantation, and pharmacologic suppression of adaptive immunity plays a major role in its development. However, the role of natural killer (NK) cells in post-lung transplant de novo NHL is unknown. METHODS Extensive phenotypic analyses of NK cells from patients diagnosed with NHL after liver or lung transplantation were conducted with multicolor flow cytometry. Polyfunctionality assays simultaneously assessed NK cell degranulation (CD107a) and intracellular cytokine production (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the presence of NHL target cells. RESULTS The development of de novo NHL is linked to NK-cell maturation defects, including overexpression of NKG2A and CD62L and down-modulation of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and CD57 receptors. More importantly, in patients who developed NHL after lung transplantation, we observed a specific down-modulation of the activating receptors (NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D) and a sharp decrease in perforin expression and degranulation against NHL target cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that accumulation of abnormal NK cells could play a role in the outgrowth of NHL after lung transplantation, independently of the immunosuppressive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baychelier
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abla Achour
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Nguyen
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Martine Raphael
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Départementd'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UFR Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1160, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Université d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Besson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Hématologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Arnoux
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Michel Marty
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre des Innovations Thérapeutiques en Oncologie et Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chapelier
- Hôpital Foch, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et de Transplantation Pulmonaire, Suresnes, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France.
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11
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Choi PJ, Mitchison TJ. Quantitative analysis of resistance to natural killer attacks reveals stepwise killing kinetics. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:1153-61. [PMID: 25228316 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms can protect cancer cells from immune attacks. At the level of bulk tissue, these survival mechanisms are often indistinguishable and simply appear as reduced cell death. However, by tracking individual cell survival and death times, we found broad variation in the kinetics of immune evasion. In response to attacks by natural killer cells, we observed that some cancer lines exhibited exponential survival time distributions. Slowly killed cancer lines had reduced exponential rate constants. In contrast, a line engineered to express the serpin protein PI-9, which is known to promote resistance to immune killing, exhibited a markedly nonexponential survival time distribution. By following the histories of individual cancer cells with multiplexed reporters, we obtained evidence that two or more immune attacks are likely required to kill serpin-expressing cells. Thus, resistance is a finite and measurable quantity, with a distinct kinetic signature. A quantitative model based on independently measured parameters is consistent with our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Glycocalyx engineering reveals a Siglec-based mechanism for NK cell immunoevasion. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 10:69-75. [PMID: 24292068 PMCID: PMC3893890 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase of cell surface sialic acid is a characteristic shared by many tumor types. A correlation between hypersialylation and immunoprotection has been observed, but few hypotheses have provided a mechanistic understanding of this immunosuppressive phenomenon. Here, we show that increasing sialylated glycans on cancer cells inhibits human natural killer (NK) cell activation through the recruitment of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7 (Siglec-7). Key to these findings was the use of glycopolymers end-functionalized with phospholipids, which enable the introduction of synthetically defined glycans onto cancer cell surfaces. Remodeling the sialylation status of cancer cells affected the susceptibility to NK cell cytotoxicity via Siglec-7 engagement in a variety of tumor types. These results support a model in which hypersialylation offers a selective advantage to tumor cells under pressure from NK immunosurveillance by increasing Siglec ligands. We also exploited this finding to protect allogeneic and xenogeneic primary cells from NK-mediated killing, suggesting the potential of Siglecs as therapeutic targets in cell transplant therapy.
