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Kim JY, Mayatepek E, Seyfarth J, Jacobsen M. High common-γ cytokine receptor levels promote expression of Interleukin-2/Interleukin-7 receptor α-chains with implications on T-cell differentiation and function. Immunology 2024. [PMID: 38778445 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines of the common-γ receptor chain (γc) family are crucial for T-cell differentiation and dysregulation of γc cytokine pathways is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. There is increasing evidence that the availability of the γc receptor (CD132) for the associated receptor chains has implications for T-cell functions. Here we studied the influence of differential γc expression on the expression of the IL-2Rα (CD25), the IL-7Rα (CD127) and the differentiation of activated naïve T cells. We fine-tuned the regulation of γc expression in human primary naïve T cells by lentiviral transduction using small hairpin (sh)RNAs and γc cDNA. Differential γc levels were then analysed for effects on T-cell phenotype and function after activation. Differential γc expression markedly affected IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα expression on activated naïve T cells. High γc expression (γc-high) induced significantly higher expression of IL-2Rα and re-expression of IL-7Rα after activation. Inhibition of γc caused lower IL-2Rα/IL-7Rα expression and impaired proliferation of activated naïve T cells. In contrast, γc-high T cells secreted significantly higher concentrations of effector cytokines (i.e., IFN-γ, IL-6) and showed higher cytokine-receptor induced STAT5 phosphorylation during initial stages as well as persistently higher pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 levels after activation. Finally, accelerated transition towards a CD45RO expressing effector/memory phenotype was seen especially for CD4+ γc-high naïve T cells. These results suggested that high expression of γc promotes expression of IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα on activated naïve T cells with significant effects on differentiation and effector cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Kim
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Seyfarth
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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2
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Brault J, Liu T, Liu S, Lawson A, Choi U, Kozhushko N, Bzhilyanskaya V, Pavel-Dinu M, Meis RJ, Eckhaus MA, Burkett SS, Bosticardo M, Kleinstiver BP, Notarangelo LD, Lazzarotto CR, Tsai SQ, Wu X, Dahl GA, Porteus MH, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CRISPR-Cas9-AAV versus lentivector transduction for genome modification of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency hematopoietic stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1067417. [PMID: 36685559 PMCID: PMC9846165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ex vivo gene therapy for treatment of Inborn errors of Immunity (IEIs) have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in multiple Phase I/II clinical trials. Current approaches rely on engineered retroviral vectors to randomly integrate copy(s) of gene-of-interest in autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) genome permanently to provide gene function in transduced HSPCs and their progenies. To circumvent concerns related to potential genotoxicities due to the random vector integrations in HSPCs, targeted correction with CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing offers improved precision for functional correction of multiple IEIs. Methods We compare the two approaches for integration of IL2RG transgene for functional correction of HSPCs from patients with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1 or XSCID); delivery via current clinical lentivector (LV)-IL2RG versus targeted insertion (TI) of IL2RG via homology-directed repair (HDR) when using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-IL2RG donor following double-strand DNA break at the endogenous IL2RG locus. Results and discussion In vitro differentiation of LV- or TI-treated XSCID HSPCs similarly overcome differentiation block into Pre-T-I and Pre-T-II lymphocytes but we observed significantly superior development of NK cells when corrected by TI (40.7% versus 4.1%, p = 0.0099). Transplants into immunodeficient mice demonstrated robust engraftment (8.1% and 23.3% in bone marrow) for LV- and TI-IL2RG HSPCs with efficient T cell development following TI-IL2RG in all four patients' HSPCs. Extensive specificity analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 editing with rhAmpSeq covering 82 predicted off-target sites found no evidence of indels in edited cells before (in vitro) or following transplant, in stark contrast to LV's non-targeted vector integration sites. Together, the improved efficiency and safety of IL2RG correction via CRISPR-Cas9-based TI approach provides a strong rationale for a clinical trial for treatment of XSCID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taylor Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Lawson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nikita Kozhushko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vera Bzhilyanskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra S. Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cicera R. Lazzarotto
