1
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Esapa CT, McIlhinney RAJ, Waite AJ, Benson MA, Mirzayan J, Piko H, Herczegfalvi Á, Horvath R, Karcagi V, Walter MC, Lochmüller H, Rizkallah PJ, Lu QL, Blake DJ. Misfolding of fukutin-related protein (FKRP) variants in congenital and limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1279700. [PMID: 38161385 PMCID: PMC10755465 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1279700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fukutin-related protein (FKRP, MIM ID 606596) variants cause a range of muscular dystrophies associated with hypo-glycosylation of the matrix receptor, α-dystroglycan. These disorders are almost exclusively caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous missense variants in the FKRP gene that encodes a ribitol phosphotransferase. To understand how seemingly diverse FKRP missense mutations may contribute to disease, we examined the synthesis, intracellular dynamics, and structural consequences of a panel of missense mutations that encompass the disease spectrum. Under non-reducing electrophoresis conditions, wild type FKRP appears to be monomeric whereas disease-causing FKRP mutants migrate as high molecular weight, disulfide-bonded aggregates. These results were recapitulated using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis suggesting that abnormal disulfide bonding may perturb FKRP folding. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that the intracellular mobility of most FKRP mutants in ATP-depleted cells is dramatically reduced but can, in most cases, be rescued with reducing agents. Mass spectrometry showed that wild type and mutant FKRP differentially associate with several endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones. Finally, structural modelling revealed that disease-associated FKRP missense variants affected the local environment of the protein in small but significant ways. These data demonstrate that protein misfolding contributes to the molecular pathophysiology of FKRP-deficient muscular dystrophies and suggest that molecules that rescue this folding defect could be used to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian J. Waite
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jasmin Mirzayan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Henriett Piko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Herczegfalvi
- Semmelweis University Pediatric Center Tűzoltó Street Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, Istenhegyi Genetic Diagnostic Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maggie C. Walter
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Qi L. Lu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, United States
| | - Derek J. Blake
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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2
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Williamson LJ, Galchenkova M, Best HL, Bean RJ, Munke A, Awel S, Pena G, Knoska J, Schubert R, Dörner K, Park HW, Bideshi DK, Henkel A, Kremling V, Klopprogge B, Lloyd-Evans E, Young MT, Valerio J, Kloos M, Sikorski M, Mills G, Bielecki J, Kirkwood H, Kim C, de Wijn R, Lorenzen K, Xavier PL, Rahmani Mashhour A, Gelisio L, Yefanov O, Mancuso AP, Federici BA, Chapman HN, Crickmore N, Rizkallah PJ, Berry C, Oberthür D. Structure of the Lysinibacillus sphaericus Tpp49Aa1 pesticidal protein elucidated from natural crystals using MHz-SFX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2203241120. [PMID: 38015839 PMCID: PMC10710082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203241120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lysinibacillus sphaericus proteins Tpp49Aa1 and Cry48Aa1 can together act as a toxin toward the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and have potential use in biocontrol. Given that proteins with sequence homology to the individual proteins can have activity alone against other insect species, the structure of Tpp49Aa1 was solved in order to understand this protein more fully and inform the design of improved biopesticides. Tpp49Aa1 is naturally expressed as a crystalline inclusion within the host bacterium, and MHz serial femtosecond crystallography using the novel nanofocus option at an X-ray free electron laser allowed rapid and high-quality data collection to determine the structure of Tpp49Aa1 at 1.62 Å resolution. This revealed the packing of Tpp49Aa1 within these natural nanocrystals as a homodimer with a large intermolecular interface. Complementary experiments conducted at varied pH also enabled investigation of the early structural events leading up to the dissolution of natural Tpp49Aa1 crystals-a crucial step in its mechanism of action. To better understand the cooperation between the two proteins, assays were performed on a range of different mosquito cell lines using both individual proteins and mixtures of the two. Finally, bioassays demonstrated Tpp49Aa1/Cry48Aa1 susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tarsalis larvae-substantially increasing the potential use of this binary toxin in mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah L. Best
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Munke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisel Pena
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Alessandra Henkel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Kremling
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bjarne Klopprogge
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aida Rahmani Mashhour
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BrightonBN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Mundy RM, Baker AT, Bates EA, Cunliffe TG, Teijeira-Crespo A, Moses E, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Broad sialic acid usage amongst species D human adenovirus. Npj Viruses 2023; 1:1. [PMID: 38665237 PMCID: PMC11041768 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-023-00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are widespread pathogens causing usually mild infections. The Species D (HAdV-D) cause gastrointestinal tract infections and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Despite being significant pathogens, knowledge around HAdV-D mechanism of cell infection is lacking. Sialic acid (SA) usage has been proposed as a cell infection mechanism for EKC causing HAdV-D. Here we highlight an important role for SA engagement by many HAdV-D. We provide apo state crystal structures of 7 previously undetermined HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, and structures of HAdV-D25, D29, D30 and D53 fiber-knob proteins in complex with SA. Biologically, we demonstrate that removal of cell surface SA reduced infectivity of HAdV-C5 vectors pseudotyped with HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, whilst engagement of the classical HAdV receptor CAR was variable. Our data indicates variable usage of SA and CAR across HAdV-D. Better defining these interactions will enable improved development of antivirals and engineering of the viruses into refined therapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alicia Teijeira-Crespo
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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4
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Reynolds CD, Wright LM, Rizkallah PJ, Allen AK, Peumans WJ, Van Damme E, Donovan MJ. Purification and Crystallisation of a Novel Two-Domain Lectin from Scilla Campanulata. Protein Pept Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/092986650604221115162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
In the last decade a number of single-domain mannose-binding lectins (11-14 kDa) have l:ieen characterised from different monocot plants and shown to belong to a superfamily of evolutionary related proteins. We have
isolated and crystallized a novel two-domain, multivalent lectin, with 26.2 kDa subunits, from Scilla campanulata bulbs. The native agglutinin crystallizes in space group C2 and 3.3A resolution data set has been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Reynolds
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Max Perutz Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England
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5
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Dolton G, Rius C, Hasan MS, Wall A, Szomolay B, Behiry E, Whalley T, Southgate J, Fuller A, Morin T, Topley K, Tan LR, Goulder PJR, Spiller OB, Rizkallah PJ, Jones LC, Connor TR, Sewell AK. Emergence of immune escape at dominant SARS-CoV-2 killer T cell epitope. Cell 2022; 185:2936-2951.e19. [PMID: 35931021 PMCID: PMC9279490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalent cytotoxic CD8 T cell response mounted against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein269-277 epitope (sequence YLQPRTFLL) via the most frequent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I worldwide, HLA A∗02. The Spike P272L mutation that has arisen in at least 112 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages to date, including in lineages classified as "variants of concern," was not recognized by the large CD8 T cell response seen across cohorts of HLA A∗02+ convalescent patients and individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, despite these responses comprising of over 175 different individual T cell receptors. Viral escape at prevalent T cell epitopes restricted by high frequency HLAs may be particularly problematic when vaccine immunity is focused on a single protein such as SARS-CoV-2 Spike, providing a strong argument for inclusion of multiple viral proteins in next generation vaccines and highlighting the need for monitoring T cell escape in new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Enas Behiry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Whalley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Joel Southgate
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Katie Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Rong Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, England, UK
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lucy C Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy CF72 8XR, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK; Pathogen genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, CF14 4XW Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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6
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Bates EA, Davies JA, Váňová J, Nestić D, Meniel VS, Koushyar S, Cunliffe TG, Mundy RM, Moses E, Uusi-Kerttula HK, Baker AT, Cole DK, Majhen D, Rizkallah PJ, Phesse T, Chester JD, Parker AL. Development of a low-seroprevalence, αvβ6 integrin-selective virotherapy based on human adenovirus type 10. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:43-56. [PMID: 35399606 PMCID: PMC8971729 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies (OV) hold immense clinical potential. OV based on human adenoviruses (HAdV) derived from HAdV with naturally low rates of pre-existing immunity will be beneficial for future clinical translation. We generated a low-seroprevalence HAdV-D10 serotype vector incorporating an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide, A20, to target αvβ6-positive tumor cell types. HAdV-D10 has limited natural tropism. Structural and biological studies of HAdV-D10 knob protein highlighted low-affinity engagement with native adenoviral receptors CAR and sialic acid. HAdV-D10 fails to engage blood coagulation factor X, potentially eliminating "off-target" hepatic sequestration in vivo. We engineered an A20 peptide that selectively binds αvβ6 integrin into the DG loop of HAdV-D10 fiber knob. Assays in αvβ6+ cancer cell lines demonstrated significantly increased transduction mediated by αvβ6-targeted variants compared with controls, confirmed microscopically. HAdV-D10.A20 resisted neutralization by neutralizing HAdV-C5 sera. Systemic delivery of HAdV-D10.A20 resulted in significantly increased GFP expression in BT20 tumors. Replication-competent HAdV-D10.A20 demonstrated αvβ6 integrin-selective cell killing in vitro and in vivo. HAdV-D10 possesses characteristics of a promising virotherapy, combining low seroprevalence, weak receptor interactions, and reduced off-target uptake. Incorporation of an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide resulted in HAdV-D10.A20, with significant potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jana Váňová
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerie S. Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sarah Koushyar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni K. Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Toby Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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7
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Noby N, Johnson RL, Tyzack JD, Embaby AM, Saeed H, Hussein A, Khattab SN, Rizkallah PJ, Jones DD. Structure-Guided Engineering of a Family IV Cold-Adapted Esterase Expands Its Substrate Range. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094703. [PMID: 35563094 PMCID: PMC9100969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold active esterases have gained great interest in several industries. The recently determined structure of a family IV cold active esterase (EstN7) from Bacillus cohnii strain N1 was used to expand its substrate range and to probe its commercially valuable substrates. Database mining suggested that triacetin was a potential commercially valuable substrate for EstN7, which was subsequently proved experimentally with the final product being a single isomeric product, 1,2-glyceryl diacetate. Enzyme kinetics revealed that EstN7’s activity is restricted to C2 and C4 substrates due to a plug at the end of the acyl binding pocket that blocks access to a buried water-filled cavity. Residues M187, N211 and W206 were identified as key plug forming residues. N211A stabilised EstN7 allowing incorporation of the destabilising M187A mutation. The M187A-N211A double mutant had the broadest substrate range, capable of hydrolysing a C8 substrate. W206A did not appear to have any significant effect on substrate range either alone or when combined with the double mutant. Thus, the enzyme kinetics and engineering together with a recently determined structure of EstN7 provide new insights into substrate specificity and the role of acyl binding pocket plug residues in determining family IV esterase stability and substrate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad Noby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (H.S.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Rachel L. Johnson
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Jonathan D. Tyzack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK;
| | - Amira M. Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (H.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Hesham Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (H.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (H.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Sherine N. Khattab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt;
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | | | - D. Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.D.J.)
