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Amin N, Abbasi IN, Wu F, Shi Z, Sundus J, Badry A, Yuan X, Zhao BX, Pan J, Mi XD, Luo Y, Geng Y, Fang M. The Janus face of HIF-1α in ischemic stroke and the possible associated pathways. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105747. [PMID: 38657682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the most devastating disease, causing paralysis and eventually death. Many clinical and experimental trials have been done in search of a new safe and efficient medicine; nevertheless, scientists have yet to discover successful remedies that are also free of adverse effects. This is owing to the variability in intensity, localization, medication routes, and each patient's immune system reaction. HIF-1α represents the modern tool employed to treat stroke diseases due to its functions: downstream genes such as glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and cell survival. Its role can be achieved via two downstream EPO and VEGF strongly related to apoptosis and antioxidant processes. Recently, scientists paid more attention to drugs dealing with the HIF-1 pathway. This review focuses on medicines used for ischemia treatment and their potential HIF-1α pathways. Furthermore, we discussed the interaction between HIF-1α and other biological pathways such as oxidative stress; however, a spotlight has been focused on certain potential signalling contributed to the HIF-1α pathway. HIF-1α is an essential regulator of oxygen balance within cells which affects and controls the expression of thousands of genes related to sustaining homeostasis as oxygen levels fluctuate. HIF-1α's role in ischemic stroke strongly depends on the duration and severity of brain damage after onset. HIF-1α remains difficult to investigate, particularly in ischemic stroke, due to alterations in the acute and chronic phases of the disease, as well as discrepancies between the penumbra and ischemic core. This review emphasizes these contrasts and analyzes the future of this intriguing and demanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Amin
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt; Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Irum Naz Abbasi
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongjie Shi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Javaria Sundus
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azhar Badry
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xin Zhao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Mi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Price DR, Garcia JGN. A Razor's Edge: Vascular Responses to Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:505-529. [PMID: 38345908 PMCID: PMC11259086 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Historically considered a metabolically inert cellular layer separating the blood from the underlying tissue, the endothelium is now recognized as a highly dynamic, metabolically active tissue that is critical to organ homeostasis. Under homeostatic conditions, lung endothelial cells (ECs) in healthy subjects are quiescent, promoting vasodilation, platelet disaggregation, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In contrast, lung ECs are essential contributors to the pathobiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as the quiescent endothelium is rapidly and radically altered upon exposure to environmental stressors, infectious pathogens, or endogenous danger signals into an effective and formidable regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. These dramatic perturbations, produced in a tsunami of inflammatory cascade activation, result in paracellular gap formation between lung ECs, sustained lung edema, and multi-organ dysfunction that drives ARDS mortality. The astonishing plasticity of the lung endothelium in negotiating this inflammatory environment and efforts to therapeutically target the aberrant ARDS endothelium are examined in further detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Center for Inflammation Sciences and Systems Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida, USA;
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Costa Monteiro AC, Matthay MA. Are circulating endothelial cells the next target for transcriptome-level pathway analysis in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L393-L399. [PMID: 36749906 PMCID: PMC10110698 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has had no mortality-improving pharmacological intervention despite 50 years of high-caliber research due to its heterogeneity (Huppert LA, Matthay MA, Ware LB. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 40: 31-39, 2019). For the field to advance, better definitions for ARDS subgroups that more uniformly respond to therapies are needed (Bos LDJ, Scicluna BP, Ong DSY, Cremer O, van der Poll T, Schultz MJ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200: 42-50, 2019; Dickson RP, Schultz MJ, T van der P, Schouten LR, Falkowski NR, Luth JE, Sjoding MW, Brown CA, Chanderraj R, Huffnagle GB, Bos LDJ, Biomarker Analysis in Septic ICU Patients (BASIC) Consortium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201: 555-563, 2020; Sinha P, Calfee CS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200: 4-6, 2019; Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Parsons PE, Thompson BT, Ware LB, Matthay MA, NHLBI ARDS Network. Lancet Respir Med 2: 611-620, 2014; Hendrickson CM, Matthay MA. Pulm Circ 8: 1-12, 2018). A plethora of high-quality clinical research has uncovered the next generation of soluble biomarkers that provide the predictive enrichment necessary for trial recruitment; however, plasma-soluble markers do not specify the damaged organ of origin nor do they provide insight into disease mechanisms. In this perspective, we make the case for querying the transcriptome of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), which when shed from vessels after inflammatory insult, become heralds of site-specific inflammatory damage. We review the application of CEC quantification to multiple disease phenotypes (including myocardial infarction, vasculitides, cancer, and ARDS), in each case supporting the association of CEC number with disease severity. We also argue for the utility of single-cell RNA transcriptomics to the understanding of cell-specific contributions to disease pathophysiology and its potential to uncover novel insight on signals contributing to CEC shedding in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Costa Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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4
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Giordano G, Napolitano M, Cellurale M, Di Carlo P, Musuraca G, Micucci G, Lucchesi A. Circulating Endothelial Cell Levels Correlate with Treatment Outcomes of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. J Pers Med 2022; 12:364. [PMID: 35330364 PMCID: PMC8954048 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are viable, apoptotic or necrotic cells, identified by CD 146 surface antigen expression, considered a biomarker of thrombotic risk, given their active role in inflammatory, procoagulant and immune processes of the vascular compartment. Growing evidence establishes that CECs are also involved in the pathogenesis of several hematological and solid malignancies. The primary aim of this study was to verify if CEC levels could predict both the course and treatment responses of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), either in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or liver disease. Thus, a retrospective multicenter study was performed; fifteen patients receiving anticoagulant oral treatment with vitamin k antagonists (VKA) for SVT were evaluated. Nine patients were affected by MPN, and all of them received cytoreduction in addition to anticoagulant therapy; four of these patients had primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and were treated with ruxolitinib (RUX), and one patient with primary myelofibrosis, two patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and two patients with polycythemia vera (PV) were treated with hydroxyurea (HU). Six patients affected by liver diseases (three with liver cirrhosis and three with hepatocellular carcinoma) were included as the control group. CECs were assayed by flow cytometry on peripheral blood at specific time points, for up to six months after enrollment. The CEC levels were related to C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, splenic volume reduction, and thrombus recanalization, mainly in MPN patients. In patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for which the mechanism of SVT development is quite different, the relationship between CEC and SV reduction was absent. In conclusion, the CEC levels showed a significant correlation with the extent of venous thrombosis and endothelial cell damage in myeloproliferative neoplasm patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis. Although preliminary, these results show how monitoring CEC levels during cytoreductive and anticoagulant treatments may be useful to improve SVT outcome in MPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giordano
