1
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Wallace R, Bliss CM, Parker AL. The Immune System-A Double-Edged Sword for Adenovirus-Based Therapies. Viruses 2024; 16:973. [PMID: 38932265 PMCID: PMC11209478 DOI: 10.3390/v16060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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2
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McElvaney OF, Fraughen DD, McElvaney OJ, Carroll TP, McElvaney NG. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: current therapy and emerging targets. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:191-202. [PMID: 36896570 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2174973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a common hereditary disorder affecting mainly lungs, liver and skin has been the focus of some of the most exciting therapeutic approaches in medicine in the past 5 years. In this review, we discuss the therapies presently available for the different manifestations of AATD and new therapies in the pipeline. AREAS COVERED We review therapeutic options for the individual lung, liver and skin manifestations of AATD along with approaches which aim to treat all three. Along with this renewed interest in treating AATD come challenges. How is AAT best delivered to the lung? What is the desired level of AAT in the circulation and lungs which therapeutics should aim to provide? Will treating the liver disease increase the potential for lung disease? Are there treatments to target the underlying genetic defect with the potential to prevent all aspects of AATDrelated disease? EXPERT OPINION With a relatively small population able to participate in clinical studies, increased awareness and diagnosis of AATD is urgently needed. Better, more sensitive clinical parameters will assist in the generation of acceptable and robust evidence of therapeutic effect for current and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín F McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel D Fraughen
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomás P Carroll
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Osipov ID, Vasikhovskaia VA, Zabelina DS, Kutseikin SS, Grazhdantseva AA, Kochneva GV, Davydova J, Netesov SV, Romanenko MV. Development of Oncolytic Vectors Based on Human Adenovirus Type 6 for Cancer Treatment. Viruses 2023; 15:182. [PMID: 36680222 PMCID: PMC9865941 DOI: 10.3390/v15010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Adenovirus type 6 (HAdV-C6) is a promising candidate for the development of oncolytic vectors as it has low seroprevalence and the intrinsic ability to evade tissue macrophages. However, its further development as a therapeutic agent is hampered by the lack of convenient cloning methods. We have developed a novel technology when a shuttle plasmid carrying the distal genome parts with modified E1A and E3 regions is recombined in vitro with the truncated HAdV-C6 genome. Using this approach, we have constructed a novel Ad6-hT-GM vector controlled by the hTERT promoter and expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) instead of 6.7K and gp19K E3 proteins. We have demonstrated that control by the hTERT promoter may result in delayed viral replication, which nevertheless does not significantly change the cytotoxic ability of recombinant viruses. The insertion of the transgene by displacing the E3-6.7K/gp19K region does not drastically change the expression patterns of E3 genes; however, mild changes in expression from major late promoter were observed. Finally, we have demonstrated that the treatment of human breast cancer xenografts in murine models with Ad6-hT-GM significantly decreased the tumor volume and improved survival time compared to mock-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D. Osipov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Daria S. Zabelina
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergei S. Kutseikin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Galina V. Kochneva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia Davydova
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sergey V. Netesov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita V. Romanenko
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Dicks MD, Rose LM, Russell RA, Bowman LA, Graham C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Doores KJ, Malim MH, Draper SJ, Howarth M, Biswas S. Modular capsid decoration boosts adenovirus vaccine-induced humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3639-3657. [PMID: 35949171 PMCID: PMC9364715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector vaccines have been widely and successfully deployed in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, despite inducing potent T cell immunity, improvement of vaccine-specific antibody responses upon homologous boosting is modest compared with other technologies. Here, we describe a system enabling modular decoration of adenovirus capsid surfaces with antigens and demonstrate potent induction of humoral immunity against these displayed antigens. Ligand attachment via a covalent bond was achieved using a protein superglue, DogTag/DogCatcher (similar to SpyTag/SpyCatcher), in a rapid and spontaneous reaction requiring only co-incubation of ligand and vector components. DogTag was inserted into surface-exposed loops in the adenovirus hexon protein to allow attachment of DogCatcher-fused ligands on virus particles. Efficient coverage of the capsid surface was achieved using various ligands, with vector infectivity retained in each case. Capsid decoration shielded particles from vector neutralizing antibodies. In prime-boost regimens, adenovirus vectors decorated with the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike induced >10-fold higher SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers compared with an undecorated vector encoding spike. Importantly, decorated vectors achieved equivalent or superior T cell immunogenicity against encoded antigens compared with undecorated vectors. We propose capsid decoration using protein superglues as a novel strategy to improve efficacy and boostability of adenovirus-based vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D.J. Dicks
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Corresponding author: Matthew D. J. Dicks, SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK.
| | - Louisa M. Rose
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Lesley A.H. Bowman
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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5
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Mittal SK. Significance of Preexisting Vector Immunity and Activation of Innate Responses for Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122727. [PMID: 36560730 PMCID: PMC9787786 DOI: 10.3390/v14122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adenoviral (AdV)-based vector system is a promising platform for vaccine development and gene therapy applications. Administration of an AdV vector elicits robust innate immunity, leading to the development of humoral and cellular immune responses against the vector and the transgene antigen, if applicable. The use of high doses (1011-1013 virus particles) of an AdV vector, especially for gene therapy applications, could lead to vector toxicity due to excessive levels of innate immune responses, vector interactions with blood factors, or high levels of vector transduction in the liver and spleen. Additionally, the high prevalence of AdV infections in humans or the first inoculation with the AdV vector result in the development of vector-specific immune responses, popularly known as preexisting vector immunity. It significantly reduces the vector efficiency following the use of an AdV vector that is prone to preexisting vector immunity. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. The utilization of rare human AdV types or nonhuman AdVs is the primary strategy to evade preexisting vector immunity. The use of heterologous viral vectors, capsid modification, and vector encapsulation are alternative methods to evade vector immunity. The vectors can be optimized for clinical applications with comprehensive knowledge of AdV vector immunity, toxicity, and circumvention strategies.
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6
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Tian J, Xu Z, Moitra R, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Byrnes AP. Binding of adenovirus species C hexon to prothrombin and the influence of hexon on vector properties in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010859. [PMID: 36156097 PMCID: PMC9536601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of adenovirus (Ad) vectors are based on human Ad type 5, which is a member of Ad species C. Species C also includes the closely-related types 1, 2, 6, 57 and 89. It is known that coagulation factors bind to Ad5 hexon and play a key role in the liver tropism of Ad5 vectors, but it is unclear how coagulation factors affect vectors derived from other species C Ads. We evaluated species C Ad vectors both in vitro and following intravenous injection in mice. To assess the impact of hexon differences, we constructed chimeric Ad5 vectors that contain the hexon hypervariable regions from other species C types, including vectors with hexon mutations that decreased coagulation factor binding. After intravenous injection into mice, vectors with Ad5 or Ad6 hexon had strong liver tropism, while vectors with chimeric hexon from other Ad types had weaker liver tropism due to inhibition by natural antibodies and complement. In addition, we discovered a novel ability of hexon to bind prothrombin, which is the most abundant coagulation factor in blood, and we found striking differences in the affinity of Ads for human, mouse and bovine coagulation factors. When compared to Ad5, vectors with non-Ad5 species C hexons had considerably higher affinity for both human and mouse prothrombin. Most of the vectors tested were strongly dependent on coagulation factors for liver transduction, but vectors with chimeric Ad6 hexon showed much less dependence on coagulation factors than other vectors. We found that in vitro neutralization experiments with mouse serum predicted in vivo behavior of Ad5 vectors, but in vitro experiments did not predict the in vivo behavior of vectors based on other Ad types. In sum, hexons from different human Ad species C viruses confer diverse properties on vectors, including differing abilities to target the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhili Xu
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rituparna Moitra
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donna J. Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Byrnes
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Scholz J, Weil PP, Pembaur D, Koukou G, Aydin M, Hauert D, Postberg J, Kreppel F, Hagedorn C. An Adenoviral Vector as a Versatile Tool for Delivery and Expression of miRNAs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091952. [PMID: 36146759 PMCID: PMC9504453 DOI: 10.3390/v14091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only two decades after discovering miRNAs, our understanding of the functional effects of deregulated miRNAs in the development of diseases, particularly cancer, has been rapidly evolving. These observations and functional studies provide the basis for developing miRNA-based diagnostic markers or new therapeutic strategies. Adenoviral (Ad) vectors belong to the most frequently used vector types in gene therapy and are suitable for strong short-term transgene expression in a variety of cells. Here, we report the set-up and functionality of an Ad-based miRNA vector platform that can be employed to deliver and express a high level of miRNAs efficiently. This vector platform allows fast and efficient vector production to high titers and the expression of pri-miRNA precursors under the control of a polymerase II promoter. In contrast to non-viral miRNA delivery systems, this Ad-based miRNA vector platform allows accurate dosing of the delivered miRNAs. Using a two-vector model, we showed that Ad-driven miRNA expression was sufficient in down-regulating the expression of an overexpressed and highly stable protein. Additional data corroborated the downregulation of multiple endogenous target RNAs using the system presented here. Additionally, we report some unanticipated synergistic effects on the transduction efficiencies in vitro when cells were consecutively transduced with two different Ad-vectors. This effect might be taken into consideration for protocols using two or more different Ad vectors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Scholz