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Belaid B, Lamara Mahammed L, Mohand Oussaid A, Migaud M, Khadri Y, Casanova JL, Puel A, Ben Halla N, Djidjik R. Case Report: Interleukin-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain Defect Presented as a Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696350. [PMID: 34248995 PMCID: PMC8264782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin common gamma chain (IL-2Rγ or γc) of cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Hypomorphic mutations of IL2RG may cause combined immunodeficiencies with atypical clinical and immunological presentations. Here, we report a clinical, immunological, and functional characterization of a missense mutation in exon 1 (c.115G>A; p. Asp39Asn) of IL2RG in a 7-year-old boy. The patient suffered from recurrent sinopulmonary infections and refractory eczema. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T cell subsets, with a pronounced serum IgE elevation. Surface expression of IL-2Rγ was reduced on his lymphocytes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 showed a partially preserved receptor function. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. Further analysis revealed a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-17. Studies on the functional consequences of IL-2Rγ variants are important to get more insight into the pathogenesis of atypical phenotypes which may lay the ground for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Belaid
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lydia Lamara Mahammed
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aida Mohand Oussaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Khadri
- Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nafissa Ben Halla
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Reda Djidjik
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
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4
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Novel IL2RG Mutation Causes Leaky TLOWB+NK+ SCID With Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia and Normal IL-15 STAT5 Phosphorylation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:328-333. [PMID: 29939941 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is caused by mutations in the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor γ (IL2RG) gene and patients usually present with a TBNK SCID phenotype. Nevertheless, a minority of these patients present with a TBNK phenotype, similar to the IL-7R-deficient patients. We report a patient with a novel missense p.Glu297Gly mutation in the IL2RG gene presenting with a leaky TBNK SCID with delayed onset, moderate susceptibility to infections, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia. He presents with preserved STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IL-15 stimulation but not in response to IL-2 and IL-7, resulting in the NK phenotype.
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5
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Seyfarth J, Mütze N, Antony Cruz J, Kummer S, Reinauer C, Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Jacobsen M. CD4 + T-Cells With High Common γ Chain Expression and Disturbed Cytokine Production Are Enriched in Children With Type-1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31110501 PMCID: PMC6499215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma chain (γc) contributes to the formation of different cytokine receptors [e.g., IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-7R, and IL-15R], which are important for generation of self-reactive T-cells in autoimmune diseases, like in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whereas, the roles of membrane and soluble IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα variants in T1D disease pathogenesis are well-described, effects of γc expression and availability for dependent receptors remain elusive. We investigated expression of the γc and dependent receptors on T-cells and soluble γc concentrations in serum from patients with T1D (n = 34) and healthy controls (n = 27). Effector T-cell cytokines as well as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 induced STAT5 phosphorylation were analyzed to determine functional implications of differential γc expression of CD4+ T-cell subsets classified by t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) analyses. We found increased γc and IL-7Rα expression of CD4+ T-cells from T1D patients as compared to controls. t-SNE analyses assigned differential expression to subsets of memory T-cells co-expressing γc and IL-7Rα. Whereas, γc expression was positively correlated with IL-2Rα in memory T-cells from healthy controls, no dependency was found for patients with T1D. Similarly, the effector T-cell cytokine, IL-21, correlated inversely with γc expression in healthy controls, but not in T1D patients. Finally, T1D patients with high γc expression had increased proportions of IL-2 sensitive pSTAT5+ effector T-cells. These results indicated aberrantly high γc expression of T-cells from T1D patients with implications on dependent cytokine receptor signaling and effector T-cell cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Seyfarth
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nathalie Mütze
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Antony Cruz
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kummer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Reinauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Gonnord P, Angermann BR, Sadtler K, Gombos E, Chappert P, Meier-Schellersheim M, Varma R. A hierarchy of affinities between cytokine receptors and the common gamma chain leads to pathway cross-talk. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/524/eaal1253. [PMID: 29615515 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the common gamma chain (γc) family depend on the shared γc receptor subunit for signaling. We report the existence of a fast, cytokine-induced pathway cross-talk acting at the receptor level, resulting from a limiting amount of γc on the surface of T cells. We found that this limited abundance of γc reduced interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-21 responses after IL-7 preexposure but not vice versa. Computational modeling combined with quantitative experimental assays indicated that the asymmetric cross-talk resulted from the ability of the "private" IL-7 receptor subunits (IL-7Rα) to bind to many of the γc molecules even before stimulation with cytokine. Upon exposure of T cells to IL-7, the high affinity of the IL-7Rα:IL-7 complex for γc further reduced the amount of free γc in a manner dependent on the concentration of IL-7. Measurements of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between IL-4Rα and γc were reduced when IL-7Rα was overexpressed. Furthermore, in a system expressing IL-7Rα, IL-4Rα, and γc, BRET between IL-4Rα and γc increased after IL-4 binding and decreased when cells were preexposed to IL-7, supporting the assumption that IL-7Rα and the IL-7Rα:IL-7 complex limit the accessibility of γc for other cytokine receptor complexes. We propose that in complex inflammatory environments, such asymmetric cross-talk establishes a hierarchy of cytokine responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gonnord