- Internal Medicine Division, Hematology Service, Regional Hospital “A. Cardarelli”, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariasanta Napolitano
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Haematology Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Michele Cellurale
- Internal Medicine Division, Hematology Service, Regional Hospital “A. Cardarelli”, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother, and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Musuraca
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Micucci
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Lucchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
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5
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Floyd L, Morris AD, Woywodt A, Dhaygude A. Cardiovascular disease and ANCA-associated vasculitis: Are we missing a beat? Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:618-623. [PMID: 35371453 PMCID: PMC8967680 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cardiovascular (CV) disease and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is well documented. The recent work by Massicotte-Azarniouch et al. confirms the risk and adds to the existing evidence by describing the highest risk in the first 3 months after diagnosis. In this review, we aim to put their findings into perspective and formulate implications for the care of AAV patients. We discuss mechanisms for increased CV disease in AAV, including the impact of traditional risk factors and disease-related risks such as renal impairment and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) ANCA serotype. We also provide a brief primer on the impact of inflammatory-driven endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation on accelerated atherosclerosis in AAV patients. These features alongside the impact of disease activity and systemic inflammation provide potential explanations to why the incidence of CV events is highest in the first 3 months from diagnosis. We suggest future avenues of research, provide some suggestions to address and treat CV risk based on current evidence, and highlight the importance of addressing this topic early on. Addressing modifiable risk factors, dialogue with patients, patient information and a structured approach overall will be key to improve CV outcomes in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Floyd
- Department of Nephrology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Adam D Morris
- Department of Nephrology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Alexander Woywodt
- Department of Nephrology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Ajay Dhaygude
- Department of Nephrology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
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6
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Zapata Martín del Campo CM, Pereida S, Maurer S, Maldonado JC, Kozlakidis Z. Endothelial Senescence and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a COVID-19 Based Hypothesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:673217. [PMID: 34248502 PMCID: PMC8267916 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.673217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is a serious illness of unknown etiology, characterized by debilitating exhaustion, memory impairment, pain and sleep abnormalities. Viral infections are believed to initiate the pathogenesis of this syndrome although the definite proof remains elusive. With the unfolding of COVID-19 pandemic, the interest in this condition has resurfaced as excessive tiredness, a major complaint of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, often lingers for a long time, resulting in disability, and poor life quality. In a previous article, we hypothesized that COVID-19-upregulated angiotensin II triggered premature endothelial cell senescence, disrupting the intestinal and blood brain barriers. Here, we hypothesize further that post-viral sequelae, including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, are promoted by the gut microbes or toxin translocation from the gastrointestinal tract into other tissues, including the brain. This model is supported by the SARS-CoV-2 interaction with host proteins and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Conversely, targeting microbial translocation and cellular senescence may ameliorate the symptoms of this disabling illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steve Maurer
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Jose Campo Maldonado
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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7
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Bakoa F, Préhaud C, Beauclair G, Chazal M, Mantel N, Lafon M, Jouvenet N. Genomic diversity contributes to the neuroinvasiveness of the Yellow fever French neurotropic vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:64. [PMID: 33903598 PMCID: PMC8076279 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine YF-17D is the current way to prevent infection with Yellow fever virus (YFV). However, 0.000012-0.00002% of vaccinated patients develop post-vaccination neurological syndrome (YEL-AND). Understanding the factors responsible for neuroinvasion, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of the vaccine is critical for improving its biosafety. The YF-FNV vaccine strain, known to be associated with a higher frequency of YEL-AND (0.3-0.4%) than YF-17D, is an excellent model to study vaccine neuroinvasiveness. We determined that neuroinvasiveness of YF-FNV occured both via infection and passage through human brain endothelial cells. Plaque purification and next generation sequencing (NGS) identified several neuroinvasive variants. Their neuroinvasiveness was not higher than that of YF-FNV. However, rebuilding the YF-FNV population diversity from a set of isolated YF-FNV-N variants restored the original neuroinvasive phenotype of YF-FNV. Therefore, we conclude that viral population diversity is a critical factor for YFV vaccine neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bakoa
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Research and External Innovation Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR9198, Équipe Autophagie et Immunité Antivirale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mantel
- Research and External Innovation Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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8
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Sihombing MAEM, Safitri M, Zhou T, Wang L, McGinty S, Zhang HJ, Yin Y, Peng Q, Qiu J, Wang G. Unexpected Role of Nonimmune Cells: Amateur Phagocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:157-171. [PMID: 33439750 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and efficient efferocytosis of dead cells and associated cellular debris are critical to tissue homeostasis and healing of injured tissues. This important task was previously thought to be restricted to professional phagocytes (PPs). However, accumulating evidence has revealed another type of phagocyte, the amateur phagocyte (AP), which can also participate in efferocytosis. APs are non-myeloid progenitor/nonimmune cells that include differentiated cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [ECs]) and stem cells (e.g., neuronal progenitor cells and mesenchymal cells) and can be found throughout the human body. Studies have shown that APs have two prominent roles: identifying and removing dead cells presumably before PPs reach the site of injury and assisting PPs in the removal of cell corpses and the resolution of inflamed tissue. With respect to the engulfment and degradation of dead cells, APs are slower and less efficient than PPs. However, APs are fundamental to preventing the spread of inflammation over a large area. In this review, we present the diversity and characteristics of healthy and non-neoplastic APs in mammals. We also propose a hypothetical mechanism of the efferocytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized myelin debris by ECs (APs). Furthermore, the ingestion and clearance of dead cells can induce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine production, endothelial activation, and cellular fate transition, which contribute to the progression of disease. An understanding of the role of APs is necessary to develop effective intervention strategies, including potential molecular targets for clinical diagnosis and drug development, for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maic Audo Eybi Mayer Sihombing