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Patrick Philipp Weil
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Daniel Pembaur
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Georgia Koukou
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Dorota Hauert
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence:
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8
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Bates EA, Davies JA, Váňová J, Nestić D, Meniel VS, Koushyar S, Cunliffe TG, Mundy RM, Moses E, Uusi-Kerttula HK, Baker AT, Cole DK, Majhen D, Rizkallah PJ, Phesse T, Chester JD, Parker AL. Development of a low-seroprevalence, αvβ6 integrin-selective virotherapy based on human adenovirus type 10. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:43-56. [PMID: 35399606 PMCID: PMC8971729 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies (OV) hold immense clinical potential. OV based on human adenoviruses (HAdV) derived from HAdV with naturally low rates of pre-existing immunity will be beneficial for future clinical translation. We generated a low-seroprevalence HAdV-D10 serotype vector incorporating an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide, A20, to target αvβ6-positive tumor cell types. HAdV-D10 has limited natural tropism. Structural and biological studies of HAdV-D10 knob protein highlighted low-affinity engagement with native adenoviral receptors CAR and sialic acid. HAdV-D10 fails to engage blood coagulation factor X, potentially eliminating "off-target" hepatic sequestration in vivo. We engineered an A20 peptide that selectively binds αvβ6 integrin into the DG loop of HAdV-D10 fiber knob. Assays in αvβ6+ cancer cell lines demonstrated significantly increased transduction mediated by αvβ6-targeted variants compared with controls, confirmed microscopically. HAdV-D10.A20 resisted neutralization by neutralizing HAdV-C5 sera. Systemic delivery of HAdV-D10.A20 resulted in significantly increased GFP expression in BT20 tumors. Replication-competent HAdV-D10.A20 demonstrated αvβ6 integrin-selective cell killing in vitro and in vivo. HAdV-D10 possesses characteristics of a promising virotherapy, combining low seroprevalence, weak receptor interactions, and reduced off-target uptake. Incorporation of an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide resulted in HAdV-D10.A20, with significant potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jana Váňová
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerie S. Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sarah Koushyar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni K. Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Toby Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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9
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Nilson R, Lübbers O, Schmidt CQ, Rojewski M, Zeplin PH, Funk W, Schrezenmeier H, Kritzinger A, Kochanek S, Krutzke L. Hexon modification of human adenovirus type 5 vectors enables efficient transduction of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:96-110. [PMID: 35402633 PMCID: PMC8956844 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5)-derived viral vectors, the fiber protein has been the preferred locale for modifications to alter the natural viral tropism. Hexon, the most abundant capsid protein, has rarely been used for retargeting purposes, likely because the insertion of larger targeting peptides into Hexon often interferes with the assembly of the viral capsid. We previously observed that positively charged molecules enhance the transduction of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs)—a cell type of significant interest for clinical development but inefficiently transduced by unmodified HAdV-5-based vectors. As efficient HAdV-5-mediated gene transfer would greatly increase the therapeutic potential of hMSCs, we tested the hypothesis that introducing positively charged amino acids into Hexon might enhance the transduction of hMSCs, enabling efficient expression of selected transgenes. From the constructs that could be rescued as functional virions, one (HAdV-5-HexPos3) showed striking transduction of hMSCs with up to 500-fold increased efficiency. Evaluation of the underlying mechanism identified heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to be essential for virus uptake by the cells. The ease and efficiency of transduction of hMSCs with this vector will facilitate the development of genetically modified hMSCs as therapeutic vehicles in different disciplines, including oncology or regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nilson
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Olivia Lübbers
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Department of Applied Immunology and Immunopharmacology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Helge Zeplin
- Schlosspark Klinik Ludwigsburg, Privatklinik für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Kritzinger
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Lea Krutzke
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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10
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang T, Kong F, Zhang H, Yi J, Dong X, Duan H, Tao N, Yang Y, Wang H. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells loaded with oncolytic adenovirus carrying decorin on a breast cancer lung metastatic mouse model. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:486-496. [PMID: 35229027 PMCID: PMC8850566 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) are alternative immune therapeutic strategies for tumors. However, liver uptake and antibody neutralization are two major barriers for systemic delivery during the treatment of tumor metastasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as potential vehicles to improve delivery. In this study, we loaded umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) with OAds expressing decorin (rAd.DCN) or without foreign genes (rAd.Null) to treat breast cancer lung metastasis. In vivo, rAd.Null, MSCs.Null, and rAd.DCN exhibited antitumor effects compared with other groups in a mouse model. Unexpectedly, MSCs.Null showed much greater antitumor responses than MSCs.DCN, including improved survival and reduced tumor burden. Compared with rAd.Null, both MSCs.Null and MSCs.DCN could improve the viral spread and distribution in metastatic tumor lesions in the lung. MSCs.DCN produced much more decorin in lungs than rAd.DCN; however, rAd.DCN reduced the downstream target genes of decorin much more strongly than MSCs.DCN, which was consistent with in vitro findings. In addition, rAd.DCN, MSCs.Null, and MSCs.DCN could reduce The cytokine levels in the lung. In conclusion, MSCs improved oncolytic adenoviral delivery and spread in tumor tissues and enhanced therapeutic effects. However, MSCs.DCN reduced OAd-evoked antitumor responses, possibly via a contact-dependent mechanism.
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11
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Reddy VS, Yu X, Barry MA. Refined Capsid Structure of Human Adenovirus D26 at 3.4 Å Resolution. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020414. [PMID: 35216007 PMCID: PMC8878492 DOI: 10.3390/v14020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adenoviruses are being used as viral vectors for the generation of vaccines against chronic and emerging diseases (e.g., AIDS, COVID-19). Here, we report the improved capsid structure for one of these vectors, human adenovirus D26 (HAdV-D26), at 3.4 Å resolution, by reprocessing the previous cryo-electron microscopy dataset and obtaining a refined model. In addition to overall improvements in the model, the highlights of the structure include (1) locating a segment of the processed peptide of VIII that was previously believed to be released from the mature virions, (2) reorientation of the helical appendage domain (APD) of IIIa situated underneath the vertex region relative to its counterpart observed in the cleavage defective (ts1) mutant of HAdV-C5 that resulted in the loss of interactions between the APD and hexon bases, and (3) the revised conformation of the cleaved N-terminal segments of pre-protein VI (pVIn), located in the hexon cavities, is highly conserved, with notable stacking interactions between the conserved His13 and Phe18 residues. Taken together, the improved model of HAdV-D26 capsid provides a better understanding of protein–protein interactions in HAdV capsids and facilitates the efforts to modify and/or design adenoviral vectors with altered properties. Last but not least, we provide some insights into clotting factors (e.g., FX and PF4) binding to AdV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Reddy
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaodi Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Gao Q, Li F, Yuan Y, Dai Y, Cheng T, Cao H, Yan DM, Li Y, Sun Q, Huang XY. M11: A Tropism-modified Oncolytic Adenovirus Arming with Tumor-homing Peptide for Advanced Ovarian Cancer Therapies. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:262-274. [PMID: 35018835 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) have shown great promise in cancer therapy, but their efficacy has been greatly limited by poor tumor selectivity and highly off-target liver sequestration. Herein, we generate a novel "stealth' and tumor-targeting oncolytic adenovirus vector M0-TMTP1 through inserting TMTP1 (NVVRQ), a tumor homing peptide specifically targeting metastasis, into the hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of hexon. M0-TMTP1 exhibits increased transduction of tumor cells in vitro. In vivo biodistribution of M0-TMTP1 in an intraperitoneal disseminated ovarian cancer model showed significantly reduced virus load in major organs but apparent aggregation in tumors. The tumor-to-liver ratio of M0-TMTP1 was nearly 5000-fold higher than control adenovirus M0. Further, we armed M0-TMTP1 with trunked BID (tBID), a mitochondrial apoptosis protein, to obtain M11. Combining M11 with cisplatin (DDP) could induce an intensive antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, this combination therapy showed higher biosafety. Taken together, our results suggest that M11 represents a tumor-targeting, efficacious, and relatively nontoxic viro-therapeutic agent, and these findings might offer renewed hope for tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical College, 12403, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Fei Li
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Yun Dai
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China.,Guilin Medical University Affiliated Hospital, 117912, Reproductive center, Guilin, Guizhou, China;
| | - Teng Cheng
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Heng Cao
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Dan-Mei Yan
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Ying Li
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Qian Sun
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Xiao-Yuan Huang
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 66375, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
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13
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Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2021; 9:e73-e80. [PMID: 34774202 PMCID: PMC8585488 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 were developed, tested, and introduced at a remarkable speed. Although the vaccine introduction had a major impact on the evolution of COVID-19, some potential rare side-effects of the vaccines were observed. Within a short period, three scientific groups from Norway, Germany, and the UK reported cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia and anti-platelet factor 4 (anti-PF4) antibodies in individuals following AstraZeneca–Oxford vaccination and named this new syndrome vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). This syndrome was subsequently reported in individuals who received Johnson & Johnson vaccination. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of VITT. Presentation of an individual with possible VITT should raise prompt testing for anti-PF4 antibodies and initiation of treatment targeting autoimmune processes with intravenous immunoglobulin and prothrombotic processes with non-heparin anticoagulation.
