1
|
Kreimendahl S, Pernas L. Metabolic immunity against microbes. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:496-508. [PMID: 38030541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, remodel the metabolism of their host to acquire the nutrients they need to proliferate. Thus, host cells are often perceived as mere exploitable nutrient pools during infection. Mounting reports challenge this perception and instead suggest that host cells can actively reprogram their metabolism to the detriment of the microbial invader. In this review, we present metabolic mechanisms that host cells use to defend against pathogens. We highlight the contribution of domesticated microbes to host defenses and discuss examples of host-pathogen arms races that are derived from metabolic conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Pernas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang W, Das NK, Radyk MD, Keeley T, Quiros M, Jain C, El-Derany MO, Swaminathan T, Dziechciarz S, Greenson JK, Nusrat A, Samuelson LC, Shah YM. Dietary Iron Is Necessary to Support Proliferative Regeneration after Intestinal Injury. J Nutr 2024; 154:1153-1164. [PMID: 38246358 PMCID: PMC11181351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue repair and regeneration in the gastrointestinal system are crucial for maintaining homeostasis, with the process relying on intricate cellular interactions and affected by micro- and macro-nutrients. Iron, essential for various biological functions, plays a dual role in tissue healing by potentially causing oxidative damage and participating in anti-inflammatory mechanisms, underscoring its complex relationship with inflammation and tissue repair. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to elucidate the role of low dietary iron in gastrointestinal tissue repair. METHODS We utilized quantitative iron measurements to assess iron levels in inflamed regions of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In addition, 3 mouse models of gastrointestinal injury/repair (dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, radiation injury, and wound biopsy) were used to assess the effects of low dietary iron on tissue repair. RESULTS We found that levels of iron in inflamed regions of both patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are elevated. Similarly, during gastrointestinal repair, iron levels were found to be heightened, specifically in intestinal epithelial cells across the 3 injury/repair models. Mice on a low-iron diet showed compromised tissue repair with reduced proliferation. In standard diet, epithelial cells and the stem cell compartment maintain adequate iron stores. However, during a period of iron deficiency, epithelial cells exhaust their iron reserves, whereas the stem cell compartments maintain their iron pools. During injury, when the stem compartment is disrupted, low iron levels impair proliferation and compromise repair mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Low dietary iron impairs intestinal repair through compromising the ability of epithelial cells to aid in intestinal proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Huang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan D Radyk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Theresa Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chesta Jain
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thaarini Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sofia Dziechciarz
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krepuska M, Mayer B, Vitale-Cross L, Myneni VD, Boyajian MK, Németh K, Szalayova I, Cho T, McClain-Caldwell I, Gingerich AD, Han H, Westerman M, Rada B, Mezey É. Bone marrow stromal cell-derived hepcidin has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3986. [PMID: 38368463 PMCID: PMC10874407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have immunomodulatory activities in numerous species and have been used in clinical trials. BMSCs also make antibacterial agents. Since hepcidin is known to have antimicrobial effects in fish, we wondered if it might also be used as an antimicrobial agent by mammalian BMSCs. In the present study, we show hepcidin expression in both mouse (mBMSC) and human BMSCs (hBMSC). We observed a hBMSC hepcidin-dependent degradation of ferroportin in HEK-293 reporter cells in vitro. In human and mouse bone marrows (BM) we detected hepcidin-positive BMSCs in close proximity to hematopoietic progenitors. The conditioned culture medium of hBMSCs significantly reduced bacterial proliferation that was partially blocked by a hepcidin-neutralizing antibody. Similarly, medium in which hepcidin-deficient (Hamp-/-) mouse BMSCs had been grown was significantly less effective in reducing bacterial counts than the medium of wild-type cells. In a zymosan-induced peritonitis mouse model we found that mBMSC-derived hepcidin reduced the number of invading polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the peritoneal cavity. Our results show that BMSC-derived hepcidin has antimicrobial properties in vitro and also reduces inflammation in vivo. We conclude that hepcidin should be added to the expanding arsenal of agents available to BMSCs to fight infections and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Krepuska
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Balázs Mayer
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Vamsee D Myneni
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Krisztián Németh
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ted Cho
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Gingerich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Éva Mezey
- National Institutes of Health, NIDCR, ASCS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang D, Kroemer G, Kang R. Ferroptosis in immunostimulation and immunosuppression. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:199-210. [PMID: 37424139 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides, particularly in the plasma membrane, leading to lytic cell death. While it plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and proper functioning of multicellular organisms, it can also contribute to tissue damage and pathological conditions. Although ferroptotic damage is generally recognized as an immunostimulatory process associated with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the occurrence of ferroptosis in immune cells or the release of immunosuppressive molecules can result in immune tolerance. Consequently, there is ongoing exploration of targeting the upstream signals or the machinery of ferroptosis to therapeutically enhance or inhibit the immune response. In addition to introducing the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, we will focus on the immune characteristics of ferroptosis in pathological conditions, particularly in the context of infection, sterile inflammation, and tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stefanache A, Lungu II, Butnariu IA, Calin G, Gutu C, Marcu C, Grierosu C, Bogdan Goroftei ER, Duceac LD, Dabija MG, Popa F, Damir D. Understanding How Minerals Contribute to Optimal Immune Function. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:3355733. [PMID: 37946846 PMCID: PMC10632063 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3355733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient mineral supply is vital not only for the innate immune system but also for the components of the adaptive immune defense, which encompass defense mechanisms against pathogens and the delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulation in the long term. Generally, a well-balanced diet is capable of providing the necessary minerals to support the immune system. Nevertheless, specific vulnerable populations should be cautious about obtaining adequate amounts of minerals such as magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium. Inadequate levels of these minerals can temporarily impair immune competence and disrupt the long-term regulation of systemic inflammation. Therefore, comprehending the mechanisms and sources of these minerals is crucial. In exceptional circumstances, mineral deficiencies may necessitate supplementation; however, excessive intake of supplements can have adverse effects on the immune system and should be avoided. Consequently, any supplementation should be approved by medical professionals and administered in recommended doses. This review emphasizes the crucial significance of minerals in promoting optimal functioning of the immune system. It investigates the indispensable minerals required for immune system function and the regulation of inflammation. Moreover, it delves into the significance of maintaining an optimized intake of minerals from a nutritional standpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Stefanache
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ionut-Iulian Lungu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Calin
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Street, Iasi 700511, Romania
| | - Cristian Gutu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Constantin Marcu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Carmen Grierosu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Street, Iasi 700511, Romania
| | | | - Letitia-Doina Duceac
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | | | - Florina Popa
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Daniela Damir