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8
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Baker AT, Boyd RJ, Sarkar D, Teijeira-Crespo A, Chan CK, Bates E, Waraich K, Vant J, Wilson E, Truong CD, Lipka-Lloyd M, Fromme P, Vermaas J, Williams D, Machiesky L, Heurich M, Nagalo BM, Coughlan L, Umlauf S, Chiu PL, Rizkallah PJ, Cohen TS, Parker AL, Singharoy A, Borad MJ. ChAdOx1 interacts with CAR and PF4 with implications for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabl8213. [PMID: 34851659 PMCID: PMC8635433 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines derived from chimpanzee adenovirus Y25 (ChAdOx1), human adenovirus type 26 (HAdV-D26), and human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) are critical in combatting the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. As part of the largest vaccination campaign in history, ultrarare side effects not seen in phase 3 trials, including thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), a rare condition resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), have been observed. This study demonstrates that all three adenoviruses deployed as vaccination vectors versus SARS-CoV-2 bind to platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein implicated in the pathogenesis of HIT. We have determined the structure of the ChAdOx1 viral vector and used it in state-of-the-art computational simulations to demonstrate an electrostatic interaction mechanism with PF4, which was confirmed experimentally by surface plasmon resonance. These data confirm that PF4 is capable of forming stable complexes with clinically relevant adenoviruses, an important step in unraveling the mechanisms underlying TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ryan J. Boyd
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Daipayan Sarkar
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alicia Teijeira-Crespo
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Chun Kit Chan
- Computational Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Beckman institute, University of Illinois, IL 61801, USA
| | - Emily Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kasim Waraich
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - John Vant
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Eric Wilson
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Chloe D. Truong
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Magdalena Lipka-Lloyd
- Medicines Discovery Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Josh Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Meike Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Bolni M. Nagalo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MD 21201, USA
| | - Scott Umlauf
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Po-Lin Chiu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
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9
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Noby N, Auhim HS, Winter S, Worthy HL, Embaby AM, Saeed H, Hussein A, Pudney CR, Rizkallah PJ, Wells SA, Jones DD. Structure and in silico simulations of a cold-active esterase reveals its prime cold-adaptation mechanism. Open Biol 2021; 11:210182. [PMID: 34847772 PMCID: PMC8633780 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we determined the structure of a cold active family IV esterase (EstN7) cloned from Bacillus cohnii strain N1. EstN7 is a dimer with a classical α/β hydrolase fold. It has an acidic surface that is thought to play a role in cold-adaption by retaining solvation under changed water solvent entropy at lower temperatures. The conformation of the functionally important cap region is significantly different to EstN7's closest relatives, forming a bridge-like structure with reduced helical content providing greater access to the active site through more than one substrate access tunnel. However, dynamics do not appear to play a major role in cold adaption. Molecular dynamics at different temperatures, rigidity analysis, normal mode analysis and geometric simulations of motion confirm the flexibility of the cap region but suggest that the rest of the protein is largely rigid. Rigidity analysis indicates the distribution of hydrophobic tethers is appropriate to colder conditions, where the hydrophobic effect is weaker than in mesophilic conditions due to reduced water entropy. Thus, it is likely that increased substrate accessibility and tolerance to changes in water entropy are important for of EstN7's cold adaptation rather than changes in dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad Noby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Husam Sabah Auhim
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Samuel Winter
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Harley L. Worthy
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Amira M. Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hesham Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - D. Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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10
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Griffiths JS, White PL, Czubala MA, Simonazzi E, Bruno M, Thompson A, Rizkallah PJ, Gurney M, da Fonseca DM, Naglik JR, Ingram W, Wilson K, van de Veerdonk FL, Barnes R, Taylor PR, Orr SJ. A Human Dectin-2 Deficiency Associated With Invasive Aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1219-1224. [PMID: 33733279 PMCID: PMC8514184 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to invasive aspergillosis. Herein, we identified a homozygous deletion mutation (507 del C) resulting in a frameshift (N170I) and early stop codon in the fungal binding Dectin-2 receptor, in an immunocompromised patient. The mutated form of Dectin-2 was weakly expressed, did not form clusters at/near the cell surface and was functionally defective. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this patient were unable to mount a cytokine (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6) response to Aspergillus fumigatus, and this first identified Dectin-2–deficient patient died of complications of invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Lewis White
- Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena A Czubala
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Simonazzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gurney
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo M da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Ingram
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Wilson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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11
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Man S, Redman JE, Cross DL, Cole DK, Can I, Davies B, Hashimdeen SS, Reid R, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Miners KL, Ladell K, Lissina A, Brown PE, Wooldridge L, Price DA, Rizkallah PJ. Synthetic Peptides with Inadvertent Chemical Modifications Can Activate Potentially Autoreactive T Cells. J Immunol 2021; 207:1009-1017. [PMID: 34321228 PMCID: PMC7615501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human CD8+ T cell clone 6C5 has previously been shown to recognize the tert-butyl-modified Bax161-170 peptide LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT presented by HLA-A*02:01. This nonnatural epitope was likely created as a by-product of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protecting group peptide synthesis and bound poorly to HLA-A*02:01. In this study, we used a systematic approach to identify and characterize natural ligands for the 6C5 TCR. Functional analyses revealed that 6C5 T cells only recognized the LLSYFGTPT peptide when tBu was added to the tyrosine residue and did not recognize the LLSYFGTPT peptide modified with larger (di-tBu) or smaller chemical groups (Me). Combinatorial peptide library screening further showed that 6C5 T cells recognized a series of self-derived peptides with dissimilar amino acid sequences to LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT. Structural studies of LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT and two other activating nonamers (IIGWMWIPV and LLGWVFAQV) in complex with HLA-A*02:01 demonstrated similar overall peptide conformations and highlighted the importance of the position (P) 4 residue for T cell recognition, particularly the capacity of the bulky amino acid tryptophan to substitute for the tBu-modified tyrosine residue in conjunction with other changes at P5 and P6. Collectively, these results indicated that chemical modifications directly altered the immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide via molecular mimicry, leading to the inadvertent activation of a T cell clone with unexpected and potentially autoreactive specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Man
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - James E Redman
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Cross
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Can
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shaikh Shimaz Hashimdeen
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Reiss Reid
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anya Lissina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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12
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Auhim HS, Grigorenko BL, Harris TK, Aksakal OE, Polyakov IV, Berry C, Gomes GDP, Alabugin IV, Rizkallah PJ, Nemukhin AV, Jones DD. Stalling chromophore synthesis of the fluorescent protein Venus reveals the molecular basis of the final oxidation step. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7735-7745. [PMID: 34168826 PMCID: PMC8188506 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionised the life sciences, but the mechanism of chromophore maturation is still not fully understood. Here we show that incorporation of a photo-responsive non-canonical amino acid within the chromophore stalls maturation of Venus, a yellow FP, at an intermediate stage; a crystal structure indicates the presence of O2 located above a dehydrated enolate form of the imidazolone ring, close to the strictly conserved Gly67 that occupies a twisted conformation. His148 adopts an "open" conformation so forming a channel that allows O2 access to the immature chromophore. Absorbance spectroscopy supported by QM/MM simulations suggests that the first oxidation step involves formation of a hydroperoxyl intermediate in conjunction with dehydrogenation of the methylene bridge. A fully conjugated mature chromophore is formed through release of H2O2, both in vitro and in vivo. The possibility of interrupting and photochemically restarting chromophore maturation and the mechanistic insights open up new approaches for engineering optically controlled fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Sabah Auhim
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Cardiff CF10 3AX UK +44 (0)29 2087 4290
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq
| | - Bella L Grigorenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1-3 Moscow Russian Federation +7 495 939 1096
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Tessa K Harris
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Cardiff CF10 3AX UK +44 (0)29 2087 4290
| | - Ozan E Aksakal
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Cardiff CF10 3AX UK +44 (0)29 2087 4290
| | - Igor V Polyakov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1-3 Moscow Russian Federation +7 495 939 1096
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Cardiff CF10 3AX UK +44 (0)29 2087 4290
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 214 College St. Toronto Ontario M5T 3A1 Canada
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Fl 32306 USA +1 850 644 5795
| | | | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1-3 Moscow Russian Federation +7 495 939 1096
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - D Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences, Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Cardiff CF10 3AX UK +44 (0)29 2087 4290
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13
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Worthy HL, Williamson LJ, Auhim HS, Leppla SH, Sastalla I, Jones DD, Rizkallah PJ, Berry C. The Crystal Structure of Bacillus cereus HblL 1. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:253. [PMID: 33807365 PMCID: PMC8065917 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hbl toxin is a three-component haemolytic complex produced by Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains and implicated as a cause of diarrhoea in B. cereus food poisoning. While the structure of the HblB component of this toxin is known, the structures of the other components are unresolved. Here, we describe the expression of the recombinant HblL1 component and the elucidation of its structure to 1.36 Å. Like HblB, it is a member of the alpha-helical pore-forming toxin family. In comparison to other members of this group, it has an extended hydrophobic beta tongue region that may be involved in pore formation. Molecular docking was used to predict possible interactions between HblL1 and HblB, and suggests a head to tail dimer might form, burying the HblL1 beta tongue region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley L. Worthy
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (H.L.W.); (L.J.W.); (H.S.A.); (D.D.J.)
