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Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184529. [PMID: 34572756 PMCID: PMC8469970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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2
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Li Y, Zeng W, Li T, Guo Y, Zheng G, He X, Bai L, Ding G, Jin L, Liu X. Integrative Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Fetal Thymocyte Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:679616. [PMID: 34276782 PMCID: PMC8284395 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.679616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathymic differentiation of T lymphocytes begins as early as intrauterine stage, yet the T cell lineage decisions of human fetal thymocytes at different gestational ages are not currently understood. Here, we performed integrative single-cell analyses of thymocytes across gestational ages. We identified conserved candidates underlying the selection of T cell receptor (TCR) lineages in different human fetal stages. The trajectory of early thymocyte commitment during fetal growth was also characterized. Comparisons with mouse data revealed conserved and species-specific transcriptional dynamics of thymocyte proliferation, apoptosis and selection. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data associated with multiple autoimmune disorders were analyzed to characterize susceptibility genes that are highly expressed at specific stages during fetal thymocyte development. In summary, our integrative map describes previously underappreciated aspects of human thymocyte development, and provides a comprehensive reference for understanding T cell lymphopoiesis in a self-tolerant and functional adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lilian Bai
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guolian Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China.,Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Fernandez-Perez R, Lopez-Santalla M, Sánchez-Domínguez R, Alberquilla O, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Juarranz Y, Bueren JA, Garin MI. Enhanced Susceptibility of Galectin-1 Deficient Mice to Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687443. [PMID: 34262567 PMCID: PMC8273429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin, ubiquitously expressed in stromal, epithelial, and different subsets of immune cells. Galectin-1 is the prototype member of the galectin family which shares specificity with β-galactoside containing proteins and lipids. Immunomodulatory functions have been ascribed to endogenous galectin-1 due to its induction of T cell apoptosis, inhibitory effects of neutrophils and T cell trafficking. Several studies have demonstrated that administration of recombinant galectin-1 suppressed experimental colitis by modulating adaptive immune responses altering the fate and phenotype of T cells. However, the role of endogenous galectin-1 in intestinal inflammation is poorly defined. In the present study, the well-characterized acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of ulcerative colitis was used to study the function of endogenous galectin-1 during the development of intestinal inflammation. We found that galectin-1 deficient mice (Lgals1-/- mice) displayed a more severe intestinal inflammation, characterized by significantly elevated clinical scores, than their wild type counterparts. The mechanisms underlying the enhanced inflammatory response in colitic Lgals1-/- mice involved an altered Th17/Th1 profile of effector CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, increased frequencies of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells in colon lamina propria in Lgals1-/- mice were found. Strikingly, the exacerbated intestinal inflammatory response observed in Lgals1-/- mice was alleviated by adoptive transfer of wild type Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells at induction of colitis. Altogether, these data highlight the importance of endogenous galectin-1 as a novel determinant in regulating T cell reactivity during the development of intestinal inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Dextran Sulfate
- Disease Models, Animal
- Galectin 1/deficiency
- Galectin 1/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernandez-Perez
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lopez-Santalla
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sánchez-Domínguez
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Omaira Alberquilla
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Bueren
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina I. Garin
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Somanathan T, Sujathan K. Galectin-3: A factotum in carcinogenesis bestowing an archery for prevention. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:77-96. [PMID: 33998569 DOI: 10.3233/tub-200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the foremost hurdles in oncology at the moment. This review aims to pinpoint the functional aspects of a unique multifaceted glycosylated molecule in both intracellular and extracellular compartments of a cell namely galectin-3 along with its metastatic potential in different types of cancer. All materials reviewed here were collected through the search engines PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Among the 15 galectins identified, the chimeric gal-3 plays an indispensable role in the differentiation, transformation, and multi-step process of tumor metastasis. It has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms that allow the cancer cells to survive in the intravascular milieu and promote tumor cell extravasation, ultimately leading to metastasis. Gal-3 has also been found to have a pivotal role in immune surveillance and pro-angiogenesis and several studies have pointed out the importance of gal-3 in establishing a resistant phenotype, particularly through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, some recent findings suggest the use of gal-3 inhibitors in overcoming therapeutic resistance. All these reports suggest that the deregulation of these specific lectins at the cellular level could inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. A more systematic study of glycosylation in clinical samples along with the development of selective gal-3 antagonists inhibiting the activity of these molecules at the cellular level offers an innovative strategy for primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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5
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Tian M, Xu D, Fu Q, Zhang L, Yang N, Xue T, Gao C, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Cao M, Tan F, Song L, Li C. Galectins in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.): Characterization and expression profiling in mucosal tissues. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:71-81. [PMID: 33316369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of evolutionary conserved β-galactoside-binding proteins, have been characterized in a wide range of species. Many reports have indicated vital roles of galectins in innate immunity, especially in the mucosal tissues against infection. However, the systematic identification of galectin gene family is still lacking in teleost. Here, we characterized the galectin gene family and investigated their expression profiles post bacterial challenge in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). In this study, a total of 13 galectin genes were characterized in turbot, phylogenetic analyses revealed their strong relationships to half smooth tongue sole and puffer fish, and syntenic analyses confirmed the orthology suggested by the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the copy number of galectin genes is similar across a broad spectrum of species from fish to amphibians, birds, and mammals, ranging from 8 to 16 genes. Furthermore, the galectin genes were widely expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, and most of the galectin genes were strongly expressed in mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine). Moreover, majority of the galectin genes were significantly regulated after Vibrio anguillarum infection in the intestine, gill and skin, suggesting that galectins were involved in the mucosal immune response to V. anguillarum infection in turbot. In addition, subcellular localization analysis showed lgals3a was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. However, the knowledge of galectins are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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6
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Tazhitdinova R, Timoshenko AV. The Emerging Role of Galectins and O-GlcNAc Homeostasis in Processes of Cellular Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081792. [PMID: 32731422 PMCID: PMC7465113 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. Human cells express twelve out of sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes and their expression profiles are very different between cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the changes in the expression of individual galectins at mRNA and protein levels in different types of differentiating cells and the effects of recombinant galectins on cellular differentiation. A new model of galectin regulation is proposed considering the change in O-GlcNAc homeostasis between progenitor/stem cells and mature differentiated cells. The recognition of galectins as regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and self-renewal is essential for developmental and cancer biology to develop innovative strategies for prevention and targeted treatment of proliferative diseases, tissue regeneration, and stem-cell therapy.
