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Franzese O, Ancona P, Bianchi N, Aguiari G. Apoptosis, a Metabolic "Head-to-Head" between Tumor and T Cells: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2024; 13:924. [PMID: 38891056 PMCID: PMC11171541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis represents a promising therapeutic approach to drive tumor cells to death. However, this poses challenges due to the intricate nature of cancer biology and the mechanisms employed by cancer cells to survive and escape immune surveillance. Furthermore, molecules released from apoptotic cells and phagocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can facilitate cancer progression and immune evasion. Apoptosis is also a pivotal mechanism in modulating the strength and duration of anti-tumor T-cell responses. Combined strategies including molecular targeting of apoptosis, promoting immunogenic cell death, modulating immunosuppressive cells, and affecting energy pathways can potentially overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Thus, an effective approach for targeting apoptosis within the TME should delicately balance the selective induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, while safeguarding survival, metabolic changes, and functionality of T cells targeting crucial molecular pathways involved in T-cell apoptosis regulation. Enhancing the persistence and effectiveness of T cells may bolster a more resilient and enduring anti-tumor immune response, ultimately advancing therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. This review delves into the pivotal topics of this multifaceted issue and suggests drugs and druggable targets for possible combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ancona
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via F. Mortara 74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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2
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Santosh Nirmala S, Kayani K, Gliwiński M, Hu Y, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Piotrowska-Mieczkowska M, Sakowska J, Tomaszewicz M, Marín Morales JM, Lakshmi K, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Trzonkowski P, Oo YH, Fuchs A. Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321228. [PMID: 38283365 PMCID: PMC10811018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yueyuan Hu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Fuchs
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Glaubitz J, Wilden A, Frost F, Ameling S, Homuth G, Mazloum H, Rühlemann MC, Bang C, Aghdassi AA, Budde C, Pickartz T, Franke A, Bröker BM, Voelker U, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Weiss FU, Sendler M. Activated regulatory T-cells promote duodenal bacterial translocation into necrotic areas in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2022-327448. [PMID: 36631247 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In acute pancreatitis (AP), bacterial translocation and subsequent infection of pancreatic necrosis are the main risk factors for severe disease and late death. Understanding how immunological host defence mechanisms fail to protect the intestinal barrier is of great importance in reducing the mortality risk of the disease. Here, we studied the role of the Treg/Th17 balance for maintaining the intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of severe AP. DESIGN AP was induced by partial duct ligation in C57Bl/6 or DEREG mice, in which regulatory T-cells (Treg) were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin. By flow cytometry, functional suppression assays and transcriptional profiling we analysed Treg activation and characterised T-cells of the lamina propria as well as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) regarding their activation and differentiation. Microbiota composition was examined in intestinal samples as well as in murine and human pancreatic necrosis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The prophylactic Treg-depletion enhanced the proinflammatory response in an experimental mouse model of AP but stabilised the intestinal immunological barrier function of Th17 cells and CD8+/γδTCR+ IELs. Treg depleted animals developed less bacterial translocation to the pancreas. Duodenal overgrowth of the facultative pathogenic taxa Escherichia/Shigella which associates with severe disease and infected necrosis was diminished in Treg depleted animals. CONCLUSION Tregs play a crucial role in the counterbalance against systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In AP, Treg-activation disturbs the duodenal barrier function and permits translocation of commensal bacteria into pancreatic necrosis. Targeting Tregs in AP may help to ameliorate the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glaubitz
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anika Wilden
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Frost
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Ameling
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hala Mazloum
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Malte Christoph Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Budde
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tilmann Pickartz
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Voelker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 2, Klinikum der Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, university medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Recent Progress on the Roles of Regulatory T Cells in IgG4-Related Disease. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (RD) is a proposed concept of systemic inflammatory condition from Japanese researchers. Patients with IgG4-RD manifest several immunological and histological characterizations in the organs involved, including elevated levels of serum IgG4 and lympho-plasmacytic infiltration, storiform fibrosis, IgG4-positive plasma cells infiltration, and obstructive phlebitis. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD still remains unclear. It has been made clear that several immune cells with regulatory function play a vital part in several diseases. In particular, abnormalities in the function and proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are implicated in several diseases, and their part in IgG4-RD has been investigated. This review offers an overview of the research in IgG4-RD related to Tregs. Herein, the basic information of Tregs, knowledge gained from animal models involving Tregs, and the role of IgG4-RD has been provided. We also included the immunological mechanisms of IgG4-RD based on the data accumulated so far in our hypothesis.
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5
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Principe DR, Chiec L, Mohindra NA, Munshi HG. Regulatory T-Cells as an Emerging Barrier to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:684098. [PMID: 34141625 PMCID: PMC8204014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.684098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for lung cancer in recent years. These strategies consist of neutralizing antibodies against negative regulators of immune function, most notably cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), thereby impeding the ability of tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Though ICIs have proven a significant advance in lung cancer therapy, overall survival rates remain low, and lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. It is therefore imperative to better understand the barriers to the efficacy of ICIs, particularly additional mechanisms of immunosuppression within the lung cancer microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs) serve as a central mediator of immune function in lung cancer, suppressing sterilizing immunity and contributing to the clinical failure of ICIs. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the roles of Tregs in lung cancer pathobiology and therapy, as well as the potential means through which these immunosuppressive mechanisms can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Chiec
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nisha A Mohindra
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Regulatory T-cell subset distribution in children with primary hypertension is associated with hypertension severity and hypertensive target organ damage. J Hypertens 2021; 38:692-700. [PMID: 31834124 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between circulating regulatory T-cell (Tregs) subset distribution and hypertension severity in children with primary hypertension is not known. We aimed to find out if target organ damage (TOD) in children with primary hypertension is related to defects in Tregs distribution reflected by their phenotype characteristics. METHODS The study constituted 33 nontreated hypertensive children and 35 sex-matched and age-matched controls. Using multicolor flow cytometry technique, we assessed a distribution of the total Tregs (CD4CD25CD127) and their subsets (CD45RA-naive Tregs, CD45RA memory/activated Tregs, CD45RACD31 recent thymic emigrants Tregs and mature naive CD45RACD31 Tregs) in the whole blood. RESULTS Hypertensive children showed decreased percentage of the total Tregs, the CD45RA-naive Tregs, the total CD31 Tregs and the recent thymic emigrants Tregs but elevation of the CD45RA memory/activated Treg and mature naive CD45RACD31 Tregs. Decreased frequency of the total Tregs, naive Tregs and CD31-bearing Treg cell subsets (CD31 total Tregs, CD45RACD31 recent thymic emigrants Tregs) negatively correlated to TOD markers, arterial stiffness and blood pressure elevation. In contrast, increased percentage of memory Tregs and CD31 Tregs subsets positively correlated to organ damage markers, arterial stiffness and blood pressure values. These changes were independent of BMI, age, sex and hsCRP. CONCLUSION Both diagnosis of hypertension, TOD and arterial stiffness in hypertensive children were associated with decreased population of total CD4 Tregs, limited output of recent thymic emigrants Tregs, and increased pool of activated/memory Tregs. Hypertension was an independent predictor of the circulating Treg subsets distribution irrespective of hsCRP.
