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Graiqevci-Uka V, Behluli E, Spahiu L, Liehr T, Temaj G. Targeted Treatment and Immunotherapy in High-risk and Relapsed/ Refractory Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:150-156. [PMID: 36056858 PMCID: PMC10009894 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220901165247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most frequent pediatric malignancy in children, comprising 30% of all pediatric malignancies; adult ALL comprises 5% of all ALL cases, which have a 186.6 per 1 million incidence. In pediatric ALL (pALL), on which this review focuses, approximately 1 in 285 children are diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20, and approximately 1 in 530 young adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years old is a childhood cancer survivor. The survival probability in pALL is now very high, approximately 80-90%. Thus, the most important is to improve supportive care and treatment based on relapse risk, optimally being based on the genetic feature of malignant cells. Improvements made by now are mainly the classifying of subgroups based on genetic characteristics such as aneuploidy or translocation and aligning them with treatment response. Relevant genetic changes in ALL pathogenesis are transcription regulators of lymphoid development (PAX5, IKZF1, EBF1, and LEF1) and/or coactivators (TBL1XR1 and ERG), lymphoid signaling (BTLA, and CD200 TOX), and tumor suppressor genes (CDKN2A, CDKN2B, RB1, and TP53). This review aims to summarize treatment strategies inhibiting tyrosine kinases, influencing different signaling pathways, BCL inhibitors, and anti-CD therapy (anti-cluster differentiation therapy) in pALL. CAR T-cell therapy (chimeric antigen receptors T-cell therapy) is under research and requires further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emir Behluli
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Center, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Lidvana Spahiu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Center, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
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Cheng X, Xia T, Zhan W, Xu HD, Jiang J, Liu X, Sun X, Wu FG, Liang G. Enzymatic Nanosphere-to-Nanofiber Transition and Autophagy Inducer Release Promote Tumor Chemotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201916. [PMID: 36148589 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has remained an effective and predominant cancer treatment for the past decades, but is hampered by its low response rate and severe systemic toxicity. Combination chemotherapies are proposed to address these issues, yet their therapeutic outcomes are still far from satisfactory. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel strategies to promote tumor chemosensitivity while reducing toxic side effects of chemotherapeutics. Herein, employing a rationally designed peptide conjugate Nap-Phe-Phe-Lys(SA-AZD8055)-Tyr(H2 PO3 )-OH (Nap-AZD-Yp), a novel approach of simultaneous intracellular nanofiber formation and autophagy inducer release is proposed for selectively sensitizing tumor to chemotherapy. Upon sequential catalyses of alkaline phosphatase and carboxylesterase, Nap-AZD-Yp undergoes nanosphere-to-nanofiber transition accompanied by autophagy inducer AZD8055 release in cancer cells. Cell experiments show enhanced endocytosis of anticancer drug doxorubicin and inhibition of cell migration due to the intracellular nanofiber formation. The released AZD8055 further activates excessive autophagy of cancer cells, sensitizing them to chemotherapy. Animal experiment results suggest Nap-AZD-Yp can significantly enhance the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin on tumors while mitigate its toxic adverse effects on normal tissues. It is anticipated that the "smart" concept in this work c be widely employed to develop novel combinational therapies for the treatment of cancers and other diseases in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xianbao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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Tasian SK, Silverman LB, Whitlock JA, Sposto R, Loftus JP, Schafer ES, Schultz KR, Hutchinson RJ, Gaynon PS, Orgel E, Bateman CM, Cooper TM, Laetsch TW, Sulis ML, Chi YY, Malvar J, Wayne AS, Rheingold SR. Temsirolimus combined with cyclophosphamide and etoposide for pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia Consortium trial (TACL 2014-001). Haematologica 2022; 107:2295-2303. [PMID: 35112552 PMCID: PMC9521241 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.279520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is commonly dysregulated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The TACL2014-001 phase I trial of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in combination with cyclophosphamide and etoposide was performed in children and adolescents with relapsed/refractory ALL. Temsirolimus was administered intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8 with cyclophosphamide 440 mg/m2 and etoposide 100 mg/m2 IV daily on days 1-5. The starting dose of temsirolimus was 7.5 mg/m2 (DL1) with escalation to 10 mg/m2 (DL2), 15 mg/m2 (DL3), and 25 mg/m2 (DL4). PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition was measured by phosphoflow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood specimens from treated patients. Sixteen heavily-pretreated patients were enrolled with 15 evaluable for toxicity. One dose-limiting toxicity of grade 4 pleural and pericardial effusions occurred in a patient treated at DL3. Additional dose-limiting toxicities were not seen in the DL3 expansion or DL4 cohort. Grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities occurring in three or more patients included febrile neutropenia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, hypokalemia, mucositis, and tumor lysis syndrome and occurred across all doses. Response and complete were observed at all dose levels with a 47% overall response rate and 27% complete response rate. Pharmacodynamic correlative studies demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of PI3K/mTOR pathway phosphoproteins in all studied patients. Temsirolimus at doses up to 25 mg/m2 with cyclophosphamide and etoposide had an acceptable safety profile in children with relapsed/refractory ALL. Pharmacodynamic mTOR target inhibition was achieved and appeared to correlate with temsirolimus dose. Future testing of next-generation PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors with chemotherapy may be warranted to increase response rates in children with relapsed/refractory ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lewis B. Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A. Whitlock
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Sposto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P. Loftus
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric S. Schafer
- Dan L. Duncan Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kirk R. Schultz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Paul S. Gaynon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Etan Orgel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M. Bateman
- Cancer Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd M. Cooper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theodore W. Laetsch
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jemily Malvar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan S. Wayne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan R. Rheingold
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,S. R. Rheingold
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Peek R, Eijkenboom LL, Braat DDM, Beerendonk CCM. Complete Purging of Ewing Sarcoma Metastases from Human Ovarian Cortex Tissue Fragments by Inhibiting the mTORC1 Signaling Pathway. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194362. [PMID: 34640378 PMCID: PMC8509560 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of fertility by autologous transplantation of ovarian cortex tissue in former cancer patients may lead to the reintroduction of malignancy via the graft. Pharmacological ex vivo purging of ovarian cortex fragments prior to autotransplantation may reduce the risk of reseeding the cancer. In this study we have investigated the capacity of Everolimus (EVE), an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway, to eradicate Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) from ovarian tissue by a short-term ex vivo treatment. Exposure of experimentally induced ES tumor foci in ovarian tissue to EVE for 24 h completely eliminated the malignant cells without detrimental effects on follicle morphology, survival or early folliculogenesis. This indicates that effective purging of ovarian cortex tissue from contaminating ES tumor foci is possible by short-term exposure to EVE.