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Cord Blood–Derived and Peripheral Blood–Derived Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Are Sensitive to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1407-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Suppression of granzyme B activity and caspase-3 activation in leukaemia cells constitutively expressing the protease inhibitor 9. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:1603-9. [PMID: 23892923 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune surveillance against malignant cells is mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells (CTL/NK) that induce apoptosis through the granzyme-B-dependent pathway. The serine protease inhibitor serpinB9/protease inhibitor-9 (PI-9) is a known inhibitor of granzyme B. Ectopic expression of PI-9 in tumour cells has been reported. However, the impact of PI-9 on granzyme-B-induced apoptosis in tumour cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of constitutive PI-9 expression in leukaemia cell lines on the activity of granzyme B and apoptosis induction. PI-9 negative (lymphoblastic Jurkat cells; myeloblastic U937 cells) and PI-9-expressing cell lines (myeloblastic K562 cells, EBV-transformed LCL-1 and LCL-2 B-cells, lymphoblastic Daudi cells, AML-R cells f leukaemia and the U937 subclone U937PI-9(+)). For accurate granzyme B activity determination a quantitative substrate (Ac-IEPD-pNA) cleavage assay was established and caspase-3 activation measured for apoptosis assessment. Cells were treated with a cytotoxic granule isolate that has previously been shown to induce apoptosis through granzyme B signalling. We found a robust correlation between constitutive PI-9 expression levels and the suppression of granzyme B activity. Further, inhibition of granzyme B translated into reduced caspase-3 activation. We conclude, suppression of granzyme B initiated apoptosis in PI-9-expressing cells could contribute to immune evasion and the measurement of granzyme B activity with our assay might be a useful predictive marker in immune-therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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15
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Efficacy of an adapted granzyme B-based anti-CD30 cytolytic fusion protein against PI-9-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells in a murine model. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e106. [PMID: 23524591 PMCID: PMC3615217 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors develop when infiltrating immune cells contribute growth stimuli, and cancer cells are selected to survive within such a cytotoxic microenvironment. One possible immune-escape mechanism is the upregulation of PI-9 (Serpin B9) within cancer cells. This serine proteinase inhibitor selectively inactivates apoptosis-inducing granzyme B (GrB) from cytotoxic granules of innate immune cells. We demonstrate that most classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL)-derived cell lines express PI-9, which protects them against the GrB attack and thereby renders them resistant against GrB-based immunotherapeutics. To circumvent this disadvantage, we developed PI-9-insensitive human GrB mutants as fusion proteins to target the Hodgkin-selective receptor CD30. In contrast to the wild-type GrB, a R201K point-mutated GrB construct most efficiently killed PI-9-positive and -negative cHL cells. This was tested in vitro and also in vivo whereby a novel optical imaging-based tumor model with HL cell line L428 was applied. Therefore, this variant, as part of the next generation immunotherapeutics, also named cytolytic fusion proteins showing reduced immunogenicity, is a promising molecule for (targeted) therapy of patients with relapsing malignancies, such as cHL, and possibly other PI-9-positive malignancies, such as breast or lung carcinoma.
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16
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Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Human Granzyme B for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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17
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Heutinck KM, Kassies J, Florquin S, ten Berge IJM, Hamann J, Rowshani AT. SerpinB9 expression in human renal tubular epithelial cells is induced by triggering of the viral dsRNA sensors TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2746-54. [PMID: 22167597 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitor B9 (serpinB9) protects against granzyme B-mediated apoptosis and could help to reduce tubular damage under inflammatory conditions like interstitial nephritis. Previously, we found that tubular serpinB9 expression was increased during subclinical rejection. Here, we studied the regulation of serpinB9 expression in tubular epithelial cells (TECs) under inflammatory conditions. METHODS SerpinB9 expression was analysed on messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein levels in primary human TECs were stimulated with various cytokines and pattern recognition receptor ligands and in kidney transplant biopsies obtained during different types of viral infection. RESULTS Of the inflammatory stimuli tested, only the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue poly(I:C) promoted serpinB9 mRNA and protein expression. We found that TECs express the viral dsRNA receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). dsRNA receptor ligands enhanced serpinB9 expression, which involved nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, did not require Type I interferon production and was a direct result of dsRNA receptor-induced gene transcription. In kidney transplants, serpinB9 transcription was increased during infection with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus or BK virus compared to stable grafts. Immunohistochemistry showed that tubuli and lymphocytes expressed the inhibitor. CONCLUSION SerpinB9 expression in human TECs is induced by triggering of the viral dsRNA sensors TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I. Viral dsRNA may increase the threshold for granzyme B-mediated apoptosis in TECs via serpinB9 upregulation and thus help to protect the kidney against cytotoxic insults during viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- BK Virus/genetics