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao M, Zhao T, Zhang C, Li P, Wang J, Han J, Zhang N, Pang B, Liu S. Ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition in RUTIs: Tug-of-war between UPEC and host. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114859. [PMID: 37167722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main pathogen of recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs). Urinary tract infection is a complicated interaction between UPEC and the host. During infection, UPEC can evade the host's immune response and retain in bladder epithelial cells, which requires adequate nutritional support. Iron is the first necessary trace element in life and a key nutritional factor, making it an important part of the competition between UPEC and the host. On the one hand, UPEC grabs iron to satisfy its reproduction, on the other hand, the host relies on iron to build nutritional immunity defenses against UPEC. Ferritinophagy is a selective autophagy of ferritin mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4, which is not only a way for the host to regulate iron metabolism to maintain iron homeostasis, but also a key point of competition between the host and UPEC. Although recent studies have confirmed the role of ferritinophagy in the progression of many diseases, the mechanism of potential interactions between ferritinophagy in UPEC and the host is poorly understood. In this paper, we reviewed the potential mechanisms of ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition in the UPEC-host interactions. This competitive relationship, like a tug-of-war, is a confrontation between the capability of UPEC to capture iron and the host's nutritional immunity defense, which could be the trigger for RUTIs. Therefore, understanding ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition may provide new strategies for exploring effective antibiotic alternative therapies to prevent and treat RUTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory 9 Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory 9 Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiazhe Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiatong Han
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bo Pang
- International Medical Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gehrer CM, Mitterstiller AM, Grubwieser P, Meyron-Holtz EG, Weiss G, Nairz M. Advances in Ferritin Physiology and Possible Implications in Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4659. [PMID: 36902088 PMCID: PMC10003477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its advantageous redox properties, iron plays an important role in the metabolism of nearly all life. However, these properties are not only a boon but also the bane of such life forms. Since labile iron results in the generation of reactive oxygen species by Fenton chemistry, iron is stored in a relatively safe form inside of ferritin. Despite the fact that the iron storage protein ferritin has been extensively researched, many of its physiological functions are hitherto unresolved. However, research regarding ferritin's functions is gaining momentum. For example, recent major discoveries on its secretion and distribution mechanisms have been made as well as the paradigm-changing finding of intracellular compartmentalization of ferritin via interaction with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). In this review, we discuss established knowledge as well as these new findings and the implications they may have for host-pathogen interaction during bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaushik SR, Sahu S, Guha H, Saha S, Das R, Kupa RU, Kapfo W, Deka T, Basumatary R, Thong A, Dasgupta A, Goswami B, Pandey AK, Saikia L, Khamo V, Das A, Nanda RK. Low circulatory Fe and Se levels with a higher IL-6/IL-10 ratio provide nutritional immunity in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:985538. [PMID: 36713405 PMCID: PMC9878310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) patients show dysregulated immunity, iron metabolism, and anemia. In this study, circulatory cytokines, trace metals, and iron-related proteins (hepcidin, ferroportin, transferrin, Dmt1, Nramp1, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, hemojuvelin, aconitase, and transferrin receptor) were monitored in case (active tuberculosis patients: ATB) and control (non-tuberculosis: NTB and healthy) study populations (n = 72, male: 100%, mean age, 42.94 years; range, 17-83 years). Using serum elemental and cytokine levels, a partial least square discriminate analysis model (PLS-DA) was built, which clustered ATB patients away from NTB and healthy controls. Based on the PLS-DA variable importance in projection (VIP) score and analysis of variance (ANOVA), 13 variables were selected as important biosignatures [IL-18, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-12 (p70), IL-1β, copper, zinc, selenium, iron, and aluminum]. Interestingly, low iron and selenium levels and high copper and aluminum levels were observed in ATB subjects. Low circulatory levels of transferrin, ferroportin, and hemojuvelin with higher ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels observed in ATB subjects demonstrate an altered iron metabolism, which partially resolved upon 6 months of anti-TB therapy. The identified biosignature in TB patients demonstrated perturbed iron homeostasis with anemia of inflammation, which could be useful targets for the development of host-directed adjunct therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R. Kaushik
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukanya Sahu
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Hritusree Guha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Ranjit Das
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Rukuwe-u Kupa
- Healthcare Laboratory and Research Centre, Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - Wetetsho Kapfo
- Healthcare Laboratory and Research Centre, Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - Trinayan Deka
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rumi Basumatary
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Asunu Thong
- District Tuberculosis Centre, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - Arunabha Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Bidhan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Lahari Saikia
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India,Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vinotsole Khamo
- Healthcare Laboratory and Research Centre, Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - Anjan Das
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India,*Correspondence: Ranjan Kumar Nanda, ; Anjan Das,
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Ranjan Kumar Nanda, ; Anjan Das,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scharbaai-Vázquez R, J. López Font F, A. Zayas Rodríguez F. Persistence in Chlamydia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are important causes of acute and persistent/chronic infections. All Chlamydia spp. display a unique biphasic developmental cycle alternating between an infectious elementary body (EB) and a replicative form, the reticulate body (RB), followed by the multiplication of RBs by binary fission and progressive differentiation back into EBs. During its intracellular life, Chlamydia employs multiple mechanisms to ensure its persistence inside the host. These include evasion of diverse innate immune responses, modulation of host cell structure and endocytosis, inhibition of apoptosis, activation of pro-signaling pathways, and conversion to enlarged, non-replicative but viable “aberrant bodies” (ABs). Early research described several systems for Chlamydial persistence with a significant number of variables that make a direct comparison of results difficult. Now, emerging tools for genetic manipulations in Chlamydia and advances in global microarray, transcriptomics, and proteomics have opened new and exciting opportunities to understand the persistent state of Chlamydia and link the immune and molecular events of persistence with the pathogenesis of recurrent and chronic Chlamydial infections. This chapter reviews our current understanding and advances in the molecular biology of Chlamydia persistence.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao L, Huang H, Fan S, Zheng B, Wu J, Zhang J, Pi J, Xu JF. Ferroptosis: A mixed blessing for infectious diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:992734. [PMID: 36160441 PMCID: PMC9490125 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.992734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, it has been confirmed that the occurrence and development of infectious diseases are tightly associated with regulatory cell death processes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Ferroptosis, as a newly discovered form of regulatory cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is not only closely associated with tumor progression, but is also found to be tightly related to the regulation of infectious diseases, such as Tuberculosis, Cryptococcal meningitis, Malaria and COVID-2019. The emerging critical roles of ferroptosis that has been found in infectious disease highlight ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target in this field, which is therefore widely expected to be developed into new therapy strategy against infectious diseases. Here, we summarized the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and highlighted the intersections between host immunity and ferroptosis. Moreover, we illuminated the roles of ferroptosis in the occurrence and progression of different infectious diseases, which might provide some unique inspiration and thought-provoking perspectives for the future research of these infectious diseases, especially for the development of ferroptosis-based therapy strategy against infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanshao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Biying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Pi, ; Jun-Fa Xu,
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Pi, ; Jun-Fa Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Modified Fluoroquinolones as Antimicrobial Compounds Targeting Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126741. [PMID: 35743189 PMCID: PMC9224431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection and trachoma, an eye infection. Untreated infections can lead to sequelae, such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy in women and blindness. We previously enhanced the antichlamydial activity of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin by grafting a metal chelating moiety onto it. In the present study, we pursued this pharmacomodulation and obtained nanomolar active molecules (EC50) against this pathogen. This gain in activity prompted us to evaluate the antibacterial activity of this family of molecules against other pathogenic bacteria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacteria from the ESKAPE group. The results show that the novel molecules have selectively improved activity against C. trachomatis and demonstrate how the antichlamydial effect of fluoroquinolones can be enhanced.