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Baek DW, Lee JM, Kim J, Cho HJ, Moon JH, Sohn SK. Therapeutic strategies, including allogeneic stem cell transplantation, to overcome relapsed/refractory adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:765-775. [PMID: 34313508 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1960817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The long-term survival of relapsed/refractory (R/R) adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is quite poor, and early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL has recently been described as a high-risk T-ALL subgroup. However, the optimal therapeutic approach to R/R adult T-ALL remains poorly established. AREAS COVERED At present, cytoreductive therapy followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is considered to be the most clinically relevant and curative modality for R/R T-ALL. Above all, achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) is a key factor for successful allo-SCT and maintaining long-term remission for R/R patients. As a salvage regimen, nelarabine is the only therapy that was specifically approved for use in patients with R/R T-ALL. A combination of conventional chemotherapeutic agents and novel agents, such as venetoclax, can be used as alternatives for cytoreduction and bridging to transplantation. Relevant literatures published in the last 30 years were searched from PubMed to review the topic of T-ALL, and allo-SCT. EXPERT OPINION An effective salvage regimen, to achieve negative MRD, followed by allo-SCT is currently the best way to improve the clinical outcomes of adult R/R T-ALL. Moreover, posttransplant therapies, such as prophylactic or preemptive donor leukocyte infusion and hypomethylating agents, need to be considered as sequential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Baek
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Juhyung Kim
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cho
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Sohn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Abstract
Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease characterized by an excessive number of immature lymphocytes, including immature precursors of both B- and T cells. ALL affects children more often than adults. Immature lymphocytes lead to arrested differentiation and proliferation of cells. Its conventional treatments involve medication with dexamethasone, vincristine, and other anticancer drugs. Although the current first-line drugs can achieve effective treatment, they still cannot prevent the recurrence of some patients with ALL. Treatments have high risk of recurrence especially after the first remission. Currently, novel therapies to treat ALL are in need. Autophagy and apoptosis play important roles in regulating cancer development. Autophagy involves degradation of proteins and organelles, and apoptosis leads to cell death. These phenomena are crucial in cancer progression. Past studies reported that many potential anticancer agents regulate intracellular signaling pathways. Methods: The authors discuss the recent research findings on the role of autophagy and apoptosis in ALL. Results: The autophagy and apoptosis are widely used in the treatment of ALL. Most studies showed that many agents regulate autophagy and apoptosis in ALL cell models, clinical trials, and ALL animal models. Conclusions: In summary, activating autophagy and apoptosis pathways are the main strategies for ALL treatments. For ALL, combining new drugs with traditional chemotherapy and glucocorticoids treatments can achieve the greatest therapeutic effect by activating autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Liang Huang
- Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Physical Therapy, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ling Li
- Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Tardif M, Souza A, Krajinovic M, Bittencourt H, Tran TH. Molecular-based and antibody-based targeted pharmacological approaches in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1871-1887. [PMID: 34011251 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1931683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the significant survival improvement in childhood acutelymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 15-20% of patients continue to relapse; outcomes following relapse remain suboptimal and have room for further improvement. Advances in genomics have shed new insights on the biology of ALL, led to the discovery of novel genomically defined ALL subtypes, refined prognostic significance and revealed new therapeutic vulnerabilities.Areas covered: In this review, the authors provide an overview of the genomic landscape of childhood ALL and highlight recent advances in molecular-based and antibody-based pharmacological approaches in the treatment of childhood ALL, from emerging preclinical evidence to published results of completed clinical trials.Expert opinion: Molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies have expanded the horizons of ALL therapy and represent promising therapeutic avenues for high-risk and relapsed/refractory ALL. These novel therapies are now moving into frontline ALL therapy and may define new treatment paradigms that aim to further improve survival and reduce chemotherapy-related toxicities in the management of pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Tardif
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amalia Souza
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université De Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Henrique Bittencourt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université De Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thai Hoa Tran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université De Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Martins WK, Silva MDND, Pandey K, Maejima I, Ramalho E, Olivon VC, Diniz SN, Grasso D. Autophagy-targeted therapy to modulate age-related diseases: Success, pitfalls, and new directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34909664 PMCID: PMC8663935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical metabolic process that supports homeostasis at a basal level and is dynamically regulated in response to various physiological and pathological processes. Autophagy has some etiologic implications that support certain pathological processes due to alterations in the lysosomal-degradative pathway. Some of the conditions related to autophagy play key roles in highly relevant human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (15.5%), malignant and other neoplasms (9.4%), and neurodegenerative conditions (3.7%). Despite advances in the discovery of new strategies to treat these age-related diseases, autophagy has emerged as a therapeutic option after preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the pitfalls and success in regulating autophagy initiation and its lysosome-dependent pathway to restore its homeostatic role and mediate therapeutic effects for cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases. The main challenge for the development of autophagy regulators for clinical application is the lack of specificity of the repurposed drugs, due to the low pharmacological uniqueness of their target, including those that target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway. Then, future efforts must be conducted to deal with this scenery, including the disclosure of key components in the autophagy machinery that may intervene in its therapeutic regulation. Among all efforts, those focusing on the development of novel allosteric inhibitors against autophagy inducers, as well as those targeting autolysosomal function, and their integration into therapeutic regimens should remain a priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Maryana do Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Meyer Building, Room 823, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 3718512, Japan
| | - Ercília Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Vania Claudia Olivon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, UNIDERP, Av. Ceará, 333. Vila Miguel Couto, Campo Grande, MS, 79003-010, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 954 p4, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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Inaba H, Pui CH. Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1926. [PMID: 33946897 PMCID: PMC8124693 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved remarkably during the last five decades. Such improvements were made possible by the incorporation of new diagnostic technologies, the effective administration of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, and the provision of better supportive care. With the 5-year survival rates now exceeding 90% in high-income countries, the goal for the next decade is to improve survival further toward 100% and to minimize treatment-related adverse effects. Based on genome-wide analyses, especially RNA-sequencing analyses, ALL can be classified into more than 20 B-lineage subtypes and more than 10 T-lineage subtypes with prognostic and therapeutic implications. Response to treatment is another critical prognostic factor, and detailed analysis of minimal residual disease can detect levels as low as one ALL cell among 1 million total cells. Such detailed analysis can facilitate the rational use of molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which have emerged as new treatment strategies that can replace or reduce the use of conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Xiao M, Benoit A, Hasmim M, Duhem C, Vogin G, Berchem G, Noman MZ, Janji B. Targeting Cytoprotective Autophagy to Enhance Anticancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626309. [PMID: 33718194 PMCID: PMC7951055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated multi-step process that occurs at the basal level in almost all cells. Although the deregulation of the autophagy process has been described in several pathologies, the role of autophagy in cancer as a cytoprotective mechanism is currently well established and supported by experimental and clinical evidence. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the autophagy process has largely contributed to defining how we can harness this process to improve the benefit of cancer therapies. While the role of autophagy in tumor resistance to chemotherapy is extensively documented, emerging data point toward autophagy as a mechanism of cancer resistance to radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Therefore, manipulating autophagy has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome tumor resistance to various anti-cancer therapies, and autophagy modulators are currently evaluated in combination therapies in several clinical trials. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of the impact of genetically and pharmacologically modulating autophagy genes and proteins, involved in the different steps of the autophagy process, on the therapeutic benefit of various cancer therapies. We will also briefly discuss the challenges and limitations to developing potent and selective autophagy inhibitors that could be used in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina Xiao
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Alice Benoit
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Meriem Hasmim
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Duhem
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Guillaume Vogin
- Université de Lorraine - UMR 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Centre François Baclesse, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Hemato-oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Noman
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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11
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Tran TH, Hunger SP. The genomic landscape of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and precision medicine opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 84:144-152. [PMID: 33197607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and constitutes approximately 25 % of cancer diagnoses among children under the age of 15 (Howlader et al., 2013) [1]. Overall, about half of ALL cases occur in children and adolescents and it is the most common acute leukemia until the early 20s, after which acute myeloid leukemia predominates. ALL is the most successful treatment paradigm in pediatric cancer medicine as illustrated by the significant survival rate improvement from ∼10 % in the 1960s to >90 % today (Hunger et al., 2015) [2]. This remarkable success stems from the progressive improvement in the efficacy of risk-adapted multiagent chemotherapy regimens with effective central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis via well-designed randomized clinical trials conducted by international collaborative consortia, enhanced supportive care measures to decrease treatment-related mortality, in-depth understanding of the genetic basis of ALL, and refinement in treatment response assessment through serial minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring (Pui et al., 2015) [3]. These advances collectively contribute to a decline in mortality rate of 23.5% for children diagnosed with ALL in the US from 2000 to 2010 (Smith et al., 2014) [4]. Nevertheless, outcomes of older adolescents and young adults with ALL still lag behind those of their younger counterparts despite pediatric-inspired chemotherapy regimens (Stock et al., 2019) [5], relapsed/refractory childhood ALL is associated with poor outcomes (Rheingold et al., 2019) [6], and ALL still represents the leading causes of cancer-related deaths (Smith et al., 2010) [7]. The last two decades have witnessed important genomic discoveries in ALL, enabled by advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to characterize the landscape of germline and somatic alterations in ALL, some of which have important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Comprehensive genomic analysis of large cohorts of children and adults with ALL has revised the taxonomy of ALL in the molecular era by identifying novel clonal, subtype-defined chromosomal alterations associated with distinct gene expression signatures, thus reducing the proportion of patients previously labelled as "Others" from 25 % to approximately 5 % (Mullighan et al., 2019) [8]. Insights into the genomics of ALL further provide compelling biologic rationale to expand the scope of precision medicine therapies for childhood ALL. Herein, we summarize a decade of genomic discoveries to highlight three different facets of precision medicine in pediatric ALL: 1) inherited predispositions of ALL; 2) relevant molecularly targeted therapies in genomically-defined ALL subtypes; and 3) treatment response monitoring via pharmacogenomics and novel MRD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Hoa Tran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Discovery of novel 2-aminonicotinonitrile derivatives with new potential autophagy activity. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1399-1414. [PMID: 32705902 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To clarify the molecular mechanism of novel 2-aminonicotinonitrile autophagy enhancers, two series of novel 2-aminonicotinonitrile derivatives are synthesized and their structure-activity relationship and biological activity were analyzed. Results & methodology: Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that substituents at C-4 and C-6 position of 7a contribute to enhance their autophagy-inducing activity, while C-5 position substituents have the opposite effect. The most promising compound 7g showed the strongest autophagy-inducing activity and better antiproliferative activity by inducing cell apoptosis and blocking cell cycle G1 arrest in SGC-7901 cells. Conclusion: The novel 2-aminonicotinonitrile autophagy enhancers were for the first time discovered and 7g might be a promising new autophagy enhancer with potential anticancer activity.