- Biopsy
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Kidney Diseases/metabolism
- Kidney Diseases/surgery
- Kidney Diseases/virology
- Kidney Transplantation
- Kidney Tubules/cytology
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Polyomavirus Infections/genetics
- Polyomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Polyomavirus Infections/virology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Andrady C, Sharma SK, Chester KA. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:193-211. [PMID: 21322759 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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19
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Serine proteases of the human immune system in health and disease. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1943-55. [PMID: 20537709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Cellular apoptosis induced by T cells is mainly mediated by two pathways. One, granule exocytosis utilizes perforin/granzymes. The other involves signaling through death receptors of the TNF-alpha R super-family, especially FasL. Perforin plays a central role in apoptosis induced by granzymes. However, the mechanisms of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are still not elucidated completely. Perforin is not only a pore-forming protein, but also performs multiple biological functions or perforin performs one biological function (cytolysis), but has multiple biological implications in the cellular immune responses, including regulation of proliferation of CD8+ CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 300 Jefferson Hospital for Neurosciences Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. [corrected]
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21
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Godal R, Bachanova V, Gleason M, McCullar V, Yun GH, Cooley S, Verneris MR, McGlave PB, Miller JS. Natural killer cell killing of acute myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor-negative natural killer cells after NKG2A and LIR-1 blockade. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16:612-21. [PMID: 20139023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity has been dominated by studies of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), we hypothesized that NKG2A and LIR-1, present on 53% +/- 13% and 36% +/- 18% of normal NK cells, respectively, play roles in the NK cell killing of primary leukemia targets. KIR(-) cells, which compose nearly half of the circulating NK cell population, exhibit tolerance to primary leukemia targets, suggesting signaling through other inhibitory receptors. Both acute myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia targets were rendered susceptible to lysis by fresh resting KIR(-) NK cells when inhibitory receptor-major histocompatibility class I interactions were blocked by pan-HLA antibodies, demonstrating that these cells are functionally competent. Blockade of a single inhibitory receptor resulted in slightly increased killing, whereas combined LIR-1 and NKG2A blockade consistently resulted in increased NK cell cytotoxicity. Dual blockade of NKG2A and LIR-1 led to significant killing of targets by resting KIR(-) NK cells, demonstrating that this population is not hyporesponsive. Together these results suggest that alloreactivity of a significant fraction of KIR(-) NK cells is mediated by NKG2A and LIR-1. Thus strategies to interrupt NKG2A and LIR-1 in combination with anti-KIR blockade hold promise for exploiting NK cell therapy in acute leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/antagonists & inhibitors
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, KIR
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Godal
- Division of Adult Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Abstract
Although proteolysis mediated by granzymes has an important role in the immune response to infection or tumours, unrestrained granzyme activity may damage normal cells. In this review, we discuss the role of serpins within the immune system, as specific regulators of granzymes. The well-characterised human granzyme B-SERPINB9 interaction highlights the cytoprotective function that serpins have in safeguarding lymphocytes from granzymes that may leak from granules. We also discuss some of the pitfalls inherent in using rodent models of granzyme-serpin interactions and the ways in which our understanding of serpins can help resolve some of the current, contentious issues in granzyme biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaiserman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Building 77, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Sarosiek KA, Nechushtan H, Lu X, Rosenblatt JD, Lossos IS. Interleukin-4 distinctively modifies responses of germinal centre-like and activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas to immuno-chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:308-18. [PMID: 19694722 PMCID: PMC2763052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) can be classified into two subtypes: germinal-centre B-cell (GCB)-like and Activated B-cell (ABC)-like tumours, which are associated with longer or shorter patient overall survival, respectively. In our previous studies, we have shown that, although DLBCL tumours of GCB-like and ABC-like subtypes express similar levels of IL4 mRNA, they exhibit distinct patterns of IL-4-induced intracellular signalling and different expression of IL-4 target genes. We hypothesized that these differences may contribute to the different clinical behaviour and outcome of DLBCL subtypes. Herein, we demonstrated that IL-4 increased the