- The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Exeter University, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Lainey J. Williamson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (H.L.W.); (L.J.W.); (H.S.A.); (D.D.J.)
| | - Husam Sabah Auhim
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (H.L.W.); (L.J.W.); (H.S.A.); (D.D.J.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Inka Sastalla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.L.); (I.S.)
- Scientific Review Program, Division of Extramural Activities, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - D. Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (H.L.W.); (L.J.W.); (H.S.A.); (D.D.J.)
| | | | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (H.L.W.); (L.J.W.); (H.S.A.); (D.D.J.)
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14
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Holland CJ, Crean RM, Pentier JM, de Wet B, Lloyd A, Srikannathasan V, Lissin N, Lloyd KA, Blicher TH, Conroy PJ, Hock M, Pengelly RJ, Spinner TE, Cameron B, Potter EA, Jeyanthan A, Molloy PE, Sami M, Aleksic M, Liddy N, Robinson RA, Harper S, Lepore M, Pudney CR, van der Kamp MW, Rizkallah PJ, Jakobsen BK, Vuidepot A, Cole DK. Specificity of bispecific T cell receptors and antibodies targeting peptide-HLA. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2673-2688. [PMID: 32310221 DOI: 10.1172/jci130562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated peptide-human leukocyte antigen complexes (pHLAs) represent the largest pool of cell surface-expressed cancer-specific epitopes, making them attractive targets for cancer therapies. Soluble bispecific molecules that incorporate an anti-CD3 effector function are being developed to redirect T cells against these targets using 2 different approaches. The first achieves pHLA recognition via affinity-enhanced versions of natural TCRs (e.g., immune-mobilizing monoclonal T cell receptors against cancer [ImmTAC] molecules), whereas the second harnesses an antibody-based format (TCR-mimic antibodies). For both classes of reagent, target specificity is vital, considering the vast universe of potential pHLA molecules that can be presented on healthy cells. Here, we made use of structural, biochemical, and computational approaches to investigate the molecular rules underpinning the reactivity patterns of pHLA-targeting bispecifics. We demonstrate that affinity-enhanced TCRs engage pHLA using a comparatively broad and balanced energetic footprint, with interactions distributed over several HLA and peptide side chains. As ImmTAC molecules, these TCRs also retained a greater degree of pHLA selectivity, with less off-target activity in cellular assays. Conversely, TCR-mimic antibodies tended to exhibit binding modes focused more toward hot spots on the HLA surface and exhibited a greater degree of crossreactivity. Our findings extend our understanding of the basic principles that underpin pHLA selectivity and exemplify a number of molecular approaches that can be used to probe the specificity of pHLA-targeting molecules, aiding the development of future reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rory M Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and.,Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ben de Wet
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Katy A Lloyd
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Conroy
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Hock
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brian Cameron
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Malkit Sami
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Milos Aleksic
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Marco Lepore
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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15
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Baker AT, Davies JA, Bates EA, Moses E, Mundy RM, Marlow G, Cole DK, Bliss CM, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. The Fiber Knob Protein of Human Adenovirus Type 49 Mediates Highly Efficient and Promiscuous Infection of Cancer Cell Lines Using a Novel Cell Entry Mechanism. J Virol 2021; 95:e01849-20. [PMID: 33268514 PMCID: PMC7851562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01849-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus (HAdV) phylogenetic tree is diverse, divided across seven species and comprising over 100 individual types. Species D HAdV are rarely isolated with low rates of preexisting immunity, making them appealing for therapeutic applications. Several species D vectors have been developed as vaccines against infectious diseases, where they induce robust immunity in preclinical models and early phase clinical trials. However, many aspects of the basic virology of species D HAdV, including their basic receptor usage and means of cell entry, remain understudied. Here, we investigated HAdV-D49, which previously has been studied for vaccine and vascular gene transfer applications. We generated a pseudotyped HAdV-C5 presenting the HAdV-D49 fiber knob protein (HAdV-C5/D49K). This pseudotyped vector was efficient at infecting cells devoid of all known HAdV receptors, indicating HAdV-D49 uses an unidentified cellular receptor. Conversely, a pseudotyped vector presenting the fiber knob protein of the closely related HAdV-D30 (HAdV-C5/D30K), differing in four amino acids from HAdV-D49, failed to demonstrate the same tropism. These four amino acid changes resulted in a change in isoelectric point of the knob protein, with HAdV-D49K possessing a basic apical region compared to a more acidic region in HAdV-D30K. Structurally and biologically we demonstrate that HAdV-D49 knob protein is unable to engage CD46, while potential interaction with coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is extremely limited by extension of the DG loop. HAdV-C5/49K efficiently transduced cancer cell lines of pancreatic, breast, lung, esophageal, and ovarian origin, indicating it may have potential for oncolytic virotherapy applications, especially for difficult to transduce tumor types.IMPORTANCE Adenoviruses are powerful tools experimentally and clinically. To maximize efficacy, the development of serotypes with low preexisting levels of immunity in the population is desirable. Consequently, attention has focused on those derived from species D, which have proven robust vaccine platforms. This widespread usage is despite limited knowledge in their basic biology and cellular tropism. We investigated the tropism of HAdV-D49, demonstrating that it uses a novel cell entry mechanism that bypasses all known HAdV receptors. We demonstrate, biologically, that a pseudotyped HAdV-C5/D49K vector efficiently transduces a wide range of cell lines, including those presenting no known adenovirus receptor. Structural investigation suggests that this broad tropism is the result of a highly basic electrostatic surface potential, since a homologous pseudotyped vector with a more acidic surface potential, HAdV-C5/D30K, does not display a similar pantropism. Therefore, HAdV-C5/D49K may form a powerful vector for therapeutic applications capable of infecting difficult to transduce cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie M Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carly M Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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Crean RM, MacLachlan BJ, Madura F, Whalley T, Rizkallah PJ, Holland CJ, McMurran C, Harper S, Godkin A, Sewell AK, Pudney CR, van der Kamp MW, Cole DK. Molecular Rules Underpinning Enhanced Affinity Binding of Human T Cell Receptors Engineered for Immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:443-456. [PMID: 32913893 PMCID: PMC7452143 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology approaches that utilize T cell receptors (TCRs) are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to target virtually all cellular proteins, including cancer-specific epitopes, via the recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes presented at the cell surface. However, because natural TCRs generally recognize cancer-derived pHLAs with very weak affinities, efforts have been made to enhance their binding strength, in some cases by several million-fold. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underpinning human TCR affinity enhancement by comparing the crystal structures of engineered enhanced affinity TCRs with those of their wild-type progenitors. Additionally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to better understand the energetic mechanisms driving the affinity enhancements. These data demonstrate that supra-physiological binding affinities can be achieved without altering native TCR-pHLA binding modes via relatively subtle modifications to the interface contacts, often driven through the addition of buried hydrophobic residues. Individual energetic components of the TCR-pHLA interaction governing affinity enhancements were distinct and highly variable for each TCR, often resulting from additive, or knock-on, effects beyond the mutated residues. This comprehensive analysis of affinity-enhanced TCRs has important implications for the future rational design of engineered TCRs as efficacious and safe drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M. Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Florian Madura
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Thomas Whalley
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher R. Pudney
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
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17
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Pope JR, Johnson RL, Jamieson WD, Worthy HL, Kailasam S, Ahmed RD, Taban I, Auhim HS, Watkins DW, Rizkallah PJ, Castell OK, Jones DD. Association of Fluorescent Protein Pairs and Its Significant Impact on Fluorescence and Energy Transfer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 8:2003167. [PMID: 33437587 PMCID: PMC7788595 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are commonly used in pairs to monitor dynamic biomolecular events through changes in proximity via distance dependent processes such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The impact of FP association is assessed by predicting dimerization sites in silico and stabilizing the dimers by bio-orthogonal covalent linkages. In each tested case dimerization changes inherent fluorescence, including FRET. GFP homodimers demonstrate synergistic behavior with the dimer being brighter than the sum of the monomers. The homodimer structure reveals the chromophores are close with favorable transition dipole alignments and a highly solvated interface. Heterodimerization (GFP with Venus) results in a complex with ≈87% FRET efficiency, significantly below the 99.7% efficiency predicted. A similar efficiency is observed when the wild-type FPs are fused to a naturally occurring protein-protein interface system. GFP complexation with mCherry results in loss of mCherry fluorescence. Thus, simple assumptions used when monitoring interactions between proteins via FP FRET may not always hold true, especially under conditions whereby the protein-protein interactions promote FP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Pope
