1
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Lau CM, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell memory. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:90-110. [PMID: 34908173 PMCID: PMC8955591 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the underlying mechanism by which the immune system remembers previous encounters with pathogens to produce an enhanced secondary response upon re-encounter. It stands as the hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system and the cornerstone of vaccine development. Classic recall responses are executed by conventional T and B cells, which undergo somatic recombination and modify their receptor repertoire to ensure recognition of a vast number of antigens. However, recent evidence has challenged the dogma that memory responses are restricted to the adaptive immune system, which has prompted a reevaluation of what delineates "immune memory." Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system have been at the forefront of these pushed boundaries, and have proved to be more "adaptable" than previously thought. Like T cells, we now appreciate that their "natural" abilities actually require a myriad of signals for optimal responses. In this review, we discuss the many signals required for effector and memory NK cell responses and the epigenetic mechanisms that ultimately endow their enhanced features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela M. Wiedemann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Luu TT, Wagner AK, Schmied L, Meinke S, Freund JE, Kambayashi T, Ravens I, Achour A, Bernhardt G, Chambers BJ, Höglund P, Kadri N. IL-15 and CD155 expression regulate LAT expression in murine DNAM1 + NK cells, enhancing their effectors functions. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:494-504. [PMID: 31834938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells characterized by their ability to spontaneously lyse tumor and virally infected cells. We have recently demonstrated that IL-15-sufficient DC regulate NK cell effector functions in mice. Here, we established that among ITAM-proximal signaling molecules, the expression levels of the scaffold molecule Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) and its transcription factor ELF-1 were reduced 4 days after in vivo depletion of DC. Addition of IL-15, a cytokine presented by DC to NK cells, regulates LAT expression in NK cells with a significant effect on the DNAM1+ subset compared to DNAM1- cells. We also found that LAT expression is regulated via interaction of the DNAM1 receptor with its ligand CD155 in both immature and mature NK cells, independently of NK cell education. Finally, we found that LAT expression within DNAM1+ NK cells might be responsible for enhanced calcium mobilization following the triggering of activating receptors on NK cells. Altogether, we found that LAT expression is tightly regulated in DNAM1+ NK cells, via interaction(s) with DC, which express CD155 and IL-15, resulting in rapid activation of the DNAM1+ subset during activating receptor triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Luu
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Schmied
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacquelyn E Freund
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Building 11, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Building 11, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinic for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Matalon O, Fried S, Ben-Shmuel A, Pauker MH, Joseph N, Keizer D, Piterburg M, Barda-Saad M. Dephosphorylation of the adaptor LAT and phospholipase C-γ by SHP-1 inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra54. [PMID: 27221712 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells discriminate between healthy cells and virally infected or transformed self-cells by tuning activating and inhibitory signals received through cell surface receptors. Inhibitory receptors inhibit NK cell function by recruiting and activating the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) to the plasma membrane. However, to date, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV1 is the only direct SHP-1 substrate identified in NK cells. We reveal that the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) as well as phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) and PLC-γ2 are SHP-1 substrates. Dephosphorylation of Tyr(132) in LAT by SHP-1 in NK cells abrogated the recruitment of PLC-γ1 and PLC-γ2 to the immunological synapse between the NK cell and a cancer cell target, which reduced NK cell degranulation and target cell killing. Furthermore, the ubiquitylation of LAT by the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b, which was induced by LAT phosphorylation, led to the degradation of LAT in response to the engagement of inhibitory receptors on NK cells, which abrogated NK cell cytotoxicity. Knockdown of the Cbl proteins blocked LAT ubiquitylation, which promoted NK cell function. Expression of a ubiquitylation-resistant mutant LAT blocked inhibitory receptor signaling, enabling cells to become activated. Together, these data identify previously uncharacterized SHP-1 substrates and inhibitory mechanisms that determine the response of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sophia Fried
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Maor H Pauker
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Noah Joseph
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Danielle Keizer
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Marina Piterburg
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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4
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Orr SJ, Burg AR, Chan T, Quigley L, Jones GW, Ford JW, Hodge D, Razzook C, Sarhan J, Jones YL, Whittaker GC, Boelte KC, Lyakh L, Cardone M, O'Connor GM, Tan C, Li H, Anderson SK, Jones SA, Zhang W, Taylor PR, Trinchieri G, McVicar DW. LAB/NTAL facilitates fungal/PAMP-induced IL-12 and IFN-γ production by repressing β-catenin activation in dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003357. [PMID: 23675302 PMCID: PMC3649983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens elicit cytokine responses downstream of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-coupled or hemiITAM-containing receptors and TLRs. The Linker for Activation of B cells/Non-T cell Activating Linker (LAB/NTAL) encoded by Lat2, is a known regulator of ITAM-coupled receptors and TLR-associated cytokine responses. Here we demonstrate that LAB is involved in anti-fungal immunity. We show that Lat2-/- mice are more susceptible to C. albicans infection than wild type (WT) mice. Dendritic cells (DCs) express LAB and we show that it is basally phosphorylated by the growth factor M-CSF or following engagement of Dectin-2, but not Dectin-1. Our data revealed a unique mechanism whereby LAB controls basal and fungal/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-induced nuclear β-catenin levels. This in turn is important for controlling fungal/PAMP-induced cytokine production in DCs. C. albicans- and LPS-induced IL-12 and IL-23 production was blunted in Lat2-/- DCs. Accordingly, Lat2-/- DCs directed reduced Th1 polarization in vitro and Lat2-/- mice displayed reduced Natural Killer (NK) and T cell-mediated IFN-γ production in vivo/ex vivo. Thus our data define a novel link between LAB and β-catenin nuclear accumulation in DCs that facilitates IFN-γ responses during anti-fungal immunity. In addition, these findings are likely to be relevant to other infectious diseases that require IL-12 family cytokines and an IFN-γ response for pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selinda J. Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Burg