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bastian R Angermann
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin Gombos
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rajat Varma
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Waickman AT, Park JY, Park JH. The common γ-chain cytokine receptor: tricks-and-treats for T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:253-69. [PMID: 26468051 PMCID: PMC6315299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as the third subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex, the common γ-chain (γc) also acts as a non-redundant receptor subunit for a series of other cytokines, collectively known as γc family cytokines. γc plays essential roles in T cell development and differentiation, so that understanding the molecular basis of its signaling and regulation is a critical issue in T cell immunology. Unlike most other cytokine receptors, γc is thought to be constitutively expressed and limited in its function to the assembly of high-affinity cytokine receptors. Surprisingly, recent studies reported a series of findings that unseat γc as a simple housekeeping gene, and unveiled γc as a new regulatory molecule in T cell activation and differentiation. Cytokine-independent binding of γc to other cytokine receptor subunits suggested a pre-association model of γc with proprietary cytokine receptors. Also, identification of a γc splice isoform revealed expression of soluble γc proteins (sγc). sγc directly interacted with surface IL-2Rβ to suppress IL-2 signaling and to promote pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation. As a result, endogenously produced sγc exacerbated autoimmune inflammatory disease, while the removal of endogenous sγc significantly ameliorated disease outcome. These data provide new insights into the role of both membrane and soluble γc in cytokine signaling, and open new venues to interfere and modulate γc signaling during immune activation. These unexpected discoveries further underscore the perspective that γc biology remains largely uncharted territory that invites further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Perspectives of the relationship between IL-7 and autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:1703-9. [PMID: 23934388 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is one of the IL-2 family cytokines comprised of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, as well as IL-21. IL-7 is mainly secreted by stroma cells in primary lymphoid tissues, playing an essential role in the program of T cell development. Recently, studies have revealed that physiological function exerted by immunocytes can be influenced by aberrant IL-7 signaling, which is common in abnormal autoimmunity regulation. There is also increasing evidence that IL-7 is involved in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. Targeting components in IL-7 signaling pathways may have potential significance for treating numerous autoimmune diseases. In this review, we therefore summarize our current understandings regarding the relationship between IL-7 and autoimmune diseases so as to render more valuable information on this kind of research.
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9
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Martin JF, Perry JSA, Jakhete NR, Wang X, Bielekova B. An IL-2 paradox: blocking CD25 on T cells induces IL-2-driven activation of CD56(bright) NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:1311-20. [PMID: 20543101 PMCID: PMC3085179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Daclizumab (Dac), an Ab against the IL-2R alpha-chain, inhibits brain inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis, while expanding CD56(bright) immunoregulatory NK cells in vivo. We hypothesized that this unexpected expansion is paradoxically IL-2 driven; caused by the increased availability of T cell-derived IL-2 for NK cell signaling. To this end, we performed ex vivo functional analyses of CD56(bright) NK cells and T cells from patients in clinical trials with Dac. We developed in vitro models to investigate mechanisms for ex vivo observations. We observed that Dac treatment caused decreased numbers and proliferation of FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), a model T cell population known to be dependent on IL-2 for proliferation and survival. As anticipated, Dac therapy inhibited IL-2 signaling in all T cells; however, we also observed functional adaptation of T cells to low IL-2 signal in vivo, characterized by the concomitant enhancement of IL-7 signaling on all T cells and parallel increase of CD127 expression by Tregs. In contrast, IL-2 signaling on CD56(bright) NK cells was not inhibited by Dac and their in vivo proliferation and cytotoxicity actually increased. Mechanistic studies indicated that the activation of CD56(bright) NK cells was likely IL-2 driven, as low doses of IL-2, but not IL-15, mimicked this activation in vitro. Our study provides insight into the role that IL-2 and CD25 play in functional regulation of two important immunoregulatory cell populations in humans: FoxP3(+) Tregs and CD56(bright) NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- CD56 Antigen/immunology
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Daclizumab