Collapse
|
12
|
In vivo growth of Staphylococcus lugdunensis is facilitated by the concerted function of heme and non-heme iron acquisition mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101823. [PMID: 35283192 PMCID: PMC9052147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis has increasingly been recognized as a pathogen that can cause serious infection indicating this bacterium overcomes host nutritional immunity. Despite this, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding the iron acquisition mechanisms employed by S. lugdunensis, especially during infection of the mammalian host. Here we show that S. lugdunensis can usurp hydroxamate siderophores and staphyloferrin A and B from Staphylococcus aureus. These transport activities all required a functional FhuC ATPase. Moreover, we show that the acquisition of catechol siderophores and catecholamine stress hormones by S. lugdunensis required the presence of the sst-1 transporter-encoding locus, but not the sst-2 locus. Iron-dependent growth in acidic culture conditions necessitated the ferrous iron transport system encoded by feoAB. Heme iron was acquired via expression of the iron-regulated surface determinant (isd) locus. During systemic infection of mice, we demonstrated that while S. lugdunensis does not cause overt illness, it does colonize and proliferate to high numbers in the kidneys. By combining mutations in the various iron acquisition loci (isd, fhuC, sst-1, and feo), we demonstrate that only a strain deficient for all of these systems was attenuated in its ability to proliferate to high numbers in the murine kidney. We propose the concerted action of heme and non-heme iron acquisition systems also enable S. lugdunensis to cause human infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Park WR, Choi B, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Park MJ, Kim DI, Choi HS, Kim DK. Melatonin Regulates Iron Homeostasis by Inducing Hepcidin Expression in Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073593. [PMID: 35408955 PMCID: PMC8998539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal hormone, melatonin, plays important roles in circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. The hepatic peptide hormone, hepcidin, regulates iron homeostasis by triggering the degradation of ferroportin (FPN), the protein that transfers cellular iron to the blood. However, the role of melatonin in the transcriptional regulation of hepcidin is largely unknown. Here, we showed that melatonin upregulates hepcidin gene expression by enhancing the melatonin receptor 1 (MT1)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in hepatocytes. Interestingly, hepcidin gene expression was increased during the dark cycle in the liver of mice, whereas serum iron levels decreased following hepcidin expression. In addition, melatonin significantly induced hepcidin gene expression and secretion, as well as the subsequent FPN degradation in hepatocytes, which resulted in cellular iron accumulation. Melatonin-induced hepcidin expression was significantly decreased by the melatonin receptor antagonist, luzindole, and by the knockdown of MT1. Moreover, melatonin activated JNK signaling and upregulated hepcidin expression, both of which were significantly decreased by SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that luzindole significantly blocked melatonin-induced c-Jun binding to the hepcidin promoter. Finally, melatonin induced hepcidin expression and secretion by activating the JNK-c-Jun pathway in mice, which were reversed by the luzindole treatment. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of melatonin in the circadian regulation of hepcidin expression and iron homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Park
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.-R.P.); (B.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Byungyoon Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.-R.P.); (B.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yu-Ji Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.-R.P.); (B.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (M.-J.P.); (D.-I.K.)
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (M.-J.P.); (D.-I.K.)
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.-R.P.); (B.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2166; Fax: +82-62-530-2160
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lysosomal iron recycling in mouse macrophages is dependent upon both LcytB and Steap3 reductases. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1692-1707. [PMID: 34982827 PMCID: PMC8941456 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron that is stored in macrophages as ferritin can be made bioavailable by degrading ferritin in the lysosome and releasing iron back into the cytosol. Iron stored in ferritin is found as Fe3+ and must be reduced to Fe2+ before it can be exported from the lysosome. Here we report that the lysosomal reductase Cyb561a3 (LcytB) and the endosomal reductase six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 (Steap3) act as lysosomal ferrireductases in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 converting Fe3+ to Fe2+ for iron recycling. We determined that when lysosomes were loaded with horse cationic ferritin, reductions or loss of LcytB or Steap3 using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout technology resulted in decreased lysosomal iron export. Loss of both reductases was additive in decreasing lysosomal iron export. Decreased reductase activity resulted in increased transcripts for iron acquisition proteins DMT1 and transferrin receptor 1 (Tfrc1) suggesting that cells were iron limited. We show that transcript expression of LcytB and Steap3 is decreased in macrophages exposed to Escherichia coli pathogen UTI89, which supports a role for these reductases in regulating iron availability for pathogens. We further show that loss of LcytB and Steap3 in macrophages infected with UTI89 led to increased proliferation of intracellular UTI89 suggesting that the endolysosomal system is retaining Fe3+ that can be used for proliferation of intravesicular pathogens. Together, our findings reveal an important role for both LcytB and Steap3 in macrophage iron recycling and suggest that limiting iron recycling by decreasing expression of endolysosomal reductases is an innate immune response to protect against pathogen proliferation and sepsis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ho T, Nichols M, Nair G, Radford K, Kjarsgaard M, Huang C, Bhalla A, Lavigne N, Mukherjee M, Surette M, Macri J, Nair P. Iron in airway macrophages and infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2022; 23:8. [PMID: 35022042 PMCID: PMC8756761 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess pulmonary iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung disease, including asthma and COPD. An association between higher iron content in sputum macrophages and infective exacerbations of COPD has previously been demonstrated. Objectives To assess the mechanisms of pulmonary macrophage iron sequestration, test the effect of macrophage iron-loading on cellular immune function, and prospectively determine if sputum hemosiderin index can predict infectious exacerbations of COPD. Methods Intra- and extracellular iron was measured in cell-line-derived and in freshly isolated sputum macrophages under various experimental conditions including treatment with exogenous IL-6 and hepcidin. Bacterial uptake and killing were compared in the presence or absence of iron-loading. A prospective cohort of COPD patients with defined sputum hemosiderin indices were monitored to determine the annual rate of severe infectious exacerbations. Results Gene expression studies suggest that airway macrophages have the requisite apparatus of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. IL-6 and hepcidin play roles in pulmonary iron sequestration, though IL-6 appears to exert its effect via a hepcidin-independent mechanism. Iron-loaded macrophages had reduced uptake of COPD-relevant organisms and were associated with higher growth rates. Infectious exacerbations were predicted by sputum hemosiderin index (β = 0.035, p = 0.035). Conclusions We demonstrate in-vitro and population-level evidence that excess iron in pulmonary macrophages may contribute to recurrent airway infection in COPD. Specifically, IL-6-dependent iron sequestration by sputum macrophages may result in immune cell dysfunction and ultimately lead to increased frequency of infective exacerbation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-01929-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Ho
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Gayatri Nair
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Chynna Huang
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Anurag Bhalla
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Surette
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joseph Macri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The role of iron homeostasis in remodeling immune function and regulating inflammatory disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1806-1816. [PMID: 36654387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The essential trace element iron regulates a wide range of biological processes in virtually all living organisms. Because both iron deficiency and iron overload can lead to various pathological conditions, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated, and understanding this complex process will help pave the way to developing new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made with respect to elucidating the roles of iron and iron-related genes in the development and maintenance of the immune system. Here, we review the timing and mechanisms by which systemic and cellular iron metabolism are regulated during the inflammatory response and during infectious disease, processes in which both the host and the pathogen compete for iron. We also discuss the evidence and implications that immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells require sufficient amounts of iron for their proliferation and for mediating their effector functions, in which iron serves as a co-factor in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, mitochondrial respiration, posttranslational regulation, and epigenetic modification. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting ferroptosis, iron homeostasis and/or iron metabolism with respect to conferring protection against pathogen infection, controlling inflammation, and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoffmann A, Haschka D, Valente de Souza L, Tymoszuk P, Seifert M, von Raffay L, Hilbe R, Petzer V, Moser PL, Nairz M, Weiss G. Baseline iron status and presence of anaemia determine the course of systemic Salmonella infection following oral iron supplementation in mice. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103568. [PMID: 34488018 PMCID: PMC8426537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a major health concern. However, preventive iron supplementation in regions with high burden of infectious diseases resulted in an increase of infection related morbidity and mortality. METHODS We fed male C57BL/6N mice with either an iron deficient or an iron adequate diet. Next, they received oral iron supplementation or placebo followed by intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm). FINDINGS We found that mice with IDA had a poorer clinical outcome than mice on an iron adequate diet. Interestingly, iron supplementation of IDA mice resulted in higher bacterial burden in organs and shortened survival. Increased transferrin saturation and non-transferrin bound iron in the circulation together with low expression of ferroportin facilitated the access of the pathogen to iron and promoted bacterial growth. Anaemia, independent of iron supplementation, was correlated with reduced neutrophil counts and cytotoxic T cells. With iron supplementation, anaemia additionally correlated with increased splenic levels of the cytokine IL-10, which is suggestive for a weakened immune control to S.Tm infection. INTERPRETATION Supplementing iron to anaemic mice worsens the clinical course of bacterial infection. This can be traced back to increased iron delivery to bacteria along with an impaired anti-microbial immune response. Our findings may have important implications for iron supplementation strategies in areas with high endemic burden of infections, putting those individuals, who potentially profit most from iron supplementation for anaemia, at the highest risk for infections. FUNDING Financial support by the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Patrizia L Moser