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7
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Losada-Barragán M, Umaña-Pérez A, Durães J, Cuervo-Escobar S, Rodríguez-Vega A, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Berbert LR, Morgado F, Porrozzi R, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Aquino P, Carvalho PC, Savino W, Sánchez-Gómez M, Padrón G, Cuervo P. Thymic Microenvironment Is Modified by Malnutrition and Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:252. [PMID: 31355153 PMCID: PMC6639785 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Detrimental effects of malnutrition on immune responses to pathogens have long been recognized and it is considered a main risk factor for various infectious diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Thymus is a target of both malnutrition and infection, but its role in the immune response to Leishmania infantum in malnourished individuals is barely studied. Because we previously observed thymic atrophy and significant reduction in cellularity and chemokine levels in malnourished mice infected with L. infantum, we postulated that the thymic microenvironment is severely compromised in those animals. To test this, we analyzed the microarchitecture of the organ and measured the protein abundance in its interstitial space in malnourished BALB/c mice infected or not with L. infantum. Malnourished-infected animals exhibited a significant reduction of the thymic cortex:medulla ratio and altered abundance of proteins secreted in the thymic interstitial fluid. Eighty-one percent of identified proteins are secreted by exosomes and malnourished-infected mice showed significant decrease in exosomal proteins, suggesting that exosomal carrier system, and therefore intrathymic communication, is dysregulated in those animals. Malnourished-infected mice also exhibited a significant increase in the abundance of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle, suggestive of a non-proliferative microenvironment. Accordingly, flow cytometry analysis revealed decreased proliferation of single positive and double positive T cells in those animals. Together, the reduced cortical area, decreased proliferation, and altered protein abundance suggest a dysfunctional thymic microenvironment where T cell migration, proliferation, and maturation are compromised, contributing for the thymic atrophy observed in malnourished animals. All these alterations could affect the control of the local and systemic infection, resulting in an impaired response to L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Losada-Barragán
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Grupo de Investigación en Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Umaña-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jonathan Durães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Cuervo-Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Vega
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Berbert
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Computational Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myriam Sánchez-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Farhadi SA, Hudalla GA. Engineering galectin-glycan interactions for immunotherapy and immunomodulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 241:1074-83. [PMID: 27229902 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216650055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a 15-member family of soluble carbohydrate-binding proteins, are receiving increasing interest as therapeutic targets for immunotherapy and immunomodulation due to their role as extracellular signals that regulate innate and adaptive immune cell phenotype and function. However, different galectins can have redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic signaling activity in normal immunological responses, such as resolution of inflammation and induction of antigen-specific tolerance. In addition, certain galectins can be hijacked to promote progression of immunopathologies, such as tumor immune privilege, metastasis, and viral infection, while others can inhibit these processes. Thus, eliciting a desired immunological outcome will likely necessitate therapeutics that can precisely enhance or inhibit particular galectin-glycan interactions. Multivalency is an important determinant of the affinity and specificity of natural galectin-glycan interactions, and is emerging as a key design element for therapeutics that can effectively manipulate galectin bioactivity. This minireview surveys current molecular and biomaterial engineering approaches to create therapeutics that can stabilize galectin multivalency or recapitulate natural glycan multivalency (i.e. "the glycocluster effect"). In particular, we highlight examples of using natural and engineered multivalent galectins for immunosuppression and immune tolerance, with a particular emphasis on treating autoimmune diseases or avoiding transplant rejection. In addition, we present examples of multivalent inhibitors of galectin-glycan interactions to maintain or restore T-cell function, with a particular emphasis on promoting antitumor immunity. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities to further engineer galectin-glycan interactions for immunotherapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen A Farhadi
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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9
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Thiemann S, Baum LG. Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do? Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:243-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
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10
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Almroth Wright, opsonins, innate immunity and the lectin pathway of complement activation: a historical perspective. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:450-9. [PMID: 27109231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two clinical tests - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the opsonic index - have long been known to non-specifically detect pathology based on their responsiveness to changes in serum proteins. In infections serum levels of specific antibodies increase. However, for healthy subjects Wright held that antibodies contributed minimally to opsonic activity (the complement-enhanced phagocytosis of microorganisms). The activity was present in newborn serum, was increased in the acute phase of an immune response prior to antibody increase, and was less specific. Furthermore, defective opsonization was associated with undue susceptibility to certain infections, for which a genetic basis was later found. With the demonstrations of complement-mediated lysis both of normal cells by foreign (plant) lectins, and of foreign cells (microorganisms) by animal lectins, it now appears that endogenous lectins correspond to the heat-stable component of Wright's serum opsonic activity. His work leads to the lectin pathway of complement activation with specificities limited to the recognition of relatively immutable surface sugars - predictable pathogen characters that contrast with the less predictable targets of the adaptive immune system.