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7
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Scheinecker C, Göschl L, Bonelli M. Treg cells in health and autoimmune diseases: New insights from single cell analysis. J Autoimmun 2019; 110:102376. [PMID: 31862128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are characterized by the breakdown of immunological tolerance. Defects of regulatory T cells have been described among the various mechanisms, that are important for the development of autoimmune diseases, due to their critical role as regulators of peripheral immune tolerance and homeostasis. Initially T suppressor cells have been described as one population of peripheral T cells. Based on new technological advances a new understanding of the heterogeneity of different Treg cell populations in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue has evolved over the last years. While initially Foxp3 has been defined as the main master regulator of Treg cells, we have learned that Treg cells from various tissue can be identified by a specific transcriptomic and epigenetic signature. Epigenetic mechanisms allow Treg cell stability, but we have also learned that certain Treg subsets are plastic and can under specific circumstances even enhance autoimmunity and inflammatory processes. Quantitative and functional defects of Treg cells have been observed in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Due to our understanding of the nature of this cell population, Treg cells have been a target of new Treg based therapies, such as low-dose IL-2. In addition, ongoing clinical trials aim to test safety and efficacy of transferred, in vitro expanded Treg cells in patients with autoimmune diseases and transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scheinecker
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lisa Göschl
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Ahmadi M, Mohammadi M, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Zare M, Gharesi-Fard B. MDSCs in pregnancy: Critical players for a balanced immune system at the feto-maternal interface. Cell Immunol 2019; 346:103990. [PMID: 31703912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as a new immune regulator at the feto-maternal interface. Although the phenotypes and functions of these cells were primarily studied in pathological conditions such as cancers and infections, new evidence has underscored their beneficial roles in homeostasis and physiological circumstances such as normal pregnancy. In this regard, studies have shown an increased number of MDSCs, particularly granulocytic MDSCs, at the feto-maternal interface. These cells participate in maintaining immunological tolerance between mother and semi-allograft fetus through various mechanisms. They further seem to play critical roles in placentation and fetus growth process. The absence or dysregulation of MDSCs during pregnancy have been reported in several pregnancy complications. These cells are also abundant in the cord blood of neonates so as to balance the immune responses and prevent aggressive inflammatory responses. The current review summarizes and organizes detailed data on MDSCs and their roles during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Mohammadi
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Gharesi-Fard
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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9
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Zhu J, Petit PF, Van den Eynde BJ. Apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes: a new immune checkpoint mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:835-847. [PMID: 30406374 PMCID: PMC11028327 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on checkpoint inhibitors is providing substantial clinical benefit, but only to a minority of cancer patients. The current priority is to understand why the majority of patients fail to respond. Besides T-cell dysfunction, T-cell apoptosis was reported in several recent studies as a relevant mechanism of tumoral immune resistance. Several death receptors (Fas, DR3, DR4, DR5, TNFR1) can trigger apoptosis when activated by their respective ligands. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory role of the main death receptors and how these are shaping the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on Fas and its ligand. Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells has long been known as a mechanism allowing the contraction of T-cell responses to prevent immunopathology, a phenomenon known as activation-induced cell death, which is triggered by induction of Fas ligand (FasL) expression on T cells themselves and qualifies as an immune checkpoint mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that other cells in the tumor microenvironment can express FasL and trigger apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), including endothelial cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The resulting disappearance of TIL prevents anti-tumor immunity and may in fact contribute to the absence of TIL that is typical of "cold" tumors that fail to respond to immunotherapy. Interfering with the Fas-FasL pathway in the tumor microenvironment has the potential to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75 B1.74.03, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Florent Petit
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75 B1.74.03, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75 B1.74.03, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Characteristics of regulatory T-cell populations before and after Ty21a typhoid vaccination in children and adults. Clin Immunol 2019; 203:14-22. [PMID: 30953793 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by the pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), is a serious global health concern. Challenge studies with wild type S. Typhi identified associations between gut-homing regulatory T cells (Treg) and development of typhoid disease. Whether oral live-attenuated Ty21a vaccination induces gut-homing Treg remains unclear. Here, we analyze pediatric and adult Treg pre- and post-Ty21a vaccination in an autologous S. Typhi-antigen presentation model to address this knowledge gap. We show that peripheral memory Treg populations change from childhood to adulthood, but not following Ty21a vaccination. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) identifies homing, memory, and functional features which evidence age-associated maturation of multifunctional S. Typhi-responsive Treg, which were not impacted by Ty21a vaccination. These findings improve understanding of pediatric regulatory T cells, while identifying age-related differences in S. Typhi-responsive Treg, which may aid in the development of improved pediatric vaccination strategies against S. Typhi.
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12
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Mohr A, Atif M, Balderas R, Gorochov G, Miyara M. The role of FOXP3 + regulatory T cells in human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:24-35. [PMID: 30830965 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg ) expressing the forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) transcription factor (Tregs ) are instrumental for the prevention of autoimmune diseases. There is increasing evidence that the human T regulatory population is highly heterogeneous in phenotype and function. Numerous studies conducted in human autoimmune diseases have shown that Treg cells are impaired either in their suppressive function, in number, or both. However, the contribution of the FOXP3+ Treg subpopulations to the development of autoimmunity has not been delineated in detail. Rare genetic disorders that involve deficits in Treg function can be studied to develop a global idea of the impact of partial or complete deficiency in a specific molecular mechanism involved in Treg function. In patients with reduced Treg numbers (but no functional deficiency), the expansion of autologous Treg cells could be a suitable therapeutic approach: either infusion of in-vitro autologous expanded cells, infusion of interleukin (IL)-2/anti-IL-2 complex, or both. Treg biology-based therapies may not be suitable in patients with deficits of Treg function, unless their deficit can be corrected in vivo/in vitro. Finally, it is critical to consider the appropriate stage of autoimmune diseases at which administration of Treg cellular therapy can be most effective. We discuss conflicting data regarding whether Treg cells are more effectual at preventing the initiation of autoimmunity, ameliorating disease progression or curing autoimmunity itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohr
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France
| | - M Atif
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France
| | | | - G Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris, France (Cimi-Paris), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - M Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris, France (Cimi-Paris), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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13
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Zou H, He T, Chen X. Tetrandrine inhibits differentiation of proinflammatory subsets of T helper cells but spares de novo differentiation of iTreg cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:307-312. [PMID: 30769211 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TET) is an anti-inflammatory compound isolated from Chinese herb Stephania tetrandra S. Moore. It was reported recently that the differentiation of Th17 cells was inhibited, while the generation of induced Treg cells (iTregs) was promoted, by TET treatment. We therefore carefully examined the effect of TET on the differentiation of four major subsets of T helper cells. The results showed that in vitro treatment with TET potently inhibited the differentiation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells. Administration of LPS resulted in a mixed Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses in normal mice, and such effect of LPS was inhibited by in vivo TET treatment as well. In contrast, TET did not promote or inhibit the in vitro generation of iTregs from naïve CD4+CD25-Foxp3/gfp- T cells. Furthermore, spontaneous and rapamycin-induced conversion of naïve CD4+CD25-Foxp3/gfp- T cells into Foxp3-expressing iTregs in congenic mice was not affected by TET treatment. Thus, TET had the capacity to inhibit the differentiation of proinflammatory Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells, while sparing the generation of Tregs. As a Treg-friendly and broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agent, the molecular mechanism and the therapeutic potential of TET in various human inflammatory diseases should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tianzhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
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14
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Different phenotypes of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in recipients post liver transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:194-201. [PMID: 30735938 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in inducing immune tolerance in organ transplantation, which can be divided into CD45RA+Tregs (resting Tregs, rTregs) and CD45RO+Tregs (activated Tregs, aTregs). Currently, the expressions and phenotypic changes of Tregs in recipients after liver transplantation (LT) is unknown. We therefore investigated the expression and transformation of rTregs and aTregs in 83 cases of recipients with normal status post-LT. The percentages of CD45RA, CD45RO, CD31 in CD4+Tregs were detected by flow cytometry and the effective factors were analyzed. In LT recipients, the percentage of CD45RO+Tregs in CD4+Tregs was higher than that of CD45RA+Tregs. There was significant difference in the ratio of positive Foxp3 between CD45RA+Tregs and CD45RO+Tregs. Percentage of CD45RA+Tregs was higher in pediatric group than that in adult group, whereas percentage of CD45RO+Tregs was lower in the pediatric group. However, it was different only in CD45RO+Tregs in various survival periods post-LT. In conclusion, Tregs pool in human was heterogeneous post-LT and contained different subsets in phenotypes. Upon stimulation by donor graft, percentages of CD4+Tregs and CD45RO+Tregs were increased post-LT and most of rTregs was transformed into aTregs in peripheral blood, and rTregs and aTregs were both related to recipients' ages.