- Institute of Pathology, INNPATH, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bezerra OCDL, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Mabunda N, Salomé G, de Sousa A, Kehdy FDSG, Sales-Marques C, Manta FSDN, Andrade RM, Ferreira LP, Leal-Calvo T, Cardoso CC, Nunes K, Gouveia MH, Mbulaiteve SM, Yeboah ED, Hsing A, Latini ACP, Leturiondo AL, Rodrigues FDC, Noronha AB, Ferreira CDO, Talhari C, Rêgo JL, Castellucci LCDC, Tarazona-Santos E, de Carvalho EF, Meyer D, Pinheiro RO, Jani IV, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009434. [PMID: 34449765 PMCID: PMC8396769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus-North; Salvador-Northeast; Rondonópolis-Midwest and Rio de Janeiro-Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 -recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima's D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Elena Alvarado-Arnez
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Research Coordination, Franz Tamayo University (UNIFRAZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Nédio Mabunda
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Graça Salomé
- Medical Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Amina de Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Carolinne Sales-Marques
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus H. Gouveia
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sam M. Mbulaiteve
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ann Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Talhari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jamile Leão Rêgo
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departament of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Meyer
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ilesh V. Jani
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhong Z, Luo D, Luo N, Li B, Fu D, Fan L, Li Z, Chen W, Mao H. Serum Hepcidin-25 and Risk of Mortality in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:684548. [PMID: 34222290 PMCID: PMC8245702 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.684548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased serum hepcidin-25 level is associated with excess mortality in hemodialysis patients. However, there is a dearth of published information about its predictive effect for survival in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of serum hepcidin-25 with the risk of mortality in PD patients. Methods: Serum hepcidin-25 level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a prospective cohort study of PD patients with stored serum samples at baseline. Multivariate linear regression model was used to determine clinical characteristics associated with serum hepcidin-25 concentration. We evaluated the relationship between serum hepcidin-25 and all-cause mortality using a Cox proportional hazards model and the relationship between hepcidin-25 and cardiovascular (CV) and infection-related deaths using competing-risks regression models. Results: In total, 513 PD patients were included in this study. The median serum hepcidin-25 level was 40.9 (17.9-85.9) ng/mL. Body mass index and serum ferritin were positively correlated with serum hepcidin-25 levels. During a median follow-up period of 64.1 months, 122 (24%) patients died, including 61 (50%) CV deaths and 32 (26%) infection-related deaths. In multivariable analysis, patients with the highest tertile of serum hepcidin-25 had a greater risk of all-cause [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.85, 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.14 to 3.00, P = 0.013] and infection-related mortality (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aSHR], 2.61; 95%CI, 1.01 to 6.76, P = 0.049) when compared with those in the second tertile. However, no significant relationship was observed between serum hepcidin-25 and CV mortality. Conclusions: Higher baseline serum hepcidin-25 level was associated with increased risk for all-cause and infection-related mortality in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongying Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rapid removal of phagosomal ferroportin in macrophages contributes to nutritional immunity. Blood Adv 2021; 5:459-474. [PMID: 33496744 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sequestration is an essential facet of host innate immunity. Macrophages play a critical role in controlling iron availability through expression of the iron transport protein ferroportin (FPN), which extrudes iron from the cytoplasm to the extracellular milieu. During phagocytosis, the limiting phagosomal membrane, which derives from the plasmalemma, can be decorated with FPN and, if functional, will move iron from the cytosol into the phagosome lumen. This serves to feed iron to phagocytosed microbes and would be counterproductive to the many other known host mechanisms working to starve microbes of this essential metal. To understand how FPN is regulated during phagocytosis, we expressed FPN as a green fluorescent protein-fusion protein in macrophages and monitored its localization during uptake of various phagocytic targets, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, human erythrocytes, and immunoglobulin G opsonized latex beads. We find that FPN is rapidly removed, independently of Vps34 and PI(3)P, from early phagosomes and does not follow recycling pathways that regulate transferrin receptor recycling. Live-cell video microscopy showed that FPN movement on the phagosome is dynamic, with punctate and tubular structures forming before FPN is trafficked back to the plasmalemma. N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, which disrupts soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated membrane fusion and trafficking, prevented FPN removal from the phagosome. Our data support the hypothesis that removal of FPN from the limiting phagosomal membrane will, at the cellular level, ensure that iron cannot be pumped into phagosomes. We propose this as yet another mechanism of host nutritional immunity to subvert microbial growth.
Collapse
|
22
|
Xia Y, Li Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, Chen S, Ma X, Yu M. Ironing Out the Details: How Iron Orchestrates Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669566. [PMID: 34054839 PMCID: PMC8149954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron fine-tunes innate immune responses, including macrophage inflammation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding about the iron in dictating macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, iron orchestrates macrophage polarization through several aspects, including cellular signaling, cellular metabolism, and epigenetic regulation. Therefore, iron modulates the development and progression of multiple macrophage-associated diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and liver diseases. Collectively, this review highlights the crucial role of iron for macrophage polarization, and indicates the potential application of iron supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in different inflammatory disorders relative to the balance of macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Díaz R, Troncoso J, Jakob E, Skugor S. "Limiting access to iron decreases infection of Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cells with bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis". BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:155. [PMID: 33849522 PMCID: PMC8043062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate hosts limit the availability of iron to microbial pathogens in order to nutritionally starve the invaders. The impact of iron deficiency induced by the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) was investigated in Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cells infected with the facultative intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. RESULTS Effects of the DFO treatment and P. salmonis on SHK-1 cells were gaged by assessing cytopathic effects, bacterial load and activity, and gene expression profiles of eight immune biomarkers at 4- and 7-days post infection (dpi) in the control group, groups receiving single treatments (DFO or P. salmonis) and their combination. The chelator appears to be well-tolerated by host cells, while it had a negative impact on the number of bacterial cells and associated cytotoxicity. DFO alone had minor effects on gene expression of SHK-1 cells, including an early activation of IL-1β at 4 dpi. In contrast to few moderate changes induced by single treatments (either infection or chelator), most genes had highest upregulation in the infected groups receiving DFO. The mildest induction of hepcidin-1 (antimicrobial peptide precursor and regulator of iron homeostasis) was observed in cells exposed to DFO alone, followed by P. salmonis infected cells while the addition of DFO to infected cells further increased the mRNA abundance of this gene. Transcripts encoding TNF-α (immune signaling) and iNOS (immune effector) showed sustained increase at both time points in this group while cathelicidin-1 (immune effector) and IL-8 (immune signaling) were upregulated at 7 dpi. The stimulation of protective gene responses seen in infected cultures supplemented with DFO coincided with the reduction of bacterial load and activity (judged by the expression of P. salmonis 16S rRNA), and damage to cultured host cells. CONCLUSION The absence of immune gene activation under normal iron conditions suggests modulation of host responses by P. salmonis. The negative effect of iron deficiency on bacteria likely allowed host cells to respond in a more protective manner to the infection, further decreasing its progression. Presented findings encourage in vivo exploration of iron chelators as a promising strategy against piscirickettsiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Díaz