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11
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Thiemann S, Man JH, Chang MH, Lee B, Baum LG. Galectin-1 regulates tissue exit of specific dendritic cell populations. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26216879 PMCID: PMC4566239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, dendritic cells emigrate from inflamed tissue across the lymphatic endothelium into the lymphatic vasculature and travel to regional lymph nodes to initiate immune responses. However, the processes that regulate dendritic cell tissue egress and migration across the lymphatic endothelium are not well defined. The mammalian lectin galectin-1 is highly expressed by vascular endothelial cells in inflamed tissue and has been shown to regulate immune cell tissue entry into inflamed tissue. Here, we show that galectin-1 is also highly expressed by human lymphatic endothelial cells, and deposition of galectin-1 in extracellular matrix selectively regulates migration of specific human dendritic cell subsets. The presence of galectin-1 inhibits migration of immunogenic dendritic cells through the extracellular matrix and across lymphatic endothelial cells, but it has no effect on migration of tolerogenic dendritic cells. The major galectin-1 counter-receptor on both dendritic cell populations is the cell surface mucin CD43; differential core 2 O-glycosylation of CD43 between immunogenic dendritic cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells appears to contribute to the differential effect of galectin-1 on migration. Binding of galectin-1 to immunogenic dendritic cells reduces phosphorylation and activity of the protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2, an effect that may also contribute to reduced migration of this subset. In a murine lymphedema model, galectin-1(-/-) animals had increased numbers of migratory dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes, specifically dendritic cells with an immunogenic phenotype. These findings define a novel role for galectin-1 in inhibiting tissue emigration of immunogenic, but not tolerogenic, dendritic cells, providing an additional mechanism by which galectin-1 can dampen immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Jeanette H Man
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Margaret H Chang
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Benhur Lee
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and the Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Linda G Baum
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD, Rosenzweig SD. Glycans Instructing Immunity: The Emerging Role of Altered Glycosylation in Clinical Immunology. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:54. [PMID: 26125015 PMCID: PMC4463932 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is an important epigenetic modifying process affecting expression, localization, and function of numerous proteins required for normal immune function. Recessive germline mutations in genes responsible for protein glycosylation processes result in congenital disorders of glycosylation and can have profound immunologic consequences. Genetic mutations in immune signaling pathways that affect glycosylation sites have also been shown to cause disease. Sugar supplementation and in vivo alteration of glycans by medication holds therapeutic promise for some of these disorders. Further understanding of how changes in glycosylation alter immunity may provide novel treatment approaches for allergic disease, immune dysregulation, and immunodeficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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13
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Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
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Adaptive immune activation: glycosylation does matter. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 9:776-84. [PMID: 24231619 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II are glycoproteins that can present antigenic peptides at the cell surface for recognition and activation of circulating T lymphocytes. Here, the importance of the modification of protein antigens by glycans on cellular uptake, proteolytic processing, presentation by MHC and subsequent T-cell priming is reviewed. Antigen glycosylation is important for a number of diseases and vaccine design. All of the key proteins involved in antigen recognition and the orchestration of downstream effector functions are glycosylated. The influence of protein glycosylation on immune function and disease is covered.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and common systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. Multiple proteins, cells, and pathways have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Galectins are a group of lectins that bind to β-galactoside carbohydrates on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. They are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and organs with the highest expression in the immune system. Galectins are potent immune regulators and modulate a range of pathological processes, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that several family members of galectins play positive or negative roles in the disease development of RA, through their effects on T and B lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In this review, we will summarize the function of different galectins in immune modulation and their distinct roles in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christopher D Koehn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Moreau A, Noble A, Ratnasothy K, Chai JG, Deltour L, Cuturi MC, Simpson E, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Absence of Galectin-1 accelerates CD8⁺ T cell-mediated graft rejection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2881-8. [PMID: 22865279 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a member of a family of endogenous β-galactose-binding proteins with a role in preventing autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. In this study, the involvement of Gal-1 in graft rejection was