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim Chan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Quigley
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gareth W. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Jill W. Ford
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah Hodge
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine Razzook
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sarhan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yava L. Jones
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gillian C. Whittaker
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly C. Boelte
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lyudmila Lyakh
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marco Cardone
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geraldine M. O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cuiyan Tan
- Experimental Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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5
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May RM, Okumura M, Hsu CJ, Bassiri H, Yang E, Rak G, Mace EM, Philip NH, Zhang W, Baumgart T, Orange JS, Nichols KE, Kambayashi T. Murine natural killer immunoreceptors use distinct proximal signaling complexes to direct cell function. Blood 2013; 121:3135-46. [PMID: 23407547 PMCID: PMC3630829 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-474361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways leading to natural killer (NK)-cell effector function are complex and incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the proximal signaling pathways downstream of the immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) bearing activating receptors. We found that the adaptor molecule SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76) is recruited to microclusters at the plasma membrane in activated NK cells and that this is required for initiation of downstream signaling and multiple NK-cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that 2 types of proximal signaling complexes involving SLP-76 were formed. In addition to the canonical membrane complex formed between SLP-76 and linker for activation of T cells (LAT) family members, a novel LAT family-independent SLP-76-dependent signaling pathway was identified. The LAT family-independent pathway involved the SH2 domain of SLP-76 and adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP). Both the LAT family-dependent and ADAP-dependent pathway contributed to interferon-gamma production and cytotoxicity; however, they were not essential for other SLP-76-dependent events, including phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-related kinase and cellular proliferation. These results demonstrate that NK cells possess an unexpected bifurcation of proximal ITAM-mediated signaling, each involving SLP-76 and contributing to optimal NK-cell function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/analysis
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Transport System y+/immunology
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Light Chains/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphoproteins/analysis
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M May
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Mahmood S, Kanwar N, Tran J, Zhang ML, Kung SKP. SHP-1 phosphatase is a critical regulator in preventing natural killer cell self-killing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44244. [PMID: 22952938 PMCID: PMC3432062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance of signals generated from the engaged activating and inhibitory surface receptors regulates mature NK cell activities. The inhibitory receptors signal through immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), and recruit phosphatases such as SHP-1 to inhibit NK cell activation. To directly examine the importance of SHP-1 in regulating activities and cell fate of mature NK cells, we used our established lentiviral-based engineering protocol to knock down the SHP-1 protein expression in primary C57BL/6NCrl cells. Gene silencing of the SHP-1 in primary NK cells abrogated the ability of ITIM-containing NK inhibitory receptors to suppress the activation signals induced by NK1.1 activating receptors. We followed the fates of stably transduced SHP-1 silenced primary NK cells over a longer period of time in IL-2 containing cultures. We observed an impaired IL-2 induced proliferation in the SHP-1 knockdown NK cells. More interestingly, these "de-regulated" SHP-1 knockdown NK cells mediated specific self-killing in a real-time live cell microscopic imaging system we developed to study NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro. Selective target recognition of the SHP-1 knockdown NK cells revealed also possible involvement of the SHP-1 phosphatase in regulating other NK functions in mature NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Computer Systems
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Silencing/drug effects
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Immunoassay
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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7
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Zhu M, Fuller DM, Ou-Yang CW, Sullivan SA, Zhang W. Tyrosine phosphorylation-independent regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated response by the transmembrane adaptor protein LAB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2733-41. [PMID: 22308309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of B cells (LAB)/non-T cell activation linker is a transmembrane adaptor protein that functions in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling. Published studies have shown that LAB has both positive and negative roles in regulating TCR and high-affinity Fc receptor-mediated signaling and cellular function. In this study, we showed that LAB was also expressed in dendritic cells and that LAB deficiency affected LPS-mediated signaling and cytokine production. LPS-mediated MAPK activation was enhanced in LAB(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These bone marrow-derived dendritic cells also produced more TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 than wild-type cells. Moreover, LAB(-/-) mice were hyperresponsive to LPS-induced septic shock. These data indicated that LAB has a negative role in LPS-mediated responses. By using