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14
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Othman M, Baker AT, Gupalo E, Elsebaie A, Bliss CM, Rondina MT, Lillicrap D, Parker AL. To clot or not to clot? Ad is the question-Insights on mechanisms related to vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2845-2856. [PMID: 34351057 PMCID: PMC8420166 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has caused global concern. VITT is characterized by thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccinations with the AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. Patients present with thrombosis, severe thrombocytopenia developing 5-24 days following first dose of vaccine, with elevated D-dimer, and PF4 antibodies, signifying platelet activation. As of June 1, 2021, more than 1.93 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered worldwide. Currently, 467 VITT cases (0.000024%) have been reported across the UK, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Guidance on diagnosis and management of VITT has been reported but the pathogenic mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we propose and discuss potential mechanisms in relation to adenovirus induction of VITT. We provide insights and clues into areas warranting investigation into the mechanistic basis of VITT, highlighting the unanswered questions. Further research is required to help solidify a pathogenic model for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesSchool of MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Baccalaureate NursingSt. Lawrence CollegeKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - Elena Gupalo
- National Medical Research Center for CardiologyMoscowRussia
| | - Abdelrahman Elsebaie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesSchool of MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, and the Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of Utah HealthSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Internal Medicine and GRECCGeorge E. Wahlen VAMCSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
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15
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Wang Z, Zhang X. Adenovirus vector-attributed hepatotoxicity blocks clinical application in gene therapy. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:1045-1052. [PMID: 34548241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads), common self-limiting pathogens in humans and animals, usually cause conjunctivitis, mild upper respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis in humans and hepatotoxicity syndrome in chickens and dogs, posing great threats to public health and livestock husbandry. Artificially modified Ads, which wipe out virulence-determining genes, are the most frequently used viral vectors in gene therapy, and some Ad vector (AdV)-related medicines and vaccines have been licensed and applied. Inherent liver tropism enables AdVs to specifically deliver drugs/genes to the liver; however, AdVs are closely associated with acute hepatotoxicity in immunocompromised individuals, and the side effects of AdVs, which stimulate a strong inflammatory reaction in the liver and cause acute hepatotoxicity, have largely limited clinical application. Therefore, this review systematically elucidates the intimate relationship between AdVs and hepatotoxicity in terms of virus and host and precisely illustrates the accumulated understanding in this field over the past decades. This review demonstrates the liver tropism of AdVs and molecular mechanism of AdV-induced hepatotoxicity and looks at the studies on AdV-mediated animal hepatotoxicity, which will undoubtedly deepen the understanding of AdV-caused liver injury and be of benefit in the further safe development of AdVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Zhang J, Ma K, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Ou J, Lan W, Guan W, Wu X, Zheng H, Yang B, Wan C, Zhao W, Wu J, Zhang Q. Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) Is A Receptor of Human Adenovirus Type 55 Causing Adult Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1400-1410. [PMID: 34224109 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-B55) is a re-emergent acute respiratory disease pathogen that causes adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Previous studies have shown that the receptor of HAdV-B14, which genome is highly similar with HAdV-B55, is human Desmoglein 2 (DSG2). However, whether the receptor of HAdV-B55 is DSG2 is undetermined because there are three amino acid mutations in the fiber gene between HAdV-B14 and HAdV-B55. Here, firstly we found the 3T3 cells, a mouse embryo fibroblast rodent cell line which does not express human DSG2, were able to be infected by HAdV-B55 after transfected with pcDNA3.1-DSG2, while normal 3T3 cells were still unsusceptible to HAdV-B55 infection. Next, A549 cells with hDSG2 knock-down by siRNA were hard to be infected by HAdV-B3/-B14/-B55, while the control siRNA group was still able to be infected by all these types of HAdVs. Finally, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy indicated visually that Cy3-conjugated HAdV-B55 viruses entered A549 cells by binding to DSG2 protein. Therefore, DSG2 is a major receptor of HAdV-B55 causing adult CAP. Our finding is important for better understanding of interactions between adenoviruses and host cells and may shed light on the development of new drugs that can interfere with these processes as well as for the development of potent prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yinbo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junxian Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wendong Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenyi Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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17
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Nilson R, Lübbers O, Weiß L, Singh K, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Rojewski M, Schrezenmeier H, Zeplin PH, Funk W, Krutzke L, Kochanek S, Kritzinger A. Transduction Enhancers Enable Efficient Human Adenovirus Type 5-Mediated Gene Transfer into Human Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061136. [PMID: 34204818 PMCID: PMC8231506 DOI: 10.3390/v13061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are currently developed as cell therapeutics for different applications, including regenerative medicine, immune modulation, and cancer treatment. The biological properties of hMSCs can be further modulated by genetic engineering. Viral vectors based on human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) belong to the most frequently used vector types for genetic modification of human cells in vitro and in vivo. However, due to a lack of the primary attachment receptor coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in hMSCs, HAdV-5 vectors are currently not suitable for transduction of this cell type without capsid modification. Here we present several transduction enhancers that strongly enhance HAdV-5-mediated gene transfer into both bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived hMSCs. Polybrene, poly-l-lysine, human lactoferrin, human blood coagulation factor X, spermine, and spermidine enabled high eGFP expression levels in hMSCs. Importantly, hMSCs treated with enhancers were not affected in their migration behavior, which is a key requisite for many therapeutic applications. Exemplary, strongly increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) (a secreted model therapeutic protein) was achieved by enhancer-facilitated HAdV-5 transduction. Thus, enhancer-mediated HAdV-5 vector transduction is a valuable method for the engineering of hMSCs, which can be further exploited for the development of innovative hMSC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nilson
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Olivia Lübbers
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Linus Weiß
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Karmveer Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (K.S.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (K.S.); (K.S.-K.)
| | - Markus Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.R.); (H.S.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.R.); (H.S.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Helge Zeplin
- Schlosspark Klinik Ludwigsburg, Privatklinik für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, 71638 Ludwigsburg, Germany;
| | | | - Lea Krutzke
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-73150046103
| | - Astrid Kritzinger
- Department of Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.N.); (O.L.); (L.W.); (L.K.); (A.K.)
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18
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Adenovirus Structure: What Is New? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105240. [PMID: 34063479 PMCID: PMC8156859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are large (~950 Å) and complex non-enveloped, dsDNA icosahedral viruses. They have a pseudo-T = 25 triangulation number with at least 12 different proteins composing the virion. These include the major and minor capsid proteins, core proteins, maturation protease, terminal protein, and packaging machinery. Although adenoviruses have been studied for more than 60 years, deciphering their architecture has presented a challenge for structural biology techniques. An outstanding event was the first near-atomic resolution structure of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5), solved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) in 2010. Discovery of new adenovirus types, together with methodological advances in structural biology techniques, in particular cryo-EM, has lately produced a considerable amount of new, high-resolution data on the organization of adenoviruses belonging to different species. In spite of these advances, the organization of the non-icosahedral core is still a great unknown. Nevertheless, alternative techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) are providing interesting glimpses on the role of the core proteins in genome condensation and virion stability. Here we summarize the current knowledge on adenovirus structure, with an emphasis on high-resolution structures obtained since 2010.