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maharani Safitri
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sean McGinty
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Intervention, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Yin
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Denzhou, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
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Themeli M, Waterhouse M, Finke J, Spyridonidis A. DNA chimerism and its consequences after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. CHIMERISM 2017; 2:25-8. [PMID: 21547035 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.1.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unphysiological formation of biological chimeras after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is not free of consequences. Recent findings suggest that in the transplant recipient some epithelial cells reveal, unexpectedly, donor-derived genotype and/or acquire genomic alterations. Since both phenomena are presented in the host epithelium, one could argue that they might be etiologically linked through a common background mechanism. We recently proposed that the incessant charge of the transplant recipient with donor-DNA and its integration in host epithelium by horizontal DNA transference may indeed be operative in the generation of epithelial cells with donor derived genome. On the other hand, the incessant incorporation of the foreign DNA into the host genome may result in genomic alterations. Lymphocyte-epithelial interactions between the two genetically distinct cell populations in the transplant recipient should be investigated more precisely not only in cellular but also in molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Themeli
- Hematology Division, BMT Unit, University of Patras; Patras, Greece
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11
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Zhou F, Zhou Y, Dong J, Tan W. Circulating endothelial cells and their subsets: novel biomarkers for cancer. Biomark Med 2017; 11:665-676. [PMID: 28597689 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis contributes to the growth of solid tumors. Antiangiogenic agents are widely used in various cancers and considerable efforts have been made in the development of novel biomarkers that can predict the outcome of an anticancer treatment. Of those, circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and their subsets constitute a surrogate tool for monitoring disease activity. However, owing to the lack of standardization on the phenotypes and detection of CECs and their subsets, results have always been inconsistent and uninterpretable. In this review, we focus on the biological characteristics in terms of physiology, phenotypes and detection of CECs along with their subsets; review the current scenario of CEC enumeration as a surrogate biomarker in clinical oncology; and explore their future potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaying Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyong Tan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
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12
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Cationic amphiphilic drugs enhance entry of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with rabies virus glycoprotein into non-neuronal cells. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:122-31. [PMID: 26542648 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone and other cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) inhibit cell entry by diverse human pathogenic viruses including Filoviruses, Dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. They are thus considered potential broad spectrum antiviral agents. Here we report the unexpected finding that amiodarone and other CADs markedly enhance rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein- (GP-) mediated cell entry of pseudotyped lentiviruses into non-neuronal cells but not in neuronal cells. Increased cell entry can also be elicited when CADs are added several hours after pseudoviral attachment. Perturbing endosomal processing with phosphoinosite-3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 mimics the effects of CADs on RABV GP-mediated cell entry. Thus, CADs may enhance RABV GP-mediated cell entry of pseudotyped lentiviruses by promoting a late step of the pseudoviral cell entry process, possibly release from an endosomal compartment into the cytosol. In contrast to the pseudotyped lentiviruses, infection by fully infectious RABV was not enhanced by CADs, indicating, that the observed stimulation of RABV GP mediated lentivirus entry also depended on the used lentivirus vector backbone. In conclusion, we show that while CADs inhibit cell entry of diverse viruses they can also have a paradoxical enhancing effect on the ability of a viral glycoprotein to mediate cell entry depending on the cellular and viral context. Although, we show CAD-mediated enhancement of entry only for pseudoviruses, but not fully infectious RABV, the potential to unexpectedly enhance viral entry should be taken into account when considering use of CADs as antiviral agents.
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13
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Themeli M, Waterhouse M, Finke J, Spyridonidis A. DNA chimerism and its consequences after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. CHIMERISM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/chim.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Tian BP, Zhou HB, Xia LX, Shen HH, Ying S. Balance of apoptotic cell death and survival in allergic diseases. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:811-21. [PMID: 25111826 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases result from over-reaction of the immune system in response to exogenous allergens, where inflammatory cells have constantly extended longevity and contribute to an on-going immune response in allergic tissues. Here, we review disequilibrium in the death and survival of epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the pathological processes of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li-Xia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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15
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Saas P, Kaminski S, Perruche S. Prospects of apoptotic cell-based therapies for transplantation and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1055-73. [PMID: 24088076 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell removal or interactions of early-stage apoptotic cells with immune cells are associated with an immunomodulatory microenvironment that can be harnessed to exert therapeutic effects. While the involved immune mechanisms are still being deciphered, apoptotic cell infusion has been tested in different experimental models where inflammation is deregulated. This includes chronic and acute inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, contact hypersensitivity and acute myocardial infarction. Apoptotic cell infusion has also been used in transplantation settings to prevent or treat acute and chronic rejection, as well as to limit acute graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in apoptotic cell-induced immunomodulation and data obtained in preclinical models of transplantation and inflammatory diseases.