LAB knockin mice, which harbor mutations at five membrane-distal tyrosines, we further showed that, in contrast to its role in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling, LAB function in LPS-mediated signaling pathway did not depend on its tyrosine phosphorylation. Our study suggested a novel mechanism by which LAB functions in the regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Fuller DM, Zhu M, Ou-Yang CW, Sullivan SA, Zhang W. A tale of two TRAPs: LAT and LAB in the regulation of lymphocyte development, activation, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2011; 49:97-108. [PMID: 21136199 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) link antigen receptor engagement to downstream cellular processes. Although these proteins typically lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, they are phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues following lymphocyte activation, allowing them to function as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-molecular signaling complexes. Among the many TRAPs that have been discovered in recent years, the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) family of adaptor proteins plays an important role in the positive and negative regulation of lymphocyte maturation, activation, and differentiation. Of the two members in this family, LAT is an indispensable component controlling T cell and mast cell activation and function; LAB (linker for activation of B cells), also called NTAL, is necessary to fine-tune lymphocyte activation and may be a key regulator of innate immune responses. Here, we review recent advances on the function of LAT and LAB in the regulation of development and activation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Fuller
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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9
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Hořejší V, Otáhal P, Brdička T. LAT - an important raft-associated transmembrane adaptor protein. Delivered on 6 July 2009 at the 34th FEBS Congress in Prague, Czech Republic. FEBS J 2010; 277:4383-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Höglund P, Brodin P. Current perspectives of natural killer cell education by MHC class I molecules. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:724-34. [PMID: 20818413 DOI: 10.1038/nri2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From the early days of natural killer (NK) cell research, it was clear that MHC genes controlled the specificity of mouse NK cell-dependent responses, such as the ability to reject transplanted allogeneic bone marrow and to kill tumour cells. Although several mechanisms that are involved in this 'education' process have been clarified, most of the mechanisms have still to be identified. Here, we review the current understanding of the processes that are involved in NK cell education, including how the host MHC class I molecules regulate responsiveness and receptor repertoire formation in NK cells and the signalling pathways that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Höglund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Orr SJ, McVicar DW. LAB/NTAL/Lat2: a force to be reckoned with in all leukocytes? J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:11-9. [PMID: 20643813 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LAB/NTAL/Lat2 is a transmembrane adaptor protein closely related to LAT. It is expressed in various myeloid and lymphoid cells, many of which also express LAT. Phosphorylation of LAB occurs following engagement of various ITAM- and non-ITAM-linked receptors and can play positive and negative roles following receptor engagement. LAT binds PLCγ directly, resulting in efficient Ca²+ flux and degranulation. However, LAB does not contain a PLCγ-binding motif and only binds PLCγ indirectly, possibly via Grb2, thereby resulting in suboptimal signaling. As LAT can signal more efficiently than LAB, competition between the 2 for space/substrates in the lipid rafts can attenuate signaling. This competition model requires coexpression of LAT; however, LAB is repressive, even in cells lacking substantial LAT expression such as macrophages and mature B cells. The reported interaction between LAB and the ubiquitin E3-ligase c-Cbl suggests 1 possible mechanism for LAT-independent inhibition by LAB, but such a model requires further investigation. Given the wide-reaching expression pattern of LAB, LAB has the ability to modulate signaling in virtually every type of leukocyte. Regardless of its ultimate mode of action, the potent regulatory capability of LAB proves this protein to be a complex adaptor that warrants continued, substantial scrutiny by biochemists and immunologists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selinda J Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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12
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Bostik P, Takahashi Y, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Innate immune natural killer cells and their role in HIV and SIV infection. HIV THERAPY 2010; 4:483-504. [PMID: 20730028 PMCID: PMC2922771 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense & Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles University School of Medicine, Hradec-Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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Fuller DM, Zhang W. Regulation of lymphocyte development and activation by the LAT family of adapter proteins. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:72-83. [PMID: 19909357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane adapter proteins (TRAPs) are critical components of signaling pathways in lymphocytes, linking antigen receptor engagement to downstream cellular processes. While these proteins lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, their phosphorylation following receptor ligation allows them to function as scaffolds for the assembly of multi-molecular signaling complexes. Many TRAPs have recently been discovered, and numerous studies demonstrate their roles in the positive and negative regulation of lymphocyte maturation, activation, and differentiation. One such example is the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) family of adapter proteins. While LAT has been shown to play an indispensable role in T-cell and mast cell function, the other family members, linker for activation of B cells (LAB) and linker for activation of X cells (LAX), are necessary to fine-tune immune responses. In addition to its well-established role in the positive regulation of lymphocyte activation, LAT exerts an inhibitory effect on T-cell receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, LAT, along with LAB and LAX, plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining tolerance. Here, we review recent data concerning the regulation of lymphocyte development and activation by the LAT family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Fuller
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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