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19
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Davies JA, Marlow G, Uusi-Kerttula HK, Seaton G, Piggott L, Badder LM, Clarkson RWE, Chester JD, Parker AL. Efficient Intravenous Tumor Targeting Using the αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Precision Virotherapy Ad5 NULL-A20. Viruses 2021; 13:864. [PMID: 34066836 PMCID: PMC8151668 DOI: 10.3390/v13050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a refined, tumor-selective adenovirus, Ad5NULL-A20, harboring tropism ablating mutations in each major capsid protein, to ablate all native means of infection. We incorporated a 20-mer peptide (A20) in the fiber knob for selective infection via αvβ6 integrin, a marker of aggressive epithelial cancers. Methods: To ascertain the selectivity of Ad5NULL-A20 for αvβ6-positive tumor cell lines of pancreatic and breast cancer origin, we performed reporter gene and cell viability assays. Biodistribution of viral vectors in mice harboring xenografts with low, medium, and high αvβ6 levels was quantified by qPCR for viral genomes 48 h post intravenous administration. Results: Ad5NULL-A20 vector transduced cells in an αvβ6-selective manner, whilst cell killing mediated by oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 was αvβ6-selective. Biodistribution analysis following intravenous administration into mice bearing breast cancer xenografts demonstrated that Ad5NULL-A20 resulted in significantly reduced liver accumulation coupled with increased tumor accumulation compared to Ad5 in all three models, with tumor-to-liver ratios improved as a function of αvβ6 expression. Conclusions: Ad5NULL-A20-based virotherapies efficiently target αvβ6-integrin-positive tumors following intravenous administration, validating the potential of Ad5NULL-A20 for systemic applications, enabling tumor-selective overexpression of virally encoded therapeutic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Hanni K. Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Gillian Seaton
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - Luke Piggott
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - Luned M. Badder
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Richard W. E. Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
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Mato-Berciano A, Morgado S, Maliandi MV, Farrera-Sal M, Gimenez-Alejandre M, Ginestà MM, Moreno R, Torres-Manjon S, Moreno P, Arias-Badia M, Rojas LA, Capellà G, Alemany R, Cascallo M, Bazan-Peregrino M. Oncolytic adenovirus with hyaluronidase activity that evades neutralizing antibodies: VCN-11. J Control Release 2021; 332:517-528. [PMID: 33675877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeting and intratumoral virus spreading are key features for successful oncolytic virotherapy. VCN-11 is a novel oncolytic adenovirus, genetically modified to express hyaluronidase (PH20) and display an albumin-binding domain (ABD) on the hexon. ABD allows the virus to self-coat with albumin when entering the bloodstream and evade neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Here, we validate VCN-11 mechanism of action and characterize its toxicity. VCN-11 replication, hyaluronidase activity and binding to human albumin to evade NAbs was evaluated. Toxicity and efficacy of VCN-11 were assessed in mice and hamsters. Tumor targeting, and antitumor activity was analyzed in the presence of NAbs in several tumor models. VCN-11 induced 450 times more cytotoxicity in tumor cells than in normal cells. VCN-11 hyaluronidase production was confirmed by measuring PH20 activity in vitro and in virus-infected tumor areas in vivo. VCN-11 evaded NAbs from different sources and tumor targeting was demonstrated in the presence of high levels of NAbs in vivo, whereas the control virus without ABD was neutralized. VCN-11 showed a low toxicity profile in athymic nude mice and Syrian hamsters, allowing treatments with high doses and fractionated administrations without major toxicities (up to 1.2x1011vp/mouse and 7.5x1011vp/hamster). Fractionated intravenous administrations improved circulation kinetics and tumor targeting. VCN-11 antitumor efficacy was demonstrated in the presence of NAbs against Ad5 and itself. Oncolytic adenovirus VCN-11 disrupts tumor matrix and displays antitumor effects even in the presence of NAbs. These features make VCN-11 a safe promising candidate to test re-administration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Morgado
- VCN Biosciences, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Martí Farrera-Sal
- VCN Biosciences, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Virotherapy and Immunotherapy Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Mireia M Ginestà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology- ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno
- Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Virotherapy and Immunotherapy Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Silvia Torres-Manjon
- Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Virotherapy and Immunotherapy Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Paz Moreno
- Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Luis A Rojas
- Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Virotherapy and Immunotherapy Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology- ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- VCN Biosciences, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Virotherapy Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Virotherapy and Immunotherapy Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manel Cascallo
- VCN Biosciences, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Marabini R, Condezo GN, Krupovic M, Menéndez-Conejero R, Gómez-Blanco J, San Martín C. Near-atomic structure of an atadenovirus reveals a conserved capsid-binding motif and intergenera variations in cementing proteins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe6008. [PMID: 33789897 PMCID: PMC8011978 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Of five known adenovirus genera, high-resolution structures are available only for mammalian-infecting mastadenoviruses. We present the first high-resolution structure of an adenovirus with nonmammalian host: lizard atadenovirus LAdV-2. We find a large conformational difference in the internal vertex protein IIIa between mast- and atadenoviruses, induced by the presence of an extended polypeptide. This polypeptide, and α-helical clusters beneath the facet, likely correspond to genus-specific proteins LH2 and p32k. Another genus-specific protein, LH3, with a fold typical of bacteriophage tailspikes, contacts the capsid surface via a triskelion structure identical to that used by mastadenovirus protein IX, revealing a conserved capsid-binding motif and an ancient gene duplication event. Our data also suggest that mastadenovirus E1B-55 K was exapted from the atadenovirus-like LH3 protein. This work provides new information on the evolution of adenoviruses, emphasizing the importance of minor coat proteins for determining specific physicochemical properties of virions and most likely their tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Marabini
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela N Condezo
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rosa Menéndez-Conejero
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josué Gómez-Blanco
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Baker AT, Davies JA, Bates EA, Moses E, Mundy RM, Marlow G, Cole DK, Bliss CM, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. The Fiber Knob Protein of Human Adenovirus Type 49 Mediates Highly Efficient and Promiscuous Infection of Cancer Cell Lines Using a Novel Cell Entry Mechanism. J Virol 2021; 95:e01849-20. [PMID: 33268514 PMCID: PMC7851562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01849-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus (HAdV) phylogenetic tree is diverse, divided across seven species and comprising over 100 individual types. Species D HAdV are rarely isolated with low rates of preexisting immunity, making them appealing for therapeutic applications. Several species D vectors have been developed as vaccines against infectious diseases, where they induce robust immunity in preclinical models and early phase clinical trials. However, many aspects of the basic virology of species D HAdV, including their basic receptor usage and means of cell entry, remain understudied. Here, we investigated HAdV-D49, which previously has been studied for vaccine and vascular gene transfer applications. We generated a pseudotyped HAdV-C5 presenting the HAdV-D49 fiber knob protein (HAdV-C5/D49K). This pseudotyped vector was efficient at infecting cells devoid of all known HAdV receptors, indicating HAdV-D49 uses an unidentified cellular receptor. Conversely, a pseudotyped vector presenting the fiber knob protein of the closely related HAdV-D30 (HAdV-C5/D30K), differing in four amino acids from HAdV-D49, failed to demonstrate the same tropism. These four amino acid changes resulted in a change in isoelectric point of the knob protein, with HAdV-D49K possessing a basic apical region compared to a more acidic region in HAdV-D30K. Structurally and biologically we demonstrate that HAdV-D49 knob protein is unable to engage CD46, while potential interaction with coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is extremely limited by extension of the DG loop. HAdV-C5/49K efficiently transduced cancer cell lines of pancreatic, breast, lung, esophageal, and ovarian origin, indicating it may have potential for oncolytic virotherapy applications, especially for difficult to transduce tumor types.IMPORTANCE Adenoviruses are powerful tools experimentally and clinically. To maximize efficacy, the development of serotypes with low preexisting levels of immunity in the population is desirable. Consequently, attention has focused on those derived from species D, which have proven robust vaccine platforms. This widespread usage is despite limited knowledge in their basic biology and cellular tropism. We investigated the tropism of HAdV-D49, demonstrating that it uses a novel cell entry mechanism that bypasses all known HAdV receptors. We demonstrate, biologically, that a pseudotyped HAdV-C5/D49K vector efficiently transduces a wide range of cell lines, including those presenting no known adenovirus receptor. Structural investigation suggests that this broad tropism is the result of a highly basic electrostatic surface potential, since a homologous pseudotyped vector with a more acidic surface potential, HAdV-C5/D30K, does not display a similar pantropism. Therefore, HAdV-C5/D49K may form a powerful vector for therapeutic applications capable of infecting difficult to transduce cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie M Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carly M Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AAT (alpha-1 antitrypsin) deficiency (AATD), characterized by low levels of circulating serine protease inhibitor AAT, results in emphysematous destruction of the lung. Inherited serum deficiency disorders, such as hemophilia and AATD, have been considered ideal candidates for gene therapy. Although viral vector-meditated transduction of the liver has demonstrated utility in hemophilia, similar success has not been achieved for AATD. The challenge for AAT gene therapy is achieving protective levels of AAT locally in the lung and mitigating potential liver toxicities linked to systemically administered viral vectors. Current strategies with ongoing clinical trials involve different routes of adeno-associated virus administrations, such as intramuscular and intrapleural injections, to provide consistent therapeutic levels from nonhepatic organ sites. Nevertheless, exploration of alternative methods of nonhepatic sourcing of AAT has been of great interest in the field. In this regard, pulmonary endothelium-targeted adenovirus vector could be a key technical mandate to achieve local augmentation of AAT within the lower respiratory tract, with the potential benefit of circumventing liver toxicities. In addition, incorporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) nuclease system into gene-delivery technologies has provided adjunctive technologies that could fully realize a one-time treatment for sustained, lifelong expression of AAT in patients with AATD. This review will focus on the adeno-associated virus- and adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy strategies for the pulmonary manifestations of AATD and show that endeavoring to use genome-editing techniques will advance the current strategy to one fully compatible with direct human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Lorincz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Chéneau C, Kremer EJ. Adenovirus-Extracellular Protein Interactions and Their Impact on Innate Immune Responses by Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121351. [PMID: 33255892 PMCID: PMC7760109 DOI: 10.3390/v12121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight how, in a syngeneic system, human mononuclear phagocytes respond to environments containing human adenovirus (HAdV) and soluble extracellular proteins that influence their innate immune response. Soluble extracellular proteins, including immunoglobulins, blood clotting factors, proteins of the complement system, and/or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can exert direct effects by binding to a virus capsid that modifies interactions with pattern recognition receptors and downstream signaling. In addition, the presence, generation, or secretion of extracellular proteins can indirectly influence the response to HAdVs via the activation and recruitment of cells at the site of infection.
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25
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Cunliffe TG, Bates EA, Parker AL. Hitting the Target but Missing the Point: Recent Progress towards Adenovirus-Based Precision Virotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3327. [PMID: 33187160 PMCID: PMC7696810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More people are surviving longer with cancer. Whilst this can be partially attributed to advances in early detection of cancers, there is little doubt that the improvement in survival statistics is also due to the expansion in the spectrum of treatments available for efficacious treatment. Transformative amongst those are immunotherapies, which have proven effective agents for treating immunogenic forms of cancer, although immunologically "cold" tumour types remain refractive. Oncolytic viruses, such as those based on adenovirus, have great potential as anti-cancer agents and have seen a resurgence of interest in recent years. Amongst their many advantages is their ability to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of infected tumour cells, thus providing the alluring potential to synergise with immunotherapies by turning immunologically "cold" tumours "hot". Additionally, enhanced immune mediated cell killing can be promoted through the local overexpression of immunological transgenes, encoded from within the engineered viral genome. To achieve this full potential requires the development of refined, tumour selective "precision virotherapies" that are extensively engineered to prevent off-target up take via native routes of infection and targeted to infect and replicate uniquely within malignantly transformed cells. Here, we review the latest advances towards this holy grail within the adenoviral field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (T.G.C.); (E.A.B.)