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13
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Poore B, Yuan M, Arnold A, Price A, Alt J, Rubens JA, Slusher BS, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. Inhibition of mTORC1 in pediatric low-grade glioma depletes glutathione and therapeutically synergizes with carboplatin. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:252-263. [PMID: 30239952 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) often initially responds to front-line therapies such as carboplatin, but more than 50% of treated tumors eventually progress and require additional therapy. With the discovery that pLGG often contains mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, new treatment modalities and combinations are now possible for patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if carboplatin is synergistic with the mTOR complex 1 inhibitor everolimus in pLGG. METHODS We treated 4 pLGG cell lines and 1 patient-derived xenograft line representing various pLGG genotypes, including neurofibromatosis type 1 loss, proto-oncogene B-Raf (BRAF)-KIAA1549 fusion, and BRAFV600E mutation, with carboplatin and/or everolimus and performed assays for growth, cell proliferation, and cell death. Immunohistochemistry as well as in vivo and in vitro metabolomics studies were also performed. RESULTS Carboplatin synergized with everolimus in all of our 4 pLGG cell lines (combination index <1 at Fa 0.5). Combination therapy was superior at inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. Combination treatment increased levels of apoptosis as well as gamma-H2AX phosphorylation compared with either agent alone. Everolimus treatment suppressed the conversion of glutamine and glutamate into glutathione both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous glutathione reversed the effects of carboplatin and everolimus. CONCLUSIONS The combination of carboplatin and everolimus was effective at inducing cell death and slowing tumor growth in pLGG models. Everolimus decreased the amount of available glutathione inside the cell, preventing the detoxification of carboplatin and inducing increased DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Poore
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antje Arnold
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antoinette Price
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey A Rubens
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Yamoto M, Lee C, Chusilp S, Yazaki Y, Alganabi M, Li B, Pierro A. The role of autophagy in intestinal epithelial injury. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1389-1394. [PMID: 31555857 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy is a natural mechanism aimed to degrade and recycle cellular components within cells. Previous studies reported that autophagy in the intestinal epithelium can be activated and that excessive autophagy can have negative consequences. However, the mechanism by which autophagy is regulated during intestinal epithelial injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of autophagy regulation during intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) injury. METHODS Rat IEC18 were exposed to hypoxia and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (200 μg/ml) to induce injury. IEC18 were treated with autophagy initiation inhibitor, Wortmannin or with autophagy degradation inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1 were added for 24 h. We assessed the number and diameter of autophagic vacuoles, Cell viability, inflammation and apoptosis. RESULTS Hypoxia and LPS administration increased the number and diameter of autophagic vacuoles in IEC18. Wortmannin administration reduced the number and diameter of autophagic vacuoles. On the contrary, Bafilomycin A1 administration increased the number of autophagic vacuoles. Cell viability increased following administration of Wortmannin and decreased following administration of Bafilomycin A1. CONCLUSIONS We found that accumulation of autophagic vacuoles which characterize excessive or incomplete autophagy was detrimental to cell survival. This was shown by an increase in the number and size of the autophagic vacuoles with Bafilomycin A1treatment after hypoxia and LPS stressors relative to hypoxia and LPS alone. Conversely, there was a decrease in the number of autophagic vacuoles with Wortmannin treatment after hypoxia and LPS stressors relative to hypoxia and LPS alone. Therefore, reducing autophagosomes accumulation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamoto
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sinobol Chusilp
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yuta Yazaki
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Division Head, Pediatric Surgery, Robert M. Filler Professor of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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15
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Shahrabi S, Paridar M, Zeinvand-Lorestani M, Jalili A, Zibara K, Abdollahi M, Khosravi A. Autophagy regulation and its role in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21746-21757. [PMID: 31161605 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the molecular machinery of self-eating, plays a dual role of a tumor promoter and tumor suppressor. This mechanism affects different clinical responses in cancer cells. Autophagy is targeted for treating patients resistant to chemotherapy or radiation. Limited reports investigate the significance of autophagy in cancer therapy, the regulation of hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells and leukemia formation. In the current review, the role of autophagy is discussed in various stages of hematopoiesis including quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Paridar
- Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Biology Department, PRASE, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:116-137. [PMID: 30981885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism, by which eukaryotic cells recycle or degrades internal constituents through membrane-trafficking pathway. Thus, autophagy provides the cells with a sustainable source of biomolecules and energy for the maintenance of homeostasis under stressful conditions such as tumor microenvironment. Recent findings revealed a close relationship between autophagy and malignant transformation. However, due to the complex dual role of autophagy in tumor survival or cell death, efforts to develop efficient treatment strategies targeting the autophagy/cancer relation have largely been unsuccessful. Here we review the two-faced role of autophagy in cancer as a tumor suppressor or as a pro-oncogenic mechanism. In this sense, we also review the shared regulatory pathways that play a role in autophagy and malignant transformation. Finally, anti-cancer therapeutic agents used as either inhibitors or inducers of autophagy have been discussed.
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17
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Cordani M, Somoza Á. Targeting autophagy using metallic nanoparticles: a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1215-1242. [PMID: 30483817 PMCID: PMC6420884 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive genetic and phenotypic variations present in the different tumors, they frequently share common metabolic alterations, such as autophagy. Autophagy is a self-degradative process in response to stresses by which damaged macromolecules and organelles are targeted by autophagic vesicles to lysosomes and then eliminated. It is known that autophagy dysfunctions can promote tumorigenesis and cancer development, but, interestingly, its overstimulation by cytotoxic drugs may also induce cell death and chemosensitivity. For this reason, the possibility to modulate autophagy may represent a valid therapeutic approach to treat different types of cancers and a variety of clinical trials, using autophagy modulators, are currently employed. On the other hand, recent progress in nanotechnology offers plenty of tools to fight cancer with innovative and efficient therapeutic agents by overcoming obstacles usually encountered with traditional drugs. Interestingly, nanomaterials can modulate autophagy and have been exploited as therapeutic agents against cancer. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in the application of metallic nanostructures as potent modulators of autophagy process through multiple mechanisms, stressing their therapeutic implications in cancer diseases. For this reason, we believe that autophagy modulation with nanoparticle-based strategies would acquire clinical relevance in the near future, as a complementary therapy for the treatment of cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit "Unidad de Nanobiotecnología", Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Office 129, Lab 137 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit "Unidad de Nanobiotecnología", Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Office 129, Lab 137 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Current Outlook on Autophagy in Human Leukemia: Foe in Cancer Stem Cells and Drug Resistance, Friend in New Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030461. [PMID: 30678185 PMCID: PMC6387281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling process in cell homeostasis and stress adaptation. It confers protection and promotes survival in response to metabolic/environmental stress, and is upregulated in response to nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and chemotherapies. Autophagy is also known to sustain malignant cell growth and contributes to cancer stem cell survival when challenged by cytotoxic and/or targeted therapies, a potential mechanism of disease persistence and drug resistance that has gathered momentum. However, different types of human leukemia utilize autophagy in complex, context-specific manners, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this process involve multiple protein networks that will be discussed in this review. There is mounting preclinical evidence that targeting autophagy can enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies. Chloroquine and other lysosomal inhibitors have spurred initiation of clinical trials and demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy restores chemosensitivity of anticancer drugs, but with limited autophagy-dependent effects. Intriguingly, several autophagy-specific inhibitors, with better therapeutic indexes and lower toxicity, have been developed. Promising preclinical studies with novel combination approaches as well as potential challenges to effectively eradicate drug-resistant cells, particularly cancer stem cells, in human leukemia are also detailed in this review.