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Rachel L. Johnson
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | | | - Harley L. Worthy
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
- Present address:
Henry Wellcome Building for BiocatalysisBiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Senthilkumar Kailasam
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation CentreMontrealQuebecH3A 0G1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rochelle D. Ahmed
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Ismail Taban
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Husam Sabah Auhim
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
- Department of BiologyCollege of ScienceUniversity of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Daniel W. Watkins
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
- Present address:
School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1QUUK
| | | | | | - D. Dafydd Jones
- Molecular BiosciencesSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
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18
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Baker AT, Mundy RM, Davies JA, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Human adenovirus type 26 uses sialic acid-bearing glycans as a primary cell entry receptor. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax3567. [PMID: 31517055 PMCID: PMC6726447 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are clinically important agents. They cause respiratory distress, gastroenteritis, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. As non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, they are easily manipulated, making them popular vectors for therapeutic applications, including vaccines. Species D adenovirus type 26 (HAdV-D26) is both a cause of EKC and other diseases and a promising vaccine vector. HAdV-D26-derived vaccines are under investigation as protective platforms against HIV, Zika, and respiratory syncytial virus infections and are in phase 3 clinical trials for Ebola. We recently demonstrated that HAdV-D26 does not use CD46 or Desmoglein-2 as entry receptors, while the putative interaction with coxsackie and adenovirus receptor is low affinity and unlikely to represent the primary cell receptor. Here, we establish sialic acid as a primary entry receptor used by HAdV-D26. We demonstrate that removal of cell surface sialic acid inhibits HAdV-D26 infection, and provide a high-resolution crystal structure of HAdV-D26 fiber-knob in complex with sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Madura F, Rizkallah PJ, Legut M, Holland CJ, Fuller A, Bulek A, Schauenburg AJ, Trimby A, Hopkins JR, Wells SA, Godkin A, Miles JJ, Sami M, Li Y, Liddy N, Jakobsen BK, Loveridge EJ, Cole DK, Sewell AK. TCR-induced alteration of primary MHC peptide anchor residue. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1052-1066. [PMID: 31091334 PMCID: PMC6618058 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The HLA-A*02:01-restricted decapeptide EAAGIGILTV, derived from melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells-1 (MART-1) protein, represents one of the best-studied tumor associated T-cell epitopes, but clinical results targeting this peptide have been disappointing. This limitation may reflect the dominance of the nonapeptide, AAGIGILTV, at the melanoma cell surface. The decapeptide and nonapeptide are presented in distinct conformations by HLA-A*02:01 and TCRs from clinically relevant T-cell clones recognize the nonapeptide poorly. Here, we studied the MEL5 TCR that potently recognizes the nonapeptide. The structure of the MEL5-HLA-A*02:01-AAGIGILTV complex revealed an induced fit mechanism of antigen recognition involving altered peptide-MHC anchoring. This "flexing" at the TCR-peptide-MHC interface to accommodate the peptide antigen explains previously observed incongruences in this well-studied system and has important implications for future therapeutic approaches. Finally, this study expands upon the mechanisms by which molecular plasticity can influence antigen recognition by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Fuller
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Anna Bulek
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John J. Miles
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of TherapeuticsAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityCairnsQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Yi Li
- Immunocore Ltd.AbingdonUK
| | | | | | - E. Joel Loveridge
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of ChemistrySwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - David K. Cole
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Immunocore Ltd.AbingdonUK
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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20
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Baker AT, Greenshields-Watson A, Coughlan L, Davies JA, Uusi-Kerttula H, Cole DK, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Diversity within the adenovirus fiber knob hypervariable loops influences primary receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 30765704 PMCID: PMC6376029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus based vectors are of increasing importance for wide ranging therapeutic applications. As vaccines, vectors derived from human adenovirus species D serotypes 26 and 48 (HAdV-D26/48) are demonstrating promising efficacy as protective platforms against infectious diseases. Significant clinical progress has been made, yet definitive studies underpinning mechanisms of entry, infection, and receptor usage are currently lacking. Here, we perform structural and biological analysis of the receptor binding fiber-knob protein of HAdV-D26/48, reporting crystal structures, and modelling putative interactions with two previously suggested attachment receptors, CD46 and Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). We provide evidence of a low affinity interaction with CAR, with modelling suggesting affinity is attenuated through extended, semi-flexible loop structures, providing steric hindrance. Conversely, in silico and in vitro experiments are unable to provide evidence of interaction between HAdV-D26/48 fiber-knob with CD46, or with Desmoglein 2. Our findings provide insight into the cell-virus interactions of HAdV-D26/48, with important implications for the design and engineering of optimised Ad-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon, OX14 4RY, Oxon, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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21
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Codd AS, Al-Taei S, Tokita S, Mizushima E, Rizkallah PJ, Whalley T, Szomolay B, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Price DA, Kanaseki T, Torigoe T, Man S, Tabi Z. Abstract B007: Identification of prostate cancer stem cell antigens for T-cell immunotherapy by HLA ligandome analysis. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-b007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Localized prostate cancer (PCa) can be successfully treated by androgen deprivation, radiotherapy and surgery, however these may not be sufficient to eradicate cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are more resistant to such treatments than the bulk of the tumor; and can contribute to disease relapse. PCa patients who relapse have a poor prognosis. We hypothesize that CSCs could be killed by T-cells in an antigen specific way, thus preventing the possibility of relapse. In this study we identified novel PCa CSC antigens by HLA ligandome analysis and isolated antigen specific CD8+ T-cells. Methods: We identified CSCs using aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity as a CSC marker. ALDH high and low cells from the DU145 PCa cell line and from prostate adenocarcinoma primary tissue were characterized in vitro; DU145 CSCs and non-CSCs were additionally characterized in vivo. We isolated peptide-HLA complexes from DU145 cells by immunoprecipitation and analyzed the eluted peptides by mass spectrometry. We identified CSC antigens based on the gene expression in ALDH high and low DU145 cells (measured by qPCR). To select antigens for further analysis we performed homology modelling of the HLA-peptide interface using COOT software and the YASARA server for energy minimization. The interface interactions were quantified using PISA software. We additionally confirmed antigen expression in the primary cells by fluorescence microscopy and PCR. Tetramers were produced to isolate T-cells which recognized a selection of these antigens. Results: The ligandome analysis identified over 1900 peptides. We selected antigens with low gene expression in healthy tissues (www.GTexportal.org) and high predicted binding to DU145 HLA alleles (http://tools.immuneepitope.org/mhci/). ALDH high DU145 cells were more tumorigenic in vivo than ALDH low cells. ALDH high DU145 and primary prostate cancer cells grew larger colonies and spheres in vitro. We identified 11 CSC antigens by qPCR; 6 upregulated in ALDH high DU145 cells (e.g., TACSTD2) and 5 abundant in both ALDH high and ALDH low DU145 cells (e.g., XPO1). Relevant 9-mer epitopes from three antigens* induced CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. Antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells were identified by tetramer staining at a frequency of approx. 15 per 100000 cells. These cells are currently being expanded to use in CTL assays. Conclusion: We have identified CSC antigens which could lead to specific targeting by T-cells and prevention of PCa relapse. Further epitopes restricted to the more frequent HLA alleles could additionally be predicted in silico from the novel antigens we identified. We are also investigating prediction of viral epitopes highly aligned with the self-peptides (determined in silico) to boost the immune response against CSCs. *Subject of an ongoing patent application.