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26
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Boucher P, Cui X, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vectors for in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas gene editors. J Control Release 2020; 327:788-800. [PMID: 32891680 PMCID: PMC8091654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system for genome editing in eukaryotes has revolutionized basic biomedical research and translational sciences. The ability to create targeted alterations of the genome through this easy to design system has presented unprecedented opportunities to treat inherited disorders and other diseases such as cancer through gene therapy. A major hurdle is the lack of an efficient and safe in vivo delivery system, limiting most of the current gene therapy efforts to ex vivo editing of extracted cells. Here we discuss the unique features of adenoviral vectors that enable tissue specific and efficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas machinery for in vivo genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Genome Engineering & iPSC Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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The superior role of coagulation factor FX over FVII in adenoviral-mediated innate immune induction of the hepatocyte: an in vitro experiment. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:199-206. [PMID: 33145426 PMCID: PMC7592097 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.99512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study To better understanding the contribution of coagulation factors to the extent of adenovirus-mediated innate toxicity on the hepatocyte. Material and methods Adenovirus-36 (AD) and adenovector type 5-GFP (Ad5-GFP) were propagated and titered; then, they were loaded with coagulation factors VII or X. The complex of adenovirus with coagulation factor VII and X were for size and charge parameters. After adding AD-VII and AD-X complexes, the expression levels of innate inflammatory genes including protein kinase R (PKR), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-18 were measured by Real-time PCR on a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2. Results The loading of coagulation factors VII and X on Ad5-GFP enhanced the transduction rate up to 50% and 60% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the adenovector alone (30%) (p < 0.05). The formation of the coagulation factor-virus complex leads to multimodal size distribution with an increase in average hydrodynamic size and absolute zeta potential. The qPCR results showed that PKR expression increased significantly after treatment with all adenoviruses. These findings also showed that AD had a significant (p = 0.0152) inflammatory impact on Hep-G2. However, AD which was loaded with FX (AD-X) exhibited the most inflammatory effect (p = 0.0164). Significantly, the expression of IL-1β (p = 0.0041), IL-8 (p = 0.0107) and IL-18 (p = 0.0193) were also enhanced following FX loading. On the other hand, the AD-VII complex showed the least effect of innate immune induction when compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Conclusions The loading of coagulation factors, particularly FX, could enhance the transduction efficiency of Ad5-GFP. Furthermore, adenovirus loaded with FX exhibited more innate toxicity on the hepatocytes, while it was not the case for FVII.
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Lactoferrin-Hexon Interactions Mediate CAR-Independent Adenovirus Infection of Human Respiratory Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00542-20. [PMID: 32376620 PMCID: PMC7343212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses enter target cells using cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Paradoxically, these molecules are abundant on the lateral and basolateral side of intact, polarized, epithelial target cells, but absent on the apical side that must be penetrated by incoming viruses to initiate infection. Our study provides a model whereby viruses use different mechanisms to infect polarized epithelial cells depending on which side of the cell—apical or lateral/basolateral—is attacked. This study may also be useful to understand the biology of other viruses that use cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Virus entry into host cells is a complex process that is largely regulated by access to specific cellular receptors. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and many other viruses use cell adhesion molecules such as the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) for attachment to and entry into target cells. These molecules are rarely expressed on the apical side of polarized epithelial cells, which raises the question of how adenoviruses—and other viruses that engage cell adhesion molecules—enter polarized cells from the apical side to initiate infection. We have previously shown that species C HAdVs utilize lactoferrin—a common innate immune component secreted to respiratory mucosa—for infection via unknown mechanisms. Using a series of biochemical, cellular, and molecular biology approaches, we mapped this effect to the proteolytically cleavable, positively charged, N-terminal 49 residues of human lactoferrin (hLF) known as human lactoferricin (hLfcin). Lactoferricin (Lfcin) binds to the hexon protein on the viral capsid and anchors the virus to an unknown receptor structure of target cells, resulting in infection. These findings suggest that HAdVs use distinct cell entry mechanisms at different stages of infection. To initiate infection, entry is likely to occur at the apical side of polarized epithelial cells, largely by means of hLF and hLfcin bridging HAdV capsids via hexons to as-yet-unknown receptors; when infection is established, progeny virions released from the basolateral side enter neighboring cells by means of hLF/hLfcin and CAR in parallel. IMPORTANCE Many viruses enter target cells using cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Paradoxically, these molecules are abundant on the lateral and basolateral side of intact, polarized, epithelial target cells, but absent on the apical side that must be penetrated by incoming viruses to initiate infection. Our study provides a model whereby viruses use different mechanisms to infect polarized epithelial cells depending on which side of the cell—apical or lateral/basolateral—is attacked. This study may also be useful to understand the biology of other viruses that use cell adhesion molecules as receptors.
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Wang Z, Liu W, Wang L, Gao P, Li Z, Wu J, Zhang H, Wu H, Kong W, Yu B, Yu X. Enhancing the antitumor activity of an engineered TRAIL-coated oncolytic adenovirus for treating acute myeloid leukemia. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:40. [PMID: 32327638 PMCID: PMC7181830 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach due to the features of these viruses, which selectively replicate and destroy tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Although numerous oncolytic viruses have been developed for testing in solid tumors, only a few have been reported to target acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and overall patient survival has remained low. We previously developed the oncolytic adenovirus rAd5pz-zTRAIL-RFP-SΔ24E1a (A4), which carries the viral capsid protein IX linked to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and results in increased infection of cancer cells and improved tumor targeting. To further improve the therapeutic potential of A4 by enhancing the engagement of virus and leukemia cells, we generated a new version of A4, zA4, by coating A4 with additional soluble TRAIL that is fused with a leucine zipper-like dimerization domain (zipper). ZA4 resulted in enhanced infectivity and significant inhibition of the proliferation of AML cells from cell lines and primary patient samples that expressed moderate levels of TRAIL-related receptors. ZA4 also elicited enhanced anti-AML activity in vivo compared with A4 and an unmodified oncolytic adenoviral vector. In addition, we found that the ginsenoside Rh2 upregulated the expression of TRAIL receptors and consequently enhanced the antitumor activity of zA4. Our results indicate that the oncolytic virus zA4 might be a promising new agent for treating hematopoietic malignancies such as AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenmo Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Hematology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Unravelling Receptor and RGD Motif Dependence of Retargeted Adenoviral Vectors using Advanced Tumor Model Systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18568. [PMID: 31811202 PMCID: PMC6897923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in engineering adenoviruses are paving the way for new therapeutic gene delivery approaches in cancer. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of adenoviral retargeting on transduction efficiency in more complex tumor architectures, and the role of the RGD loop at the penton base in retargeting is unclear. To address this gap, we used tumor models of increasing complexity to study the role of the receptor and the RGD motif. Employing tumor-fibroblast co-culture models, we demonstrate the importance of the RGD motif for efficient transduction in 2D through the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), but not the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Via optical clearing of co-culture spheroids, we show that the RGD motif is required for transduction via both receptors in 3D tumor architectures. We subsequently employed a custom-designed microfluidic model containing collagen-embedded tumor spheroids, mimicking the interplay between interstitial flow, extracellular matrix and adenoviral transduction. Image analysis of on-chip cleared spheroids indicated the importance of the RGD motif for on-chip adenoviral transduction. Together, our results show the interrelationship between receptor characteristics, the RGD motif, the 3D tumor architecture and retargeted adenoviral transduction efficiency. The findings are important for the rational design of next-generation therapeutic adenoviruses.