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16
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Felton JM, Lucas CD, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Eosinophils in the lung - modulating apoptosis and efferocytosis in airway inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:302. [PMID: 25071763 PMCID: PMC4076794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the key role of the lung in efficient transfer of oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide, a controlled inflammatory response is essential for restoration of tissue homeostasis following airway exposure to bacterial pathogens or environmental toxins. Unregulated or prolonged inflammatory responses in the lungs can lead to tissue damage, disrupting normal tissue architecture, and consequently compromising efficient gaseous exchange. Failure to resolve inflammation underlies the development and/or progression of a number of inflammatory lung diseases including asthma. Eosinophils, granulocytic cells of the innate immune system, are primarily involved in defense against parasitic infections. However, the propagation of the allergic inflammatory response in chronic asthma is thought to involve excessive recruitment and impaired apoptosis of eosinophils together with defective phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis). In terms of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of asthma, the widespread use of glucocorticoids is associated with a number of adverse health consequences after long-term use, while some patients suffer from steroid-resistant disease. A new approach for therapeutic intervention would be to promote the resolution of inflammation via modulation of eosinophil apoptosis and the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. This review focuses on the mechanisms underpinning eosinophil-mediated lung damage, currently available treatments and therapeutic targets that might in future be harnessed to facilitate inflammation resolution by the manipulation of cell survival and clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Felton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher D. Lucas
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Gehring G, Rohrmann K, Atenchong N, Mittler E, Becker S, Dahlmann F, Pöhlmann S, Vondran FWR, David S, Manns MP, Ciesek S, von Hahn T. The clinically approved drugs amiodarone, dronedarone and verapamil inhibit filovirus cell entry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2123-31. [PMID: 24710028 PMCID: PMC7110251 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Filoviruses such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus cause a severe haemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans for which there is no specific treatment. Since filoviruses use a complex route of cell entry that depends on numerous cellular factors, we hypothesized that there may be drugs already approved for human use for other indications that interfere with signal transduction or other cellular processes required for their entry and hence have anti-filoviral properties. Methods We used authentic filoviruses and lentiviral particles pseudotyped with filoviral glycoproteins to identify and characterize such compounds. Results We discovered that amiodarone, a multi-ion channel inhibitor and adrenoceptor antagonist, is a potent inhibitor of filovirus cell entry at concentrations that are routinely reached in human serum during anti-arrhythmic therapy. A similar effect was observed with the amiodarone-related agent dronedarone and the L-type calcium channel blocker verapamil. Inhibition by amiodarone was concentration dependent and similarly affected pseudoviruses as well as authentic filoviruses. Inhibition of filovirus entry was observed with most but not all cell types tested and was accentuated by the pre-treatment of cells, indicating a host cell-directed mechanism of action. The New World arenavirus Guanarito was also inhibited by amiodarone while the Old World arenavirus Lassa and members of the Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus) and Bunyaviridae (Hantaan) families were largely resistant. Conclusions The ion channel blockers amiodarone, dronedarone and verapamil inhibit filoviral cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Gehring
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Rohrmann
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nkacheh Atenchong
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Mittler
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Reeves F, Sapre N, Corcoran N, Hovens C. Tumor vascularity in prostate cancer: an update on circulating endothelial cells and platelets as noninvasive biomarkers. Biomark Med 2013; 7:879-91. [PMID: 24266820 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to individually tailor prostate cancer (PCa) treatment, clinicians need better tools to predict prognosis and treatment response. Given the relationship between angiogenesis and cancer progression, circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and their progenitors have logically been proposed as potential biomarkers. The utility of their baseline levels and kinetics has been investigated for years. However, owing to a lack of standardization and validation of CEC and circulating endothelial progenitors enumeration protocols, results have been inconsistent in prostate and other cancers. Similarly, platelets play a significant part in cancer progression, yet the role of platelet-related biomarkers in PCa is unclear. While there have been a number of theoretically interesting platelet-related markers proposed, limited research has been conducted in PCa patients. Currently, CECs and platelets do not have a clear role as biomarkers in routine PCa care. Given the theoretical merits of these cells, prospective trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairleigh Reeves
- Department of Urology & Surgery, University of Melbourne, Level 3 Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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19
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Yong PJA, Koh CH, Shim WSN. Endothelial microparticles: missing link in endothelial dysfunction? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20:496-512. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487312445001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winston SN Shim
- SingHealth Research Facilities, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Gao C, Xie R, Li W, Zhou J, Liu S, Cao F, Liu Y, Ma R, Si Y, Liu Y, Bi Y, Gilbert GE, Shi J. Endothelial cell phagocytosis of senescent neutrophils decreases procoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:1079-90. [PMID: 23571768 DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abundant senescent neutrophils traverse the vascular compartment and may contribute to pathologic conditions. For example, they become procoagulant when undergoing apoptosis and may contribute to thrombosis or inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrated a dominant clearance pathway in which the neutrophils can be phagocytosed by liver macrophages. The aim of this study was to explore an alternate pathway of neutrophil clearance by endothelial cells. Phagocytosis of the neutrophils by endothelial cells was performed using various experimental approaches includingflow cytometry, confocal microscopy and electron microscopy assays in vitro and in vivo. Procoagulant activity of cultured neutrophils was evaluated by coagulation time, factor Xase and prothrombinase assays. Lactadherin functioned as a novel probe for the detection of phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, an opsonin (bridge) between apoptotic cell and phagocyte for promoting phagocytosis, and an efficient anticoagulant for inhibition of factor Xase and thrombin formation. When cultured, purified human neutrophils spontaneously entered apoptosis and developed procoagulant activity that was directly related to the degree of phosphatidylserine exposure. Co-culture of aged neutrophils and endothelial cells resulted in phagocytosis of the neutrophils and prolonged coagulation time. Lactadherin diminished the procoagulant activity and increased the rate of neutrophil clearance. In vivo, neutrophils were sequestered by endothelial cells after blockade of Kupffer cells, a process that was dependent upon both phosphatidylserine exposure and P-selectin expression. Thus, the ability of endothelial cells to clear senescent neutrophils may limit the procoagulant and/or inflammatory impact of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Gao
- Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
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21