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15
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Mohr A, Malhotra R, Mayer G, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Human FOXP3 + T regulatory cell heterogeneity. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1005. [PMID: 29484183 PMCID: PMC5822410 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are instrumental for the maintenance of self-tolerance. They are also involved in the prevention of allergy, allograft rejection, foetal rejection during pregnancy and of exaggerated immune response towards commensal pathogens in mucosal tissues. They can also prevent immune responses against tumors and promote tumor progression. FOXP3-expressing Treg cells are not a homogenous population. The different subsets of Treg cells can have different functions or roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and can therefore be differentially targeted in the management of autoimmune diseases or in cancer. We discuss here how Treg cell subsets can be differentiated phenotypically, functionally and developmentally in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Immunity departmentRIA IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Biometrics & Information SciencesRespiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity & NeurosciencesGlobal Medicine Development, AstraZenecaMölndalSweden
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
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16
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Kumar S, Saini RV, Mahindroo N. Recent advances in cancer immunology and immunology-based anticancer therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1491-1500. [PMID: 29198747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies offer promise for cure of cancer with specificity and minimal toxicity. Recent developments in cancer immunology have led to the better understanding of role of immune regulatory mechanisms in cancer. There is rapid progress in this field in the last few years. Several clinical studies report the efficacy of immunotherapies for treating cancer. The immunology-based anticancer therapies have shown better safety profiles in clinic as compared to other chemotherapeutic agents, thus increasing interest in this area. This review summarizes recent advances in cancer immunology and discusses tumor microenvironment and immunology-based anticancer therapies, including vaccines and therapies targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Vohra Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Centre of Research on Himalayan Sustainability and Development, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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17
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Kim HJ, Cha GS, Joo JY, Lee J, Kim SJ, Lee J, Park SY, Choi J. Targeting the epitope spreader Pep19 by naïve human CD45RA + regulatory T cells dictates a distinct suppressive T cell fate in a novel form of immunotherapy. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2017; 47:292-311. [PMID: 29093987 PMCID: PMC5663667 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2017.47.5.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Beyond the limited scope of non-specific polyclonal regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy, which depends largely on serendipity, the present study explored a target Treg subset appropriate for the delivery of a novel epitope spreader Pep19 antigen as part of a sophisticated form of immunotherapy with defined antigen specificity that induces immune tolerance. Methods Human polyclonal CD4+CD25+CD127lo− Tregs (127-Tregs) and naïve CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ Tregs (45RA-Tregs) were isolated and were stimulated with target peptide 19 (Pep19)-pulsed dendritic cells in a tolerogenic milieu followed by ex vivo expansion. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and rapamycin were added to selectively exclude the outgrowth of contaminating effector T cells (Teffs). The following parameters were investigated in the expanded antigen-specific Tregs: the distinct expression of the immunosuppressive Treg marker Foxp3, epigenetic stability (demethylation in the Treg-specific demethylated region), the suppression of Teffs, expression of the homing receptors CD62L/CCR7, and CD95L-mediated apoptosis. The expanded Tregs were adoptively transferred into an NOD/scid/IL-2Rγ−/− mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Results Epitope-spreader Pep19 targeting by 45RA-Tregs led to an outstanding in vitro suppressive T cell fate characterized by robust ex vivo expansion, the salient expression of Foxp3, high epigenetic stability, enhanced T cell suppression, modest expression of CD62L/CCR7, and higher resistance to CD95L-mediated apoptosis. After adoptive transfer, the distinct fate of these T cells demonstrated a potent in vivo immunotherapeutic capability, as indicated by the complete elimination of footpad swelling, prolonged survival, minimal histopathological changes, and preferential localization of CD4+CD25+ Tregs at the articular joints in a mechanistic and orchestrated way. Conclusions We propose human naïve CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ Tregs and the epitope spreader Pep19 as cellular and molecular targets for a novel antigen-specific Treg-based vaccination against collagen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Gil Sun Cha
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Joo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Juyoun Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeongae Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeomil Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
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18
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Prognostic value of circulating regulatory T cell subsets in untreated non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39247. [PMID: 27976733 PMCID: PMC5157012 DOI: 10.1038/srep39247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the different circulating regulatory T-cells (Treg) subsets, as well as their correlation with clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is poorly understood. Peripheral blood from 156 stage III/IV chemotherapy-naive NSCLC patients and 31 healthy donors (HD) was analyzed with flow cytometry for the presence and functionality of CD4+ Treg subsets (naive, effector and terminal effector). Their frequencies were correlated with the clinical outcome. All CD4+ Treg subsets exhibited highly suppressive activity by TGF-β and IL-10 production. The percentages of naive Treg were found elevated in NSCLC patients compared to HD and were associated with poor clinical outcome, whereas the percentage of terminal effector Treg was lower compared to HD and higher levels were correlated with improved clinical response. At baseline, normal levels of naive and effector Treg were associated with longer overall survival (OS) compared to high levels, while the high frequency of the terminal effector Treg was correlated with longer Progression-Free Survival and OS. It is demonstrated, for first time, that particular CD4+ Treg subtypes are elevated in NSCLC patients and their levels are associated to the clinical outcome. The blocking of their migration to the tumor site may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
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19
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Uchida K, Okazaki K. Roles of Regulatory T and B Cells in IgG4-Related Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 401:93-114. [PMID: 27817178 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) -related disease (RD) is a newly recognized systemic disease. Although there are several forms of IgG4-RD reported under various names, depending on the target organ and characteristics, patients with IgG4-RD manifest several immunologic and histologic abnormalities including increased levels of serum IgG4 and storiform fibrosis with infiltration of lymphocytes and IgG4-positive plasmacytes in the involved organs. However, the pathophysiology remains unclear. Regulatory immune cells play an important role in several immune-related diseases. In particular, abnormalities in regulatory T cell (Treg) and regulatory B cell (Breg) numbers and function are implicated in several immune-related (include autoimmune) conditions, and their roles in IgG4-RD have recently begun to be investigated. We provide an overview of the research conducted to date on Tregs and Bregs in IgG4-RD. We highlight the basic functions of these cells, their changes in patients with various forms of IgG4-RD, and insight gained from animal models of the disease. Based on the evidence accumulated thus far, we proposed a hypothesis for the pathophysiological mechanism of IgG4-RD with respect to the roles regulatory immune cells, and highlight the questions and venues of research deserving of further attenuation, Over all, we demonstrate that Tregs and Bregs have a clear impact on IgG4-RD, and further exploration of this field is expected to lead to a better mechanistic understanding of the disease, hopefully resulting in the in the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1197, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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20
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Volpe E, Sambucci M, Battistini L, Borsellino G. Fas-Fas Ligand: Checkpoint of T Cell Functions in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:382. [PMID: 27729910 PMCID: PMC5037862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) are two molecules involved in the regulation of cell death. Their interaction leads to apoptosis of thymocytes that fail to rearrange correctly their T cell receptor (TCR) genes and of those that recognize self-antigens, a process called negative selection; moreover, Fas–FasL interaction leads to activation-induced cell death, a form of apoptosis induced by repeated TCR stimulation, responsible for the peripheral deletion of activated T cells. Both control mechanisms are particularly relevant in the context of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where T cells exert an immune response against self-antigens. This concept is well demonstrated by the development of autoimmune diseases in mice and humans with defects in Fas or FasL. In recent years, several new aspects of T cell functions in MS have been elucidated, such as the pathogenic role of T helper (Th) 17 cells and the protective role of T regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, in this review, we summarize the role of the Fas–FasL pathway, with particular focus on its involvement in MS. We then discuss recent advances concerning the role of Fas–FasL in regulating Th17 and Treg cells’ functions, in the context of MS.