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31
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Allen RJ, Byrnes AP. Interaction of adenovirus with antibodies, complement, and coagulation factors. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3449-3460. [PMID: 31660588 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) is one of the most widely used vectors for gene therapy and vaccine studies due to its excellent transduction efficiency, capacity for large transgenes, and high levels of gene expression. When administered intravascularly, the fate of AdV vectors is heavily influenced by interactions with host plasma proteins. Some plasma proteins can neutralize AdV, but AdV can also specifically bind plasma proteins that protect against neutralization and preserve activity. This review summarizes the plasma proteins that interact with AdV, including antibodies, complement, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. We will also review the complex interactions of these plasma proteins with each other and with cellular proteins, as well as strategies for developing better AdV vectors that evade or manipulate plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondine J Allen
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P Byrnes
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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32
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Wu Y, Li L, Frank L, Wagner J, Andreozzi P, Hammer B, D’Alicarnasso M, Pelliccia M, Liu W, Chakrabortty S, Krol S, Simon J, Landfester K, Kuan SL, Stellacci F, Müllen K, Kreppel F, Weil T. Patchy Amphiphilic Dendrimers Bind Adenovirus and Control Its Host Interactions and in Vivo Distribution. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8749-8759. [PMID: 31322856 PMCID: PMC6716120 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The surface of proteins is heterogeneous with sophisticated but precise hydrophobic and hydrophilic patches, which is essential for their diverse biological functions. To emulate such distinct surface patterns on macromolecules, we used rigid spherical synthetic dendrimers (polyphenylene dendrimers) to provide controlled amphiphilic surface patches with molecular precision. We identified an optimal spatial arrangement of these patches on certain dendrimers that enabled their interaction with human adenovirus 5 (Ad5). Patchy dendrimers bound to the surface of Ad5 formed a synthetic polymer corona that greatly altered various host interactions of Ad5 as well as in vivo distribution. The dendrimer corona (1) improved the ability of Ad5-derived gene transfer vectors to transduce cells deficient for the primary Ad5 cell membrane receptor and (2) modulated the binding of Ad5 to blood coagulation factor X, one of the most critical virus-host interactions in the bloodstream. It significantly enhanced the transduction efficiency of Ad5 while also protecting it from neutralization by natural antibodies and the complement system in human whole blood. Ad5 with a synthetic dendrimer corona revealed profoundly altered in vivo distribution, improved transduction of heart, and dampened vector sequestration by liver and spleen. We propose the design of bioactive polymers that bind protein surfaces solely based on their amphiphilic surface patches and protect against a naturally occurring protein corona, which is highly attractive to improve Ad5-based in vivo gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, 430074 Hongshan, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Longjie Li
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, 430074 Hongshan, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Larissa Frank
- Department
of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School Materials Science in Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- IFOM
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Soft
Matter
Nanotechnology Group San Sebastian-Donostia, CIC biomaGUNE, 20014 Donastia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Brenton Hammer
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Maria Pelliccia
- IFOM
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione
Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), 20133 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione
IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Weina Liu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabyasachi Chakrabortty
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Silke Krol
- Fondazione
IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni
Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Specializzato in Gastroenterologia “Saverio
de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Johanna Simon
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute
of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interfaculty
Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Department
of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Center for Biomedical
Research and Education (ZBAF), Fakultät für Gesundheit/Department
für Humanmedizin,, Universität
Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), 58453 Witten, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- E-mail:
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Human Adenovirus Serotype 5 Is Sensitive to IgM-Independent Neutralization In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070616. [PMID: 31284434 PMCID: PMC6669743 DOI: 10.3390/v11070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5) is used as a vector in gene therapy clinical trials, hence its interactions with the host immune system have been widely studied. Previous studies have demonstrated that HAdV-5 binds specifically to murine coagulation factor X (mFX), inhibiting IgM and complement-mediated neutralization. Here, we examined the physical binding of immune components to HAdV-5 by nanoparticle tracking analysis, neutralization assays, mass spectrometry analysis and in vivo experiments. We observed that purified mouse Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies bound to HAdV-5 only in the presence of complement components. Active serum components were demonstrated to bind to HAdV-5 in the presence or absence of mFX, indicating that immune molecules and mFX might bind to different sites. Since binding of mFX to HAdV-5 blocks the neutralization cascade, these findings suggested that not all complement-binding sites may be involved in virion neutralization. Furthermore, the data obtained from serum neutralization experiments suggested that immune molecules other than IgM and IgG may trigger activation of the complement cascade in vitro. In vivo experiments were conducted in immunocompetent C57BL/6 or immuno-deficient Rag2-/- mice. HAdV-5T* (a mutant HAdV-5 unable to bind to human or mFX) was neutralized to some extent in both mouse models, suggesting that murine immunoglobulins were not required for neutralization of HAdV-5 in vivo. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of HAdV-5 and HAdV-5T* after exposure to murine sera showed stable binding of C3 and C4b in the absence of mFX. In summary, these results suggest that HAdV-5 neutralization can be mediated by both the classical and alternative pathways and that, in the absence of immunoglobulins, the complement cascade can be activated by direct binding of C3 to the virion.
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Bottermann M, Foss S, Caddy SL, Clift D, van Tienen LM, Vaysburd M, Cruickshank J, O'Connell K, Clark J, Mayes K, Higginson K, Lode HE, McAdam MB, Sandlie I, Andersen JT, James LC. Complement C4 Prevents Viral Infection through Capsid Inactivation. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:617-629.e7. [PMID: 30926239 PMCID: PMC6461443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is vital for anti-microbial defense. In the classical pathway, pathogen-bound antibody recruits the C1 complex (C1qC1r2C1s2) that initiates a cleavage cascade involving C2, C3, C4, and C5 and triggering microbial clearance. We demonstrate a C4-dependent antiviral mechanism that is independent of downstream complement components. C4 inhibits human adenovirus infection by directly inactivating the virus capsid. Rapid C4 activation and capsid deposition of cleaved C4b are catalyzed by antibodies via the classical pathway. Capsid-deposited C4b neutralizes infection independent of C2 and C3 but requires C1q antibody engagement. C4b inhibits capsid disassembly, preventing endosomal escape and cytosolic access. C4-deficient mice exhibit heightened viral burdens. Additionally, complement synergizes with the Fc receptor TRIM21 to block transduction by an adenovirus gene therapy vector but is partially restored by Fab virus shielding. These results suggest that the complement system could be altered to prevent virus infection and enhance virus gene therapy efficacy. Complement components C1 and C4 mediate potent neutralization of adenovirus Deposition of C4b on the viral capsid inactivates capsid disassembly C4 exerts direct antiviral functions independent from its role as a C3-convertase C4 antiviral functions synergize with TRIM21-mediated virus neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bottermann
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway; CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Dean Clift
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Laurens M van Tienen
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James Cruickshank
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kevin O'Connell
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Clark
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Keith Mayes
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katie Higginson
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Heidrun E Lode
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Martin B McAdam
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway; CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0372, Norway
| | - Leo C James
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Gao J, Bergmann T, Zhang W, Schiwon M, Ehrke-Schulz E, Ehrhardt A. Viral Vector-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and Donor DNA for Homology-Directed Repair in an In Vitro Model for Canine Hemophilia B. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:364-376. [PMID: 30690229 PMCID: PMC6356096 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy represents an attractive alternative to treat hemophilia B. Here we established three hepatocyte-derived cell lines based on Huh7, PLC/PRF/5, and Hep3B cells stably carrying a mutated canine FIX (cFIXmut) transgene containing a single point mutation in the catalytic domain. Based on these in vitro models resembling a commonly used canine large animal model, the tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator (Tet-on)-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system and an optimized donor were used to correct mutated cFIX gene through homology-directed repair (HDR). For efficient delivery of designer nuclease and donor DNA, we produced a high-capacity adenovirus vector type 5 (HCAdV5) containing the Tet-on-inducible cFIX-specific CRISPR/Cas9 system and a single-stranded adeno-associated virus type 2 vector (ssAAV2) containing the modified donor. Moreover, we designed a single HCAdV5 delivering all components for HDR. Our amplification-refractory mutation system based on qPCR analysis (ARMS-qPCR) revealed that the single vector application in Huh7-cFIXmut cells resulted in up to 5.52% HDR efficiencies, which was superior to the two-vector strategy. Furthermore the single vector also resulted in increased phenotypic correction efficiencies assayed by ELISA. We conclude that HDR in combination with viral vector delivery holds great promise for the correction of mutated FIX in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bergmann
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Maren Schiwon
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany.
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36
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Stepanenko AA, Chekhonin VP. Tropism and transduction of oncolytic adenovirus 5 vectors in cancer therapy: Focus on fiber chimerism and mosaicism, hexon and pIX. Virus Res 2018; 257:40-51. [PMID: 30125593 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The cellular internalization (infection of cells) of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) is mediated by the initial attachment of the globular knob domain of the capsid fiber protein to the cell surface coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), then followed by the interaction of the virus penton base proteins with cellular integrins. In tumors, there is a substantial intra- and intertumoral variability in CAR expression. The CAR-negative cells generally exhibit very low infectability. Since the fiber knob is a primary mediator of Ad5 binding to the cell surface, improved infectivity of Ad5-based vectors as oncolytic agents may be achieved via genetic modifications of this domain. The strategies to modify or broaden tropism and increase transduction efficiency of Ad5-based vectors include: 1) an incorporation of a targeting peptide into the fiber knob domain (the HI loop and/or C-terminus); 2) fiber knob serotype switching, or pseudotyping, by constructing chimeric fibers consisting of the knob domain derived from an alternate serotype (e.g., Ad5/3 or Ad5/35 chimeras), which binds to receptor(s) other than CAR (e.g., desmoglein 2/DSG2 and/or CD46); 3) "fiber complex mosaicism", an approach of combining serotype chimerism with peptide ligand(s) incorporation (e.g., Ad5/3-RGD); 4) "dual fiber mosaicism" by expressing two separate fibers with distinct receptor-binding capabilities on the same viral particle (e.g., Ad5-5/3 or Ad5-5/σ1); 5) fiber xenotyping by replacing the knob and shaft domains of wild-type Ad5 fiber protein with fibritin trimerization domain of T4 bacteriophage or σ1 attachment protein of reovirus. Other genetic approaches to increase the CAR-independent transduction efficiency include insertion of a targeting peptide into the hypervariable region of the capsid protein hexon or fusion to the C-terminus of pIX. Finally, we consider a yet unsolved molecular mechanism of liver targeting by Ad5-based vectors (CAR-, integrin-, fiber shaft KKTK motif-, and hepatic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans-independent, but fiber-, hexon- and blood factor X-dependent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A Stepanenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinsky lane 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinsky lane 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medico-Biological Faculty, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Antibodies against adenovirus fiber and penton base proteins inhibit adenovirus vector-mediated transduction in the liver following systemic administration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12315. [PMID: 30120324 PMCID: PMC6098129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing anti-adenovirus (Ad) neutralizing antibodies (AdNAbs) are a major barrier in clinical gene therapy using Ad vectors and oncolytic Ads; however, it has not been fully elucidated which Ad capsid protein-specific antibodies are involved in AdNAb-mediated inhibition of Ad infection in vivo. In this study, mice possessing antibodies specific for each Ad capsid protein were prepared by intramuscular electroporation of each Ad capsid protein-expressing plasmid. Ad vector-mediated hepatic transduction was efficiently inhibited by more than 100-fold in mice immunized with a fiber protein-expressing plasmid or a penton base-expressing plasmid. An Ad vector pre-coated with FX before administration mediated more than 100-fold lower transduction efficiencies in the liver of warfarinized mice immunized with a fiber protein-expressing plasmid or a penton base-expressing plasmid, compared with those in the liver of warfarinized non-immunized mice. These data suggest that anti-fiber protein and anti-penton base antibodies bind to an Ad vector even though FX has already bound to the hexon, and inhibit Ad vector-mediated transduction. This study provides important clues for the development of a novel Ad vector that can circumvent inhibition with AdNAbs.