sensitivity of GCB-like DLBCL to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and complement-dependent rituximab cell killing. In contrast, IL-4 protected ABC-like DLBCL from the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and rituximab. The distinct effects of IL-4 on doxorubicin sensitivity in GCB-like and ABC-like DLBCL cells may be partially attributed to the contrasting effects of the cytokine on Bcl-2 and Bad protein levels in the DLBCL subtypes. These findings suggest that the different effects of IL-4 on chemotherapy and immunotherapy-induced cytotoxicity of GCB- and ABC-like DLBCL could contribute to the different clinical outcomes exhibited by patients with these two subtypes of DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Rituximab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A Sarosiek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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24
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Cryptococcus neoformans directly stimulates perforin production and rearms NK cells for enhanced anticryptococcal microbicidal activity. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2436-46. [PMID: 19307209 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01232-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells, in addition to possessing antitumor and antiviral activity, exhibit perforin-dependent microbicidal activity against the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. However, the factors controlling this response, particularly whether the pathogen itself provides an activation or rearming signal, are largely unknown. The current studies were performed to determine whether exposure to this fungus alters subsequent NK cell anticryptococcal activity. NK cells lost perforin and mobilized lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 to the cell surface following incubation with the fungus, indicating that degranulation had occurred. Despite a reduced perforin content during killing, NK cells acquired an enhanced ability to kill C. neoformans, as demonstrated using auxotrophs that allowed independent assessment of the killing of two strains. De novo protein synthesis was required for optimal killing; however, there was no evidence that a soluble factor contributed to the enhanced anticryptococcal activity. Exposure of NK cells to C. neoformans caused the cells to rearm, as demonstrated by increased perforin mRNA levels and enhanced loss of perforin when transcription was blocked. Degranulation alone was insufficient to provide the activation signal as NK cells lost anticryptococcal activity following treatment with strontium chloride. However, NK cells regained the activity upon prolonged exposure to C. neoformans, which is consistent with activation by the microbe. The enhanced cytotoxicity did not extend to tumor killing since NK cells exposed to C. neoformans failed to kill NK-sensitive tumor targets (K562 cells). These studies demonstrate that there is contact-mediated microbe-specific rearming and activation of microbicidal activity that are necessary for optimal killing of C. neoformans.
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25
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Hamaï A, Meslin F, Benlalam H, Jalil A, Mehrpour M, Faure F, Lecluse Y, Vielh P, Avril MF, Robert C, Chouaib S. ICAM-1 has a critical role in the regulation of metastatic melanoma tumor susceptibility to CTL lysis by interfering with PI3K/AKT pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9854-64. [PMID: 19047166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human primary melanoma cells (T1) were found to be more susceptible to lysis by a Melan-A/MART-1-specific CTL clone (LT12) than their metastatic derivative (G1). We show that this differential susceptibility does not involve antigen presentation by target cells, synapse formation between the metastatic target and CTL clone, or subsequent granzyme B (GrB) polarization. Although PI-9, an inhibitor of GrB, was found to be overexpressed in metastatic G1 cells, knockdown of the PI-9 gene did not result in the attenuation of G1 resistance to CTL-induced killing. Interestingly, we show that whereas T1 cells express high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a dramatically reduced expression was noted on G1 cells. We also showed that sorted ICAM-1+ G1 cells were highly sensitive to CTL-induced lysis compared with ICAM-1- G1 cells. Furthermore, incubation of metastatic G1 cells with IFN-gamma resulted in the induction of ICAM-1 and the potentiation of their susceptibility to lysis by LT12. More importantly, we found that the level of ICAM-1 expression by melanoma cells correlated with decreased PTEN activity. ICAM-1 knockdown in T1 cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of PTEN and the subsequent activation of AKT. We have additionally shown that inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by the specific inhibitor wortmannin induced a significant potentiation of susceptibility of G1 and ICAM-1 small interfering RNA-treated T1 cells to CTL-induced lysis. The present study shows that a shift in ICAM-1 expression, which was associated with an activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, can be used by metastatic melanoma cells to escape CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U753, Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines: Interaction effecteurs cytotoxiques-système tumoral, Institut Gustave Roussy PR1 and IFR 54, Villejuif, France
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26