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21
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Bhaskaran N, Quigley C, Weinberg A, Huang A, Popkin D, Pandiyan P. Transforming growth factor-β1 sustains the survival of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells during late phase of oropharyngeal candidiasis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1015-26. [PMID: 26530137 PMCID: PMC4854793 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial immunomodulatory roles during infections, one key question is how these cells are controlled during antimicrobial immune responses. Mechanisms controlling their homeostasis are central to ensure efficient protection against pathogens, as well as to control infection-associated immunopathology. Here we studied how their viability is regulated in the context of mouse oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) infection, and found that these cells show increased protection from apoptosis during late phase of infection and reinfection. Tregs underwent reduced cell death because they are refractory to T cell receptor restimulation-induced cell death (RICD). We confirmed their resistance to RICD, using mouse and human Tregs in vitro, and by inducing α-CD3 antibody-mediated apoptosis in vivo. The enhanced viability is dependent on increased transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling that results in upregulation of cFLIP (cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein) in Tregs. Protection from cell death is abrogated in the absence of TGF-β1 signaling in Tregs during OPC infection. Taken together, our data unravel the previously unrecognized role of TGF-β1 in promoting Treg viability, coinciding with the pronounced immunomodulatory role of these cells during later phase of OPC infection, and possibly other mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - C Quigley
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - P Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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22
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Nafady-Hego H, Li Y, Ohe H, Elgendy H, Zhao X, Sakaguchi S, Bishop GA, Koshiba T. Utility of CD127 combined with FOXP3 for identification of operational tolerance after liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2016; 36:1-8. [PMID: 27105585 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cell surface expression of CD127 on CD4(+)CD25(++) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) may be a useful marker to efficiently isolate Tregs. As FOXP3 was specifically used to identify Tregs, combining these two markers could give better identification for patient with operational tolerance (OT) after liver transplantation. To testify this mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), the function of circulating CD4(+)CD25(++)CD127(dim) cells (CD127(dim) cells) was examined in immunosuppression (IS)-free pediatric recipients after liver transplantation (LTx) (group operational tolerance: OT) (Gr-tol n=25) compared to recipients who could not stop IS due to clinically overt rejection (group intolerance) (Gr-intol n=18), recipients who were weaning IS (Gr-weaning n=11) and age-matched healthy volunteers (Gr-vol n=11). In addition, the frequencies of CD127(dim) cells vs CD4(+)CD25(++)CD127(dim)FOXP3(+) (CD127(dim)FOXP3(+)) cells were compared in these four groups by FACS analyses. Our results showed that The proliferation of CD4 cells to donor antigens was reduced compared to third-party antigens only in Gr-tol (P=0.022) but not in other groups (P=NS). Depletion of CD127(dim) cells resulted in a donor antigen-specific abrogation of this MLR hyporesponsiveness in Gr-tol (P<0.001) but not other groups (P=NS). This implied that CD127 efficiently isolated donor antigen-specific Tregs. The frequencies of CD127(dim) cells were significantly lower in Gr-intol (5.2%±1.9%) compared to those in Gr-tol (7.8%±1.8%) (P<0.001) as were the frequencies of CD127(dim) FOXP3(+) cells (Gr-tol: 5.4%±1.7% vs Gr-intol: 2.9%±1.0%, P<0.001). Of interest, there were fewer CD127(dim)FOXP3(+) cells in Gr-intol (2.9%±1%) than in Gr-weaning (5.1%±1.8%) (P=0.002), but no difference in CD127(dim) cells (Gr-intol: 5.2%±1.9% vs Gr-weaning: 6.7%±2.0%) (NS). Thus, combining FOXP3 with CD127 for phenotype analysis demonstrated an unequivocal difference between Gr-intol and Gr-weaning that was not detected by CD127 alone. In conclusion CD127 was a useful surface marker to isolate donor-antigen-specific-Tregs in OT after LTx. The additive effect of its combination with FOXP3 is important in phenotypical Treg analyses of OT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Department of Hematology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 50431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohe
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hamed Elgendy
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, King Abdullah Medical City, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - G Alex Bishop
- Transplantation Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Takaaki Koshiba
- Department of Disaster and Comprehensive Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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23
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Karczewski J, Dobrowolska A, Rychlewska-Hańczewska A, Adamski Z. New insights into the role of T cells in pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:435-450. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2016.1166214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Oettel A, Lorenz M, Stangl V, Costa SD, Zenclussen AC, Schumacher A. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells foster conversion of CD4+CD25-Foxp3- T cells into CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells via Transforming Growth Factor-β. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23278. [PMID: 26987775 PMCID: PMC4796866 DOI: 10.1038/srep23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-placental cell trafficking is a naturally occurring process during pregnancy that results in the direct recognition of foreign maternal antigens by fetal tissue and vice versa. Immigration of potentially harmful allo-reactive maternal T cells into fetal circulation may provoke anti-fetal immune responses. However, the contact with fetal tissue may favor differentiation of maternal immune cells into cells with a regulatory phenotype. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) possess immune-regulating properties and are one of the first fetal cells to get in contact with foreign maternal immune cells. Therefore, here we studied whether HUVECs induce the conversion of maternal T cells into regulatory T (Treg) cells. Moreover, we assessed whether this response is changing according to the sex of the HUVECs. Both female and male HUVECs induced the conversion of maternal T cells into Treg cells which is partially mediated via TGF-β. Female HUVECs showed a stronger capacity to induce Treg cells compared to male HUVECs. Our findings propose that HUVECs contribute to fetal-maternal tolerance by the increase of the Treg cell population. Sex-specific differences in Treg cell induction may partly account for the disparities on the incidence of infectious and autoimmune diseases between both sexes during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Oettel
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mario Lorenz
- Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Campus Mitte, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Campus Mitte, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serban-Dan Costa
- University Women's Clinic, Otto-von-Guericke University, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Askenasy N. Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the non-obese diabetic mouse: effector/regulatory cell equilibrium during peak inflammation. Immunology 2016; 147:377-88. [PMID: 26749404 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance in autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes may originate from aberrant activities of effector cells or dysfunction of suppressor cells. All possible defective mechanisms have been proposed for diabetes-prone species: (i) quantitative dominance of diabetogenic cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells, (ii) excessive aggression of effectors and defective function of suppressors, (iii) perturbed interaction between effector and suppressor cells, and (iv) variations in sensitivity to negative regulation. The experimental evidence available to date presents conflicting information on these mechanisms, with identification of perturbed equilibrium on the one hand and negation of critical role of each mechanism in propagation of diabetic autoimmunity on the other hand. In our analysis, there is no evidence that inherent abnormalities in numbers and function of effector and suppressor T cells are responsible for the immune imbalance responsible for propagation of type 1 diabetes as a chronic inflammatory process. Possibly, the experimental tools for investigation of these features of immune activity are still underdeveloped and lack sufficient resolution, in the presence of the extensive biological viability and functional versatility of effector and suppressor elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- The Leah and Edward M. Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Pedros C, Duguet F, Saoudi A, Chabod M. Disrupted regulatory T cell homeostasis in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:974-995. [PMID: 26811641 PMCID: PMC4716049 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the gut, where billions of non-self-antigens from the food and the microbiota are present, the immune response must be tightly regulated to ensure both host protection against pathogenic microorganisms and the absence of immune-related pathologies. It has been well documented that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in this context. Indeed, Tregs are able to prevent excessive inflammation, which can lead to the rupture of intestinal homeostasis observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Both the worldwide incidence and prevalence of such diseases have increased throughout the latter part of the 20th century. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how Tregs suppress the colitogenic immune cells to establish new treatments for patients suffering from IBDs. In this review, we will first summarize the results obtained in animal model studies that highlight the importance of Tregs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and describe the specific suppressive mechanisms involved. Next, our current knowledge about Tregs contribution to human IBDs will be reviewed, as well as the current therapeutic perspective on using Tregs for clinical IBD treatment and the challenges that remain to be resolved to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of these therapies in targeting this critical immune-regulatory cell population.