Citation Format: Amy S. Codd, Saly Al-Taei, Serina Tokita, Emi Mizushima, Pierre J. Rizkallah, Tom Whalley, Barbara Szomolay, Kristin Ladell, James E. McLaren, Sian Llewellyn-Lacey, David A. Price, Takayuki Kanaseki, Toshihiko Torigoe, Stephen Man, Zsuzsanna Tabi. Identification of prostate cancer stem cell antigens for T-cell immunotherapy by HLA ligandome analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Codd
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Serina Tokita
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emi Mizushima
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tom Whalley
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James E. McLaren
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David A. Price
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen Man
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies JA, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Evgin L, Shim KG, Bradshaw A, Baker AT, Rizkallah PJ, Jones R, Hanna L, Hudson E, Vile RG, Chester JD, Parker AL. Ad5 NULL-A20: A Tropism-Modified, αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Oncolytic Adenovirus for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4215-4224. [PMID: 29798908 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Virotherapies are maturing in the clinical setting. Adenoviruses (Ad) are excellent vectors for the manipulability and tolerance of transgenes. Poor tumor selectivity, off-target sequestration, and immune inactivation hamper clinical efficacy. We sought to completely redesign Ad5 into a refined, tumor-selective virotherapy targeted to αvβ6 integrin, which is expressed in a range of aggressively transformed epithelial cancers but nondetectable in healthy tissues.Experimental Design: Ad5NULL-A20 harbors mutations in each major capsid protein to preclude uptake via all native pathways. Tumor-tropism via αvβ6 targeting was achieved by genetic insertion of A20 peptide (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART) within the fiber knob protein. The vector's selectivity in vitro and in vivo was assessed.Results: The tropism-ablating triple mutation completely blocked all native cell entry pathways of Ad5NULL-A20 via coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), αvβ3/5 integrins, and coagulation factor 10 (FX). Ad5NULL-A20 efficiently and selectively transduced αvβ6+ cell lines and primary clinical ascites-derived EOC ex vivo, including in the presence of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity. In vivo biodistribution of Ad5NULL-A20 following systemic delivery in non-tumor-bearing mice was significantly reduced in all off-target organs, including a remarkable 107-fold reduced genome accumulation in the liver compared with Ad5. Tumor uptake, transgene expression, and efficacy were confirmed in a peritoneal SKOV3 xenograft model of human EOC, where oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20-treated animals demonstrated significantly improved survival compared with those treated with oncolytic Ad5.Conclusions: Oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapies represent an excellent vector for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers and exciting platforms for tumor-selective overexpression of therapeutic anticancer modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4215-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Angela Bradshaw
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Jones
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hudson
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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23
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Holland CJ, MacLachlan BJ, Bianchi V, Hesketh SJ, Morgan R, Vickery O, Bulek AM, Fuller A, Godkin A, Sewell AK, Rizkallah PJ, Wells S, Cole DK. In Silico and Structural Analyses Demonstrate That Intrinsic Protein Motions Guide T Cell Receptor Complementarity Determining Region Loop Flexibility. Front Immunol 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 29696015 PMCID: PMC5904202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity is controlled by T cell receptor (TCR) binding to peptide major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). The nature of the interaction between these two proteins has been the subject of many investigations because of its central role in immunity against pathogens, cancer, in autoimmunity, and during organ transplant rejection. Crystal structures comparing unbound and pMHC-bound TCRs have revealed flexibility at the interaction interface, particularly from the perspective of the TCR. However, crystal structures represent only a snapshot of protein conformation that could be influenced through biologically irrelevant crystal lattice contacts and other factors. Here, we solved the structures of three unbound TCRs from multiple crystals. Superposition of identical TCR structures from different crystals revealed some conformation differences of up to 5 Å in individual complementarity determining region (CDR) loops that are similar to those that have previously been attributed to antigen engagement. We then used a combination of rigidity analysis and simulations of protein motion to reveal the theoretical potential of TCR CDR loop flexibility in unbound state. These simulations of protein motion support the notion that crystal structures may only offer an artifactual indication of TCR flexibility, influenced by crystallization conditions and crystal packing that is inconsistent with the theoretical potential of intrinsic TCR motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holland
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Immunocore, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie J Hesketh
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Vickery
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Bulek
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Wells
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Immunocore, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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24
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Miles JJ, Tan MP, Dolton G, Edwards ES, Galloway SA, Laugel B, Clement M, Makinde J, Ladell K, Matthews KK, Watkins TS, Tungatt K, Wong Y, Lee HS, Clark RJ, Pentier JM, Attaf M, Lissina A, Ager A, Gallimore A, Rizkallah PJ, Gras S, Rossjohn J, Burrows SR, Cole DK, Price DA, Sewell AK. Peptide mimic for influenza vaccination using nonnatural combinatorial chemistry. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1569-1580. [PMID: 29528337 PMCID: PMC5873848 DOI: 10.1172/jci91512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide vaccines effectively activate human T cells but suffer from poor biological stability, which confines both transport logistics and in vivo therapeutic activity. Synthetic biology has the potential to address these limitations through the generation of highly stable antigenic "mimics" using subunits that do not exist in the natural world. We developed a platform based on D-amino acid combinatorial chemistry and used this platform to reverse engineer a fully artificial CD8+ T cell agonist that mirrored the immunogenicity profile of a native epitope blueprint from influenza virus. This nonnatural peptide was highly stable in human serum and gastric acid, reflecting an intrinsic resistance to physical and enzymatic degradation. In vitro, the synthetic agonist stimulated and expanded an archetypal repertoire of polyfunctional human influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In vivo, specific responses were elicited in naive humanized mice by subcutaneous vaccination, conferring protection from subsequent lethal influenza challenge. Moreover, the synthetic agonist was immunogenic after oral administration. This proof-of-concept study highlights the power of synthetic biology to expand the horizons of vaccine design and therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mai Ping Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily S.J. Edwards
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A.E. Galloway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Laugel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Makinde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas S. Watkins
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yide Wong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han Siean Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard J. Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanne M. Pentier
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anya Lissina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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25
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Bovay A, Zoete V, Dolton G, Bulek AM, Cole DK, Rizkallah PJ, Fuller A, Beck K, Michielin O, Speiser DE, Sewell AK, Fuertes Marraco SA. T cell receptor alpha variable 12-2 bias in the immunodominant response to Yellow fever virus. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:258-272. [PMID: 28975614 PMCID: PMC5887915 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of human αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) is generated via somatic recombination of germline gene segments. Despite this enormous variation, certain epitopes can be immunodominant, associated with high frequencies of antigen-specific T cells and/or exhibit bias toward a TCR gene segment. Here, we studied the TCR repertoire of the HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope LLWNGPMAV (hereafter, A2/LLW) from Yellow Fever virus, which generates an immunodominant CD8+ T cell response to the highly effective YF-17D vaccine. We discover that these A2/LLW-specific CD8+ T cells are highly biased for the TCR α chain TRAV12-2. This bias is already present in A2/LLW-specific naïve T cells before vaccination with YF-17D. Using CD8+ T cell clones, we show that TRAV12-2 does not confer a functional advantage on a per cell basis. Molecular modeling indicated that the germline-encoded complementarity determining region (CDR) 1α loop of TRAV12-2 critically contributes to A2/LLW binding, in contrast to the conventional dominant dependence on somatically rearranged CDR3 loops. This germline component of antigen recognition may explain the unusually high precursor frequency, prevalence and immunodominance of T-cell responses specific for the A2/LLW epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bovay
- Department of OncologyLausanne University Hospital (CHUV)EpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- SIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsMolecular Modeling GroupLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - Anna M. Bulek
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - Konrad Beck
- Cardiff University School of DentistryHeath ParkCardiffUK
| | - Olivier Michielin
- SIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsMolecular Modeling GroupLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of OncologyLausanne University Hospital (CHUV)EpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUK
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26
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Cole DK, Fuller A, Dolton G, Zervoudi E, Legut M, Miles K, Blanchfield L, Madura F, Holland CJ, Bulek AM, Bridgeman JS, Miles JJ, Schauenburg AJA, Beck K, Evavold BD, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Dual Molecular Mechanisms Govern Escape at Immunodominant HLA A2-Restricted HIV Epitope. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1503. [PMID: 29209312 PMCID: PMC5701626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial accumulation of mutations to fixation in the SLYNTVATL (SL9) immunodominant, HIV p17 Gag-derived, HLA A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope produce the SLFNTIAVL triple mutant “ultimate” escape variant. These mutations in solvent-exposed residues are believed to interfere with TCR recognition, although confirmation has awaited structural verification. Here, we solved a TCR co-complex structure with SL9 and the triple escape mutant to determine the mechanism of immune escape in this eminent system. We show that, in contrast to prevailing hypotheses, the main TCR contact residue is 4N and the dominant mechanism of escape is not via lack of TCR engagement. Instead, mutation of solvent-exposed residues in the peptide destabilise the peptide–HLA and reduce peptide density at the cell surface. These results highlight the extraordinary lengths that HIV employs to evade detection by high-affinity TCRs with a broad peptide-binding footprint and necessitate re-evaluation of this exemplar model of HIV TCR escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Efthalia Zervoudi
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Florian Madura
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Bulek
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea J A Schauenburg
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Beck
- Cardiff University School of Dentistry, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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27
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MacLachlan BJ, Greenshields-Watson A, Mason GH, Schauenburg AJ, Bianchi V, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK, Fuller A, Cole DK. Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287509 PMCID: PMC5408581 DOI: 10.3791/54991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are known to play an important role in tumor control. In order to carry out this function, the cell surface-expressed T-cell receptor (TCR) must functionally recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted tumor-derived peptides (pHLA). However, we and others have shown that most TCRs bind sub-optimally to tumor antigens. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms that define this poor recognition could aid in the development of new targeted therapies that circumnavigate these shortcomings. Indeed, present therapies that lack this molecular understanding have not been universally effective. Here, we describe methods that we commonly employ in the laboratory to determine how the nature of the interaction between TCRs and pHLA governs T-cell functionality. These methods include the generation of soluble TCRs and pHLA and the use of these reagents for X-ray crystallography, biophysical analysis, and antigen-specific T-cell staining with pHLA multimers. Using these approaches and guided by structural analysis, it is possible to modify the interaction between TCRs and pHLA and to then test how these modifications impact T-cell antigen recognition. These findings have already helped to clarify the mechanism of T-cell recognition of a number of cancer antigens and could direct the development of altered peptides and modified TCRs for new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | | | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV); Ludwig Insitutue for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University;
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28
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Cole DK, van den Berg HA, Lloyd A, Crowther MD, Beck K, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Miles JJ, Bulek AM, Dolton G, Schauenburg AJ, Wall A, Fuller A, Clement M, Laugel B, Rizkallah PJ, Wooldridge L, Sewell AK. Structural Mechanism Underpinning Cross-reactivity of a CD8+ T-cell Clone That Recognizes a Peptide Derived from Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:802-813. [PMID: 27903649 PMCID: PMC5247654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell cross-reactivity is essential for effective immune surveillance but has also been implicated as a pathway to autoimmunity. Previous studies have demonstrated that T-cell receptors (TCRs) that focus on a minimal motif within the peptide are able to facilitate a high level of T-cell cross-reactivity. However, the structural database shows that most TCRs exhibit less focused antigen binding involving contact with more peptide residues. To further explore the structural features that allow the clonally expressed TCR to functionally engage with multiple peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs), we examined the ILA1 CD8+ T-cell clone that responds to a peptide sequence derived from human telomerase reverse transcriptase. The ILA1 TCR contacted its pMHC with a broad peptide binding footprint encompassing spatially distant peptide residues. Despite the lack of focused TCR-peptide binding, the ILA1 T-cell clone was still cross-reactive. Overall, the TCR-peptide contacts apparent in the structure correlated well with the level of degeneracy at different peptide positions. Thus, the ILA1 TCR was less tolerant of changes at peptide residues that were at, or adjacent to, key contact sites. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control T-cell cross-reactivity with important implications for pathogen surveillance, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom,
| | - Hugo A van den Berg
- the Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Crowther
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Beck
- the Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,the Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia, and
| | - Anna M Bulek
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Wall
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Laugel
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom,
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29
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Cole DK, Bulek AM, Dolton G, Schauenberg AJ, Szomolay B, Rittase W, Trimby A, Jothikumar P, Fuller A, Skowera A, Rossjohn J, Zhu C, Miles JJ, Peakman M, Wooldridge L, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Hotspot autoimmune T cell receptor binding underlies pathogen and insulin peptide cross-reactivity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3626. [PMID: 27525441 DOI: 10.1172/jci89919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Hartley AM, Worthy HL, Reddington SC, Rizkallah PJ, Jones DD. Molecular basis for functional switching of GFP by two disparate non-native post-translational modifications of a phenyl azide reaction handle. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6484-6491. [PMID: 28451106 PMCID: PMC5355941 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the genetic incorporation of a single phenyl azide group into superfolder GFP (sfGFP) at residue 148 we provide a molecular description of how this highly versatile chemical handle can be used to positively switch protein function in vitro and in vivo via either photochemistry or bioconjugation.