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Schmidt-Hieber M, Busse A, Reufi B, Knauf W, Thiel E, Blau IW. Bendamustine, but not fludarabine, exhibits a low stem cell toxicity in vitro. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:227-34. [PMID: 18719942 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the in vitro toxicity of bendamustine and fludarabine to hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells from healthy donors. METHODS Clonogenic agar colony assays, non-clonogenic long-term liquid cultures (LTC) and apoptosis assays were used to assess the cytotoxicity of both the agents. RESULTS Total colony-forming units (CFU) were more sensitive to fludarabine than to bendamustine in agar colony assays (IC(50) 0.7 microM/L and 8.5 microM/L, respectively). Using the Bliss independence model and combining the two agents yielded additive inhibition of progenitors. Non-clonogenic assays, including LTC and an apoptosis assay detecting activated caspases showed that stem cells are characterized by low sensitivity to bendamustine. In contrast, fludarabine strongly inhibited the viability and growth of stem cells in LTC. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that bendamustine is characterized by lower in vitro toxicity to hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells than fludarabine and might thus be preferable in regimens prior to stem cells apheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt-Hieber
- Medizinische Klinik III (Hämatologie, Onkologie und Transfusionsmedizin), Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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28
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Chowdhury D, Lieberman J. Death by a thousand cuts: granzyme pathways of programmed cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:389-420. [PMID: 18304003 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The granzymes are cell death-inducing enzymes, stored in the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, that are released during granule exocytosis when a specific virus-infected or transformed target cell is marked for elimination. Recent work suggests that this homologous family of serine esterases can activate at least three distinct pathways of cell death. This redundancy likely evolved to provide protection against pathogens and tumors with diverse strategies for evading cell death. This review discusses what is known about granzyme-mediated pathways of cell death as well as recent studies that implicate granzymes in immune regulation and extracellular proteolytic functions in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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29
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Sedelies KA, Ciccone A, Clarke CJP, Oliaro J, Sutton VR, Scott FL, Silke J, Susanto O, Green DR, Johnstone RW, Bird PI, Trapani JA, Waterhouse NJ. Blocking granule-mediated death by primary human NK cells requires both protection of mitochondria and inhibition of caspase activity. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:708-17. [PMID: 18202705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human GraB (hGraB) preferentially induces apoptosis via Bcl-2-regulated mitochondrial damage but can also directly cleave caspases and caspase substrates in cell-free systems. How hGraB kills cells when it is delivered by cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) and the contribution of hGraB to CL-induced death is still not clear. We show that primary human natural killer (hNK) cells, which specifically used hGraB to induce target cell death, were able to induce apoptosis of cells whose mitochondria were protected by Bcl-2. Purified hGraB also induced apoptosis of Bcl-2-overexpressing targets but only when delivered at 5- to 10-fold the concentration required to kill cells expressing endogenous Bcl-2. Caspases were critical in this process as inhibition of caspase activity permitted clonogenic survival of Bcl-2-overexpressing cells treated with hGraB or hNK cells but did not protect cells that only expressed endogenous Bcl-2. Our data therefore show that hGraB triggers caspase activation via mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent mechanisms that are activated in a hierarchical manner, and that the combined effects of Bcl-2 and direct caspase inhibition can block cell death induced by hGraB and primary hNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sedelies
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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30
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Cunningham TD, Jiang X, Shapiro DJ. Expression of high levels of human proteinase inhibitor 9 blocks both perforin/granzyme and Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 2007; 245:32-41. [PMID: 17490628 PMCID: PMC3655900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9, SerpinB9) is the only known human intracellular granzyme B inhibitor. Whether expression of PI-9 is sufficient to block cytolysis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells remains controversial. To evaluate the roles of PI-9, we isolated and tested three lines of stably transfected HeLa cells expressing wild-type PI-9 and one line expressing an inactive mutant PI-9. Expressions of wild-type PI-9, but not the inactive mutant PI-9, inhibited cytolysis induced by human NK92 and NKL natural killer cells. Expression of high levels of PI-9 is therefore sufficient to protect human cells against NK cell-mediated cell death. Using two assays, we show that expressing wild-type PI-9, but not the inactive mutant PI-9, blocks Fas/Fas ligand (Fas/FasL)-mediated apoptosis. PI-9 expression has no effect on etoposide-induced apoptosis. HeLa cells exhibiting substantial resistance to Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis contain 2- to 3-fold higher PI-9 levels than HCT116 human colon cancer cells and 2- to 3-fold lower PI-9 levels than MCF7/ERHA breast cancer cells, in which PI-9 is strongly induced by estrogens, and by tamoxifen. Expression of increasing levels of PI-9 in target cells may progressively inhibit immune surveillance by blocking NK and CTL-induced cytotoxicity through the perforin/granzyme pathway and then through the Fas/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J. Shapiro
- Correspondence to: Dr. Shapiro at Dept. of Biochemistry, B-4 RAL, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, Tel.: (217) 333-1788; Fax: (217) 244-5858. E-mail address: (D.J. Shapiro)