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Silva SL, Sousa AE. Establishment and Maintenance of the Human Naïve CD4 + T-Cell Compartment. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:119. [PMID: 27843891 PMCID: PMC5086629 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The naïve CD4+ T-cell compartment is considered essential to guarantee immune competence throughout life. Its replenishment with naïve cells with broad diverse receptor repertoire, albeit with reduced self-reactivity, is ensured by the thymus. Nevertheless, cumulative data support a major requirement of post-thymic proliferation both for the establishment of the human peripheral naïve compartment during the accelerated somatic growth of childhood, as well as for its lifelong maintenance. Additionally, a dynamic equilibrium is operating at the cell level to fine-tune the T-cell receptor threshold to activation and survival cues, in order to counteract the continuous naïve cell loss by death or conversion into memory/effector cells. The main players in these processes are low-affinity self-peptide/MHC and cytokines, particularly IL-7. Moreover, although naïve CD4+ T-cells are usually seen as a homogeneous population regarding stage of maturation and cell differentiation, increasing evidence points to a variety of phenotypic and functional subsets with distinct homeostatic requirements. The paradigm of cells committed to a distinct lineage in the thymus are the naïve regulatory T-cells, but other functional subpopulations have been identified based on their time span after thymic egress, phenotypic markers, such as CD31, or cytokine production, namely IL-8. Understanding the regulation of these processes is of utmost importance to promote immune reconstitution in several clinical settings, namely transplantation, persistent infections, and aging. In this mini review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying human naïve CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, combining clinical data, experimental studies, and modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana L Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Imunodeficiências Primárias, Lisboa, Portugal; Clinica Universitária de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Imunodeficiências Primárias, Lisboa, Portugal
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Zhuo C, Xu Y, Ying M, Li Q, Huang L, Li D, Cai S, Li B. FOXP3+ Tregs: heterogeneous phenotypes and conflicting impacts on survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Immunol Res 2015; 61:338-47. [PMID: 25608795 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment composites a mixture of immune lymphoid cells, myeloid cells, stromal cells with complex cytokines, as well as numerous lymphovascular vessels. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy and one of the leading causes of tumor-related death in the United States and worldwide. The immune status in the tumor microenvironment contributes to the survival of a patient with CRC. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered a key factor in immune escape and immunotherapy failure among cancer patients. The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is a crucial intracellular marker and also a key developmental and functional factor for CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Tregs are correlated with survival in various human neoplasms, and elevated proportions of Tregs are usually associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. However, the role of Tregs in CRC remains controversial. High densities of tumor-infiltrating Tregs in CRC patients are reported to be correlated with worse or better outcomes. And Tregs may not be predictive of prognosis after resection of the primary tumor. The exact explanations for these discordant results remain unclear. The heterogeneous instincts of cell phenotype, gene expression, and functional activities of Tregs may partly contribute this contrasting result. Furthermore, the lack of a robust marker for identifying Tregs or due to the different techniques applied is also account. The Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) was recently reported to be a specific epigenetic marker for natural Tregs (nTregs), which can stably express FOXP3. The FOXP3-TSDR demethylation assay may be an promising technique for CRC-related nTregs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhuo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong-an Road, Shanghai, 20032, People's Republic of China
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Hahn SA, Bellinghausen I, Trinschek B, Becker C. Translating Treg Therapy in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2015; 6:623. [PMID: 26697017 PMCID: PMC4677486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) control immune cell function as well as non-immunological processes. Their far-reaching regulatory activities suggest their functional manipulation as a means to sustainably and causally intervene with the course of diseases. Preclinical tools and strategies are however needed to further test and develop interventional strategies outside the human body. “Humanized” mouse models consisting of mice engrafted with human immune cells and tissues provide new tools to analyze human Treg ontogeny, immunobiology, and therapy. Here, we summarize the current state of humanized mouse models as a means to study human Treg function at the molecular level and to design strategies to harness these cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Hahn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Bettina Trinschek
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
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Hector A, Schäfer H, Pöschel S, Fischer A, Fritzsching B, Ralhan A, Carevic M, Öz H, Zundel S, Hogardt M, Bakele M, Rieber N, Riethmueller J, Graepler-Mainka U, Stahl M, Bender A, Frick JS, Mall M, Hartl D. Regulatory T-cell impairment in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic pseudomonas infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:914-23. [PMID: 25632992 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1381oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease have chronic airway inflammation driven by disrupted balance of T-cell (Th17 and Th2) responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) dampen T-cell activation, but their role in CF is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES To characterize numbers, function, and clinical impact of Tregs in CF lung disease. METHODS Tregs were quantified in peripheral blood and airway samples from patients with CF and from lung disease control patients without CF and healthy control subjects. The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Treg regulation was analyzed by using in vitro and murine in vivo models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Tregs were decreased in peripheral blood and airways of patients with CF compared with healthy controls or lung disease patients without CF and correlated positively with lung function parameters. Patients with CF with chronic P. aeruginosa infection had lower Tregs compared with patients with CF without P. aeruginosa infection. Genetic knockout, pharmacological inhibition, and P. aeruginosa infection studies showed that both P. aeruginosa and CFTR contributed to Treg dysregulation in CF. Functionally, Tregs from patients with CF or from Cftr(-/-) mice were impaired in suppressing conventional T cells, an effect that was enhanced by P. aeruginosa infection. The loss of Tregs in CF affected memory, but not naive Tregs, and manifested gradually with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CF who have chronic P. aeruginosa infection show an age-dependent, quantitative, and qualitative impairment of Tregs. Modulation of Tregs represents a novel strategy to rebalance T-cell responses, dampen inflammation, and ultimately improve outcomes for patients with infective CF lung disease.