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Abstract
Everolimus (RAD001) is an oral protein kinase inhibitor of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) serine/threonine kinase signal transduction pathway. The mTOR pathway regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival, and is frequently deregulated in cancer.The EMA has approved Everolimus as Afinitor® for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, HER2/neu-negative advanced breast cancer, in combination with exemestane, in postmenopausal women without symptomatic visceral disease after recurrence or progression following a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well- or moderately differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin in adults with progressive disease, and for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated (Grade 1 or Grade 2) nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors of gastrointestinal or lung origin in adults with progressive disease, and for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, whose disease has progressed on or after treatment with VEGF-targeted therapy And as Votubia® for the treatment of adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), who are at risk of complications (based on factors such as tumor size or presence of aneurysm, or presence of multiple or bilateral tumors) but who do not require immediate surgery, and for the treatment of patients with subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with TSC who require therapeutic intervention but are not amenable to surgery, and as an add-on treatment in patients from 2 years of age with seizures related to TSC that have not responded to other treatments ( https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-drug-votubiar-receives-eu-approval-treat-refractory-partial-onset ). The FDA has approved Everolimus as Afinitor® for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in combination with exemestane, after the failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, for the treatment of adult patients with progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET) with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease, for the treatment of adult patients with advanced RCC after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, for the treatment of adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery. for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients, 3 years of age or older, with SEGA associated with TSC who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection. Everolimus shows promising clinical activity in additional indications. Multiple Phase II and Phase III trials of everolimus alone or in combination and will help to further elucidate the role of mTOR in oncology. For a review on everolimus as immunosuppressant, please consult other sources.
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Podshivalova K, Wang EA, Hart T, Salomon DR. Expression of the miR-150 tumor suppressor is restored by and synergizes with rapamycin in a human leukemia T-cell line. Leuk Res 2018; 74:1-9. [PMID: 30269036 PMCID: PMC6290994 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
miR-150 functions as a tumor suppressor in malignancies of the lymphocyte lineage and its expression is significantly reduced in these cells. However, the mechanism of miR-150 repression is unknown and so are pharmacological interventions that can reverse it. Here, we report that reduced expression of miR-150 in human Jurkat T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells is mediated by constitutive mTOR signaling, a common characteristic of T-ALL cell lines and clinical isolates. Activating mTOR signaling in non-malignant T cells also resulted in a significant miR-150 down-regulation. Conversely, treatment with a pharmacological mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, increased miR-150 expression in a dose-dependent manner in Jurkat cells, as well as in other leukemia cells. Interestingly, ectopic over-expression of miR-150 acted in a feed-forward loop and further sensitized Jurkat cells to a rapamycin-induced cell cycle arrest by targeting a large network of cell cycle genes. These findings suggest that miR-150 is normally expressed in quiescent T lymphocytes to reinforce an anti-proliferative state, and that mTOR signaling promotes cell proliferation in part by inhibiting miR-150 expression. Restoration of the miR-150-dependent anti-proliferative loop constitutes a novel mechanism underlying the efficacy of rapamycin in a T-ALL cell line. Further investigation of this mechanism in clinical isolates of T-ALL and other hematopoietic malignancies could help better guide development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Podshivalova
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - Eileen A Wang
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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21
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Place AE, Pikman Y, Stevenson KE, Harris MH, Pauly M, Sulis ML, Hijiya N, Gore L, Cooper TM, Loh ML, Roti G, Neuberg DS, Hunt SK, Orloff-Parry S, Stegmaier K, Sallan SE, Silverman LB. Phase I trial of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in combination with multi-agent chemotherapy in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27062. [PMID: 29603593 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the feasibility of co-administering everolimus with a four-drug reinduction in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experiencing a first marrow relapse. PROCEDURE This phase I study tested everolimus with vincristine, prednisone, pegaspargase and doxorubicin in patients with marrow relapse occurring >18 months after first complete remission (CR). The primary aim was to identify the maximum tolerated dose of everolimus. Three dose levels (DLs) were tested during dose escalation (2, 3, and 5 mg/m2 /day). Additional patients were enrolled at the 3- and 5 mg/m2 /day DLs to further evaluate toxicity (dose expansion). RESULTS Thirteen patients enrolled during dose escalation and nine during dose expansion. During dose escalation, one dose-limiting toxicity occurred (grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia) in six evaluable patients at DL3 (5 mg/m2 /day). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were febrile neutropenia, infections, transaminitis, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypophosphatemia. Two of the 12 patients treated at DL3 developed Rothia mucilaginosa meningitis. Nineteen patients (86%) achieved a second CR (CR2). Of those, 13 (68%) had a low end-reinduction minimal residual disease (MRD) level (≤10-3 by polymerase chain reaction-based assay). The CR2 rate for patients with B-cell ALL treated at DL3 (n = 12) was 92%; 82% of these patients had low MRD. CONCLUSIONS Everolimus combined with four-drug reinduction chemotherapy was generally well tolerated and associated with favorable rates of CR2 and low end-reinduction MRD. The recommended phase 2 dose of everolimus given in combination with a four-drug reinduction is 5 mg/m2 /day. This promising combination should be further evaluated in a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Place
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yana Pikman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen E Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian H Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melinda Pauly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria-Luisa Sulis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Nobuko Hijiya
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital/Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lia Gore
- Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Todd M Cooper
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah K Hunt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Orloff-Parry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Luo X, Ye S, Jiang Q, Gong Y, Yuan Y, Hu X, Su X, Zhu W. Wnt inhibitory factor-1-mediated autophagy inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by downregulating dishevelled-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:904-914. [PMID: 29916529 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt inhibitory factor‑1 (WIF‑1) is an important antagonist of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by binding to Wnt ligands. The downregulation of WIF‑1 leads to the development of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The upregulation of WIF‑1 significantly inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by inhibiting Wnt/β‑catenin signaling in NSCLC. However, the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy are poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we aimed to shed some light into these mechanisms. The upregulation of WIF‑1‑induced autophagy in NSCLC cells was detected by transmission electron microscopy, acridine orange staining, punctate GFP‑LC3 and immunoblotting‑based LC3 flux assay. Subsequently, WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy was blocked in NSCLC cells and the effects of WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy blocking were examined on the proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells in vitro. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms effected by WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy in NSCLC cells. Finally, combination treatment with WIF‑1 and an autophagy agonist was used to examine the tumor growth inhibitory effects of WIF‑1 in vivo. The results revealed that the upregulation of WIF‑1 induced autophagy in NSCLC cells. WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy was demonstrated to inhibit Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by downregulating dishevelled‑2 (Dvl2), which contributed to the inhibition of the proliferation and the promotion of the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Moreover, the induction of autophagy mediated by WIF‑1 was associated with to suppression of the activation of the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Finally, we found that transfection with a WIF‑1 gene overexpression vector in combination with treatment with the autophagy agonist, everolimus (RAD001) exerted synergistic antitumor effects on A549 subcutaneous tumor xenografts and pulmonary metastasis in mice. On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrated that WIF‑1‑mediated autophagy inhibits Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by downregulating Dvl2 expression in NSCLC cells. This may a novel molecular mechanism through which WIF‑1 inhibits Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. This study may provide a theoretical basis for joint therapy of NSCLC with WIF‑1 and autophagic agonists in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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23
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Chao MW, Huang HL, HuangFu WC, Hsu KC, Liu YM, Wu YW, Lin CF, Chen YL, Lai MJ, Lee HY, Liou JP, Teng CM, Yang CR. An oral quinoline derivative, MPT0B392, causes leukemic cells mitotic arrest and overcomes drug resistant cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27772-27785. [PMID: 28186963 PMCID: PMC5438607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great advances in the treatment of acute leukemia, a renaissance of current chemotherapy needs to be improved. The present study elucidates the underlying mechanism of a new synthetic quinoline derivative, MPT0B392 (B392) against acute leukemia and its potential anticancer effect in drug resistant cells. B392 caused mitotic arrest and ultimately led to apoptosis. It was further demonstrated to be a novel microtubule-depolymerizing agent. The effects of oral administration of B392 showed relative potent anti-leukemia activity in an in vivo xenograft model. Further investigation revealed that B392 triggered induction of the mitotic arrest, followed by mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspases cleavage by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, B392 enhanced the cytotoxicity of sirolimus in sirolimus-resistant acute leukemic cells through inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway and Mcl-1 protein expression, and also was active in the p-glycoprotein (p-gp)-overexpressing National Cancer Institute/Adriamycin-Resistant cells with little susceptibility to p-gp. Taken together, B392 has potential as an oral mitotic drug and adjunct treatment for drug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wu Chao
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Li Huang
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Lin
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- The Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jung Lai
- Translational Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Teng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ron Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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24
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Xie V, Tong D, Wallington-Beddoe CT, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. Sphingosine kinase 2 supports the development of BCR/ABL-independent acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice. Biomark Res 2018; 6:6. [PMID: 29441205 PMCID: PMC5800079 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine kinase (SphK) 2 has been implicated in the development of a range of cancers and inhibitors of this enzyme are currently in clinical trial. We have previously demonstrated a role for SphK2 in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods In this and our previous study we use mouse models: in the previous study the disease was driven by the proto-oncogene BCR/ABL1, while in this study cancer risk was elevated by deletion of the tumor suppressor ARF. Results Mice lacking ARF and SphK2 had a significantly reduced incidence of ALL compared mice with wild type SphK2. Conclusions These results show that the role of SphK2 in ALL development is not limited to BCR/ABL1 driven disease extending the potential use of inhibitors of this enzyme to ALL patients whose disease have driver mutations other than BCR/ABL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Xie
- 1Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daochen Tong
- 1Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig T Wallington-Beddoe
- 1Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,3Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,4College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,5School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ken F Bradstock
- 2Haematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Linda J Bendall
- 1Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Dual role of autophagy in hallmarks of cancer. Oncogene 2017; 37:1142-1158. [PMID: 29255248 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotic cells, macroautophagy (herein autophagy) is an intracellular catabolic degradative process targeting damaged and superfluous cellular proteins, organelles, and other cytoplasmic components. Mechanistically, it involves formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes that capture cytosolic cargo and deliver it to lysosomes, wherein the breakdown products are eventually recycled back to the cytoplasm. Dysregulation of autophagy often results in various disease manifestations, including neurodegeneration, microbial infections, and cancer. In the case of cancer, extensive attention has been devoted to understanding the paradoxical roles of autophagy in tumor suppression and tumor promotion. In this review, while we summarize how this self-eating process is implicated at various stages of tumorigenesis, most importantly, we address the link between autophagy and hallmarks of cancer. This would eventually provide a better understanding of tumor dependence on autophagy. We also discuss how therapeutics targeting autophagy can counter various transformations involved in tumorigenesis. Finally, this review will provide a novel insight into the mutational landscapes of autophagy-related genes in several human cancers, using genetic information collected from an array of cancers.