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - José Troncoso
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Eva Jakob
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Dirdalsstranda 51, 4335, Dirdal, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghaffarieh A, Ciolino JB. Potential of Application of Iron Chelating Agents in Ophthalmic Diseases. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:157-161. [PMID: 33621147 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1887900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The investigations discussed in this review indicate that iron may exacerbate different eye diseases. Therefore, it is plausible that reducing cellular or body iron stores could influence disease pathogenesis, so it is logical to consider the iron chelators' potential protective role in the various ophthalmic diseases in the form of topical eye drops or slow releasing injectable compounds as an adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghaffarieh
- Ophthalmology, Cornea, External Disease & Refractive Surgery Fellow, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard University, USA
| | - Joseph B Ciolino
- Ophthalmology, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School Mass. Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu J, She P, Fu J, Peng C, Wu Y. Identification of Eltrombopag as a Repurposing Drug Against Staphylococcus epidermidis and its Biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1159-1167. [PMID: 33611618 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of nosocomial infections, and readily adheres to medical apparatus to form biofilms consisting of highly resistant persister cells. Owing to the refractory infections caused by S. epidermidis biofilms and persisters in immunosuppressed patients, it is crucial to develop new antimicrobials. In the present study, we analyzed the antimicrobial effects of the thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag (EP) against S. epidermidis planktonic cells, biofilms, and persister cells. EP was significantly toxic to S. epidermidis with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 8 μg/ml, and effectively inhibited the biofilms and persisters in a strain-dependent manner. In addition, EP was only mildly toxic to mammalian cells after 12 to 24 h treatment. It also partially synergized with vancomycin against S. epidermidis, which enhanced its antimicrobial effects and reduced its toxicity to mammalian cells. Taken together, EP is a potential antibiotic for treating refractory infections caused by S. epidermidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juhua Fu
- Department of Human Resources, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oppen K, Ueland T, Siljan WW, Skadberg Ø, Brede C, Lauritzen T, Aukrust P, Steinsvik T, Husebye E, Michelsen AE, Holter JC, Heggelund L. Hepcidin and Ferritin Predict Microbial Etiology in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab082. [PMID: 33880390 PMCID: PMC8043258 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron is crucial for survival and growth of microbes. Consequently, limiting iron availability is a human antimicrobial defense mechanism. We explored iron and iron-related proteins as potential biomarkers in community-acquired pneumonia and hypothesized that infection-induced changes in these potential biomarkers differ between groups of pathogens and could predict microbial etiology. Methods Blood samples from a prospective cohort of 267 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were analyzed for hepcidin, ferritin, iron, transferrin, and soluble transferrin receptor at admission, clinical stabilization, and a 6-week follow-up. A total of 111 patients with an established microbiological diagnosis confined to 1 microbial group (atypical bacterial, typical bacterial, or viral) were included in predictive analyses. Results High admission levels of ferritin predicted atypical bacterial versus typical bacterial etiology (odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–4.32; P = .014). Furthermore, hepcidin and ferritin predicted atypical bacterial versus viral etiology (hepcidin: OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.34–7.28, P = .008; ferritin: OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.28–4.45, P = .006). The findings were independent of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusions Hepcidin and ferritin are potential biomarkers of microbial etiology in community-acquired pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Oppen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Skadberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cato Brede
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Trine Lauritzen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude Steinsvik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Einar Husebye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Cato Holter
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pidwill GR, Gibson JF, Cole J, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620339. [PMID: 33542723 PMCID: PMC7850989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists, apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it can also cause a range of serious diseases. This requires an ability to circumvent the innate immune system to establish an infection. Professional phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are key innate immune cells which interact with S. aureus, acting as gatekeepers to contain and resolve infection. Recent studies have highlighted the important roles of macrophages during S. aureus infections, using a wide array of killing mechanisms. In defense, S. aureus has evolved multiple strategies to survive within, manipulate and escape from macrophages, allowing them to not only subvert but also exploit this key element of our immune system. Macrophage-S. aureus interactions are multifaceted and have direct roles in infection outcome. In depth understanding of these host-pathogen interactions may be useful for future therapeutic developments. This review examines macrophage interactions with S. aureus throughout all stages of infection, with special emphasis on mechanisms that determine infection outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Pidwill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Josie F Gibson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby Cole
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Iron in immune cell function and host defense. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 115:27-36. [PMID: 33386235 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The control over iron availability is crucial under homeostatic conditions and even more in the case of an infection. This results from diverse properties of iron: first, iron is an important trace element for the host as well as for the pathogen for various cellular and metabolic processes, second, free iron catalyzes Fenton reaction and is therefore producing reactive oxygen species as a part of the host defense machinery, third, iron exhibits important effects on immune cell function and differentiation and fourth almost every immune activation in turn impacts on iron metabolism and spatio-temporal iron distribution. The central importance of iron in the host and microbe interplay and thus for the course of infections led to diverse strategies to restrict iron for invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on how iron restriction to the pathogen is a powerful innate immune defense mechanism of the host called "nutritional immunity". Important proteins in the iron-host-pathogen interplay will be discussed as well as the influence of iron on the efficacy of innate and adaptive immunity. Recently described processes like ferritinophagy and ferroptosis are further covered in respect to their impact on inflammation and infection control and how they impact on our understanding of the interaction of host and pathogen.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fokam D, Aali M, Dickson K, Scott C, Holbein B, Zhou J, Lehmann C. The novel iron chelator, DIBI, attenuates inflammation and improves outcome in colon ascendens stent peritonitis-induced experimental sepsis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 76:241-261. [PMID: 32925011 DOI: 10.3233/ch-209207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host immune response to an infection. An ideal therapy would target both the underlying infection and the dysregulated immune response. DIBI, a novel iron-binding polymer, was specifically developed as an antimicrobial agent and has also demonstrated in vivo anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to further investigate the effects of DIBI with and without the antibiotic imipenem (IMI) in colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP)-induced experimental sepsis. METHODS Vehicle, DIBI and/or IMI were administered in C57BL/6 mice after CASP surgery. Intestinal leukocyte activation and capillary perfusion was evaluated by intravital microscopy. Moreover, bacterial load in peritoneal lavage fluid and blood, and plasma cytokine levels were assessed. In a second series of experiments, surgery to repair the colon was performed at 5 hr and these mice were followed for long-term survival over 7 days. RESULTS DIBI reduced leukocyte adhesion, improved capillary blood flow, and decreased key plasma cytokines levels. DIBI also improved survival of infected mice and greatly improved IMI efficacy. Survivors treated with IMI and DIBI were found to be free of systemic infection. CONCLUSIONS DIBI has promising potential for sepsis treatment including its use as a sole or an adjunct therapeutic with antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Fokam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Maral Aali
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cassidy Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Holbein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Chelation Partners Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou Y, Que KT, Tang HM, Zhang P, Fu QM, Liu ZJ. Anti-CD206 antibody-conjugated Fe 3O 4-based PLGA nanoparticles selectively promote tumor-associated macrophages to polarize to the pro-inflammatory subtype. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:298. [PMID: 33101492 PMCID: PMC7577077 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