investigated by using Gal-1-deficient mice (Gal-1⁻/⁻). We demonstrate that in the absence of Gal-1, skin grafts are rejected earlier compared with those of WT mice, and that this is due to the role played by CD8⁺ T cells in graft rejection. The difference in graft survival observed between Gal-1⁻/⁻ and WT mice was explained by both an increase in the percentage of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and by preferential secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD8⁺ T cells in Gal-1⁻/⁻ mice compared with WT mice. This study suggests that endogenous expression of Gal-1 contributes to graft survival. The results obtained from the use of mice deficient in Gal-1 also confirm a key role for CD8⁺ T cells in graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Surls J, Nazarov-Stoica C, Kehl M, Olsen C, Casares S, Brumeanu TD. Increased membrane cholesterol in lymphocytes diverts T-cells toward an inflammatory response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38733. [PMID: 22723880 PMCID: PMC3378591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling for T-cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis is initiated in the cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane known as lipid rafts. Herein, we investigated whether enrichment of membrane cholesterol in lipid rafts affects antigen-specific CD4 T-helper cell functions. Enrichment of membrane cholesterol by 40–50% following squalene administration in mice was paralleled by an increased number of resting CD4 T helper cells in periphery. We also observed sensitization of the Th1 differentiation machinery through co-localization of IL-2Rα, IL-4Rα, and IL-12Rβ2 subunits with GM1 positive lipid rafts, and increased STAT-4 and STAT-5 phosphorylation following membrane cholesterol enrichment. Antigen stimulation or CD3/CD28 polyclonal stimulation of membrane cholesterol-enriched, resting CD4 T-cells followed a path of Th1 differentiation, which was more vigorous in the presence of increased IL-12 secretion by APCs enriched in membrane cholesterol. Enrichment of membrane cholesterol in antigen-specific, autoimmune Th1 cells fostered their organ-specific reactivity, as confirmed in an autoimmune mouse model for diabetes. However, membrane cholesterol enrichment in CD4+Foxp3+ T-reg cells did not alter their suppressogenic function. These findings revealed a differential regulatory effect of membrane cholesterol on the function of CD4 T-cell subsets. This first suggests that membrane cholesterol could be a new therapeutic target to modulate the immune functions, and second that increased membrane cholesterol in various physiopathological conditions may bias the immune system toward an inflammatory Th1 type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Surls
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cristina Nazarov-Stoica
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cara Olsen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sofia Casares
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Directorate–Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teodor-D. Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and the Biostatistics Counseling Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Regulatory circuits mediated by lectin-glycan interactions in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2012; 36:322-35. [PMID: 22444630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous regulatory programs have been identified that contribute to the restoration of homeostasis at the conclusion of immune responses and to safeguarding against the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. Malignant cells may usurp these pathways to create immunosuppressive networks that thwart antitumor responses. Herein we review the role of endogenous lectins (C-type lectins, siglecs, and galectins) and specific N- and O-glycans generated by the coordinated action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that together promote regulatory signals that control immune cell homeostasis. We also discuss the mechanisms by which glycan-dependent regulatory programs integrate into canonical circuits that amplify or silence immune responses related to autoimmunity and neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, are involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes (e.g. immunity, apoptosis, cellular signaling, development, angiogenesis and cellular growth) and diseases (e.g. chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer, infection). We discuss here how galectins contribute to the development of specialized microenvironmental niches during hematopoiesis. RECENT FINDINGS An expanding set of data strengthens a role of galectins in hematopoietic differentiation, particularly by setting specific interactions between hematopoietic and stromal cells: galectin-5 is found in reticulocytes and erythroblastic islands suggesting a major role during erythropoiesis; galectin-1 and 3 are involved in thymocyte apoptosis, signaling and intrathymic migration; galectin-1 plays critical roles in pre-BII cells development. Moreover, expression of galectins-1 and 10 are differentially expressed during T-regulatory cell development. Various galectins (3, 4, 5, 9) have been reported to be regulated during myelopoiesis and traffic into intracellular compartments, dictating the cellular distribution of specific glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. SUMMARY The abundance of galectins in both extracellular and intracellular compartments, their multifunctional properties and ability to form supramolecular signaling complexes with specific glycoconjugates, make these glycan-binding proteins excellent candidates to mediate interactions between hematopoietic cells and the stromal microenvironment. Their secretion by one of the cellular partners can modulate adhesive properties by cross-linking specific glycoconjugates present on stromal or hematopoietic cells, by favoring the formation of synapses or by creating glycoprotein lattices on the surface of different cell types. Their divergent specificities and affinities for various glycoproteins contribute to the multiplicity of their cellular interactions.