Through the genetic incorporation of a single phenyl azide group into superfolder GFP (sfGFP) at residue 148 we provide a molecular description of how this highly versatile chemical handle can be used to positively switch protein function in vitro and in vivo via either photochemistry or bioconjugation. Replacement of H148 with p-azido-l-phenylalanine (azF) blue shifts the major excitation peak ∼90 nm by disrupting the H-bond and proton transfer network that defines the chromophore charged state. Bioorthogonal click modification with a simple dibenzylcyclooctyne or UV irradiation shifts the neutral-anionic chromophore equilibrium, switching fluorescence to the optimal ∼490 nm excitation. Click modification also improved quantum yield over both the unmodified and original protein. Crystal structures of both the click modified and photochemically converted forms show that functional switching is due to local conformational changes that optimise the interaction networks surrounding the chromophore. Crystal structure and mass spectrometry studies of the irradiated protein suggest that the phenyl azide converts to a dehydroazepine and/or an azepinone. Thus, protein embedded phenyl azides can be used beyond simple photocrosslinkers and passive conjugation handles, and mimic many natural post-translational modifications: modulation though changes in interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK .
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31
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Cole DK, Bulek AM, Dolton G, Schauenberg AJ, Szomolay B, Rittase W, Trimby A, Jothikumar P, Fuller A, Skowera A, Rossjohn J, Zhu C, Miles JJ, Peakman M, Wooldridge L, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Hotspot autoimmune T cell receptor binding underlies pathogen and insulin peptide cross-reactivity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2191-204. [PMID: 27183389 PMCID: PMC4887163 DOI: 10.1172/jci85679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-reactivity of T cells with pathogen- and self-derived peptides has been implicated as a pathway involved in the development of autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms that allow the clonal T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to functionally engage multiple peptide–major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) are unclear. Here, we studied multiligand discrimination by a human, preproinsulin reactive, MHC class-I–restricted CD8+ T cell clone (1E6) that can recognize over 1 million different peptides. We generated high-resolution structures of the 1E6 TCR bound to 7 altered peptide ligands, including a pathogen-derived peptide that was an order of magnitude more potent than the natural self-peptide. Evaluation of these structures demonstrated that binding was stabilized through a conserved lock-and-key–like minimal binding footprint that enables 1E6 TCR to tolerate vast numbers of substitutions outside of this so-called hotspot. Highly potent antigens of the 1E6 TCR engaged with a strong antipathogen-like binding affinity; this engagement was governed though an energetic switch from an enthalpically to entropically driven interaction compared with the natural autoimmune ligand. Together, these data highlight how T cell cross-reactivity with pathogen-derived antigens might break self-tolerance to induce autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Bulek
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J. Schauenberg
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - William Rittase
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Trimby
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John J. Miles
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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32
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Bianchi V, Bulek A, Fuller A, Lloyd A, Attaf M, Rizkallah PJ, Dolton G, Sewell AK, Cole DK. A Molecular Switch Abrogates Glycoprotein 100 (gp100) T-cell Receptor (TCR) Targeting of a Human Melanoma Antigen. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8951-9. [PMID: 26917722 PMCID: PMC4861463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes can mediate tumor regression in
melanoma through the specific recognition of HLA-restricted peptides. Because of the
relatively weak affinity of most anti-cancer T-cell receptors (TCRs), there is
growing emphasis on immunizing melanoma patients with altered peptide ligands in
order to induce strong anti-tumor immunity capable of breaking tolerance toward these
self-antigens. However, previous studies have shown that these immunogenic designer
peptides are not always effective. The melanocyte differentiation protein,
glycoprotein 100 (gp100), encodes a naturally processed epitope that is an attractive
target for melanoma immunotherapies, in particular peptide-based vaccines. Previous
studies have shown that substitutions at peptide residue Glu3 have a broad
negative impact on polyclonal T-cell responses. Here, we describe the first atomic
structure of a natural cognate TCR in complex with this gp100 epitope and highlight
the relatively high affinity of the interaction. Alanine scan mutagenesis performed
across the gp100280–288 peptide showed that Glu3 was
critically important for TCR binding. Unexpectedly, structural analysis demonstrated
that the Glu3 → Ala substitution resulted in a molecular switch
that was transmitted to adjacent residues, abrogating TCR binding and T-cell
recognition. These findings help to clarify the mechanism of T-cell recognition of
gp100 during melanoma responses and could direct the development of altered peptides
for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianchi
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Bulek
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Raman MCC, Rizkallah PJ, Simmons R, Donnellan Z, Dukes J, Bossi G, Le Provost GS, Todorov P, Baston E, Hickman E, Mahon T, Hassan N, Vuidepot A, Sami M, Cole DK, Jakobsen BK. Direct molecular mimicry enables off-target cardiovascular toxicity by an enhanced affinity TCR designed for cancer immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18851. [PMID: 26758806 PMCID: PMC4725365 DOI: 10.1038/srep18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural T-cell responses generally lack the potency to eradicate cancer. Enhanced affinity T-cell receptors (TCRs) provide an ideal approach to target cancer cells, with emerging clinical data showing significant promise. Nevertheless, the risk of off target reactivity remains a key concern, as exemplified in a recent clinical report describing fatal cardiac toxicity, following administration of MAGE-A3 specific TCR-engineered T-cells, mediated through cross-reactivity with an unrelated epitope from the Titin protein presented on cardiac tissue. Here, we investigated the structural mechanism enabling TCR cross-recognition of MAGE-A3 and Titin, and applied the resulting data to rationally design mutants with improved antigen discrimination, providing a proof-of-concept strategy for altering the fine specificity of a TCR towards an intended target antigen. This study represents the first example of direct molecular mimicry leading to clinically relevant fatal toxicity, mediated by a modified enhanced affinity TCR designed for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that self-antigens that are expressed at high levels on healthy tissue should be treated with extreme caution when designing immuno-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine C C Raman
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Simmons
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Donnellan
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Dukes
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Bossi
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle S Le Provost
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Penio Todorov
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Baston
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hickman
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Mahon
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Namir Hassan
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Annelise Vuidepot
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Malkit Sami
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bent K Jakobsen
- Immunocore Limited, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
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Adams SE, Robinson EJ, Miller DJ, Rizkallah PJ, Hallett MB, Allemann RK. Conformationally restricted calpain inhibitors. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6865-6871. [PMID: 28757975 PMCID: PMC5508670 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidised α-mercaptoacrylic acid derivatives are potent conformationally restricted calpain-I inhibitors that mimic the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin.