M2 macrophages serve roles in inhibiting inflammation and promoting tumor development. Reversing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from M2- to M1-type polarization may provide an important strategy for tumor immunotherapy. The present study aimed to enhance antitumor immunity by targeting the concentration of iron in macrophages. Fe3O4-based poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles surface-modified with an anti-CD206 monoclonal antibody were prepared using the oil in water single-emulsion technique. Particle size was measured using a particle size analyzer, the ζ potential was determined using a ζ potential analyzer and the carrier rate of Fe3O4 was measured using an iron assay kit. The conjugation of anti-CD206, and the ability to target M2 macrophages were studied via immunofluorescence. Polarization indexes of the macrophages were detected using both western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and a mouse model with subcutaneous tumors was established to verify the antitumor effects of the nanoparticles in vivo. Nanoparticles had a mean diameter in the range of 260–295 nm, and the ζ potential values were between −19 and −33 mV. The Fe3O4 association efficiency ranged from 65–75%, whereas the anti-CD206 conjunction efficiency ranged from 65–70%. The immunofluorescence experiments were able to demonstrate the successful targeting of the M2 macrophages. The western blotting and RT-qPCR experiments identified that CD206-Fe3O4-PLGA and Fe3O4-PLGA promoted the expression of TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1β in the macrophages. The in vivo studies indicated that CD206-Fe3O4-PLGA nanoparticles were able to promote CD86 expression in TAMs, with CD86 being a specific marker of the M1 subtype. In summary, nanoparticles were characterized in the present study by their mean particle size, polydispersity index, ζ potential and morphology, as well as by their association with Fe3O4 and conjugation with the anti-CD206 monoclonal antibody. Collectively, the present results suggested that the nanoparticles were able to both target M2 macrophages and reverse the M2 polarization of the macrophages to the M1 phenotype via the release of coated iron-oxide particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Abdominal Hernia Surgery, The People's Hospital of Kai Zhou District, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Ting Que
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Ming Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Abdominal Hernia Surgery, The People's Hospital of Kai Zhou District, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Abdominal Hernia Surgery, The People's Hospital of Kai Zhou District, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Mei Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Abdominal Hernia Surgery, The People's Hospital of Kai Zhou District, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Jin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Grischa Y. Chen
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Janelle S. Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rauf A, Shariati MA, Khalil AA, Bawazeer S, Heydari M, Plygun S, Laishevtcev A, Hussain MB, Alhumaydhi FA, Aljohani ASM. Hepcidin, an overview of biochemical and clinical properties. Steroids 2020; 160:108661. [PMID: 32450084 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a peptide hormone which helps in regulating iron homeostasis in the human body. Iron obtained from daily diet is passed through the intestinal enterocyte apical membrane via divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which is either stored as ferritin or moved into the plasma by hepcidin-ferroportin (Fpn) as an exporter. Hepcidin (hepatic bactericidal protein) is a cysteine rich peptide, was initially identified as a urinary antimicrobial peptide. It contains 25 amino acids and four disulfide bridges. It has significant role in regulation of iron in the body. Stimulation of iron in plasma and further its storage is linked with the production of hepcidin. This enhancement of iron hampers the absorption of iron from the diet. The cause of hereditary recessive anemia also known as Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is characterized by increased hepcidin production due to a gene mutation in the suppressor matriptase-2/TMPRSS6. During infection, hepcidin plays a defensive role against various infections by depleting the extracellular iron from the body. Moreover, hepcidin lowers the concentrations of iron from the duodenal enterocytes, macrophages and also decrease its transport across the placenta.This review highlights the significant role of hepcidin in the iron homeostasis and as an antimicrobial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University Named After I.S. Turgenev, 302026 Orel, Russia
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mojtaba Heydari
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sergey Plygun
- Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University Named After I.S. Turgenev, 302026 Orel, Russia; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel 4051, Switzerland; Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Region 143050, Russia
| | - Alexy Laishevtcev
- Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University Named After I.S. Turgenev, 302026 Orel, Russia; Federal Research Center - All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after K.I. Skryabin and Y.R. Kovalenko of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109428, Russia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hussain
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva RCMC, Travassos LH, Paiva CN, Bozza MT. Heme oxygenase-1 in protozoan infections: A tale of resistance and disease tolerance. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008599. [PMID: 32692767 PMCID: PMC7373268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO-1) mediates the enzymatic cleavage of heme, a molecule with proinflammatory and prooxidant properties. HO-1 activity deeply impacts host capacity to tolerate infection through reduction of tissue damage or affecting resistance, the ability of the host to control pathogen loads. In this Review, we will discuss the contribution of HO-1 in different and complex protozoan infections, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and toxoplasmosis. The complexity of these infections and the pleiotropic effects of HO-1 constitute an interesting area of study and an opportunity for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C. M. C. Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Leonardo H. Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia N. Paiva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Seguin A, Jia X, Earl AM, Li L, Wallace J, Qiu A, Bradley T, Shrestha R, Troadec MB, Hockin M, Titen S, Warner DE, Dowdle PT, Wohlfahrt ME, Hillas E, Firpo MA, Phillips JD, Kaplan J, Paw BH, Barasch J, Ward DM. The mitochondrial metal transporters mitoferrin1 and mitoferrin2 are required for liver regeneration and cell proliferation in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11002-11020. [PMID: 32518166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron import is essential for iron-sulfur cluster formation and heme biosynthesis. Two nuclear-encoded vertebrate mitochondrial high-affinity iron importers, mitoferrin1 (Mfrn1) and Mfrn2, have been identified in mammals. In mice, the gene encoding Mfrn1, solute carrier family 25 member 37 (Slc25a37), is highly expressed in sites of erythropoiesis, and whole-body Slc25a37 deletion leads to lethality. Here, we report that mice with a deletion of Slc25a28 (encoding Mfrn2) are born at expected Mendelian ratios, but show decreased male fertility due to reduced sperm numbers and sperm motility. Mfrn2 -/- mice placed on a low-iron diet exhibited reduced mitochondrial manganese, cobalt, and zinc levels, but not reduced iron. Hepatocyte-specific loss of Slc25a37 (encoding Mfrn1) in Mfrn2 -/- mice did not affect animal viability, but resulted in a 40% reduction in mitochondrial iron and reduced levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins. Placing animals on a low-iron diet exaggerated the reduction in mitochondrial iron observed in liver-specific Mfrn1/2-knockout animals. Mfrn1 -/-/Mfrn2 -/- bone marrow-derived macrophages or skin fibroblasts in vitro were unable to proliferate, and overexpression of Mfrn1-GFP or Mfrn2-GFP prevented this proliferation defect. Loss of both mitoferrins in hepatocytes dramatically reduced regeneration in the adult mouse liver, further supporting the notion that both mitoferrins transport iron and that their absence limits proliferative capacity of mammalian cells. We conclude that Mfrn1 and Mfrn2 contribute to mitochondrial iron homeostasis and are required for high-affinity iron import during active proliferation of mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Seguin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xuan Jia
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Aubree M Earl
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Liangtao Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jared Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andong Qiu
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Bradley
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rishna Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- University Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France.,CHRU Brest, Service of Genetics, Laboratory of Chromosome Genetics, Brest, France
| | - Matt Hockin
- Department of Human Genetics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simon Titen
- Department of Human Genetics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dave E Warner
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P Tom Dowdle
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Martin E Wohlfahrt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine Hillas
- Department of General Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of General Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John D Phillips
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jerry Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Barry H Paw
- Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Diane M Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gan Z, Tang X, Wang Z, Li J, Wang Z, Du H. Regulation of macrophage iron homeostasis is associated with the localization of bacteria. Metallomics 2020; 11:454-461. [PMID: 30617365 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron not only plays an important role in the physiological function of organisms but also is an essential nutrient for the growth of pathogens. There is a competing relationship between organisms and pathogens for the use of iron in the case of infection. The macrophage, as the first immune cell found to participate in iron metabolism, has a precise regulation system to maintain iron homeostasis in response to pathogen infection. However, few studies have compared the effects of different types of bacterial infections on the iron homeostasis of macrophages. In this study, we investigated the changes in the iron regulation of the macrophage 3D4/2 by the infection of the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli K88 (E. coli K88) and the intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). We found that S. typhimurium infection reduced the uptake of extracellular iron, promoted the outflow transport of intracellular iron, and decreased the free iron ions for intracellular bacterial proliferation and utilization. However, the infection of E. coli K88 reversed iron regulation by promoting the uptake of extracellular iron, reducing the extracellular transport of intracellular iron and increasing the storage of iron in 3D4/2. The results demonstrated that macrophages had completely opposing regulations of iron metabolism in response to intracellular and extracellular bacteria. It suggested that the diversion of cellular iron traffic would be considered as an important defense mechanism for macrophages to reduce iron availability for bacteria, and the resistance of iron spread or the interruption of the assimilation of iron by bacteria would be beneficial in developing therapeutics for bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshun Gan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Leventhal GE, Ackermann M, Schiessl KT. Why microbes secrete molecules to modify their environment: the case of iron-chelating siderophores. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180674. [PMID: 30958157 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microorganisms secrete molecules that interact with resources outside of the cell. This includes, for example, enzymes that degrade polymers like chitin, and chelators that bind trace metals like iron. In contrast to direct uptake via the cell surface, such release strategies entail the risk of losing the secreted molecules to environmental sinks, including 'cheating' genotypes. Nevertheless, such secretion strategies are widespread, even in the well-mixed marine environment. Here, we investigate the benefits of a release strategy whose efficiency has frequently been questioned: iron uptake in the ocean by secretion of iron chelators called siderophores. We asked the question whether the release itself is essential for the function of siderophores, which could explain why this risky release strategy is widespread. We developed a reaction-diffusion model to determine the impact of siderophore release on iron uptake from the predominant iron sources in marine environments, colloidal or particulate iron, formed due to poor iron solubility. We found that release of siderophores is essential to accelerate iron uptake, as secreted siderophores transform slowly diffusing large iron particles to small, quickly diffusing iron-siderophore complexes. In addition, we found that cells can synergistically share their siderophores, depending on their distance and the size of the iron sources. Our study helps understand why release of siderophores is so widespread: even though a large fraction of siderophores is lost, the solubilization of iron through secreted siderophores can efficiently increase iron uptake, especially if siderophores are produced cooperatively by several cells. Overall, resource uptake mediated via release of molecules transforming their substrate could be essential to overcome diffusion limitation specifically in the cases of large, aggregated resources. In addition, we find that including the reaction of the released molecule with the substrate can impact the result of cooperative and competitive interactions, making our model also relevant for release-based uptake of other substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Leventhal
- 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge, MA , USA.,2 Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Martin Ackermann
- 3 Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland.,4 Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Konstanze T Schiessl
- 3 Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland.,4 Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , Dübendorf , Switzerland.,5 Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Type I Interferon Response Dysregulates Host Iron Homeostasis and Enhances Candida glabrata Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:454-466.e8. [PMID: 32075740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-I) fulfil multiple protective functions during pathogenic infections, but they can also cause detrimental effects and enhance immunopathology. Here, we report that IFNs-I promote the dysregulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages during systemic infections with the intracellular pathogen Candida glabrata, leading to fungal survival and persistence. By engaging JAK1, IFNs-I disturb the balance of the transcriptional activator NRF2 and repressor BACH1 to induce downregulation of the key iron exporter Fpn1 in macrophages. This leads to enhanced iron accumulation in the phagolysosome and failure to restrict fungal access to iron pools. As a result, C. glabrata acquires iron via the Sit1/Ftr1 iron transporter system, facilitating fungal intracellular replication and immune evasion. Thus, IFNs-I are central regulators of iron homeostasis, which can impact infection, and restricting iron bioavailability may offer therapeutic strategies to combat invasive fungal infections.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen H, Wen Y, Li Z. Clear Victory for Chlamydia: The Subversion of Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1412. [PMID: 31333596 PMCID: PMC6619438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, members of the Chlamydia genera are the pivotal triggers for a wide range of infections, which can lead to blinding trachoma, pelvic inflammation, and respiratory diseases. Because of their restricted parasitism inside eukaryotic cells, the pathogens have to develop multiple strategies for adaptation with the hostile intracellular environment—intrinsically present in all host cells—to survive. The strategies that are brought into play at different stages of chlamydial development mainly involve interfering with diverse innate immune responses, such as innate immune recognition, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, as well as the manipulation of innate immune cells to serve as potential niches for chlamydial replication. This review will focus on the innate immune responses against chlamydial infection, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms used by the Chlamydia spp. to counteract host innate immune defenses. Insights into these subtle pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a rationale for the augmentation of immune responses against chlamydial infection but also open avenues for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the survival of these clinically important pathogens in host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khajanchi BK, Xu J, Grim CJ, Ottesen AR, Ramachandran P, Foley SL. Global transcriptomic analyses of Salmonella enterica in Iron-depleted and Iron-rich growth conditions. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:490. [PMID: 31195964 PMCID: PMC6567447 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica possess several iron acquisition systems, encoded on the chromosome and plasmids. Recently, we demonstrated that incompatibility group (Inc) FIB plasmid-encoded iron acquisition systems (Sit and aerobactin) likely play an important role in persistence of Salmonella in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). In this study, we sought to determine global transcriptome analyses of S. enterica in iron-rich (IR) and iron-depleted (ID) growth conditions. Results The number of differentially-expressed genes were substantially higher for recipient (SE819) (n = 966) and transconjugant (TC) (n = 945) compared to the wild type (WT) (SE163A) (n = 110) strain in ID as compared to IR growth conditions. Several virulence-associated factors including T3SS, flagellin, cold-shock protein (cspE), and regulatory genes were upregulated in TC in ID compared to IR conditions. Whereas, IS1 and acrR/tetR transposases located on the IncFIB plasmid, ferritin and several regulatory genes were downregulated in TC in ID conditions. Enterobactin transporter (entS), iron ABC transporter (fepCD), colicin transporter, IncFIB-encoded enolase, cyclic di-GMP regulator (cdgR) and other regulatory genes of the WT strain were upregulated in ID compared to IR conditions. Conversely, ferritin, ferrous iron transport protein A (feoA), IncFIB-encoded IS1 and acrR/tetR transposases and ArtA toxin of WT were downregulated in ID conditions. SDS-PAGE coupled with LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that siderophore receptor proteins such as chromosomally-encoded IroN and, IncFIB-encoded IutA were upregulated in WT and TC in ID growth conditions. Both chromosome and IncFIB plasmid-encoded SitA was overexpressed in WT, but not in TC or recipient in ID conditions. Increased expression of flagellin was detected in recipient and TC, but not in WT in ID conditions. Conclusion Iron concentrations in growth media influenced differential gene expressions both at transcriptional and translational levels, including genes encoded on the IncFIB plasmid. Limited iron availability within the host may promote pathogenic Salmonella to differentially express subsets of genes encoded by chromosome and/or plasmids, facilitating establishment of successful infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5768-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijay K Khajanchi
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
| | - Joshua Xu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Emerging role of the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor gamma in liver metabolic diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