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26
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Herschbein L, Liesveld JL. Dueling for dual inhibition: Means to enhance effectiveness of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in AML. Blood Rev 2017; 32:235-248. [PMID: 29276026 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway is amplified in 60-80% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Since this complex pathway is crucial to cell functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of this pathway would be postulated to inhibit leukemia initiation and propagation. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway has met with limited success in AML due to multiple resistance mechanisms including direct insensitivity of the mTORC1 complex, feedback activation of the PI3k/Akt signaling network, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activation of PI3K, and others. This review explores the role of mTOR inhibition in AML, mechanisms of resistance, and means to improve outcomes through use of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors or dual TORC/PI3K inhibitors. How these inhibitors interface with currently available therapies in AML will require additional preclinical experiments and conduct of well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Herschbein
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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27
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Regulation of the bone marrow microenvironment by G-CSF: Effects of G-CSF on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188042. [PMID: 29145456 PMCID: PMC5690634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that disruption of the lymphoid niche by G-CSF may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We used a xenograft model to determine the effect of G-CSF on ALL progression in a minimal residual disease setting. Consistent with the effects on normal murine B cell progenitors, G-CSF slowed disease in the majority of ALL xenografts tested, suggesting that G-CSF may provide benefits beyond neutrophil recovery for ALL patients. However, two of eight xenografts demonstrated accelerated disease progression. G-CSF could be detrimental for these patients due to expansion of the malignant clone.
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28
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Vo TTT, Lee JS, Nguyen D, Lui B, Pandori W, Khaw A, Mallya S, Lu M, Müschen M, Konopleva M, Fruman DA. mTORC1 Inhibition Induces Resistance to Methotrexate and 6-Mercaptopurine in Ph + and Ph-like B-ALL. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1942-1953. [PMID: 28566433 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated activity of mTOR is associated with poor prognosis and higher incidence of relapse in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Thus, ongoing clinical trials are testing mTOR inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy in B-ALL. However, the combination of mTOR inhibitors with standard of care chemotherapy drugs has not been studied extensively in high-risk B-ALL subtypes. Therefore, we tested whether mTOR inhibition can augment the efficacy of current chemotherapy agents in Ph+ and Ph-like B-ALL models. Surprisingly, inhibiting mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) protected B-ALL cells from killing by methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine, two antimetabolite drugs used in maintenance chemotherapy. The cytoprotective effects correlated with decreased cell-cycle progression and were recapitulated using cell-cycle inhibitors, palbociclib or aphidicolin. Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently used in Ph+ patients, inhibits ABL kinase upstream of mTOR. Dasatinib resistance is mainly caused by ABL kinase mutations, but is also observed in a subset of ABL unmutated cases. We identified dasatinib-resistant Ph+ cell lines and patient samples in which dasatinib can effectively reduce ABL kinase activity and mTORC1 signaling without causing cell death. In these cases, dasatinib protected leukemia cells from killing by 6-mercaptopurine. Using xenograft models, we observed that mTOR inhibition or dasatinib increased the numbers of leukemia cells that emerge after cessation of chemotherapy treatment. These results demonstrate that inhibitors targeting mTOR or upstream signaling nodes should be used with caution when combined with chemotherapeutic agents that rely on cell-cycle progression to kill B-ALL cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(9); 1942-53. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Trang T Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - J Scott Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Brandon Lui
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - William Pandori
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Andrew Khaw
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
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29
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Rheingold SR, Tasian SK, Whitlock JA, Teachey DT, Borowitz MJ, Liu X, Minard CG, Fox E, Weigel BJ, Blaney SM. A phase 1 trial of temsirolimus and intensive re-induction chemotherapy for 2nd or greater relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group study (ADVL1114). Br J Haematol 2017; 177:467-474. [PMID: 28295182 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway is commonly dysregulated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). A phase 1 trial of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in combination with UKALL R3 re-induction chemotherapy was conducted in children and adolescents with second or greater relapse of ALL. The initial temsirolimus dose level (DL1) was 10 mg/m2 weekly × 3 doses. Subsequent patient cohorts received temsirolimus 7·5 mg/m2 weekly × 3 doses (DL0) or, secondary to toxicity, 7·5 mg/m2 weekly × 2 doses (DL-1). Sixteen patients were enrolled, 15 were evaluable for toxicity. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred at all three dose levels and included hypertriglyceridaemia, mucositis, ulceration, hypertension with reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase or alkaline phosphatase and sepsis. The addition of temsirolimus to UKALL R3 re-induction therapy resulted in excessive toxicity and was not tolerable in children with relapsed ALL. However, this regimen induced remission in seven of fifteen patients. Three patients had minimal residual disease levels <0·01%. Inhibition of PI3K signalling was detected in patients treated at all dose levels of temsirolimus, but inhibition at an early time point did not appear to correlate with clinical responses at the end of re-induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Rheingold
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James A Whitlock
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Children's Oncology Group Operations Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Charles G Minard
- Dan L. Duncan Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,TX Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Susan M Blaney
- Dan L. Duncan Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,TX Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Autophagy, a key mechanism of oncogenesis and resistance in leukemia. Blood 2016; 129:547-552. [PMID: 27956388 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-692707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway involved in degradation of intracellular material. It appears as an adaptation mechanism that is essential for cellular homeostasis in response to various stress conditions. Over the past decade, many studies have linked alteration of autophagy with cancer initiation and progression, autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, and degenerative diseases. This review highlights recent findings on the impact of autophagy on leukemic transformation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and summarizes its role on leukemic cell response to chemotherapy.