The cysteine protease calpain-I is linked to several diseases and is therefore a valuable target for inhibition. Selective inhibition of calpain-I has proved difficult as most compounds target the active site and inhibit a broad spectrum of cysteine proteases as well as other calpain isoforms. Selective inhibitors might not only be potential drugs but should act as tools to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of calpain-I. α-Mercaptoacrylic acid based calpain inhibitors are potent, cell permeable and selective inhibitors of calpain-I and calpain-II. These inhibitors target the calcium binding domain PEF(S) of calpain-I and -II. Here X-ray diffraction analysis of co-crystals of PEF(S) revealed that the disulfide form of an α-mercaptoacrylic acid bound within a hydrophobic groove that is also targeted by a calpastatin inhibitory region and made a greater number of favourable interactions with the protein than the reduced sulfhydryl form. Measurement of the inhibitory potency of the α-mercaptoacrylic acids and X-ray crystallography revealed that the IC50 values decreased significantly on oxidation as a consequence of the stereo-electronic properties of disulfide bonds that restrict rotation around the S–S bond. Consequently, thioether analogues inhibited calpain-I with potencies similar to those of the free sulfhydryl forms of α-mercaptoacrylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - E J Robinson
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - D J Miller
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - P J Rizkallah
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - M B Hallett
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - R K Allemann
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
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35
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Motozono C, Pearson JA, De Leenheer E, Rizkallah PJ, Beck K, Trimby A, Sewell AK, Wong FS, Cole DK. Distortion of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Binding Groove to Accommodate an Insulin-derived 10-Mer Peptide. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18924-33. [PMID: 26085090 PMCID: PMC4521012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes continues to be an important tool for delineating the role of T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that enable this disease pathway. We show that insulin reactivity by a CD8+ T-cell clone, known to induce type 1 diabetes, is characterized by weak T-cell antigen receptor binding to a relatively unstable peptide-MHC. The structure of the native 9- and 10-mer insulin epitopes demonstrated that peptide residues 7 and 8 form a prominent solvent-exposed bulge that could potentially be the main focus of T-cell receptor binding. The C terminus of the peptide governed peptide-MHC stability. Unexpectedly, we further demonstrate a novel mode of flexible peptide presentation in which the MHC peptide-binding groove is able to “open the back door” to accommodate extra C-terminal peptide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and the Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan, and
| | - James A Pearson
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Evy De Leenheer
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Konrad Beck
- the Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - F Susan Wong
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom,
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36
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Kløverpris HN, Cole DK, Fuller A, Carlson J, Beck K, Schauenburg AJ, Rizkallah PJ, Buus S, Sewell AK, Goulder P. A molecular switch in immunodominant HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell epitopes shapes differential HLA-restricted escape. Retrovirology 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 25808313 PMCID: PMC4347545 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presentation of identical HIV-1 peptides by closely related Human Leukocyte Antigen class I (HLAI) molecules can select distinct patterns of escape mutation that have a significant impact on viral fitness and disease progression. The molecular mechanisms by which HLAI micropolymorphisms can induce differential HIV-1 escape patterns within identical peptide epitopes remain unknown. RESULTS Here, we undertook genetic and structural analyses of two immunodominant HIV-1 peptides, Gag180-188 (TPQDLNTML, TL9-p24) and Nef71-79 (RPQVPLRPM, RM9-Nef) that are among the most highly targeted epitopes in the global HIV-1 epidemic. We show that single polymorphisms between different alleles of the HLA-B7 superfamily can induce a conformational switch in peptide conformation that is associated with differential HLAI-specific escape mutation and immune control. A dominant R71K mutation in the Nef71-79 occurred in those with HLA-B*07:02 but not B*42:01/02 or B*81:01. No structural difference in the HLA-epitope complexes was detected to explain this observation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that identical peptides presented through very similar HLAI landscapes are recognized as distinct epitopes and provide a novel structural mechanism for previously observed differential HIV-1 escape and disease progression.
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37
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Reddington SC, Driezis S, Hartley AM, Watson PD, Rizkallah PJ, Jones DD. Genetically encoded phenyl azide photochemistry drives positive and negative functional modulation of a red fluorescent protein. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded incorporation of phenyl azide chemistry into the autofluorescent protein mCherry can be used to switch on or off fluorescence.
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38
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Madura F, Rizkallah PJ, Holland CJ, Fuller A, Bulek A, Godkin AJ, Schauenburg AJ, Cole DK, Sewell AK. Structural basis for ineffective T-cell responses to MHC anchor residue-improved "heteroclitic" peptides. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:584-91. [PMID: 25471691 PMCID: PMC4357396 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MHC anchor residue-modified “heteroclitic” peptides have been used in many cancer vaccine trials and often induce greater immune responses than the wild-type peptide. The best-studied system to date is the decamer MART-1/Melan-A26–35 peptide, EAAGIGILTV, where the natural alanine at position 2 has been modified to leucine to improve human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 anchoring. The resulting ELAGIGILTV peptide has been used in many studies. We recently showed that T cells primed with the ELAGIGILTV peptide can fail to recognize the natural tumor-expressed peptide efficiently, thereby providing a potential molecular reason for why clinical trials of this peptide have been unsuccessful. Here, we solved the structure of a TCR in complex with HLA-A*0201-EAAGIGILTV peptide and compared it with its heteroclitic counterpart, HLA-A*0201-ELAGIGILTV. The data demonstrate that a suboptimal anchor residue at position 2 enables the TCR to “pull” the peptide away from the MHC binding groove, facilitating extra contacts with both the peptide and MHC surface. These data explain how a TCR can distinguish between two epitopes that differ by only a single MHC anchor residue and demonstrate how weak MHC anchoring can enable an induced-fit interaction with the TCR. Our findings constitute a novel demonstration of the extreme sensitivity of the TCR to minor alterations in peptide conformation.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/chemistry
- Alanine/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- HLA-A2 Antigen/chemistry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Leucine/chemistry
- Leucine/genetics
- MART-1 Antigen/chemistry
- MART-1 Antigen/genetics
- MART-1 Antigen/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Madura
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Bulek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Additional correspondence: Dr. David Cole, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK., e-mail:
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Full correspondence: Professor Andrew Sewell; Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK, e-mail:
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39
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Adams SE, Rizkallah PJ, Miller DJ, Robinson EJ, Hallett MB, Allemann RK. The structural basis of differential inhibition of human calpain by indole and phenyl α-mercaptoacrylic acids. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:236-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Arpino JAJ, Rizkallah PJ, Jones DD. Structural and dynamic changes associated with beneficial engineered single-amino-acid deletion mutations in enhanced green fluorescent protein. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2014; 70:2152-62. [PMID: 25084334 PMCID: PMC4118826 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471401267x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-amino-acid deletions are a common part of the natural evolutionary landscape but are rarely sampled during protein engineering owing to limited and prejudiced molecular understanding of mutations that shorten the protein backbone. Single-amino-acid deletion variants of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) have been identified by directed evolution with the beneficial effect of imparting increased cellular fluorescence. Biophysical characterization revealed that increased functional protein production and not changes to the fluorescence parameters was the mechanism that was likely to be responsible. The structure EGFP(D190Δ) containing a deletion within a loop revealed propagated changes only after the deleted residue. The structure of EGFP(A227Δ) revealed that a `flipping' mechanism was used to adjust for residue deletion at the end of a β-strand, with amino acids C-terminal to the deletion site repositioning to take the place of the deleted amino acid. In both variants new networks of short-range and long-range interactions are generated while maintaining the integrity of the hydrophobic core. Both deletion variants also displayed significant local and long-range changes in dynamics, as evident by changes in B factors compared with EGFP. Rather than being detrimental, deletion mutations can introduce beneficial structural effects through altering core protein properties, folding and dynamics, as well as function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. J. Arpino
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | | | - D. Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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41
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Arpino JAJ, Reddington SC, Halliwell LM, Rizkallah PJ, Jones DD. Random single amino acid deletion sampling unveils structural tolerance and the benefits of helical registry shift on GFP folding and structure. Structure 2014; 22:889-98. [PMID: 24856363 PMCID: PMC4058518 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Altering a protein’s backbone through amino acid deletion is a common evolutionary mutational mechanism, but is generally ignored during protein engineering primarily because its effect on the folding-structure-function relationship is difficult to predict. Using directed evolution, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was observed to tolerate residue deletion across the breadth of the protein, particularly within short and long loops, helical elements, and at the termini of strands. A variant with G4 removed from a helix (EGFPG4Δ) conferred significantly higher cellular fluorescence. Folding analysis revealed that EGFPG4Δ retained more structure upon unfolding and refolded with almost 100% efficiency but at the expense of thermodynamic stability. The EGFPG4Δ structure revealed that G4 deletion caused a beneficial helical registry shift resulting in a new polar interaction network, which potentially stabilizes a cis proline peptide bond and links secondary structure elements. Thus, deletion mutations and registry shifts can enhance proteins through structural rearrangements not possible by substitution mutations alone. Using directed evolution, the impact of amino acid deletion on EGFP is explored Loops, helices, and strand termini are especially tolerant to amino acid deletion A deletion mutant that enhances cellular production and fluorescence is identified Structure reveals that a helical registry shift creates a new polar network