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Jiang X, Ellison SJ, Alarid ET, Shapiro DJ. Interplay between the levels of estrogen and estrogen receptor controls the level of the granzyme inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor 9 and susceptibility to immune surveillance by natural killer cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:4106-14. [PMID: 17237823 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens promote cell proliferation and metastases in several human cancers. Here, we describe a different action of estrogens likely to contribute to tumor development-blocking immunosurveillance. In breast cancer cells, increasing concentrations of estrogen induce increasing levels of the granzyme B inhibitor, SerpinB9/proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) and progressively block cell death induced by NK92 natural killer (NK) cells, but do not block killing by a second NK cell line, NKL cells. RNA interference knockdown of PI-9 abolishes estrogen's ability to block NK92 cell-induced cytotoxicity. Expressing elevated levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) increases the induced level of PI-9, and makes tamoxifen (TAM), but not raloxifene or ICI 182,780, a potent inducer of PI-9. At elevated levels of ERalpha, induction of PI-9 by estradiol or TAM blocks killing by both NK92 and NKL cells. When the Erk pathway is activated with epidermal growth factor, the concentration of estrogen required to induce a protective level of PI-9 is reduced to 10 pM. Elevated concentrations of estrogen and ER may provide a dual selective advantage to breast cancer cells by controlling PI-9 levels and thereby blocking immunosurveillance. Expressing elevated levels of ERalpha reveals a potentially important difference in the effects of TAM, raloxifene and ICI 182,780 on immunosurveillance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Bossard C, Belhadj K, Reyes F, Martin-Garcia N, Berger F, Kummer JA, Brière J, Baglin AC, Cheze S, Bosq J, Ribrag V, Gisselbrecht C, Mounier N, Gaulard P. Expression of the granzyme B inhibitor PI9 predicts outcome in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: results of a Western series of 48 patients treated with first-line polychemotherapy within the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) trials. Blood 2006; 109:2183-9. [PMID: 17077322 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-033142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractNasal NK/T-cell lymphoma is a rare disease entity with a poor outcome. Expression of antiapoptotic proteins has not been extensively investigated in this entity. Forty-eight patients with nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma who received first-line polychemotherapy (n = 44) or chemoradiotherapy (n = 4) were analyzed for expression of active caspase-3 (aC3), granzyme B protease inhibitor 9 (PI9), and Bcl-2 proteins. Lymphomas were CD3+/CD5−/granzyme B+ and EBV-associated. Median age was 46 years. Stage I/II disease was present in 75% of the cases and an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score less than 1 in 65%. With a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 39% and 49%, respectively. Apoptotic index was scored as high in 32% of cases and PI9 expression as positive in 68%, whereas 35% disclosed a high number of aC3+ tumor cells. Univariate analysis showed that absence of PI9 and low apoptotic index were associated with poor outcome, but not aC3 expression nor IPI score. By multivariate analysis, both parameters affected independently EFS (P = .02 and .08, respectively) and OS (P = .009 and .04). In view of its constitutive expression by normal NK cells, it is suggested that loss of PI9 expression in tumor cells may reflect some mechanism associated with progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bossard
- Département de Pathologie and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) Unité (U) 617, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
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Jahrsdörfer B, Blackwell SE, Wooldridge JE, Huang J, Andreski MW, Jacobus LS, Taylor CM, Weiner GJ. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and other B cells can produce granzyme B and gain cytotoxic potential after interleukin-21-based activation. Blood 2006; 108:2712-9. [PMID: 16809616 PMCID: PMC1895576 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells currently are not viewed as being capable of producing granzyme B or being cytotoxic. We found that B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells treated with interleukin-21 (IL-21) produce low levels of granzyme B. The addition of either CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) or anti-B-cell-receptor antibody (anti-BCR) to IL-21 results in enhanced production of functional granzyme B by B-CLL cells. B-CLL cells treated with IL-21 and CpG ODN undergo apoptosis and are able to induce apoptosis of untreated bystander B-CLL cells. This effect can be inhibited by anti-granzyme B antibody. Benign human B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblasts, and many standard lymphoma cell lines produce high levels of granzyme B in response to IL-21 and anti-BCR. Our results suggest that the ability to induce production of functional granzyme B by B cells could open new approaches to the therapy of B-CLL and other B-cell malignancies. Our findings also have significant implications for our understanding of the role of B cells for immune regulation and for a variety of immune phenomena, including cancer immunity, autoimmunity, and infectious immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Granzymes
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-21
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Holden Cancer Center at the University of Iowa, 5970Z JPP, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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