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31
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Lee JHS, Vo TT, Fruman DA. Targeting mTOR for the treatment of B cell malignancies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1213-1228. [PMID: 26805380 PMCID: PMC5061788 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as a key regulator of cell growth, division and survival. Many haematologic malignancies exhibit elevated or aberrant mTOR activation, supporting the launch of numerous clinical trials aimed at evaluating the potential of single agent mTOR-targeted therapies. While promising early clinical data using allosteric mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and its derivatives, rapalogs) have suggested activity in a subset of haematologic malignancies, these agents have shown limited efficacy in most contexts. Whether the efficacy of these partial mTOR inhibitors might be enhanced by more complete target inhibition is being actively addressed with second generation ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs), which have only recently entered clinical trials. However, emerging preclinical data suggest that despite their biochemical advantage over rapalogs, TOR-KIs may retain a primarily cytostatic response. Rather, combinations of mTOR inhibition with other targeted therapies have demonstrated promising efficacy in several preclinical models. This review investigates the current status of rapalogs and TOR-KIs in B cell malignancies, with an emphasis on emerging preclinical evidence of synergistic combinations involving mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Scott Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Thanh-Trang Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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32
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Srikanth PS, Nayak VL, Suresh Babu K, Kumar GB, Ravikumar A, Kamal A. 2-Anilino-3-Aroylquinolines as Potent Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2050-62. [PMID: 27465681 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several 2-anilino-3-aroylquinolines were designed, synthesized, and screened for their cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines: HeLa, DU-145, A549, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7. Their IC50 values ranged from 0.77 to 23.6 μm. Among the series, compounds 7 f [(4-fluorophenyl)(2-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)quinolin-3-yl)methanone] and 7 g [(4-chlorophenyl)(2-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)quinolin-3-yl)methanone] showed remarkable antiproliferative activity against human lung cancer and prostate cancer cell lines. The IC50 values for inhibiting tubulin polymerization were 2.24 and 2.10 μm for compounds 7 f and 7 g, respectively, and were much lower than that of the reference compound E7010 [N-(2-(4-hydroxyphenylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide]. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed that these compounds arrest the cell cycle at the G2 /M phase, leading to apoptosis. Apoptosis was also confirmed by mitochondrial membrane potential, Annexin V-FITC assay, and intracellular ROS generation. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and tubulin polymerization assays showed that these compounds disrupt tubulin polymerization. Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds bind efficiently to β-tubulin at the colchicine binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Srikanth
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - V Lakshma Nayak
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Korrapati Suresh Babu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - G Bharath Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - A Ravikumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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33
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Zhang LD, Liu Z, Liu H, Ran DM, Guo JH, Jiang B, Wu YL, Gao FH. Oridonin enhances the anticancer activity of NVP-BEZ235 against neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo through autophagy. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:657-65. [PMID: 27278249 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in the oncogenesis, prognosis and chemotherapy resistance of neuroblastoma. However, NVP-BEZ235, a potent dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor have not shown beneficial effects on neuroblastoma especially in terms of apoptosis induction as a single agent. We therefore attempted to explore an effective combination regimen to enhance the anticancer activity of NVP-BEZ235. Interestingly, we found that oridonin, a natural biologically active compound extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Rabdosia rubescens, combined with NVP-BEZ235 markedly induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. Notably, the synergistic activation of the apoptotic pathway was accompanied with enhanced autophagy as evidenced by significant decreased p62 expression as well as upregulated conversion of LC3-II. Suppression of the Beclin-1, a core component of the autophagy machinery, by means of shRNA resulted in diminished synergistic antitumor effect. Furthermore, the co-treatment with oridonin and NVP-BEZ235 was also much more effective than either agent alone in inhibiting the growth of neuroblastoma xenografts and in inducing tumor cells apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that the combination of NVP-BEZ235 and oridonin is a novel and potential strategy for neuroblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Di Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Tenth Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Ran
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, Henan 450015, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Guo
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Li Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Hou Gao
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Sarang Z, Gyurina K, Scholtz B, Kiss C, Szegedi I. Altered expression of autophagy-related genes might contribute to glucocorticoid resistance in precursor B-cell-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:453-460. [PMID: 26947147 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process playing an important role in tumor cell's resistance to chemotherapy. Response to glucocorticoid (GC) treatment is out of the most important prognostic factors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, only few data are available connecting GC response and role of autophagy. Our aim was to investigate whether altered expression of autophagy-related genes contributes to GC-resistant phenotype in GC-sensitive and GC-resistant precursor B-cell-type (PBC) ALL cells. METHODS Gene expression data were obtained from public database for 26 children diagnosed with PBC ALL either sensitive or resistant to in vitro prednisolone treatment. RESULTS We have identified 36 autophagy-associated genes which were differently expressed, based on at least a twofold difference, GC-sensitive group as compared to GC-resistant one. Of the 36 genes, 10 were downregulated and 26 upregulated in the GC-resistant group. The average fold change values for the decreased and increased transcripts were -4.57 and 2.67, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply that GC sensitivity might depend on the expression of several genes involved in regulation and execution of autophagy in a way that key autophagy inducers are downregulated while inhibitors of autophagy are upregulated in GC-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gyurina
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Pediatrics, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Scholtz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Kiss
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Pediatrics, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szegedi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Pediatrics, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process crucial for adaptation to stress and cellular homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy has been demonstrated to serve multifaceted roles in tumor initiation and progression. Although genetic evidence corroborates a role for autophagy as a tumor suppressor mechanism during tumor initiation, autophagy also sustains metabolic pathways in cancer cells and promotes survival within the harsh tumor microenvironment and in response to diverse anticancer therapies. Moreover, though traditionally viewed as an autodigestive process, more recent work demonstrates that autophagy also facilitates cellular secretion; the importance of these new functions of the autophagy pathway is being increasingly appreciated during cancer progression and treatment. In this review, we discuss how these evolving and diverse roles for autophagy both impede and promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J Debnath
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Kamal A, Kumar GB, Vishnuvardhan MVPS, Shaik AB, Reddy VS, Mahesh R, Sayeeda IB, Kapure JS. Synthesis of phenstatin/isocombretastatin-chalcone conjugates as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors and mitochondrial apoptotic inducers. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3963-81. [PMID: 25721862 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenstatin/isocombretastatin–chalcones were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. Some representative compounds exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against a panel of sixty human cancer cell lines of the NCI, with GI50 values in the range of 0.11 to 19.0 μM. Three compounds (3b, 3c and 3e) showed a broad spectrum of antiproliferative efficacy on most of the cell lines in the sub-micromolar range. In addition, all the synthesized compounds (3a–l and 4a–l) displayed moderate to excellent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values in the range of 0.5 to 19.9 μM. Moreover, the tubulin polymerization assay and immunofluorescence analysis results suggest that some of these compounds like 3c and 3e exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the tubulin assembly with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM and 0.6 μM respectively. A competitive binding assay suggested that these compounds bind at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. A cell cycle assay revealed that these compounds arrest at the G2/M phase and lead to apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, this was confirmed by Hoechst 33258 staining, activation of caspase 9, DNA fragmentation, Annexin V-FITC and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Molecular docking studies indicated that compounds like 3e occupy the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Targeting of hyperactivated mTOR signaling in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a pre-clinical model. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1382-95. [PMID: 25682198 PMCID: PMC4359301 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasingly successful treatment of pediatric ALL, up to 20% of patients encounter relapse. By current biomarkers, the majority of relapse patients is initially not identified indicating the need for prognostic and therapeutic targets reflecting leukemia biology. We previously described that rapid engraftment of patient ALL cells transplanted onto NOD/SCID mice (short time to leukemia, TTLshort) is indicative of early patient relapse. Gene expression profiling identified genes coding for molecules involved in mTOR signaling to be associated with TTLshort/early relapse leukemia. Here, we now functionally address mTOR signaling activity in primograft ALL samples and evaluate mTOR pathway inhibition as novel treatment strategy for high-risk ALL ex vivo and in vivo. By analysis of S6-phosphorylation downstream of mTOR, increased mTOR activation was found in TTLshort/high-risk ALL, which was effectively abrogated by mTOR inhibitors resulting in decreased leukemia proliferation and growth. In a preclinical setting treating individual patient-derived ALL in vivo, mTOR inhibition alone, and even more pronounced together with conventional remission induction therapy, significantly delayed post-treatment leukemia reoccurrence in TTLshort/high-risk ALL. Thus, the TTLshort phenotype is functionally characterized by hyperactivated mTOR signaling and can effectively be targeted ex vivo and in vivo providing a novel therapeutic strategy for high-risk ALL.