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Lin SJ, Lu CH, Yan DC, Lee PT, Hsiao HS, Kuo ML. Expansion of regulatory T cells from umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood CD4(+)CD25 (+) T cells. Immunol Res 2015; 60:105-11. [PMID: 24515612 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), if properly expanded from umbilical cord blood (UCB), may provide a promising immunotherapeutic tool. Our previous data demonstrated that UCB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with 4-day stimulation have comparable phenotypes and suppressive function to that of adult peripheral blood (APB) CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. We further examined whether 2-week culture would achieve higher expansion levels of Tregs. UCB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and their APB counterparts were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 for 2 weeks. The cell proliferation and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression were examined. The function of the expanded cells was then investigated by suppressive assay. IL-21 was applied to study whether it counteracts the function of UCB and APB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. The results indicate that UCB CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells expanded much better than their APB counterparts. IL-2 was superior to expand UCB and APB Tregs for 2 weeks than IL-15. FoxP3 expression which peaked on Day 10-14 was comparable. Most importantly, expanded UCB Tregs showed greater suppressive function in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. The addition of IL-21, however, counteracted the suppressive function of expanded UCB and APB Tregs. The results support using UCB as a source of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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You S. Differential sensitivity of regulatory and effector T cells to cell death: a prerequisite for transplant tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:242. [PMID: 26042125 PMCID: PMC4437185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress achieved in transplantation, immunosuppressive therapies currently used to prevent graft rejection are still endowed with severe side effects impairing their efficiency over the long term. Thus, the development of graft-specific, non-toxic innovative therapeutic strategies has become a major challenge, the goal being to selectively target alloreactive effector T cells while sparing CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to promote operational tolerance. Various approaches, notably the one based on monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins directed against the TCR/CD3 complex, TCR coreceptors, or costimulatory molecules, have been proposed to reduce the alloreactive T cell pool, which is an essential prerequisite to create a therapeutic window allowing Tregs to induce and maintain allograft tolerance. In this mini review, we focus on the differential sensitivity of Tregs and effector T cells to the depleting and inhibitory effect of these immunotherapies, with a particular emphasis on CD3-specific antibodies that beyond their immunosuppressive effect, also express potent tolerogenic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades , Paris , France
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Telesford K, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper LH. Gut commensalism, cytokines, and central nervous system demyelination. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:605-14. [PMID: 25084177 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing support for the importance of risk factors such as genetic makeup, obesity, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, and antibiotic exposure contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases, including human multiple sclerosis (MS). Perhaps the greatest environmental risk factor associated with the development of immune-mediated conditions is the gut microbiome. Microbial and helminthic agents are active participants in shaping the immune systems of their hosts. This concept is continually reinforced by studies in the burgeoning area of commensal-mediated immunomodulation. The clinical importance of these findings for MS is suggested by both their participation in disease and, perhaps of greater clinical importance, attenuation of disease severity. Observations made in murine models of central nervous system demyelinating disease and a limited number of small studies in human MS suggest that immune homeostasis within the gut microbiome may be of paramount importance in maintaining a disease-free state. This review describes three immunological factors associated with the gut microbiome that are central to cytokine network activities in MS pathogenesis: T helper cell polarization, T regulatory cell function, and B cell activity. Comparisons are drawn between the regulatory mechanisms attributed to first-line therapies and those described in commensal-mediated amelioration of central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel Telesford
- 1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
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34
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Fritzsching B, Fellenberg J, Moskovszky L, Sápi Z, Krenacs T, Machado I, Poeschl J, Lehner B, Szendrõi M, Bosch AL, Bernd L, Csóka M, Mechtersheimer G, Ewerbeck V, Kinscherf R, Kunz P. CD8 +/FOXP3 +-ratio in osteosarcoma microenvironment separates survivors from non-survivors: a multicenter validated retrospective study. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e990800. [PMID: 25949908 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.990800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor characterized by juvenile onset, tumor heterogeneity, and early pulmonary metastasis. Therapeutic improvement stagnates since more than two decades. Unlike major malignancies, biomarkers as prognostic factors at time of diagnosis are missing. Disease rareness hampers study recruitment of patient numbers sufficient to outweigh tumor heterogeneity. Here, we analyzed in a multicenter cohort the osteosarcoma microenvironment to reduce effects of tumor cell heterogeneity. We hypothesized that quantitative ratios of intratumoral CD8+T-cells to FOXP3+T-cells (CD8+/FOXP3+-ratios) provide strong prognostic information when analyzed by whole-slide imaging in diagnostic biopsies. We followed recommendations-for-tumor-marker-prognostic-studies (REMARK). From 150 included cases, patients with complete treatment were identified and assigned to the discovery (diagnosis before 2004) or the validation cohort (diagnosis 2004-2012). Highly standardized immunohistochemistry of CD8+ and FOXP3+, which was validated by methylation-specific gene analysis, was performed followed by whole-slide analysis and clinical outcome correlations. We observed improved estimated survival in patients with CD8+/FOXP3+-ratios above the median (3.08) compared to patients with lower CD8+/FOXP3+-ratios (p = 0.000001). No patients with a CD8+/FOXP3+-ratio above the third quartile died within the observation period (median follow-up 69 mo). Multivariate analysis demonstrated independence from current prognostic factors including metastasis and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Data from an independent validation cohort confirmed improved survival (p = 0.001) in patients with CD8+/FOXP3+-ratios above 3.08. Multivariate analysis proofed that this observation was also independent from prognostic factors at diagnosis within the validation cohort. Intratumoral CD8+/FOXP3+-ratio in pretreatment biopsies separates patients with prolonged survival from non-survivors in osteosarcoma.
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Key Words
- CD8+ T cells
- CD8/FOXP3-ratio
- CONSORT, consolidated standard of reporting trials
- COSS, Cooperative German–Austrian–Swiss Osteosarcoma Study Group
- EORTC, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
- FFPE, formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded
- IDO, Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
- MAP, methotrexate-cisplatin-doxorubicin
- PD-L1, Programmed-death-Ligand-1
- REMARK, reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
- TNFα, tumornecrosis factor-α
- TNM-I, tumor, nodes, metastases-immuno
- Treg, regulatory Tcell.