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Mobergslien A, Sioud M. Galectin-1 and -3 gene silencing in immature and mature dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and interferon-γ production. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:461-7. [PMID: 22167721 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs are specialized APCs capable of inducing T cell activation as well as promoting tolerance. Although Gal, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, were found to affect immunity, little is known about the contribution of DC-expressed Gal on T cell activation. Here, we show that human imDCs and mDCs constitutively express Gal-1, Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9 at mRNA and protein levels. Two of the most abundant Gal-Gal-1 and Gal-3-were highly expressed and detected on the cell surface of DCs. In contrast to Gal-8, knockdown of Gal-1 or Gal-3 in DCs enhanced allogeneic T cell responses. This was observed with imDCs and mDCs, but the effects were more pronounced with imDCs. Furthermore, allogeneic CD4(+) T cells incubated with Gal-1 or Gal-3 knockdown DCs produced more IFN-γ and less IL-10 than did control cells. The percentage of apoptotic T cells was significantly higher in cultures with control DCs than that with Gal-1 or Gal-3 knockdown DCs. Collectively, the data indicate that DC-expressed Gal-1 and Gal-3 are regulatory molecules that favor the inhibition of T cell activation. Furthermore, the data provide a new mechanism for the poor capacity of imDCs to stimulate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mobergslien
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet-Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Di Lella S, Sundblad V, Cerliani JP, Guardia CM, Estrin DA, Vasta GR, Rabinovich GA. When galectins recognize glycans: from biochemistry to physiology and back again. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7842-57. [PMID: 21848324 DOI: 10.1021/bi201121m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, increasing efforts have been devoted to the study of galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with multifunctional properties. Galectins function, either intracellularly or extracellularly, as key biological mediators capable of monitoring changes occurring on the cell surface during fundamental biological processes such as cellular communication, inflammation, development, and differentiation. Their highly conserved structures, exquisite carbohydrate specificity, and ability to modulate a broad spectrum of biological processes have captivated a wide range of scientists from a wide spectrum of disciplines, including biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, and physiology. However, in spite of enormous efforts to dissect the functions and properties of these glycan-binding proteins, limited information about how structural and biochemical aspects of these proteins can influence biological functions is available. In this review, we aim to integrate structural, biochemical, and functional aspects of this bewildering and ancient family of glycan-binding proteins and discuss their implications in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Di Lella
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologı́a, Instituto de Biologı́a y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Banh A, Zhang J, Cao H, Bouley DM, Kwok S, Kong C, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC, Le QT. Tumor galectin-1 mediates tumor growth and metastasis through regulation of T-cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4423-31. [PMID: 21546572 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a carbohydrate-binding protein whose secretion is enhanced by hypoxia, promotes tumor aggressiveness by promoting angiogenesis and T-cell apoptosis. However, the importance of tumor versus host Gal-1 in tumor progression is undefined. Here we offer evidence that implicates tumor Gal-1 and its modulation of T-cell immunity in progression. Comparing Gal-1-deficient mice as hosts for Lewis lung carcinoma cells where Gal-1 levels were preserved or knocked down, we found that tumor Gal-1 was more critical than host Gal-1 in promoting tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Enhanced growth and metastasis associated with Gal-1 related to its immunomodulatory function, insofar as the benefits of Gal-1 expression to Lewis lung carcinoma growth were abolished in immunodeficient mice. In contrast, angiogenesis, as assessed by microvessel density count, was similar between tumors with divergent Gal-1 levels when examined at a comparable size. Our findings establish that tumor rather than host Gal-1 is responsible for mediating tumor progression through intratumoral immunomodulation, with broad implications in developing novel targeting strategies for Gal-1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Banh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Liu SD, Lee S, La Cava A, Motran CC, Hahn BH, Miceli MC. Galectin-1-induced down-regulation of T lymphocyte activation protects (NZB x NZW) F1 mice from lupus-like disease. Lupus 2011; 20:473-84. [PMID: 21335401 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310388444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by a hyperactive immune system, including activation of autoreactive T and B cells. These studies demonstrate that administration of recombinant galectin-1, a β-galactose binding protein, to SLE-prone (NZB × NZW) F1 mice reduced lymphocyte activation, inhibited serum anti-double-stranded DNA(dsDNA) IgG antibody production, decreased the incidence of proteinuria, and increased survival rate. In addition, recombinant galectin-1'-treated mice had a higher frequency of Foxp3 expression, which suggested an increase in the percentage of peripheral regulatory T cells. Consistent with the finding that there were fewer activated T lymphocytes, ex vivo T cells from mice treated with recombinant galectin-1 exhibited less proliferation in response to TCR stimulation. Furthermore, these cells were less efficient at lipid raft clustering in response to TCR/CD28 engagement, consistent with published reports that galectin-1 can reorganize the synaptic contact to interfere with TCR signaling and activation to prevent T cell activation. Aged galectin-1-deficient mice had higher serum levels of antibodies against dsDNA, elucidating a role for endogenous galectin-1 in decreasing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Together, the findings highlight galectin-1 as a novel potential therapeutic immune modulator for treatment of lupus-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Liu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Thiemann S, Baum LG. The road less traveled: regulation of leukocyte migration across vascular and lymphatic endothelium by galectins. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:2-9. [PMID: 20859666 PMCID: PMC3064902 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte entry from the blood into inflamed tissues, exit into the lymphatics, and migration to regional lymph nodes are all crucial processes for mounting an effective adaptive immune response. Leukocytes must cross two endothelial cell layers, the vascular and the lymphatic endothelial cell layers, during the journey from the blood to the lymph node. The proteins and cellular interactions which regulate leukocyte migration across the vascular endothelium are well studied; however, little is known about the factors that regulate leukocyte migration across the lymphatic endothelium. Here, we will summarize evidence for a role for galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins, in regulating leukocyte migration across the vascular endothelium and propose that galectins are also involved in leukocyte migration across the lymphatic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) suppress proliferation and alloreactivity of T cells. Several signaling molecules and enzymes contribute to this effect. We focused on carbohydrate-protein interactions and investigated whether lectins are involved in immune modulation by MSC. Gene expression profiling of MSCs revealed that one of the most important lectins in this setting, galectin-1, was highly expressed. Galectin-1 protein was detected intracellularly and on the cell surface of MSCs. In addition, galectin-1 was released into the cell culture supernatant by MSCs. To analyze the functional role of galectin-1, a stable knockdown of galectin-1 in MSCs with use of a retroviral transfection system was established. Galectin-1 knockdown in MSCs resulted in a significant loss of their immunomodulatory properties, compared with MSCs infected with nontargeting control sequences. The galectin-1 knockdown partially restored the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. By contrast, the effect of MSCs on nonalloreactive natural killer (NK) cells was unaffected by down-regulation of galectin-1 expression. Furthermore, MSC-derived galectin-1 significantly modulated the release of cytokines involved in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and autoimmunity (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], IFNγ, interleukin-2 [IL-2], and IL-10. These results identify galectin-1 as the first lectin mediating the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on allogeneic T cells.