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Trendowski M, Christen TD, Andonova AA, Narampanawe B, Thibaud A, Kusang T, Fondy TP. Effects of mTOR inhibitors and cytoskeletal-directed agents alone and in combination against normal and neoplastic hematopoietic cells in vitro. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1162-74. [PMID: 26490657 PMCID: PMC4648964 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cell growth and enlargement and has been found to be aberrant in a wide variety of malignancies. Although mTOR is already an attractive antineoplastic target, overexpression or aberrant expression of mTOR may also provide an opportunity to further increase the size differential between malignant and normal cells, providing an opportunity to amplify and exploit cell size differences between neoplastic cells and their normal counterparts using physiochemical treatment modalities. Therefore, this study sought to quantify the concentration response and time course effects of rapamycin on cell cycle entry, cell enlargement, and cell proliferation in U937 human monocytic leukemia and human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs). In addition, the effects of combination treatment with mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, everolimus, and temsirolimus) and cytoskeletal-directed agents (cytochalasin B and vincristine) in leukemic cells (U937, THP1, K562, Molt-4, and L1210) were assessed for potential drug synergy. While both U937 cells and hHSCs exhibited a marked reduction in cell volume, U937 cells were able to proliferate in the presence of rapamycin ranging from 0.5 nM to 10 μM (10,000 nM), whereas hHSCs were able to proliferate only at lower concentrations, and were completely inhibited from proliferation by 8 nM rapamycin. These effects were observed with as little as 0.5 nM rapamycin, demonstrating the profound affinity the compound has for FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), which subsequently forms the FKBP12/rapamycin complex to inhibit mTOR. Rapamycin continued to exert effects on cell size and proliferation even at 10 μM, without producing marked cytotoxicity. Although cytochalasin B and vincristine were unable to substantially enlarge rapamycin-treated leukemia cells, it appears that rapamycin and its associated analogs everolimus and temsirolimus have notable synergistic potential with microfilament-disrupting cytochalasin B and microtubule-disrupting vincristine as assessed by comparative effects on cell growth, annexin V staining, IC30 isobolograms, and Chou-Talalay statistics. These observations indicate a potentially novel therapeutic rationale for hematological malignancies and for other cancers to elicit the preferential destruction of neoplastic cells that aberrantly express mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trendowski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | - Timothy D Christen
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Antoaneta A Andonova
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Berlini Narampanawe
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Ashlee Thibaud
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Tenzin Kusang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Thomas P Fondy
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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Hsueh YS, Chang HH, Chiang NJ, Yen CC, Li CF, Chen LT. MTOR inhibition enhances NVP-AUY922-induced autophagy-mediated KIT degradation and cytotoxicity in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11723-36. [PMID: 25375091 PMCID: PMC4294368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated NVP-AUY922, a HSP90AA1 inhibitor, could enhance mutant KIT degradation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cells through both proteasome- and autophagy-mediated pathways. Herein, we showed rapamycin, a MTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer, could reduce total and phospho-KIT expression levels and enhance apoptosis in imatinib-resistant GIST cells. The involvement of autophagy in rapamycin-induced KIT downregulation was further confirmed by co-localization of KIT and autophagosome, and partial recovery of KIT expression level by either siRNA-mediated BECN1 and ATG5 silencing or autophagy inhibitors after rapamycin. Rapamycin and NVP-AUY922 synergistically inhibited GIST cells growth in vitro. The combination of low-dose NVP-AUY922 with rapamycin had comparable effects on reducing KIT expression, increasing MAP1LC3B puncta and tumor necrosis, and inhibiting tumor growth as high-dose NVP-AUY922 did in GIST430 xenograft model. Our results suggest the addition of a MTOR inhibitor may reduce NVP-AUY922 dose requirement and potentially improve its therapeutic index in mutant KIT-expressing GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shuo Hsueh
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Jung Chiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwann
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40
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Wong J, Welschinger R, Hewson J, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. Efficacy of dual PI-3K and mTOR inhibitors in vitro and in vivo in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10460-72. [PMID: 25361005 PMCID: PMC4279386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major regulators of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell growth and survival mediate their effects through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We have shown that the mTOR inhibitor everolimus extended survival in a non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient (NOD/SCID) mouse xenograft model of human ALL. Since PI-3K has mTOR dependent and independent functions we examined the effect of the dual PI-3K/mTOR inhibitors BEZ235 and BGT226. These agents inhibited the proliferation of ALL cell lines with a three log greater potency than everolimus. However, the induction of cell death differed, with BGT226 being cytotoxic in the low micromolar range while a two log higher concentration of BEZ235 was required to produce the same effect. While all three agents extended the survival of NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human ALL, the responses of individual xenografts varied. Although differential phosphorylation of AKT on Ser473 and Thr308 in response to everolimus exposure was observed, this did not entirely explain the different in vivo responses to the drugs. Our data suggests that while dual PI-3K/mTOR inhibitors may improve therapeutic outcomes for a subset of ALL patients, patient selection will be important, with some patients likely to respond better to single mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Wong
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Robert Welschinger
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - John Hewson
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Linda J Bendall
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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41
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Lee MW, Kim DS, Eom JE, Ko YJ, Sung KW, Koo HH, Yoo KH. RAD001 (everolimus) enhances TRAIL cytotoxicity in human leukemic Jurkat T cells by upregulating DR5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:894-9. [PMID: 26074143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), either alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, is a promising new strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, aberrant PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival signaling may confer TRAIL resistance by altering the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. In the present study, we showed that the Akt/mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human leukemic Jurkat T cells, which show PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation and basal expression levels of death receptor (DR) 5 (TRAIL-R2). Investigation of the effect of RAD001 treatment on the expression of TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-Rs) in Jurkat T cells showed that RAD001 significantly upregulated DR5 by up to 51.22%, but not other TRAIL-Rs such as DR4 (TRAIL-R1), decoy receptor (DcR) 1 (TRAIL-R3), and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4). Pretreatment with DR5:Fc chimera abrogated the RAD001-induced increase of TRAIL cytotoxicity, indicating that the upregulation of DR5 by RAD001 plays a role in enhancing the susceptibility of Jurkat T cells to TRAIL. Our results indicate that combination treatment with RAD001 and TRAIL may be a novel therapeutic strategy in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Woo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Eom
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Jong Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Woong Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Hoe Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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42
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Daver N, Boumber Y, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, Cortes J, Rytting ME, Kawedia JD, Basnett J, Culotta KS, Zeng Z, Lu H, Richie MA, Garris R, Xiao L, Liu W, Baggerly KA, Jabbour E, O'Brien S, Burger J, Bendall LJ, Thomas D, Konopleva M. A Phase I/II Study of the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus in Combination with HyperCVAD Chemotherapy in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2704-14. [PMID: 25724525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest a potential therapeutic role for mTOR inhibition in lymphoid malignancies. This single-center phase I/II study was designed to test the safety and efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in combination with HyperCVAD chemotherapy in relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-four patients were treated; 15 received everolimus 5 mg/day and 9 received 10 mg/day with HyperCVAD. RESULTS The median age of patients was 25 years (range, 11-64) and median number of prior treatments was 2 (range, 1-7). Grade 3 mucositis was the dose-limiting toxicity and the maximum tolerated everolimus dose was 5 mg/day. Responses included complete remission (CR) in 6 patients (25%), CR without platelet recovery (CRp) in 1 (4%), and CR without recovery of counts (CRi) in 1 (4%), for an overall response rate of 33%. In addition, partial response (PR) was noted in 2 patients (8%). Seven of 11 patients treated in first salvage achieved CR/CRp (64%). The median OS was 29 weeks for patients in first salvage versus 15 weeks for patients in second salvage and beyond (P ≤ 0.001). A response was noted in 5 of 10 (50%) heavily pretreated T-ALL patients (median of 4 prior salvage regimens). Everolimus significantly inhibited phosphorylation of S6RP, but this did not correlate with response. No significant decreases in p4EBP1 and pAkt levels were noted. Responders had higher everolimus dose-adjusted area under the curve (P = 0.025) and lower clearance (P = 0.025) than nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The combination of HyperCVAD and everolimus is well tolerated and moderately effective in relapsed ALL, specifically T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Rytting
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jitesh D Kawedia
- Department of Pharmacy Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jordan Basnett
- Center for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirk S Culotta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Ann Richie
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rebecca Garris
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Linda J Bendall
- Center for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Thomas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Mer tyrosine kinase promotes the survival of t(1;19)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the central nervous system (CNS). Blood 2015; 125:820-30. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mer mediates quiescence and chemotherapy resistance in a CNS coculture model and causes CNS infiltration in immunodeficient mice. Mer expression correlates with CNS positivity upon initial diagnosis in t(1;19)-positive pediatric ALL patients.
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44
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Autophagy collaborates with ubiquitination to downregulate oncoprotein E2A/Pbx1 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e274. [PMID: 25615280 PMCID: PMC4314458 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for the most cancer incidences in children. We present here that autophagy is downregulated in pediatric B-ALL, suggesting a possible link between autophagy failure and pediatric B-ALL leukemogenesis. With a pediatric t(1;19) B-ALL xenograft mouse model, we show here that activation of autophagy by preventive administration of rapamycin improved the survival of leukemia animals by partial restoration of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, whereas treatment of the animals with rapamycin caused leukemia bone marrow cell-cycle arrest. Activation of autophagy in vitro or in vivo by rapamycin or starvation downregulated oncogenic fusion protein E2A/Pbx1. Furthermore, E2A/Pbx1 was found to be colocalized with autophagy marker LC3 in autolysosomes and with ubiquitin in response to autophagy stimuli, whereas autophagy or ubiquitination inhibitor blocked these colocalizations. Together, our data suggest a collaborative action between autophagy and ubiquitination in the degradation of E2A/Pbx1, thereby revealing a novel strategy for targeted preventive or treatment therapy on the pediatric ALL.