- immunoscore
- osteosarcoma
- regulatory T cells
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fritzsching
- Department of Translational Pulmonology; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC); Member of the German Center for Lung; University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany ; Divison of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology; Immunology and Pulmonology; University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Fellenberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Moskovszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Sápi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isidro Machado
- Pathology Department; Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia , Valencia, Spain
| | - Johannes Poeschl
- Division of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Lehner
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miklos Szendrõi
- Department of Orthopedics; Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ludger Bernd
- Center for Orthopedics and Traumatology; Hospital Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Monika Csóka
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics; Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Department of General Pathology; Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Volker Ewerbeck
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Department of Medical Cell Biology; University of Marburg , Marburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Kunz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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Lee S, Matsuzaki H, Kumagai-Takei N, Yoshitome K, Maeda M, Chen Y, Kusaka M, Urakami K, Hayashi H, Fujimoto W, Nishimura Y, Otsuki T. Silica exposure and altered regulation of autoimmunity. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:322-9. [PMID: 25135741 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica particles and asbestos fibers, which are known as typical causatives of pneumoconiosis, induce lung fibrosis. Moreover, silicosis patients often complicate with autoimmune diseases, and asbestos-exposed patients suffer from malignant diseases such as pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. We have been conducting experimental studies to investigate altered regulation of self-tolerance caused by silica exposure, including analyses using specimens such as plasma and immunocompetent cells obtained from silicosis patients, as a means of examining the supposition that silica exposure induces molecular and cellular biological alterations of immune cells. These approaches have resulted in the detection of several specific autoantibodies, alterations of CD95/Fas and its related molecules, and evidence of chronic activation of responder T cells and regulatory T cells following silica exposure. In this review, we present details of our investigations as an introduction to scientific approaches examining the immunological effects of environmental and occupational substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suni Lee
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Mastushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Govender L, Pascual M, Golshayan D. Potential and limitations of regulatory T-cell therapy in solid organ transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1197-212. [PMID: 25073810 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.943191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the therapeutic potential of Treg has been highlighted in the field of autoimmune diseases and after allogeneic transplantation. The first hurdle for the therapeutic use of Treg is their insufficient numbers in non-manipulated individuals, in particular when facing strong immune activation and expanding effector cells, such as in response to an allograft. Here we review current approaches being explored for Treg expansion in the perspective of clinical therapeutic protocols. We describe different Treg subsets that could be suitable for clinical application, as well as discuss factors such as the required dose of Treg, their antigen-specificity and in vivo stability, that have to be considered for optimal Treg-based immunotherapy in transplantation. Since Treg may not be sufficient as stand-alone therapy for solid organ transplantation in humans, we draw attention to possible hurdles and combination therapy with immunomodulatory drugs that could possibly improve the in vivo efficacy of Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerisa Govender
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Weiss JM, Subleski JJ, Back T, Chen X, Watkins SK, Yagita H, Sayers TJ, Murphy WJ, Wiltrout RH. Regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment undergo Fas-dependent cell death during IL-2/αCD40 therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5821-9. [PMID: 24808361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fas ligand expression in certain tumors has been proposed to contribute to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. However, immunotherapeutic approaches may elicit the Fas-mediated elimination of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within tumors that represent major obstacles for cancer immunotherapy. Previously, we showed that IL-2 and agonistic CD40 Ab (αCD40) elicited synergistic antitumor responses coincident with the efficient removal of Tregs and MDSCs. We demonstrate in this study in two murine tumor models that Treg and MDSC loss within the tumor microenvironment after IL-2/αCD40 occurs through a Fas-dependent cell death pathway. Among tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and immature myeloid cells expressed Fas ligand after treatment. Fas was expressed by tumor-associated Tregs and immature myeloid cells, including MDSCs. Tregs and MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment expressed active caspases after IL-2/αCD40 therapy and, in contrast with effector T cells, Tregs significantly downregulated Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, Tregs and MDSCs proliferated and expanded in the spleen after treatment. Adoptive transfer of Fas-deficient Tregs or MDSCs into wild-type, Treg-, or MDSC-depleted hosts resulted in the persistence of Tregs or MDSCs and the loss of antitumor efficacy in response to IL-2/αCD40. These results demonstrate the importance of Fas-mediated Treg/MDSC removal for successful antitumor immunotherapy. Our results suggest that immunotherapeutic strategies that include exploiting Treg and MDSC susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis hold promise for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeff J Subleski
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Tim Back
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816
| | - Robert H Wiltrout
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702;
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells are the central element for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Several subtypes of regulatory T (Treg) cells have been described, and most of them belong to the CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cell lineage. These specific subtypes can be discriminated according to phenotype and function. Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)-expressing natural Treg cells (Tregs) and IL-10-producing, T-regulatory type 1 cells (Tr1) are the best-studied types of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in humans and experimental animal models. It was shown that they play a crucial role during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Both cells types seem to be particularly important for multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we discuss the role of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation with an emphasis on Tregs and Tr1 cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology (TUD), Dresden, Germany
| | - David A. Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Varghese S, Crocker I, Bruce IN, Tower C. Systemic lupus erythematosus, regulatory T cells and pregnancy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:635-48. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Wright GP, Ehrenstein MR, Stauss HJ. Regulatory T-cell adoptive immunotherapy: potential for treatment of autoimmunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:213-25. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rieber N, Gille C, Köstlin N, Schäfer I, Spring B, Ost M, Spieles H, Kugel HA, Pfeiffer M, Heininger V, Alkhaled M, Hector A, Mays L, Kormann M, Zundel S, Fuchs J, Handgretinger R, Poets CF, Hartl D. Neutrophilic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cord blood modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:45-52. [PMID: 23701226 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates show an impaired anti-microbial host defence, but the underlying immune mechanisms are not understood fully. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent an innate immune cell subset characterized by their capacity to suppress T cell immunity. In this study we demonstrate that a distinct MDSC subset with a neutrophilic/granulocytic phenotype (Gr-MDSCs) is highly increased in cord blood compared to peripheral blood of children and adults. Functionally, cord blood isolated Gr-MDSCs suppressed T cell proliferation efficiently as well as T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cytokine secretion. Beyond T cells, cord blood Gr-MDSCs controlled natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in a cell contact-dependent manner. These studies establish neutrophilic Gr-MDSCs as a novel immunosuppressive cell subset that controls innate (NK) and adaptive (T cell) immune responses in neonates. Increased MDSC activity in cord blood might serve as key fetomaternal immunosuppressive mechanism impairing neonatal host defence. Gr-MDSCs in cord blood might therefore represent a therapeutic target in neonatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rieber
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
CD4(+) T helper cells are a central element of the adaptive immune system. They protect the organism against a wide range of pathogens and are able to initiate and control many immune reactions in combination with other cells of the adaptive and the innate immune system. Starting from a naive cell, CD4(+) T cells can differentiate into various effector cell populations with specialized function. This subset specific differentiation depends on numerous signals and the strength of stimulation. However, recent data have shown that differentiated CD4(+) T cell subpopulations display a high grade of plasticity and that their initial differentiation is not an endpoint of T cell development. In particular, FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 effector T cells demonstrate a high grade of plasticity, which allow a functional adaptation to various physiological situations during an immune response. However, the plasticity of Treg and Th17 cells might also be a critical factor for autoimmune disease. Here we discuss the recent developments in CD4(+) T cell plasticity with a focus on Treg and Th17 cells and its role in human autoimmune disease, in particular multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Darrasse-Jèze G, Podsypanina K. How numbers, nature, and immune status of foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells shape the early immunological events in tumor development. Front Immunol 2013; 4:292. [PMID: 24133490 PMCID: PMC3784046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) on cancer progression has been demonstrated in a large number of preclinical models and confirmed in several types of malignancies. Neoplastic processes trigger an increase of Treg numbers in draining lymph nodes, spleen, blood, and tumors, leading to the suppression of anti-tumor responses. Treg-depletion before or early in tumor development may lead to complete tumor eradication and extends survival of mice and humans. However this strategy is ineffective in established tumors, highlighting the critical role of the early Treg-tumor encounters. In this review, after discussing old and new concepts of immunological tumor tolerance, we focus on the nature (thymus-derived vs. peripherally derived) and status (naïve or activated/memory) of the regulatory T-cells at tumor emergence. The recent discoveries in this field suggest that the activation status of Tregs and effector T-cells (Teffs) at the first encounter with the tumor are essential to shape the fate and speed of the immune response across a variety of tumor models. The relative timing of activation/recruitment of anti-tumor cells vs. tolerogenic cells at tumor emergence appears to be crucial in the identification of tumor cells as friend or foe, which has broad implications for the design of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze
- Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Unité 1013, Institut National de la Santé et de le Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Necker , Paris , France ; Immunoregulation and Immunopathology Team, INEM , Paris , France
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O-glycosylation of NnTreg lymphocytes recognized by the Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:506807. [PMID: 24174970 PMCID: PMC3794550 DOI: 10.1155/2013/506807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
O-glycosidically-linked glycans have been involved in development, maturation, homing, and immune regulation in T cells. Previous reports indicate that Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin (ALL), specific for glycans containing galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, recognizes human naïve CD27+CD25+CD4+ T cells. Our aim was to evaluate the phenotype of CD4+ T cells recognized by ALL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy volunteers. CD4+ T cells were isolated by negative selection using magnetic beads-labeled monoclonal antibodies; the expression of T regulatory cell phenotypic markers was assessed on ALL-recognized cells. In addition, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGF-β intracellular production in ALL+ cells was also evaluated. The analyses of phenotypic markers and intracellular cytokines were performed through flow cytometry. ALL-recognized CD4+ T cells were mainly CD45RA+, CCR7+ cells. Although 52 ± 10% CD25+Foxp3+ cells were positive to ALL, only 34 ± 4% of ALL+ cells corresponded to CD25+Foxp3− cells. Intracellular cytokines in freshly obtained ALL+CD4+ T cells exhibited 8% of IL-4, 15% of IL-10, 2% of IFN-γ, and 15% of TGF-β, whereas ALL−CD4+ T cells depicted 1% of IL-4, 2% of IL-10, <1% of IFN-γ, and 6% of TGF-β. Our results show that galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine and N-galactosamine-bearing CD4+ T cells expressed phenotypic markers of NnTreg cells.