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Baker AT, Aguirre-Hernández C, Halldén G, Parker AL. Designer Oncolytic Adenovirus: Coming of Age. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E201. [PMID: 29904022 PMCID: PMC6025169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The licensing of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) represented a landmark moment for oncolytic virotherapy, since it provided unequivocal evidence for the long-touted potential of genetically modified replicating viruses as anti-cancer agents. Whilst T-Vec is promising as a locally delivered virotherapy, especially in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the quest continues for a virus capable of specific tumour cell killing via systemic administration. One candidate is oncolytic adenovirus (Ad); it’s double stranded DNA genome is easily manipulated and a wide range of strategies and technologies have been employed to empower the vector with improved pharmacokinetics and tumour targeting ability. As well characterised clinical and experimental agents, we have detailed knowledge of adenoviruses’ mechanisms of pathogenicity, supported by detailed virological studies and in vivo interactions. In this review we highlight the strides made in the engineering of bespoke adenoviral vectors to specifically infect, replicate within, and destroy tumour cells. We discuss how mutations in genes regulating adenoviral replication after cell entry can be used to restrict replication to the tumour, and summarise how detailed knowledge of viral capsid interactions enable rational modification to eliminate native tropisms, and simultaneously promote active uptake by cancerous tissues. We argue that these designer-viruses, exploiting the viruses natural mechanisms and regulated at every level of replication, represent the ideal platforms for local overexpression of therapeutic transgenes such as immunomodulatory agents. Where T-Vec has paved the way, Ad-based vectors now follow. The era of designer oncolytic virotherapies looks decidedly as though it will soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Carmen Aguirre-Hernández
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Schiwon M, Ehrke-Schulz E, Oswald A, Bergmann T, Michler T, Protzer U, Ehrhardt A. One-Vector System for Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 against Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Utilizing High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:242-253. [PMID: 30195763 PMCID: PMC6023846 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-capacity adenoviral vectors (HCAdVs) devoid of all coding genes are powerful tools to deliver large DNA cargos into cells. Here HCAdVs were designed to deliver a multiplexed complete CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system or a complete pair of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) directed against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome. HBV, which remains a serious global health burden, forms covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) as a persistent DNA species in infected cells. This cccDNA promotes the chronic carrier status, and it represents a major hurdle in the treatment of chronic HBV infection. To date, only one study demonstrated viral delivery of a CRISPR/Cas9 system and a single guide RNA (gRNA) directed against HBV by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. The advancement of this study is the co-delivery of multiple gRNA expression cassettes along with the Cas9 expression cassette in one HCAdV. Treatment of HBV infection models resulted in a significant reduction of HBV antigen production and the introduction of mutations into the HBV genome. In the transduction experiments, the HBV genome, including the HBV cccDNA, was degraded by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In contrast, the combination of two parts of a TALEN pair in one vector could not be proven to yield an active system. In conclusion, we successfully delivered the CRISPR/Cas9 system containing three gRNAs using HCAdV, and we demonstrated its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schiwon
- Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Andreas Oswald
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bergmann
- Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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40
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies JA, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Evgin L, Shim KG, Bradshaw A, Baker AT, Rizkallah PJ, Jones R, Hanna L, Hudson E, Vile RG, Chester JD, Parker AL. Ad5 NULL-A20: A Tropism-Modified, αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Oncolytic Adenovirus for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4215-4224. [PMID: 29798908 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Virotherapies are maturing in the clinical setting. Adenoviruses (Ad) are excellent vectors for the manipulability and tolerance of transgenes. Poor tumor selectivity, off-target sequestration, and immune inactivation hamper clinical efficacy. We sought to completely redesign Ad5 into a refined, tumor-selective virotherapy targeted to αvβ6 integrin, which is expressed in a range of aggressively transformed epithelial cancers but nondetectable in healthy tissues.Experimental Design: Ad5NULL-A20 harbors mutations in each major capsid protein to preclude uptake via all native pathways. Tumor-tropism via αvβ6 targeting was achieved by genetic insertion of A20 peptide (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART) within the fiber knob protein. The vector's selectivity in vitro and in vivo was assessed.Results: The tropism-ablating triple mutation completely blocked all native cell entry pathways of Ad5NULL-A20 via coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), αvβ3/5 integrins, and coagulation factor 10 (FX). Ad5NULL-A20 efficiently and selectively transduced αvβ6+ cell lines and primary clinical ascites-derived EOC ex vivo, including in the presence of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity. In vivo biodistribution of Ad5NULL-A20 following systemic delivery in non-tumor-bearing mice was significantly reduced in all off-target organs, including a remarkable 107-fold reduced genome accumulation in the liver compared with Ad5. Tumor uptake, transgene expression, and efficacy were confirmed in a peritoneal SKOV3 xenograft model of human EOC, where oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20-treated animals demonstrated significantly improved survival compared with those treated with oncolytic Ad5.Conclusions: Oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapies represent an excellent vector for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers and exciting platforms for tumor-selective overexpression of therapeutic anticancer modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4215-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Angela Bradshaw
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Jones
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hudson
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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41
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Wang Z, Yu B, Wang B, Yan J, Feng X, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang H, Wu H, Wu J, Kong W, Yu X. A novel capsid-modified oncolytic recombinant adenovirus type 5 for tumor-targeting gene therapy by intravenous route. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47287-47301. [PMID: 27323824 PMCID: PMC5216942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad)-vectored gene therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the lack of cancer cell selectivity or tumor tissue specificity of Ads limits their clinical application by intravenous (IV) injection. In this paper, a novel recombinant Ad5 vector was constructed carrying the capsid protein IX modified by the tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which targets tumor cells bearing high levels of its receptor far above those of normal cells. Specific association of the Ad virion with TRAIL was achieved using synthetic leucine zipper-like dimerization domains (zippers). Analysis of the chemical properties of the modified recombinant Ad (rAd5pz-zTRAIL-RFP) showed that the TRAIL protein was present on the surface of purified virus particles, and it could induce apoptosis of infected cancer cells prior to expression of foreign genes. We also constructed a novel modified recombinant oncolytic Ad (rAd5pz-zTRAIL-RFP-SΔ24E1a) which showed significantly enhanced anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo by linkage of TRAIL to the viral capsid. Moreover, rAd5pz-zTRAIL-RFP-SΔ24E1a showed significantly improved tumor tissue targeting and reduced liver tropism when IV injected in vivo. Thus, we successfully obtained new oncolytic Ad5 gene therapy vectors with enhanced targeting and efficacy, providing a platform for further clinical application of Ad vectors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Baoming Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jingyi Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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42
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Schmid M, Ernst P, Honegger A, Suomalainen M, Zimmermann M, Braun L, Stauffer S, Thom C, Dreier B, Eibauer M, Kipar A, Vogel V, Greber UF, Medalia O, Plückthun A. Adenoviral vector with shield and adapter increases tumor specificity and escapes liver and immune control. Nat Commun 2018; 9:450. [PMID: 29386504 PMCID: PMC5792622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most systemic viral gene therapies have been limited by sequestration and degradation of virions, innate and adaptive immunity, and silencing of therapeutic genes within the target cells. Here we engineer a high-affinity protein coat, shielding the most commonly used vector in clinical gene therapy, human adenovirus type 5. Using electron microscopy and crystallography we demonstrate a massive coverage of the virion surface through the hexon-shielding scFv fragment, trimerized to exploit the hexon symmetry and gain avidity. The shield reduces virion clearance in the liver. When the shielded particles are equipped with adaptor proteins, the virions deliver their payload genes into human cancer cells expressing HER2 or EGFR. The combination of shield and adapter also increases viral gene delivery to xenografted tumors in vivo, reduces liver off-targeting and immune neutralization. Our study highlights the power of protein engineering for viral vectors overcoming the challenges of local and systemic viral gene therapies. Viral gene therapy can be limited by the efficacy of virion sequestration, immune responses and the silencing of genetic payloads. Here the authors engineer an advenovirus protein coat which shields the virion from the immune system while targeting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annemarie Honegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Braun
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Stauffer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Thom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr, 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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43
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Native and engineered tropism of vectors derived from a rare species D adenovirus serotype 43. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53414-53429. [PMID: 27462785 PMCID: PMC5288196 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Unique molecular properties of species D adenoviruses (Ads)—the most diverse yet underexplored group of Ads—have been used to develop improved gene vectors. The low seroprevalence in humans of adenovirus serotype 43 (Ad43), an otherwise unstudied species D Ad, identified this rare serotype as an attractive new human gene therapy vector platform. Thus, in this study we wished to assess biological properties of Ad43 essential to its vectorization. We found that (1) Ad43 virions do not bind blood coagulation factor X and cause low random transduction upon vascular delivery; (2) they clear host tissues more quickly than do traditionally used Ad5 vectors; (3) Ad43 uses CD46 as primary receptor; (4) Ad43 can use integrins as alternative primary receptors. As the first step toward vectorization of Ad43, we demonstrated that the primary receptor specificity of the Ad43 fiber can be altered to achieve infection via Her2, an established oncotarget. Whereas this modification required use of the Ad5 fiber shaft, the presence of this domain in chimeric virions did not make them susceptible for neutralization by anti-Ad5 antibodies.