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Affiliation(s)
- James A J Arpino
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Samuel C Reddington
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lisa M Halliwell
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, WHRI, Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Dafydd Jones
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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42
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Motozono C, Kuse N, Sun X, Rizkallah PJ, Fuller A, Oka S, Cole DK, Sewell AK, Takiguchi M. Molecular basis of a dominant T cell response to an HIV reverse transcriptase 8-mer epitope presented by the protective allele HLA-B*51:01. J Immunol 2014; 192:3428-34. [PMID: 24600035 PMCID: PMC3962895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ CTL responses directed toward the HLA-B*51:01–restricted HIV-RT128–135 epitope TAFTIPSI (TI8) are associated with long-term nonprogression to AIDS. Clonotypic analysis of responses to B51-TI8 revealed a public clonotype using TRAV17/TRBV7-3 TCR genes in six out of seven HLA-B*51:01+ patients. Structural analysis of a TRAV17/TRBV7-3 TCR in complex with HLA–B51-TI8, to our knowledge the first human TCR complexed with an 8-mer peptide, explained this bias, as the unique combination of residues encoded by these genes was central to the interaction. The relatively featureless peptide-MHC (pMHC) was mainly recognized by the TCR CDR1 and CDR2 loops in an MHC-centric manner. A highly conserved residue Arg97 in the CDR3α loop played a major role in recognition of peptide and MHC to form a stabilizing ball-and-socket interaction with the MHC and peptide, contributing to the selection of the public TCR clonotype. Surface plasmon resonance equilibrium binding analysis showed the low affinity of this public TCR is in accordance with the only other 8-mer interaction studied to date (murine 2C TCR–H-2Kb-dEV8). Like pMHC class II complexes, 8-mer peptides do not protrude out the MHC class I binding groove like those of longer peptides. The accumulated evidence suggests that weak affinity might be a common characteristic of TCR binding to featureless pMHC landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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43
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Cole DK, Miles KM, Madura F, Holland CJ, Schauenburg AJA, Godkin AJ, Bulek AM, Fuller A, Akpovwa HJE, Pymm PG, Liddy N, Sami M, Li Y, Rizkallah PJ, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK. T-cell receptor (TCR)-peptide specificity overrides affinity-enhancing TCR-major histocompatibility complex interactions. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:628-38. [PMID: 24196962 PMCID: PMC3887192 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) engage antigens using complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are either germ line-encoded (CDR1 and CDR2) or somatically rearranged (CDR3). TCR ligands compose a presentation platform (major histocompatibility complex (MHC)) and a variable antigenic component consisting of a short “foreign” peptide. The sequence of events when the TCR engages its peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligand remains unclear. Some studies suggest that the germ line elements of the TCR engage the MHC prior to peptide scanning, but this order of binding is difficult to reconcile with some TCR-pMHC structures. Here, we used TCRs that exhibited enhanced pMHC binding as a result of mutations in either CDR2 and/or CDR3 loops, that bound to the MHC or peptide, respectively, to dissect the roles of these loops in stabilizing TCR-pMHC interactions. Our data show that TCR-peptide interactions play a strongly dominant energetic role providing a binding mode that is both temporally and energetically complementary with a system requiring positive selection by self-pMHC in the thymus and rapid recognition of non-self-pMHC in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
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44
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Fuller A, Cole DK, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. The human immune system versusHIV: a cat and mouse game. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767313097043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Cole DK, Sami M, Scott DR, Rizkallah PJ, Borbulevych OY, Todorov PT, Moysey RK, Jakobsen BK, Boulter JM, Baker BM, Yi Li. Increased Peptide Contacts Govern High Affinity Binding of a Modified TCR Whilst Maintaining a Native pMHC Docking Mode. Front Immunol 2013; 4:168. [PMID: 23805144 PMCID: PMC3693486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural T cell receptors (TCRs) generally bind to their cognate pMHC molecules with weak affinity and fast kinetics, limiting their use as therapeutic agents. Using phage display, we have engineered a high affinity version of the A6 wild-type TCR (A6wt), specific for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA-A∗0201) complexed with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 111–19 peptide (A2-Tax). Mutations in just 4 residues in the CDR3β loop region of the A6wt TCR were selected that improved binding to A2-Tax by nearly 1000-fold. Biophysical measurements of this mutant TCR (A6c134) demonstrated that the enhanced binding was derived through favorable enthalpy and a slower off-rate. The structure of the free A6c134 TCR and the A6c134/A2-Tax complex revealed a native binding mode, similar to the A6wt/A2-Tax complex. However, concordant with the more favorable binding enthalpy, the A6c134 TCR made increased contacts with the Tax peptide compared with the A6wt/A2-Tax complex, demonstrating a peptide-focused mechanism for the enhanced affinity that directly involved the mutated residues in the A6c134 TCR CDR3β loop. This peptide-focused enhanced TCR binding may represent an important approach for developing antigen specific high affinity TCR reagents for use in T cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park , Cardiff , UK
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Reddington SC, Rizkallah PJ, Watson PD, Pearson R, Tippmann EM, Jones DD. Different Photochemical Events of a Genetically Encoded Phenyl Azide Define and Modulate GFP Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Madura F, Rizkallah PJ, Miles KM, Holland CJ, Bulek AM, Fuller A, Schauenburg AJA, Miles JJ, Liddy N, Sami M, Li Y, Hossain M, Baker BM, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK, Cole DK. T-cell receptor specificity maintained by altered thermodynamics. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18766-75. [PMID: 23698002 PMCID: PMC3696650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes peptides bound to major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) and allows T-cells to interrogate the cellular proteome for internal anomalies from the cell surface. The TCR contacts both MHC and peptide in an interaction characterized by weak affinity (KD = 100 nM to 270 μM). We used phage-display to produce a melanoma-specific TCR (α24β17) with a 30,000-fold enhanced binding affinity (KD = 0.6 nM) to aid our exploration of the molecular mechanisms utilized to maintain peptide specificity. Remarkably, although the enhanced affinity was mediated primarily through new TCR-MHC contacts, α24β17 remained acutely sensitive to modifications at every position along the peptide backbone, mimicking the specificity of the wild type TCR. Thermodynamic analyses revealed an important role for solvation in directing peptide specificity. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that can govern the exquisite peptide specificity characteristic of TCR recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Madura
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Reddington SC, Rizkallah PJ, Watson PD, Pearson R, Tippmann EM, Jones DD. Different photochemical events of a genetically encoded phenyl azide define and modulate GFP fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5974-7. [PMID: 23620472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the genetic code opens new avenues to modulate protein function in real time. By genetically incorporating photoreactive phenyl azide, the fluorescent properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be modulated by light. Depending on the residue in GFP programmed to incorporate the phenyl azide, different effects on function and photochemical pathways are observed.
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Ekeruche-Makinde J, Clement M, Cole DK, Edwards ESJ, Ladell K, Miles JJ, Matthews KK, Fuller A, Lloyd KA, Madura F, Dolton GM, Pentier J, Lissina A, Gostick E, Baxter TK, Baker BM, Rizkallah PJ, Price DA, Wooldridge L, Sewell AK. T-cell receptor-optimized peptide skewing of the T-cell repertoire can enhance antigen targeting. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37269-81. [PMID: 22952231 PMCID: PMC3481325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered peptide antigens that enhance T-cell immunogenicity have been used to improve peptide-based vaccination for a range of diseases. Although this strategy can prime T-cell responses of greater magnitude, the efficacy of constituent T-cell clonotypes within the primed population can be poor. To overcome this limitation, we isolated a CD8+ T-cell clone (MEL5) with an enhanced ability to recognize the HLA A*0201-Melan A27–35 (HLA A*0201-AAGIGILTV) antigen expressed on the surface of malignant melanoma cells. We used combinatorial peptide library screening to design an optimal peptide sequence that enhanced functional activation of the MEL5 clone, but not other CD8+ T-cell clones that recognized HLA A*0201-AAGIGILTV poorly. Structural analysis revealed the potential for new contacts between the MEL5 T-cell receptor and the optimized peptide. Furthermore, the optimized peptide was able to prime CD8+ T-cell populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolates from multiple HLA A*0201+ individuals that were capable of efficient HLA A*0201+ melanoma cell destruction. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that it is possible to design altered peptide antigens for the selection of superior T-cell clonotypes with enhanced antigen recognition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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50
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Yang S, Lin X, Lewis W, Suyetin M, Bichoutskaia E, Parker JE, Tang CC, Allan DR, Rizkallah PJ, Hubberstey P, Champness NR, Thomas KM, Blake AJ, Schröder M. A partially interpenetrated metal-organic framework for selective hysteretic sorption of carbon dioxide. Nat Mater 2012; 11:710-716. [PMID: 22660661 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The selective capture of carbon dioxide in porous materials has potential for the storage and purification of fuel and flue gases. However, adsorption capacities under dynamic conditions are often insufficient for practical applications, and strategies to enhance CO(2)-host selectivity are required. The unique partially interpenetrated metal-organic framework NOTT-202 represents a new class of dynamic material that undergoes pronounced framework phase transition on desolvation. We report temperature-dependent adsorption/desorption hysteresis in desolvated NOTT-202a that responds selectively to CO(2). The CO(2) isotherm shows three steps in the adsorption profile at 195 K, and stepwise filling of pores generated within the observed partially interpenetrated structure has been modelled by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. Adsorption of N(2), CH(4), O(2), Ar and H(2) exhibits reversible isotherms without hysteresis under the same conditions, and this allows capture of gases at high pressure, but selectively leaves CO(2) trapped in the nanopores at low pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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