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Selective depletion of FOXP3(high) cells by Fas-Fas-L-induced apoptosis occurs in CD4(+)CD25(+)-enriched populations during repeated expansion. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:1286-96. [PMID: 23993302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Expansion of anti-CD25 bead-isolated human Tregs culture has paradoxically resulted in reduced suppressive activity, but the mechanism(s) responsible for these observations are poorly defined. METHODS Magnetic-bead isolated human CD25(+) cells were expanded with anti-CD3/CD28 beads and high doses of rhIL-2. Detection of Fas and Fas ligand (Fas-L) expression, activation of Caspase 8, cell proliferation and cytokine production was evaluated by multi-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. The role of Fas-Fas-L-mediated cell death was dissected through the use of agonist or antagonist monoclonal antibodies directed at Fas and Fas-L. RESULTS Repeated expansion of bead-enriched CD4(+)CD25(+) cells generated a cellular product with markedly reduced suppressive activity and with significantly increased CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells producing interferon-γ and/or interleukin-2. We showed that Fas-Fas-L-mediated apoptosis of CD4(+)FOXP3(high) cells and rapid cell-cycling of CD8(+) T cells were collectively responsible for the reduced proportion of CD4(+)FOXP3(high) cells in expanded cultures. The depletion of CD4(+)FOXP3(high) cells and activation of Caspase 8 in CD4(+)FOXP3(high) cells was attenuated by Fas antagonist antibody, ZB4, in short-term culture. However, the loss of CD4(+)FOXP3(high) cells during expansion was not prevented by either Fas or Fas-L antagonist antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data show that Fas-Fas-L-mediated apoptosis may limit the expansion of anti-CD25 bead-isolated cells in vitro.
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Simonetta F, Bourgeois C. CD4+FOXP3+ Regulatory T-Cell Subsets in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:215. [PMID: 23908654 PMCID: PMC3727053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been an area of intensive investigation and remains a matter of ardent debate. Investigation and interpretation suffered from uncertainties concerning Treg quantification. Firstly, Treg quantification and function in HIV infection remain controversial in part because of the lack of reliable and specific markers to identify human Tregs. Secondly, analyzing Treg percentages or absolute numbers led to apparent discrepancies that are now solved: it is now commonly accepted that Treg are targets of HIV infection, but are preferentially preserved compared to conventional CD4 T cells. Moreover, the duality of immune defects associated to HIV infection, i.e., low grade chronic inflammation and defects in HIV-specific responses also casts doubts on the potential impact of Treg on HIV infection. Tregs may be beneficial or/and detrimental to the control of HIV infection by suppressing chronic inflammation or HIV-specific responses respectively. Indeed both effects of Treg suppression have been described in HIV infection. The discovery in recent years of the existence of phenotypically and functionally distinct human CD4+FOXP3+ Treg subsets may provide a unique opportunity to reconcile these contrasting results. It is tempting to speculate that different Treg subsets exert these different suppressive effects. This review summarizes available data concerning Treg fate during HIV infection when considering Treg globally or as subsets. We discuss how the identification of naïve and effector Treg subsets modulates our understanding of Treg biology during HIV infection and the potential impact of HIV infection on mechanisms governing peripheral differentiation of adaptive Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Simonetta
- INSERM, U1012 , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Université Paris-SUD, UMR-S1012 , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva , Switzerland
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Tolerogenic vaccination reduced effector memory CD4 T cells and induced effector memory Treg cells for type I diabetes treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70056. [PMID: 23894591 PMCID: PMC3716605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination could induce immune tolerance and protected NOD mice from the development of type I diabetes (T1D). We previously demonstrated that insulin peptide (B9-23) combined with dexamethasone (DEX) stimulated the expansion of antigen specific regulatory T (Treg) cells which in turn effectively prevented T1D in NOD mice. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of tolerogenic vaccination for T1D treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings The diabetic NOD mice (Blood glucose level ≧250 mg/dl) were treated with B9-23 and DEX twice. The tolerance was restored by blocking maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and inducing Treg cells in treated NOD mice. Remarkably, the reduction of autoreactive effector memory CD4 T (Tm) cells and the induction of functional effector memory Treg (mTreg) cells contributed to the improvement of T1D in treated NOD mice. Conclusions/Significance Tolerogenic vaccination restored tolerance and ameliorated T1D by suppressing effector CD4 Tm cells and inducing effector mTreg cells. Our findings implicate the potential of tolerogenic vaccination for T1D treatment.
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Schwarz A, Schumacher M, Pfaff D, Schumacher K, Jarius S, Balint B, Wiendl H, Haas J, Wildemann B. Fine-Tuning of Regulatory T Cell Function: The Role of Calcium Signals and Naive Regulatory T Cells for Regulatory T Cell Deficiency in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4965-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transfer of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) has become an attractive therapeutic alternative to improve the long-term outcome in transplantation and thus reduce the side-effects of conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Here, we summarize the recent findings on human Treg subsets, their phenotype and in-vivo function. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 2 years, it has become apparent that several Treg subsets exist that specifically regulate Th1-driven, Th2-driven, or Th17-driven immune responses; these subsets are very unstable and rapidly change their phenotype, for example, there is loss of Foxp3 expression upon extensive ex-vivo expansion and only the administration of rapamycin has been shown to be able to interfere reproducibly. New humanized mouse models incorporating human solid-organ grafts have been developed, which have been used to test the human Treg in-vivo function, and the first human Treg-cell products have been tested for safety and efficacy in stem cell transplantation. SUMMARY With the recent findings, we have gained a better understanding of Treg heterogeneity, plasticity and function. Using the outcomes of clinical trials in stem cell transplantation, we have learned that adoptive therapy of Tregs is well tolerated and we are now awaiting the first result in solid-organ transplantation from the 'ONE Study'.
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Kaczorowski M, Jutel M. Human T regulatory cells: on the way to cognition. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:229-36. [PMID: 23536196 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells are powerful controllers of the immune response and their role in the human immune system is indispensable. Since a number of revolutionary and very convincing results were brought to light, Foxp3 has unquestionably been thought to be the "master regulator" of Treg lineage commitment. Herein, we depict the revised view on the role of Foxp3 transcription factor, challenging this theory, as well as the growing significance of Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family proteins for Treg lineage. The review presents the current notion of Treg cell heterogeneity, molecular characteristics and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kaczorowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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