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Randall LM, Kenangalem E, Lampah DA, Tjitra E, Mwaikambo ED, Handojo T, Piera KA, Zhao ZZ, de Labastida Rivera F, Zhou Y, McSweeney KM, Le L, Amante FH, Haque A, Stanley AC, Woodberry T, Salwati E, Granger DL, Hobbs MR, Price RN, Weinberg JB, Montgomery GW, Anstey NM, Engwerda CR. Age-related susceptibility to severe malaria associated with galectin-2 in highland Papuans. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:117-24. [PMID: 20500087 DOI: 10.1086/653125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age and host genetics are important determinants of malaria severity. Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) has been associated with the development of cerebral malaria (CM) and other severe malaria (SM) syndromes. Mutations in genes regulating LTalpha production contribute to other acute vascular diseases and may contribute to malaria pathogenesis. METHODS We tested the association between rs7291467, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the LTalpha-related gene encoding galectin-2 (LGALS2), disease severity, and function in a case-control study of ethnic Highland Papuan adults and children with SM (n = 380) and asymptomatic malaria-exposed controls (n = 356) originating from a non-malaria-endemic region but residing in a lowland malaria-endemic area of Papua, Indonesia. RESULTS The LGALS2 SNP showed a significant association with susceptibility to SM (including CM), in children (odds ratio, 2.02 [95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.57]) but not in adults. In SM, the C allele at rs7291467 was associated with enhanced galectin-2 transcript levels. In a separate group of Tanzanian children originating from a malaria-endemic region, we found preservation of the major ancestral LGALS2 allele and no association with susceptibility to CM. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest differences in the inflammatory contribution to the development of SM between children and adults in the same population and potential differences between individuals originating from malaria-endemic and non-malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Randall
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, and The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D, Toscano MA, Croci DO, Dergan-Dylon S, Salatino M, Rabinovich GA. Dissecting the signal transduction pathways triggered by galectin-glycan interactions in physiological and pathological settings. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:1-13. [PMID: 20014236 DOI: 10.1002/iub.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of evolutionarily conserved animal lectins with pleiotropic functions and widespread distribution. Fifteen members have been identified in a wide variety of cells and tissues. Through recognition of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, these endogenous lectins can trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and migration. These cellular events are critical in a variety of biological processes including embryogenesis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and immunity and are substantially altered during tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. In addition, galectins can modulate intracellular functions and this effect involves direct interactions with distinct signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by this multifunctional family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins in selected physiological and pathological settings. Understanding the "galectin signalosome" will be essential to delineate rational therapeutic strategies based on the specific control of galectin expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Laderach
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina.