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Juncadella IJ, Kadl A, Sharma AK, Shim YM, Hochreiter-Hufford A, Borish L, Ravichandran KS. Apoptotic cell clearance by bronchial epithelial cells critically influences airway inflammation. Nature 2012; 493:547-51. [PMID: 23235830 DOI: 10.1038/nature11714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells can influence immune responses to airway allergens. Airway epithelial cells also undergo apoptosis after encountering environmental allergens; yet, relatively little is known about how these are cleared, and their effect on airway inflammation. Here we show that airway epithelial cells efficiently engulf apoptotic epithelial cells and secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, dependent upon intracellular signalling by the small GTPase Rac1. Inducible deletion of Rac1 expression specifically in airway epithelial cells in a mouse model resulted in defective engulfment by epithelial cells and aberrant anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Intranasal priming and challenge of these mice with house dust mite extract or ovalbumin as allergens led to exacerbated inflammation, augmented Th2 cytokines and airway hyper-responsiveness, with decreased interleukin (IL)-10 in bronchial lavages. Rac1-deficient epithelial cells produced much higher IL-33 upon allergen or apoptotic cell encounter, with increased numbers of nuocyte-like cells. Administration of exogenous IL-10 'rescued' the airway inflammation phenotype in Rac1-deficient mice, with decreased IL-33. Collectively, these genetic and functional studies suggest a new role for Rac1-dependent engulfment by airway epithelial cells and in establishing the anti-inflammatory environment, and that defects in cell clearance in the airways could contribute to inflammatory responses towards common allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Juncadella
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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22
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Faille D, El-Assaad F, Mitchell AJ, Alessi MC, Chimini G, Fusai T, Grau GE, Combes V. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of platelet microparticles by brain endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1731-8. [PMID: 21883894 PMCID: PMC3822686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) bind and modify the phenotype of many cell types including endothelial cells. Recently, we showed that PMP were internalized by human brain endothelial cells (HBEC). Here we intend to better characterize the internalization mechanisms of PMP and their intracellular fate. Confocal microscopy analysis of PKH67-labelled PMP distribution in HBEC showed PMP in early endosome antigen 1 positive endosomes and in LysoTracker-labelled lysosomes, confirming a role for endocytosis in PMP internalization. No fusion of calcein-loaded PMP with HBEC membranes was observed. Quantification of PMP endocytosis using flow cytometry revealed that it was partially inhibited by trypsin digestion of PMP surface proteins and by extracellular Ca2+ chelation by EDTA, suggesting a partial role for receptor-mediated endocytosis in PMP uptake. This endocytosis was independent of endothelial receptors such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and was not increased by tumour necrosis factor stimulation of HBEC. Platelet-derived microparticle internalization was dramatically increased in the presence of decomplemented serum, suggesting a role for PMP opsonin-dependent phagocytosis. Platelet-derived microparticle uptake was greatly diminished by treatment of HBEC with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of microfilament formation required for both phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, with methyl-β-cyclodextrin that depletes membrane cholesterol needed for macropinocytosis and with amiloride that inhibits the Na+/H+ exchanger involved in macropinocytosis. In conclusion, PMP are taken up by active endocytosis in HBEC, involving mechanisms consistent with both phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. These findings identify new processes by which PMP could modify endothelial cell phenotype and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Faille
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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23
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Eleftheriou D, Ganesan V, Hong Y, Klein NJ, Brogan PA. Endothelial injury in childhood stroke with cerebral arteriopathy: a cross-sectional study. Neurology 2012; 79:2089-96. [PMID: 23077025 PMCID: PMC3511928 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182752c7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and microparticles (MPs) have been reported to reflect endothelial injury, cellular activation, and MP-mediated thrombin generation. We tested the hypothesis that these indices differ between children with cerebral arteriopathy and arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) recurrence, and those with a single event. METHODS This was a single-center cross-sectional study of 46 children with AIS and cerebral arteriopathy matched with pediatric controls. AIS recurrence was defined as new acute neurologic deficit with radiologic evidence of further cerebral infarction. CECs and MPs were identified with immunomagnetic bead extraction and flow cytometry, respectively. MP function as assessed by thrombin generation was determined using a fluorogenic assay. RESULTS Ten children had AIS recurrence while 36 had a single AIS event. CECs were raised in children with recurrent AIS, compared to those with no recurrence (p = 0.0001), and in controls (p = 0.0001). Total circulating annexin V+ MPs were significantly greater in children with recurrence than in those with no recurrence (p = 0.0020). These MPs were of endothelial or platelet origin, and a subpopulation expressed tissue factor. Finally, MP-mediated thrombin generation was enhanced in children with recurrent AIS compared to those with no recurrence (p = 0.0001), providing a link between inflammation, endothelial injury, and increased thrombotic tendency. CONCLUSION Despite the wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic presentation of childhood AIS, indices of endothelial injury and cellular activation are different in patients with single and recurrent events. This novel approach has potential for furthering understanding of AIS pathophysiology and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Eleftheriou
- Paediatric Rheumatology Department, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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24
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Woywodt A, Gerdes S, Ahl B, Erdbruegger U, Haubitz M, Weissenborn K. Circulating Endothelial Cells and Stroke: Influence of Stroke Subtypes and Changes During the Course of Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 21:452-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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25
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Phagocytosis by macrophages and endothelial cells inhibits procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2012; 119:2325-34. [PMID: 22138513 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-362186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is mainly related to procoagulant substances and fibrinolytic activators of APL blasts, but the fate of these leukemic cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of APL blasts by macrophages and endothelial cells in vitro and consequent procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of APL cells. We found that human umbilical vein endothelial cells as well as THP-1 and monocyte-derived macrophages bound, engulfed, and subsequently degraded immortalized APL cell line NB4 and primary APL cells. Lactadherin promoted phagocytosis of APL cells in a time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, factor Xa and prothrombinase activity of phosphatidylserine-exposed target APL cells was time-dependently decreased after incubation with phagocytes (THP-1–derived macrophages or HUVECs). Thrombin production on target APL cells was reduced by 40%-45% after 2 hours of coincubation with phagocytes and 80% by a combination of lactadherin and phagocytes. Moreover, plasmin generation of target APL cells was inhibited 30% by 2 hours of phagocytosis and ∼ 50% by lactadherin-mediated engulfment. These results suggest that engulfment by macrophages and endothelial cells reduce procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of APL blasts. Lactadherin and phagocytosis could cooperatively ameliorate the clotting disorders in APL.
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26
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Fang YT, Lin CF, Wang CY, Anderson R, Lin YS. Interferon-γ stimulates p11-dependent surface expression of annexin A2 in lung epithelial cells to enhance phagocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2775-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Cellular biomarkers of endothelial health: microparticles, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:85-99. [PMID: 22321962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, the shift from a healthy endothelium to a damaged pro-coagulative, pro-inflammatory, and pro-vasoconstrictive phenotype, is an early event in many chronic diseases that frequently precedes cardiovascular complications. Functional assessment of the endothelium can identify endothelial damage and predict cardiovascular risk; however, this assessment provides little information as to the mechanisms underlying development of endothelial dysfunction. Changes in plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels, markers of lipid peroxidation, circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, indices of coagulation and cellular surrogates such as microparticles, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells may reflect alterations in endothelial status and as such have been defined as "biomarkers" of endothelial function. Biomarkers may be chemical or cellular. This review examines some markers of endothelial dysfunction, with a particular focus on cellular biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and their diagnostic potential.