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45
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Cisterne A, Baraz R, Khan NI, Welschinger R, Basnett J, Fung C, Rizos H, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. Silencer of death domains controls cell death through tumour necrosis factor-receptor 1 and caspase-10 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103383. [PMID: 25061812 PMCID: PMC4111576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis remains a significant problem in drug resistance and treatment failure in malignant disease. NO-aspirin is a novel drug that has efficacy against a number of solid tumours, and can inhibit Wnt signaling, and although we have shown Wnt signaling to be important for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell proliferation and survival inhibition of Wnt signaling does not appear to be involved in the induction of ALL cell death. Treatment of B lineage ALL cell lines and patient ALL cells with NO-aspirin induced rapid apoptotic cell death mediated via the extrinsic death pathway. Apoptosis was dependent on caspase-10 in association with the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) incorporating pro-caspase-10 and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1). There was no measurable increase in TNF-R1 or TNF-α in response to NO-aspirin, suggesting that the process was ligand-independent. Consistent with this, expression of silencer of death domain (SODD) was reduced following NO-aspirin exposure and lentiviral mediated shRNA knockdown of SODD suppressed expansion of transduced cells confirming the importance of SODD for ALL cell survival. Considering that SODD and caspase-10 are frequently over-expressed in ALL, interfering with these proteins may provide a new strategy for the treatment of this and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cisterne
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rana Baraz
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naveed I. Khan
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Welschinger
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan Basnett
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carina Fung
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth F. Bradstock
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda J. Bendall
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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46
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Baraz R, Cisterne A, Saunders PO, Hewson J, Thien M, Weiss J, Basnett J, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. mTOR inhibition by everolimus in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces caspase-independent cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102494. [PMID: 25014496 PMCID: PMC4094511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, anti-cancer medications are being reported to induce cell death mechanisms other than apoptosis. Activating alternate death mechanisms introduces the potential to kill cells that have defects in their apoptotic machinery, as is commonly observed in cancer cells, including in hematological malignancies. We, and others, have previously reported that the mTOR inhibitor everolimus has pre-clinical efficacy and induces caspase-independent cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Furthermore, everolimus is currently in clinical trial for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we characterize the death mechanism activated by everolimus in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. We find that cell death is caspase-independent and lacks the morphology associated with apoptosis. Although mitochondrial depolarization is an early event, permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane only occurs after cell death has occurred. While morphological and biochemical evidence shows that autophagy is clearly present it is not responsible for the observed cell death. There are a number of features consistent with paraptosis including morphology, caspase-independence, and the requirement for new protein synthesis. However in contrast to some reports of paraptosis, the activation of JNK signaling was not required for everolimus-induced cell death. Overall in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells everolimus induces a cell death that resembles paraptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Baraz
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Cisterne
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip O. Saunders
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - John Hewson
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Marilyn Thien
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Weiss
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan Basnett
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Linda J. Bendall
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Tasian SK, Teachey DT, Rheingold SR. Targeting the PI3K/mTOR Pathway in Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:108. [PMID: 24904824 PMCID: PMC4032892 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex interplay of intracellular signaling networks orchestrates normal cell growth and survival, including translation, transcription, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of such signals occurs commonly in many malignancies, thereby giving the cancer cell a survival advantage, but also providing possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway contributes to the proliferative advantage of malignant cells and may confer resistance to chemotherapy in various hematologic malignancies. The initial mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus (also known as rapamycin), was first discovered in 1975 in the soil of Easter Island. Sirolimus was originally developed as an anti-fungal agent given its macrolide properties, but was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999 as an immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation patients once its T cell suppression characteristics were recognized. Shortly thereafter, recognition of sirolimus's ability to inhibit cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression brought sirolimus to the forefront as a possible inhibitor of mTOR. In the subsequent decade, the functional roles of the mTOR protein have been more fully elucidated, and this protein is now known to be a key regulator in a highly complex signaling pathway that controls cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. This article discusses the dysregulation of PI3K/mTOR signaling in hematologic malignancies, including acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders. The current repertoire of PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors in development and clinical trials to date are described with emphasis upon pediatric hematologic malignancies (Figure 1). Investigation of small molecule inhibitors of this complex signaling network is an active area of oncology drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Susan R Rheingold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Tong Y, You L, Liu H, Li L, Meng H, Qian Q, Qian W. Potent antitumor activity of oncolytic adenovirus expressing Beclin-1 via induction of autophagic cell death in leukemia. Oncotarget 2014; 4:860-74. [PMID: 23765161 PMCID: PMC3757243 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An attractive strategy among adenovirus-based oncolytic systems is to design adenoviral vectors to express pro-apoptotic genes, in which this gene-virotherapy approach significantly enhances tumor cell death by activating apoptotic pathways. However, the existence of cancer cells with apoptotic defects is one of the major obstacles in gene-virotherapy. Here, we investigated whether a strategy that combines the oncolytic effects of an adenoviral vector with simultaneous expression of Beclin-1, an autophagy gene, offers a therapeutic advantage for leukemia. A Beclin-1 cDNA was cloned in an oncolytic adenovirus with chimeric Ad5/11 fiber (SG511-BECN). SG511-BECN treatment induced significant autophagic cell death, and resulted in enhanced cell killing in a variety of leukemic cell lines and primary leukemic blasts. SG511-BECN effects were seen in chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia with resistance to imatinib or chemotherapy, but exhibited much less cytotoxicity on normal cells. The SG511-BECN-induced autophagic cell death could be partially reversed by RNA interference knockdown of UVRAG, ATG5, and ATG7. We also showed that SG511-BECN strongly inhibited the growth of leukemic progenitors in vitro. In murine leukemia models, SG511-BECN prolonged the survival and decreased the xenograft tumor size by inducing autophagic cell death. Our results suggest that infection of leukemia cells with an oncolytic adenovirus overexpressing Beclin-1 can induce significant autophagic cell death and provide a new strategy for the elimination of leukemic cells via a unique mechanism of action distinct from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tong
- Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
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Wallington-Beddoe CT, Powell JA, Tong D, Pitson SM, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. Sphingosine kinase 2 promotes acute lymphoblastic leukemia by enhancing MYC expression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2803-15. [PMID: 24686171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) may have utility as a prognostic marker in inflammatory diseases such as cancer in which it has been rationalized as a candidate therapeutic target. Here, we show that SK2 has an oncogenic role in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by influencing expression of MYC. Genetic ablation of SK2 impaired leukemia development in a mouse model of ALL and pharmacologic inhibition extended survival in mouse xenograft models of human disease. SK2 attenuation in both the settings reduced MYC expression in leukemic cells, with reduced levels of acetylated histone H3 within the MYC gene associated with reduced levels of MYC protein and expression of MYC-regulated genes. Our results demonstrated that SK2 regulates MYC, which has a pivotal role in hematologic malignancies, providing a preclinical proof of concept for this pathway as a broad-based therapeutic target in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Wallington-Beddoe
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason A Powell
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daochen Tong
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenneth F Bradstock
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Linda J Bendall
- Authors' Affiliations: Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney; Hematology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales; and Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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August KJ, Narendran A, Neville KA. Pediatric relapsed or refractory leukemia: new pharmacotherapeutic developments and future directions. Drugs 2014; 73:439-61. [PMID: 23568274 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, numerous advances in treatment have produced dramatic increases in the cure rates of pediatric leukemias. Despite this progress, the majority of children with relapsed leukemia are not expected to survive. With current chemotherapy regimens, approximately 15 % of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 45 % of children with acute myeloid leukemia will have refractory disease or experience a relapse. Advances in the treatment of pediatric relapsed leukemia have not mirrored the successes of upfront therapy, and newer treatments are desperately needed in order to improve survival in these challenging patients. Recent improvements in our knowledge of cancer biology have revealed an extensive number of targets that have the potential to be exploited for anticancer therapy. These advances have led to the development of a number of new treatments that are now being explored in children with relapsed or refractory leukemia. Novel agents seek to exploit the same molecular aberrations that contribute to leukemia development and resistance to therapy. Newer classes of drugs, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and epigenetic modifiers are transforming the treatment of patients who are not cured with conventional therapies. As the side effects of many new agents are distinct from those seen with conventional chemotherapy, these treatments are often explored in combination with each other or combined with conventional treatment regimens. This review discusses the biological rationale for the most promising new agents and the results of recent studies conducted in pediatric patients with relapsed leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J August
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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