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Earl LA, Bi S, Baum LG. N- and O-glycans modulate galectin-1 binding, CD45 signaling, and T cell death. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2232-44. [PMID: 19920154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding protein highly expressed in the thymus, induces apoptosis of specific thymocyte subsets and activated T cells. Galectin-1 binds to N- and O-glycans on several glycoprotein receptors, including CD7, CD43, and CD45. Here we show that galectin-1 signaling through CD45, which carries both N- and O-glycans, is regulated by CD45 isoform expression, core 2 O-glycan formation and the balance of N-glycan sialylation. Regulation of galectin-1 T cell death by O-glycans is mediated through CD45 phosphatase activity. While galectin-1 signaling in cells expressing low molecular weight isoforms of CD45 requires expression of core 2 O-glycans (high affinity ligands for galectin-1), galectin-1 signaling in cells expressing a high molecular weight isoform of CD45 does not require core 2 O-glycans, suggesting that a larger amount of core 1 O-glycans (low affinity ligands for galectin-1) is sufficient to overcome lack of core 2 O-glycans. Furthermore, regulation of galectin-1 signaling by alpha2,6-sialylation of N-glycans is not solely dependent on CD45 phosphatase activity and can be modulated by the relative expression of enzymes that attach sialic acid in an alpha2,6- or alpha2,3-linkage. Thus, N- and O-glycans modulate galectin-1 T cell death by distinct mechanisms, and different glycosylation events can render thymocytes susceptible or resistant to galectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Earl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Rabinovich GA, Ilarregui JM. Conveying glycan information into T-cell homeostatic programs: a challenging role for galectin-1 in inflammatory and tumor microenvironments. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:144-59. [PMID: 19594634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved sophisticated mechanisms composed of several checkpoints and fail-safe processes that enable it to orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity, while at the same time limiting aberrant or unfaithful T-cell function. These multiple regulatory pathways take place during the entire life-span of T cells including T-cell development, homing, activation, and differentiation. Galectin-1, an endogenous glycan-binding protein widely expressed at sites of inflammation and tumor growth, controls a diversity of immune cell processes, acting either extracellularly through specific binding to cell surface glycan structures or intracellularly through modulation of pathways that remain largely unexplored. In this review, we highlight the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of the role of galectin-1 in distinct immune cell process, particularly those associated with T-cell homeostasis. Also, we emphasize findings emerging from the study of experimental models of autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, fetomaternal tolerance, and tumor growth, which have provided fundamental insights into the critical role of galectin-1 and its specific saccharide ligands in immunoregulation. Challenges for the future will embrace the rational manipulation of galectin-1-glycan interactions both towards attenuating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and recurrent fetal loss, while at the same overcoming immune tolerance in chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pang M, He J, Johnson P, Baum LG. CD45-mediated fodrin cleavage during galectin-1 T cell death promotes phagocytic clearance of dying cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7001-8. [PMID: 19454697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disassembly and phagocytic removal of dying cells is critical to maintain immune homeostasis. The factors that regulate fragmentation and uptake of dying lymphocytes are not well understood. Degradation of fodrin, a cytoskeletal linker molecule that attaches CD45 to the actin cytoskeleton, has been described in apoptotic cells, although no specific initiator of fodrin degradation has been identified. CD45 is a glycoprotein receptor for galectin-1, an endogenous lectin that can trigger lymphocyte apoptosis, although CD45 is not required for phosphatidylserine externalization or DNA degradation during galectin-1 death. In this study, we show that fodrin degradation occurs during galectin-1 T cell death and that CD45 is essential for fodrin degradation to occur. In the absence of CD45, or if fodrin degradation is prevented, galectin-1-induced cell death is not accompanied by membrane blebbing, although phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA degradation proceed, indicating that fodrin degradation occurs via a distinct pathway compared with the pathway that leads to these other hallmarks of cell death. Moreover, there is slower phagocytic uptake by macrophages of T cells in which fodrin degradation is prevented, relative to T cells in which CD45-mediated fodrin degradation occurs. These studies identify a novel role for CD45 in regulating cellular disassembly and promoting phagocytic clearance during galectin-1-induced T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Pang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Turning 'sweet' on immunity: galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:338-52. [PMID: 19365409 DOI: 10.1038/nri2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The function of deciphering the biological information encoded by the glycome, which is the entire repertoire of complex sugar structures expressed by cells and tissues, is assigned in part to endogenous glycan-binding proteins or lectins. Galectins, a family of animal lectins that bind N-acetyllactosamine-containing glycans, have many roles in diverse immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition, shaping the course of adaptive immune responses and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. How do galectins translate glycan-encoded information into tolerogenic or inflammatory cell programmes? An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying these functions will provide further opportunities for developing new therapies based on the immunoregulatory properties of this multifaceted protein family.
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Tribulatti MV, Cattaneo V, Hellman U, Mucci J, Campetella O. Galectin-8 provides costimulatory and proliferative signals to T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:371-80. [PMID: 19401394 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0908529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin (Gal) constitute a family of carbohydrate-recognizing molecules ubiquitously expressed in mammals. In the immune system, they regulate many processes such as inflammation, adhesion, and apoptosis. Here, we report the expression in the spleen of the two same Gal-8 splice variants described previously in the thymus. Gal-8 was found to induce two separate biological activities on T lymphocytes: a robust naive CD4(+) T cell proliferation in the absence of antigen and notably, a costimulatory signal that synergized the cognate OVA peptide in DO11.10 mice transgenic for TCR(OVA). The antigen-independent proliferation induced by Gal-8 displayed increased expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus suggesting the polyclonal expansion of Th1 and Th2 clones. The costimulatory effect on antigen-specific T cell activation was evidenced when the Gal and the peptide were assayed at doses suboptimal to induce T cell proliferation. By mass spectra analysis, several integrins and leukocyte surface markers, including CD45 isoforms, as well as other molecules specific to macrophages, neutrophils, and platelets, were identified as putative Gal-8 counter-receptors. Gal-8 triggered pZAP70 and pERK1/2. Moreover, pretreatment with specific inhibitors of CD45 phosphatase or ERK1/2 prevented its antigen-dependent and -independent T cell-proliferative activities. This seems to be associated with the agonistic binding to CD45, which lowers the activation threshold of the TCR signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings support a distinctive role for locally produced Gal-8 as an enhancer of otherwise borderline immune responses and also suggest that Gal-8 might fuel the reactivity at inflammatory foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Virginia Tribulatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liu SD, Tomassian T, Bruhn KW, Miller JF, Poirier F, Miceli MC. Galectin-1 Tunes TCR Binding and Signal Transduction to Regulate CD8 Burst Size. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5283-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Norambuena A, Metz C, Vicuña L, Silva A, Pardo E, Oyanadel C, Massardo L, González A, Soza A. Galectin-8 induces apoptosis in Jurkat T cells by phosphatidic acid-mediated ERK1/2 activation supported by protein kinase A down-regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12670-9. [PMID: 19276072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808949200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins have been implicated in T cell homeostasis playing complementary pro-apoptotic roles. Here we show that galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a potent pro-apoptotic agent in Jurkat T cells inducing a complex phospholipase D/phosphatidic acid signaling pathway that has not been reported for any galectin before. Gal-8 increases phosphatidic signaling, which enhances the activity of both ERK1/2 and type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4), with a subsequent decrease in basal protein kinase A activity. Strikingly, rolipram inhibition of PDE4 decreases ERK1/2 activity. Thus Gal-8-induced PDE4 activation releases a negative influence of cAMP/protein kinase A on ERK1/2. The resulting strong ERK1/2 activation leads to expression of the death factor Fas ligand and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Several conditions that decrease ERK1/2 activity also decrease apoptosis, such as anti-Fas ligand blocking antibodies. In addition, experiments with freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, previously stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, show that Gal-8 is pro-apoptotic on activated T cells, most likely on a subpopulation of them. Anti-Gal-8 autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus block the apoptotic effect of Gal-8. These results implicate Gal-8 as a novel T cell suppressive factor, which can be counterbalanced by function-blocking autoantibodies in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Norambuena
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ziegler A, Müller CA, Böckmann RA, Uchanska-Ziegler B. Low-affinity peptides and T-cell selection. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:53-60. [PMID: 19201651 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The dual requirement for T cells to recognize a particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen presenting a foreign peptide and to lack strong reactivity with a complex of the same molecule when bound to a self-peptide, is attained by thymic positive and negative selection processes, the molecular details of which are currently only partially understood. However, the discovery of the thymoproteasome and our improved understanding of the dynamics of peptide presentation permit us to suggest that the biophysical properties of the MHC:peptide class I complexes engaged in positive T-cell selection will be distinct from those involved in negative selection, hence imposing differential barriers for T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Galectin-glycan lattices regulate cell-surface glycoprotein organization and signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 36:1472-7. [PMID: 19021578 DOI: 10.1042/bst0361472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of multivalent complexes of soluble galectins with glycoprotein receptors on the plasma membrane helps to organize glycoprotein assemblies on the surface of the cell. In some cell types, this formation of galectin-glycan lattices or scaffolds is critical for organizing plasma membrane domains, such as lipid rafts, or for targeted delivery of glycoproteins to the apical or basolateral surface. Galectin-glycan lattice formation is also involved in regulating the signalling threshold of some cell-surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors and growth factor receptors. Finally, galectin-glycan lattices can determine receptor residency time by inhibiting endocytosis of glycoprotein receptors from the cell surface, thus modulating the magnitude or duration of signalling from the cell surface. This paper reviews recent evidence in vitro and in vivo for critical physiological and cellular functions that are regulated by galectin-glycoprotein interactions.
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Majji S, Thodima V, Arnizaut A, Deng Y, May W, Sittman D, Waldbieser GC, Hanson L, Cuchens MA, Bengten E, Chinchar VG. Expression profiles of cloned channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) lymphoid cell lines and mixed lymphocyte cultures. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:224-234. [PMID: 18824023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Clonal channel catfish lymphoid cell lines and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) have proven extremely useful in examining immune responses at the cellular and molecular levels. To date clonal catfish cell lines and MLCs have been biologically and phenotypically characterized using a variety of techniques including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as Northern and Southern blotting. To expand the molecular characterization of these cultures, microarray analysis was employed. Clonal B (3B11), macrophage (42TA), and cytotoxic T cell (TS32.15 and TS32.17) lines and MLCs were examined using a cDNA array containing approximately 2500 probes derived from EST libraries prepared from the 42TA macrophage cell line, a MLC, and 5-14-day-old catfish fry. Analysis showed that each cell line displayed a unique RNA expression profile that included a variety of immune-related genes. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that one cytotoxic T cell line (TS32.15) clustered with the MLC, whereas a second cytotoxic T cell line (TS32.17) was more closely associated with a second cluster containing B cells and macrophages. This study illustrates the utility of microarray analyses in profiling RNA expression patterns in catfish lymphoid cell lines and will serve as a platform for examining catfish immune responses following virus infection or poly [I:C] treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
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Abstract
Glycosylation produces a diverse and abundant repertoire of glycans, which are collectively known as the glycome. Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of all cells, and are highly regulated in the immune system. Their diversity reflects their multiple biological functions that encompass ligands for proteinaceous receptors known as lectins. Since the discovery that selectins and their glycan ligands are important for the regulation of leukocyte trafficking, it has been shown that additional features of the vertebrate immune system are also controlled by endogenous cellular glycosylation. This Review focuses on the emerging immunological roles of the mammalian glycome.
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Galectin-1: the decision maker. Nat Rev Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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