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28
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Lindschau C, Kirsch T, Klinge U, Kolkhof P, Peters I, Fiebeler A. Dehydroepiandrosterone-induced phosphorylation and translocation of FoxO1 depend on the mineralocorticoid receptor. Hypertension 2011; 58:471-8. [PMID: 21747041 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), with its sulfate, is the most abundant adrenal steroid, whereas the rat adrenals are not capable of synthesizing this steroid. Circulating concentrations of DHEA sulfate lie in the millimolar range and those of DHEA in the subnanomolar range. DHEA exerts protective potential during vascular remodeling, although the underlying mechanisms of this protection are imperfectly defined. We hypothesized that physiological doses of DHEA alter signaling pathways that are of central importance for vascular integrity. We exposed human endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts to DHEA (10(-6) to 10(-10) mol/L) and observed a dose- and time-dependent increase of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 activation. Similar results were observed in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, in rat vascular smooth muscle cells, we found altered phosphorylation and cellular translocation of the transcription factor FoxO1. Pharmacological blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with eplerenone or small interfering RNA-mediated MR-silencing prevented DHEA-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and its effects on FoxO1. Of note, in a cell-based MR transactivation assay, we did not find any agonist effect of DHEA on MR activity. We conclude that DHEA induces early signaling events in vascular cells that might underlie the DHEA-mediated protection against vasculopathies. These effects are dependent on the MR, although the finding that DHEA fails to act as a direct MR agonist suggests that additional signaling proteins are involved. In this regard, DHEA may either interact with coeffectors to modify MR activity or serves as a ligand for a yet unknown receptor that might transactivate the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lindschau
- Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Sabatier F, Lacroix R, Leroyer AS, Cointe S, Dignat-George F. [Cell-derived microparticules: key players at the crossroad between inflammation and thrombosis]. Transfus Clin Biol 2011; 18:62-9. [PMID: 21444231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived microparticles are complex vesicular structures that can be shedded by activated or apoptotic endothelial cells. Cell-derived microparticles are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that exposes transmembrane proteins and receptors and encloses cytosolic components such as enzymes, transcription factors and mRNA derived from their parent cells. Thus, they behave as biological conveyors playing a key role in the tuning of vascular homeostasis. This review will address the potential of microparticles as efficient vectors of biological activities in pathologies. Based on the model of endothelial vesiculation, the first part of this review will develop the contribution of endothelial microparticles to coagulation inflammation and angiogenesis and their role in vascular disorders. The second part will be focused on the multifaceted impact of cell-derived microparticles present in blood products and its relevance to transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sabatier
- Inserm UMR-S 608, UFR de pharmacie, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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30
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Kinchen JM. A model to die for: signaling to apoptotic cell removal in worm, fly and mouse. Apoptosis 2010; 15:998-1006. [PMID: 20461556 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is used during developmental morphogenesis to eliminate superfluous cells or cells with inappropriate developmental potential (e.g., self-reactive immune cells, tumorigenic cells). Recent work in genetic models has led to a number of key observations, revealing signal transduction pathways and identifying new roles for genes previously studied in corpse removal (e.g., removal of broken synapses in the nervous system). Further, studies using mouse models have suggested a role for removal of apoptotic cells in the establishment or maintenance of immune tolerance. In this review, we survey current knowledge of phagocytic pathways derived from studies in the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and mouse (Mus musculus) model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Kinchen
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, USA.
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31
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Waterhouse M, Themeli M, Bertz H, Zoumbos N, Finke J, Spyridonidis A. Horizontal DNA transfer from donor to host cells as an alternative mechanism of epithelial chimerism after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 17:319-29. [PMID: 20837151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies have shown that after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, epithelial cells containing donor-derived genome emerge. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. We hypothesized that horizontal transfer of the hematopoietic donor-DNA to the host epithelium confers a possible operating mechanism. In an in vitro model mimicking the lymphocyte-epithelial interaction, we cocultivated keratinocyte HaCaT cells (Y-chromosome negative) with nonapoptotic or apoptotic, CMFDA, or BrdU-labeled hematopoietic Jurkat cells (Y+) and looked for the emergence of HaCaT cells bearing Jurkat genome. We found that DNA can be horizontally transferred from hematopoietic to epithelial cell lines through phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. The ingested genomic material was also found within the nuclear compartment and in isolated chromosomes obtained from HaCaT metaphases. Both lysosomal inhibition in HaCaT cells and repetitive load of HaCaT cells with apoptotic bodies increased the intercellular and intranuclear DNA delivery. Although recipient cells remained viable and showed to express the foreign DNA, this expression was transient. Taking into consideration these findings of horizontal DNA transfer between hematopoietic and epithelial cells, we evaluated by quantitative microsatellite analysis the amount of donor DNA in 176 buccal swabs obtained from 71 patients after allogeneic transplantation. We found a high amount of donor-DNA (mean 26.6%) in the majority (89.7%) of them, although no donor hematopoietic cells were evident in the samples by immunofluorescence. We propose that the incessant charge of the transplant recipient with donor-DNA and its "inappropriate" intranuclear delivery in host epithelium may explain the emergence of epithelial cells with donor-derived genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Waterhouse
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Beese M, Wyss K, Haubitz M, Kirsch T. Effect of cAMP derivates on assembly and maintenance of tight junctions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:68. [PMID: 20822540 PMCID: PMC2941681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial tight and adherens junctions control a variety of physiological processes like adhesion, paracellular transport of solutes or trafficking of activated leukocytes. Formation and maintenance of endothelial junctions largely depend on the microenvironment of the specific vascular bed and on interactions of the endothelium with adjacent cell types. Consequently, primary cultures of endothelial cells often lose their specific junctional pattern and fail to establish tight monolayer in vitro. This is also true for endothelial cells isolated from the vein of human umbilical cords (HUVEC) which are widely used as model for endothelial cell-related studies. RESULTS We here compared the effect of cyclic 3'-5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and its derivates on formation and stabilization of tight junctions and on alterations in paracellular permeability in HUVEC. We demonstrated by light and confocal laser microscopy that for shorter time periods the sodium salt of 8-bromoadenosine-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP/Na) and for longer incubation periods 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (pCPT-cAMP) exerted the greatest effects of all compounds tested here on formation of continuous tight junction strands in HUVEC. We further demonstrated that although all compounds induced protein kinase A-dependent expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin only pCPT-cAMP slightly enhanced paracellular barrier functions. Moreover, we showed that pCPT-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP/Na induced expression and membrane translocation of tricellulin. CONCLUSIONS pCPT-cAMP and, to a lesser extend, 8-Br-cAMP/Na improved formation of continuous tight junction strands and decreased paracellular permeability in primary HUVEC. We concluded that under these conditions HUVEC represent a feasible in vitro model to study formation and disassembly of endothelial tight junctions and to characterize tight junction-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Beese