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lewis X Antigen/immunology
- Lewis X Antigen/metabolism
- Lewis X Antigen/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Martin
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Orr SJ, Roessler S, Quigley L, Chan T, Ford JW, O'Connor GM, McVicar DW. Implications for gene therapy-limiting expression of IL-2R gamma c delineate differences in signaling thresholds required for lymphocyte development and maintenance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1393-403. [PMID: 20592278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
X-linked SCID patients are deficient in functional IL-2Rgamma(c) leading to the loss of IL-2/IL-4/IL-7/IL-9/IL-15/IL-21 signaling and a lack of NK and mature T cells. Patients treated with IL-2Rgamma(c) gene therapy have T cells develop; however, their NK cell numbers remain low, suggesting antiviral responses may be compromised. Similarly, IL-2Rgamma(c)(-/-) mice reconstituted with IL-2Rgamma(c) developed few NK cells, and reconstituted T cells exhibited defective proliferative responses suggesting incomplete recovery of IL-2Rgamma(c) signaling. Given the shift toward self-inactivating long terminal repeats with weaker promoters to control the risk of leukemia, we assessed NK and T cell numbers and function in IL-2Rgamma(c)(-/-) mice reconstituted with limiting amounts of IL-2Rgamma(c). Reconstitution resulted in lower IL-2/-15-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation and proliferation in NK and T cells. However, TCR costimulation restored cytokine-driven T cell proliferation to wild-type levels. Vector modifications that improved IL-2Rgamma(c) levels increased cytokine-induced STAT5 phosphorylation in both populations and increased NK cell proliferation demonstrating that IL-2Rgamma(c) levels are limiting. In addition, although the half-lives of both NK and T cells expressing intermediate levels of IL-2Rgamma(c) are reduced compared with wild-type cells, the reduction in NK cell half-live is much more severe than in T cells. Collectively, these data indicate different IL-2Rgamma(c) signaling thresholds for lymphocyte development and proliferation making functional monitoring imperative during gene therapy. Further, our findings suggest that IL-2Rgamma(c) reconstituted T cells may persist more efficiently than NK cells due to compensation for suboptimal IL-2Rgamma(c) signaling by the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selinda J Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Ginn SL, Liao SHY, Dane AP, Hu M, Hyman J, Finnie JW, Zheng M, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Alexander SI, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE. Lymphomagenesis in SCID-X1 mice following lentivirus-mediated phenotype correction independent of insertional mutagenesis and gammac overexpression. Mol Ther 2010; 18:965-76. [PMID: 20354504 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of leukemia as a consequence of vector-mediated genotoxicity in gene therapy trials for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) has prompted substantial research effort into the design and safety testing of integrating vectors. An important element of vector design is the selection and evaluation of promoter-enhancer elements with sufficient strength to drive reliable immune reconstitution, but minimal propensity for enhancer-mediated insertional mutagenesis. In this study, we set out to explore the effect of promoter-enhancer selection on the efficacy and safety of human immunodeficiency virus-1-derived lentiviral vectors in gammac-deficient mice. We observed incomplete or absent T- and B-cell development in mice transplanted with progenitors expressing gammac from the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) promoters, respectively. In contrast, functional T- and B-cell compartments were restored in mice receiving an equivalent vector containing the elongation factor-1-alpha (EF1alpha) promoter; however, 4 of 14 mice reconstituted with this vector subsequently developed lymphoma. Extensive analyses failed to implicate insertional mutagenesis or gammac overexpression as the underlying mechanism. These findings highlight the need for detailed mechanistic analysis of tumor readouts in preclinical animal models assessing vector safety, and suggest the existence of other ill-defined risk factors for oncogenesis, including replicative stress, in gene therapy protocols targeting the hematopoietic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit of the Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Bidirectional promoter interference between two widely used internal heterologous promoters in a late-generation lentiviral construct. Gene Ther 2008; 15:384-90. [PMID: 18283290 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors encoding two or more genes are potentially powerful research tools and are poised to play an increasingly important role in gene therapy applications. Common strategies employed to express more than one transgene per vector include the use of multiple promoters, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements, splicing signals and fusion proteins. Of these, the IRES elements and multiple promoters have been most widely used. The use of multiple promoters, however, may be compromised by interference between promoters, promoter silencing and vector rearrangements or deletions. In this study, we demonstrate promoter interference between two internal heterologous promoters in the context of a late-generation lentiviral vector. The interference, involving the human cytomegalovirus-immediate-early promoter and human elongation-factor-1alpha promoter, occurred bidirectionally with both promoters markedly impairing expression of the adjacent transcription unit. The data presented not only highlight the potential for interference between these widely-used promoters, but also the value of a sequential approach to vector construction that allows such effects to be recognized.
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