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44
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Findlay JS, Cook GP, Blair GE. Blood Coagulation Factor X Exerts Differential Effects on Adenovirus Entry into Human Lymphocytes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010020. [PMID: 29301346 PMCID: PMC5795433 DOI: 10.3390/v10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that blood coagulation factors, principally factor X (FX), enhance the uptake of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) into cultured epithelial cells by bridging the viral hexon capsid protein and cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs). We studied the effects of FX on Ad transduction of lymphoid cell lines (NK92MI, a natural killer cell line; Daudi, a B-cell line and Jurkat, a T-cell line) as well as primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and HeLa epithelial cells using either replication-deficient Ad5, or a derivative in which the Ad5 fiber was replaced with that of another Ad type, Ad35, termed Ad5F35. PBL and NK92MI were resistant to Ad5 transduction. Transduction of Jurkat and Daudi cells by Ad5 was reduced by FX but without discernible effects on cell-surface Ad5 binding. FX reduced virus binding and transduction of all lymphoid cell lines by Ad5F35, as well as transduction of the T- and Natural Killer (NK)-cell populations of PBL. Flow cytometry analysis showed that all lymphoid cell lines were negative for HSPG components, in contrast to HeLa cells. FX reduced transduction of an HSPG-negative mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHOpgsA745) by Ad5 and Ad5F35, with Ad5F35 binding also being reduced by FX. These results point to fiber-dependent differences (Ad5 versus Ad35 fiber) in Ad binding to and transduction of human lymphoid and epithelial cells in the presence of FX.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Findlay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Graham P Cook
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - G Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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45
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Nidetz NF, Gallagher TM, Wiethoff CM. Inhibition of type I interferon responses by adenovirus serotype-dependent Gas6 binding. Virology 2017; 515:150-157. [PMID: 29288958 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of many adenovirus vaccine vectors (AdVs) is limited by the presence of pre-existing antibodies in human populations, which prevent common AdVs from transducing cells and expressing immunogenic gene products. Rare serotype AdVs, such as HAdV-28D can bypass pre-existing immunity. However, rare AdVs stimulate high-levels of type I interferon (IFN), which suppresses antigenic gene expression and therefore limits immunogenicity. Recent studies identified Gas6 as a factor that connects enveloped viruses to host-cell receptor tyrosine kinases, in turn generating signaling cascades that antagonize type I IFN responses. We discovered that Gas6 bound to the fiber proteins of common AdV serotypes, such as HAdV-5C, with a higher affinity than rare HAd-28D fibers. AdV-associated Gas6 suppressed IFN production by common AdVs and enhanced long-term expression of AdV encoded genes. We hypothesize that rare AdV serotypes might be engineered to include Gas6 binding motifs, thereby generating novel vectors that are more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie F Nidetz
- Loyola University Chicago, 2016 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Tom M Gallagher
- Loyola University Chicago, 2016 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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46
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Nguyen TV, Barry ME, Turner MA, Crosby CM, Trujillo MA, Morris JC, Barry MA. Comparison of Liver Detargeting Strategies for Systemic Therapy with Oncolytic Adenovirus Serotype 5. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E46. [PMID: 28796161 PMCID: PMC5618304 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses would ideally be of use for systemic therapy to treat disseminated cancer. To do this safely, this may require multiple layers of cancer specificity. The pharmacology and specificity of oncolytic adenoviruses can be modified by (1) physical retargeting, (2) physical detargeting, (3) chemical shielding, or (4) by modifying the ability of viral early gene products to selectively activate in cancer versus normal cells. We explored the utility of these approaches with oncolytic adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in immunocompetent Syrian hamsters bearing subcutaneous HaK tumors. After a single intravenous injection to reach the distant tumors, the physically hepatocyte-detargeted virus Ad5-hexon-BAP was more effective than conditionally replicating Ad5-dl1101/07 with mutations in its E1A protein. When these control or Ad5 treated animals were treated a second time by intratumoral injection, prior exposure to Ad5 did not affect tumor growth, suggesting that anti-Ad immunity neither prevented treatment nor amplified anti-tumor immune responses. Ad5-dl1101/07 was next chemically shielded with polyethylene glycol (PEG). While 5 kDa of PEG blunted pro-inflammatory IL-6 production induced by Ad5-dl1101/07, this shielding reduced Ad oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien V Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mary E Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mallory A Turner
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Catherine M Crosby
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | | | - John C Morris
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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47
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48
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Defining a Novel Role for the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor in Human Adenovirus Serotype 5 Transduction In Vitro in the Presence of Mouse Serum. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02487-16. [PMID: 28381574 PMCID: PMC5446653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02487-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviral serotype 5 (HAdV-5) vectors have predominantly hepatic tropism when delivered intravascularly, resulting in immune activation and toxicity. Coagulation factor X (FX) binding to HAdV-5 mediates liver transduction and provides protection from virion neutralization in mice. FX is dispensable for liver transduction in mice lacking IgM antibodies or complement, suggesting that alternative transduction pathways exist. To identify novel factor(s) mediating HAdV-5 FX-independent entry, we investigated HAdV-5 transduction in vitro in the presence of serum from immunocompetent C57BL/6 or immunocompromised mice lacking IgM antibodies (Rag 2-/- and NOD-scid-gamma [NSG]). Sera from all three mouse strains enhanced HAdV-5 transduction of A549 cells. While inhibition of HAdV-5-FX interaction with FX-binding protein (X-bp) inhibited transduction in the presence of C57BL/6 serum, it had negligible effect on the enhanced transduction observed in the presence of Rag 2-/- or NSG serum. Rag 2-/- serum also enhanced transduction of the FX binding-deficient HAdV-5HVR5*HVR7*E451Q (AdT*). Interestingly, Rag 2-/- serum enhanced HAdV-5 transduction in a FX-independent manner in CHO-CAR and SKOV3-CAR cells (CHO or SKOV3 cells transfected to stably express human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor [CAR]). Additionally, blockade of CAR with soluble HAdV-5 fiber knob inhibited mouse serum-enhanced transduction in A549 cells, suggesting a potential role for CAR. Transduction of HAdV-5 KO1 and HAdV-5/F35 (CAR binding deficient) in the presence of Rag 2-/- serum was equivalent to that of HAdV-5, indicating that direct interaction between HAdV-5 and CAR is not required. These data suggest that FX may protect HAdV-5 from neutralization but has minimal contribution to HAdV-5 transduction in the presence of immunocompromised mouse serum. Alternatively, transduction occurs via an unidentified mouse serum protein capable of bridging HAdV-5 to CAR.IMPORTANCE The intravascular administration of HAdV-5 vectors can result in acute liver toxicity, transaminitis, thrombocytopenia, and injury to the vascular endothelium, illustrating challenges yet to overcome for HAdV-5-mediated systemic gene therapy. The finding that CAR and potentially an unidentified factor present in mouse serum might be important mediators of HAdV-5 transduction highlights that a better understanding of the complex biology defining the interplay between adenovirus immune recognition and cellular uptake mechanisms is still required. These findings are important to inform future optimization and development of HAdV-5-based adenoviral vectors for gene therapy.
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49
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Yu X, Veesler D, Campbell MG, Barry ME, Asturias FJ, Barry MA, Reddy VS. Cryo-EM structure of human adenovirus D26 reveals the conservation of structural organization among human adenoviruses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602670. [PMID: 28508067 PMCID: PMC5425241 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause acute respiratory, ocular, and gastroenteric diseases and are also frequently used as gene and vaccine delivery vectors. Unlike the archetype human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5), human adenovirus D26 (HAdV-D26) belongs to species-D HAdVs, which target different cellular receptors, and is differentially recognized by immune surveillance mechanisms. HAdV-D26 is being championed as a lower seroprevalent vaccine and oncolytic vector in preclinical and human clinical studies. To understand the molecular basis for their distinct biological properties and independently validate the structures of minor proteins, we determined the first structure of species-D HAdV at 3.7 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. All the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs), including HVR1, have been identified and exhibit a distinct organization compared to those of HAdV-C5. Despite the differences in the arrangement of helices in the coiled-coil structures, protein IX molecules form a continuous hexagonal network on the capsid exterior. In addition to the structurally conserved region (3 to 300) of IIIa, we identified an extra helical domain comprising residues 314 to 390 that further stabilizes the vertex region. Multiple (two to three) copies of the cleaved amino-terminal fragment of protein VI (pVIn) are observed in each hexon cavity, suggesting that there could be ≥480 copies of VI present in HAdV-D26. In addition, a localized asymmetric reconstruction of the vertex region provides new details of the three-pronged "claw hold" of the trimeric fiber and its interactions with the penton base. These observations resolve the previous conflicting assignments of the minor proteins and suggest the likely conservation of their organization across different HAdVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melody G. Campbell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary E. Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Francisco J. Asturias
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Vijay S. Reddy
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author.
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50
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Hahm HS, Broecker F, Kawasaki F, Mietzsch M, Heilbronn R, Fukuda M, Seeberger PH. Automated Glycan Assembly of Oligo-N-Acetyllactosamine and Keratan Sulfate Probes to Study Virus-Glycan Interactions. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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