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Peng B, Koga K, Cardenas I, Aldo P, Mor G. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells by human endometrial endothelial cells induces proinflammatory cytokine production. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:12-9. [PMID: 20219062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Apoptosis is a normal constituent of trophoblast turnover in the placenta; however in some cases, this process is related to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. Recognition and engulfment of these apoptotic trophoblast cells is important for clearance of dying cells. The aim of this study was to show the cross talk between human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) and apoptotic trophoblast cells in an in vitro coculture model and its effect on cytokine production by HEECs. METHOD OF STUDY Fluorescent-labeled HEECs were cocultured with fluorescent-labeled apoptotic human trophoblast cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show the interaction between these two types of cells. Cytokine profiles were determined using multiplex analysis. RESULTS HEECs are capable to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. This activity is inhibited by the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin B. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells induced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by HEECs. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that HEECs have an ability to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated an inflammatory response of HEECs after phagocytosing the apoptotic trophoblast cells. This event may contribute to the inflammatory response in both normal pregnancy and pathologic pregnancy such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Haubitz M, Dhaygude A, Woywodt A. Mechanisms and markers of vascular damage in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Autoimmunity 2010; 42:605-14. [PMID: 19863378 DOI: 10.1080/08916930903002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated small-vessel vasculitis and interaction between ANCA and micro-vascular endothelial cells are centre stage. The interactions of these key players culminate in respiratory burst of the neutrophil with release of radicals and proteases and subsequent endothelial cell and tissue damage. During the last decade, markers have become available to assess the extent and/or acuity of vascular damage in a clinical setting. First, circulating endothelial cells (CEC) have emerged as reliable surrogate markers of endothelial damage in vasculitis. More recently, endothelial microparticles have been used and appear to reflect damage and activation of the cells. Data on endothelial progenitor cells in vasculitis are sparse but intriguing while a genuine progenitor cell deficiency remains controversial. The severely damaged phenotype of CEC in vasculitis led to the hypothesis that such circulating apoptotic and/or necrotic debris may itself be a mediator of disease and first data from experimental studies have added proof to this assumption. Such effects may well contribute to a pro-inflammatory environment in ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis and in vascular disease in general. Here, we review mechanisms and markers of endothelial damage and repair in ANCA-associated vasculitis and put these findings into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Haubitz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Sabatier F, Camoin-Jau L, Anfosso F, Sampol J, Dignat-George F. Circulating endothelial cells, microparticles and progenitors: key players towards the definition of vascular competence. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:454-71. [PMID: 19379144 PMCID: PMC3822508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between lesion and regeneration of the endothelium is critical for the maintenance of vessel integrity. Exposure to cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) alters the regulatory functions of the endothelium that progresses from a quiescent state to activation, apoptosis and death. In the last 10 years, identification of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) and endothelial-derived microparticles (EMP) in the circulation has raised considerable interest as non-invasive markers of vascular dysfunction. Indeed, these endothelial-derived biomarkers were associated with most of the CRFs, were indicative of a poor clinical outcome in atherothrombotic disorders and correlated with established parameters of endothelial dysfunction. CEC and EMP also behave as potential pathogenic vectors able to accelerate endothelial dysfunction and promote disease progression. The endothelial response to injury has been enlarged by the discovery of a powerful physiological repair process based on the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from the bone marrow. Recent studies indicate that reduction of EPC number and function by CRF plays a critical role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This EPC-mediated repair to injury response can be integrated into a clinical endothelial phenotype defining the ‘vascular competence’ of each individual. In the future, provided that standardization of available methodologies could be achieved, multimarker strategies combining CEC, EMP and EPC levels as integrative markers of ‘vascular competence’ may offer new perspectives to assess vascular risk and to monitor treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sabatier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, F-13385, France
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Himmelhaus M, Francois A. In-vitro sensing of biomechanical forces in live cells by a whispering gallery mode biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:418-27. [PMID: 19699629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct measurement of the biomechanical stress induced by a live cell during endocytosis is reported. Fluorescent dye-doped polystyrene microspheres were used as microscopic remote optical sensors applying whispering gallery modes (WGMs) as transducer mechanism. Monitoring of the WGMs throughout the incorporation of the microsphere into the cell enabled the determination of the deformation experienced by the microsphere, characterized by both a broadening and a blue shift of the resonances, and consequently the stress induced by the cell. The results reveal an unexpectedly high stress with a magnitude of up to five times that of the passive cortical tension, which can be only explained by a so far undetermined active stress component induced by the cytoskeletal machinery during particle incorporation. The method is adaptable to the study of any other kind of phagocyte and thus provides a novel research tool of high interest for cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Himmelhaus
- Fujirebio, Inc., Research and Development Division, 51 Komiya-cho, 192-0031, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo-to, Japan.