Núñez G, Sakamoto K, Soares MP. Innate Nutritional Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:11-18. [PMID: 29914937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for both microbes and their hosts. The biologic importance of Fe derives from its inherent ability to act as a universal redox catalyst, co-opted in a variety of biochemical processes critical to maintain life. Animals evolved several mechanisms to retain and limit Fe availability to pathogenic microbes, a resistance mechanism termed "nutritional immunity." Likewise, pathogenic microbes coevolved to deploy diverse and efficient mechanisms to acquire Fe from their hosts and in doing so overcome nutritional immunity. In this review, we discuss how the innate immune system regulates Fe metabolism to withhold Fe from pathogenic microbes and how strategies used by pathogens to acquire Fe circumvent these resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sass G, Ansari SR, Dietl AM, Déziel E, Haas H, Stevens DA. Intermicrobial interaction: Aspergillus fumigatus siderophores protect against competition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216085. [PMID: 31067259 PMCID: PMC6505954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are pathogens frequently co-inhabiting immunocompromised patient airways, particularly in people with cystic fibrosis. Both microbes depend on the availability of iron, and compete for iron in their microenvironment. We showed previously that the P. aeruginosa siderophore pyoverdine is the main instrument in battling A. fumigatus biofilms, by iron chelation and denial of iron to the fungus. Here we show that A. fumigatus siderophores defend against anti-fungal P. aeruginosa effects. P. aeruginosa supernatants produced in the presence of wildtype A. fumigatus planktonic supernatants (Afsup) showed less activity against A. fumigatus biofilms than P. aeruginosa supernatants without Afsup, despite higher production of pyoverdine by P. aeruginosa. Supernatants of A. fumigatus cultures lacking the sidA gene (AfΔsidA), unable to produce hydroxamate siderophores, were less capable of protecting A. fumigatus biofilms from P. aeruginosa supernatants and pyoverdine. AfΔsidA biofilm was more sensitive towards inhibitory effects of pyoverdine, the iron chelator deferiprone (DFP), or amphothericin B than wildtype A. fumigatus biofilm. Supplementation of sidA-deficient A. fumigatus biofilm with A. fumigatus siderophores restored resistance to pyoverdine. The A. fumigatus siderophore production inhibitor celastrol sensitized wildtype A. fumigatus biofilms towards the anti-fungal activity of DFP. In conclusion, A. fumigatus hydroxamate siderophores play a pivotal role in A. fumigatus competition for iron against P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shajia R. Ansari
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Anna-Maria Dietl
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eric Déziel
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sheldon JR, Skaar EP. Metals as phagocyte antimicrobial effectors. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:1-9. [PMID: 31063946 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are essential to bacterial pathogens and their hosts alike but are harmful in excess. In an effort to curtail the replication of intracellular bacteria, host phagocytes exploit both the essentiality and toxicity of transition metals. In the paradigmatic description of nutritional immunity, iron and manganese are withheld from phagosomes to starve microbial invaders of these nutrients. Conversely, the destructive properties of copper and zinc appear to be harnessed by phagocytes, where these metals are delivered in excess to phagosomes to intoxicate internalized bacteria. Here, we briefly summarize key players in metal withholding from intracellular pathogens, before focusing on recent findings supporting the function of copper and zinc as phagocyte antimicrobial effectors. The mechanisms of copper and zinc toxicity are explored, along with strategies employed by intracellular bacterial pathogens to avoid killing by these metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Sheldon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Regulation of Iron Uptake by Fine-Tuning the Iron Responsiveness of the Iron Sensor Fur. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03026-18. [PMID: 30824449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03026-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is one of most abundant environmental metal ions but is highly limited in organisms. It is an important metal ion as it facilitates various biological processes, including catalysis of metabolic enzymes and DNA biogenesis. In bacteria, the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein controls iron uptake by regulating genes coding for iron transporters in response to iron concentration. This iron response is ascribed to Fur's intrinsic affinity for iron because its binding to iron dictates its regulatory function. However, we now report that the pathogen Salmonella achieves a proper response of Fur to changes in environmental iron concentrations via EIIANtr (a nitrogen metabolic phosphotransferase system component). We establish that EIIANtr increases expression of iron transporter-coding genes under low-iron conditions (i.e., nanomolar ranges) in a Fur-dependent manner, which promotes Salmonella growth under such conditions. EIIANtr directly hampers Fur binding to DNA, thereby inducing expression of those genes. This regulation allows Salmonella to express Fur-regulated genes under low-iron conditions. Our findings reveal a potentially widespread control mechanism of bacterial iron uptake systems operating in response to iron availability.IMPORTANCE Iron is a fundamental metal ion for living organisms as it facilitates various biological processes. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein controls iron homeostasis in various bacterial species. It is believed that Fur's iron-dependent regulatory action is sufficient for it to function as an iron sensor. However, we now establish that the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enables Fur to properly reflect changes in surrounding iron availability by fine-tuning its responsiveness to iron. This process requires a protein that hampers Fur DNA binding at low iron concentrations. In this way, Salmonella broadens the range of iron concentrations that Fur responds to. Our findings reveal a potentially widespread control mechanism of bacterial iron homeostasis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Vela D. Systemic and local hepcidin as emerging and important peptides in renal homeostasis and pathology. Biofactors 2019; 45:118-134. [PMID: 30461080 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the importance of hepcidin goes beyond its classical role in controlling systemic iron metabolism. Local hepcidins are emerging as important peptides for organ homeostasis in the brain, heart, blood vessels, and in cancer as well. Similarly, accumulating data indicate that hepcidin does seem to be an important factor in renal homeostasis. This review encompasses present knowledge concerning the role of hepcidin in renoprotection and its use as a biomarker of kidney diseases. Understanding the role of hepcidin in kidneys is important due to its relevance for kidney physiology and its potential therapeutic application in kidney pathologies. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):118-134, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Iron in Lung Pathology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010030. [PMID: 30781366 PMCID: PMC6469192 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung presents a unique challenge for iron homeostasis. The entire airway is in direct contact with the environment and its iron particulate matter and iron-utilizing microbes. However, the homeostatic and adaptive mechanisms of pulmonary iron regulation are poorly understood. This review provides an overview of systemic and local lung iron regulation, as well as the roles of iron in the development of lung infections, airway disease, and lung injury. These mechanisms provide an important foundation for the ongoing development of therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
48
|
Dopamine Is a Siderophore-Like Iron Chelator That Promotes Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence in Mice. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02624-18. [PMID: 30723125 PMCID: PMC6428752 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02624-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that the catecholamine dopamine regulates cellular iron homeostasis in macrophages. As iron is an essential nutrient for microbes, and intracellular iron availability affects the growth of intracellular bacteria, we studied whether dopamine administration impacts the course of Salmonella infections. Dopamine was found to promote the growth of Salmonella both in culture and within bone marrow-derived macrophages, which was dependent on increased bacterial iron acquisition. Dopamine administration to mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium resulted in significantly increased bacterial burdens in liver and spleen, as well as reduced survival. The promotion of bacterial growth by dopamine was independent of the siderophore-binding host peptide lipocalin-2. Rather, dopamine enhancement of iron uptake requires both the histidine sensor kinase QseC and bacterial iron transporters, in particular SitABCD, and may also involve the increased expression of bacterial iron uptake genes. Deletion or pharmacological blockade of QseC reduced but did not abolish the growth-promoting effects of dopamine. Dopamine also modulated systemic iron homeostasis by increasing hepcidin expression and depleting macrophages of the iron exporter ferroportin, which enhanced intracellular bacterial growth. Salmonella lacking all central iron uptake pathways failed to benefit from dopamine treatment. These observations are potentially relevant to critically ill patients, in whom the pharmacological administration of catecholamines to improve circulatory performance may exacerbate the course of infection with siderophilic bacteria.IMPORTANCE Here we show that dopamine increases bacterial iron incorporation and promotes Salmonella Typhimurium growth both in vitro and in vivo These observations suggest the potential hazards of pharmacological catecholamine administration in patients with bacterial sepsis but also suggest that the inhibition of bacterial iron acquisition might provide a useful approach to antimicrobial therapy.
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Petzer V, Theurl I, Weiss G. Established and Emerging Concepts to Treat Imbalances of Iron Homeostasis in Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E135. [PMID: 30544952 PMCID: PMC6315795 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, being a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease, negatively affects iron homeostasis, leading to iron retention in macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional iron deficiency is the consequence, leading to anemia of inflammation (AI). Iron deficiency, regardless of anemia, has a detrimental impact on quality of life so that treatment is warranted. Therapeutic strategies include (1) resolution of the underlying disease, (2) iron supplementation, and (3) iron redistribution strategies. Deeper insights into the pathophysiology of AI has led to the development of new therapeutics targeting inflammatory cytokines and the introduction of new iron formulations. Moreover, the discovery that the hormone, hepcidin, plays a key regulatory role in AI has stimulated the development of several therapeutic approaches targeting the function of this peptide. Hence, inflammation-driven hepcidin elevation causes iron retention in cells and tissues. Besides pathophysiological concepts and diagnostic approaches for AI, this review discusses current guidelines for iron replacement therapies with special emphasis on benefits, limitations, and unresolved questions concerning oral versus parenteral iron supplementation in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the review explores how therapies aiming at curing the disease underlying AI can also affect anemia and discusses emerging hepcidin antagonizing drugs, which are currently under preclinical or clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|