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Weigert A, Jennewein C, Brüne B. The liaison between apoptotic cells and macrophages--the end programs the beginning. Biol Chem 2009; 390:379-90. [PMID: 19335180 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficient execution of apoptotic cell death with the clearance of apoptotic debris by phagocytes is a key regulatory mechanism ensuring tissue homeostasis. Failure in this execution program contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. In this review, we describe the current knowledge regarding the interaction of apoptotic cells with their professional 'captors', the macrophages, with special emphasis on the immunological outcome. Removal of apoptotic cells must be considered as a process that actively delivers signals to polarize macrophages, which are fundamental for the resolution of inflammation. However, the sculpting of macrophage responses by apoptotic cells can be misused under certain inflammatory disease conditions, including tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Kirsch T, Woywodt A, Klose J, Wyss K, Beese M, Erdbruegger U, Grossheim M, Haller H, Haubitz M. Endothelial-derived thrombospondin-1 promotes macrophage recruitment and apoptotic cell clearance. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1922-34. [PMID: 19508384 PMCID: PMC3823274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid apoptotic cell engulfment is crucial for prevention of inflammation and autoimmune diseases and is conducted by special immunocompetent cells like macrophages or immature dendritic cells. We recently demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) also participate in apoptotic cell clearance. However, in contrast to conventional phagocytes they respond with an inflammatory phenotype. To further confirm these pro-inflammatory responses human ECs were exposed to apoptotic murine ECs and changes in thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression and in activation of intracellular signalling cascades were determined by real-time qPCR, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Human primary macrophages or monocytic lymphoma cells (U937) were incubated with conditioned supernatant of human ECs exposed to apoptotic cells and changes in activation, migration and phagocytosis were monitored. Finally, plasma levels of TSP-1 in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) were determined by ELISA. We provided evidence that apoptotic cells induce enhanced expression of TSP-1 in human ECs and that this increase in TSP-1 is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1 and 2 and their upstream regulators MEK and B-Raf. We also showed that plasma TSP-1 levels are increased in patients with AAV. Finally, we showed that conditioned supernatant of ECs exposed to apoptotic cells induces pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes or U937 cells and demonstrated that increased TSP-1 expression enhances migration and facilitates engulfment of apoptotic cells by monocyte-derived macrophages or U937 cells. These findings suggest that under pathological conditions with high numbers of uncleared dying cells in the circulation endothelial-derived elevated TSP-1 level may serve as an attraction signal for phagocytes promoting enhanced recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kirsch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Al-Massarani G, Vacher-Coponat H, Paul P, Widemann A, Arnaud L, Loundou A, Robert S, Berland Y, Dignat-George F, Camoin-Jau L. Impact of immunosuppressive treatment on endothelial biomarkers after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2360-7. [PMID: 18925903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction occurs in hemodialysis and kidney-transplanted patients and can be enhanced by immunosuppressive therapy. Circulating endothelial cells (CEC), endothelial microparticles (EMP) and sVCAM-1 provide information on endothelium activation and damage. We compared the impact of two immunosuppressive regimens (CsA/Aza vs. Tac/MMF) on the kinetics of CEC, EMP and sVCAM-1 levels in 52 patients, both before graft and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after graft, in reference to 50 healthy controls. CEC, EMP and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly decreased 1 year after transplantation (M12) as compared to pretransplant values. At M12, CEC and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher than those of controls whereas EMP reached normal values. Nine months postgraft, lower CEC and normalized EMP levels were found in patients receiving cyclosporine microemulsion/ azathioprine (CsA/Aza) when compared to patients treated with tacrolimus/ mycophenolate mofetil (Tac/MMF). Multivariate analysis evidenced positive correlations between CEC and history of cardiovascular diseases and between EMP and cytomegalovirus infection at M12. In conclusion, our combined analysis of endothelial injury markers confirms the favorable impact of renal transplantation on endothelium, and show that CEC levels discriminate treatment-associated endothelial toxicity. These results enlighten the potential of these noninvasive blood biomarkers in indexing vascular injury and optimize therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Al-Massarani
- UMR-S 608 INSERM-Université de la Méditerranée Aix Marseille 2, Laboratoire d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Phagosome maturation is the process by which internalized particles (such as bacteria and apoptotic cells) are trafficked into a series of increasingly acidified membrane-bound structures, leading to particle degradation. The characterization of the phagosomal proteome and studies in model organisms and mammals have led to the identification of numerous candidate proteins that cooperate to control the maturation of phagosomes containing different particles. A subset of these candidate proteins makes up the first pathway to be identified for the maturation of apoptotic cell-containing phagosomes. This suggests that a machinery that is distinct from receptor-mediated endocytosis is used in phagosome maturation.
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Abstract
Cell activation or apoptosis leads to plasma membrane blebbing and microparticle (MP) release in the extracellular space. MPs are submicron membrane vesicles which express a panel of phospholipids and proteins specific of the cells they are derived from. Exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and tissue factor confers a procoagulant potential to MPs. MPs accumulate in the lipid core of the atherosclertotic plaque and is a major determinant of its thrombogenecity. Elevation of plasma MPs levels, particularly those of endothelial origin, reflects cellular injury and is considered now as a surrogate marker of vascular dysfunction. Thus, MPs can be seen as triggers of a vicious circle for they promote prothrombogenic and pro-inflammatory responses as well as cellular dysfunction within the vascular compartment. A better knowledge of MP composition and biological effects as well as the mechanisms leading to their clearance will probably open new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Leroyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Unit 689), Cardiovascular Research Institute Inserm, Paris, France
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Grundmann M, Woywodt A, Kirsch T, Hollwitz B, Oehler K, Erdbruegger U, Haller H, Haubitz M. Circulating endothelial cells: a marker of vascular damage in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:317.e1-5. [PMID: 18068139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is a disorder of endothelial cells, and novel markers of the disease are eagerly awaited. We tested the hypothesis that circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are elevated in preeclampsia and that cell numbers correlate with disease activity. STUDY DESIGN CECs were measured in 10 patients with preeclampsia as well as pregnant and nonpregnant controls. Cells were enumerated prior to delivery, 1 and 3-5 days thereafter. Enumeration of CECs was performed with anti-CD 146-driven immunomagnetic isolation and subsequent Ulex lectin staining. RESULTS Markedly elevated CEC numbers were detected in women with preeclampsia (median 88 cells/mL; P < .001) when compared with normal pregnancies (median 16 cells/mL) and healthy nonpregnant women (12 cells/mL). There was a significant correlation of CEC numbers and systolic blood pressure (P < .02). A rapid decline of cell numbers after delivery paralleled the clinical recovery. CONCLUSION Circulating endothelial cells are a novel marker of vascular damage in preeclampsia.
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O’Brien LA, Richardson MA, Berg DT, Gerlitz B, Gupta A, Grinnell BW. The Puzzling Role of TRAIL in Endothelial Cell Biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.158949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee A. O’Brien
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Mark A. Richardson
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - David T. Berg
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Bruce Gerlitz
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Akanksha Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Brian W. Grinnell
- Division of Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind
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