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Li S, Lin L, Zhao J, Yang Z, Zhong Y, Huang L, Chen J, Zhang L, Ding Y, Xie T. The Study of the Influence of IL5RA Variants on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2023; 20:338-347. [PMID: 37905709 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2270729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease, and its pathogenesis is influenced by genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the role of IL5RA genetic variation in the risk of COPD. In this study, 498 patients with COPD and 498 normal controls were recruited. Subsequently, five SNPs (rs3804795, rs2290610, rs13097407, rs334782, and rs3856850) in the IL5RA gene were genotyped. Logistic analysis examined the association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL5RA with the risk of COPD under various genetic models. Furthermore, the association between IL5RA and susceptibility to COPD was comprehensively analyzed with stratification based on age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Our study showed that IL5RA rs13097407 reduced susceptibility to COPD (OR = 0.43, p < 0.001, p (FDR)< 0.001). On the other hand, rs3856850 was associated with an increased risk of COPD (OR = 1.71, p = 0.002, p (FDR) = 0.002). Interestingly, the effect of IL5RA SNPs on susceptibility to COPD was found to be influenced by factors such as sex and smoking. IL5RA gene variants were significantly associated with susceptibility to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siguang Li
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lingsang Lin
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zehua Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Linhui Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yipeng Ding
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Lee KM, Seo EC, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hwangbo C. The Multifunctional Protein Syntenin-1: Regulator of Exosome Biogenesis, Cellular Function, and Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119418. [PMID: 37298370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntenin acts as an adaptor and scaffold protein through its two PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1 (PDZ) domains, participating in multiple signaling pathways and modulating cellular physiology. It has been identified as an oncogene, promoting cancer development, metastasis, and angiogenesis in various carcinomas. Syntenin-1 is also associated with the production and release of exosomes, small extracellular vesicles that play a significant role in intercellular communication by containing bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The trafficking of exosomes involves a complex interplay of various regulatory proteins, including syntenin-1, which interacts with its binding partners, syndecan and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALIX). Exosomal transfer of microRNAs, a key cargo, can regulate the expression of various cancer-related genes, including syntenin-1. Targeting the mechanism involving the regulation of exosomes by syntenin-1 and microRNAs may provide a novel treatment strategy for cancer. This review highlights the current understanding of syntenin-1's role in regulating exosome trafficking and its associated cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Lee
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Chan Seo
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24414, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Meyer A, Sienes RE, Nijim W, Zanotti B, Umar S, Volin MV, Van Raemdonck K, Lewis M, Pitzalis C, Arami S, Al-Awqati M, Chang HJ, Jetanalin P, Schett G, Sweiss N, Shahrara S. Syntenin-1-mediated arthritogenicity is advanced by reprogramming RA metabolic macrophages and Th1 cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:483-495. [PMID: 36593091 PMCID: PMC10314955 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Syntenin-1, a novel endogenous ligand, was discovered to be enriched in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) specimens compared with osteoarthritis synovial fluid and normal synovial tissue (ST). However, the cellular origin, immunoregulation and molecular mechanism of syntenin-1 are undescribed in RA. METHODS RA patient myeloid and lymphoid cells, as well as preclinical models, were used to investigate the impact of syntenin-1/syndecan-1 on the inflammatory and metabolic landscape. RESULTS Syntenin-1 and syndecan-1 (SDC-1) co-localise on RA ST macrophages (MΦs) and endothelial cells. Intriguingly, blood syntenin-1 and ST SDC-1 transcriptome are linked to cyclic citrullinated peptide, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ST thickness and bone erosion. Metabolic CD14+CD86+GLUT1+MΦs reprogrammed by syntenin-1 exhibit a wide range of proinflammatory interferon transcription factors, monokines and glycolytic factors, along with reduced oxidative intermediates that are downregulated by blockade of SDC-1, glucose uptake and/or mTOR signalling. Inversely, IL-5R and PDZ1 inhibition are ineffective on RA MΦs-reprogrammed by syntenin-1. In syntenin-1-induced arthritis, F4/80+iNOS+RAPTOR+MΦs represent glycolytic RA MΦs, by amplifying the inflammatory and glycolytic networks. Those networks are abrogated in SDC-1-/- animals, while joint prorepair monokines are unaffected and the oxidative metabolites are moderately replenished. In RA cells and/or preclinical model, syntenin-1-induced arthritogenicity is dependent on mTOR-activated MΦ remodelling and its ability to cross-regulate Th1 cells via IL-12 and IL-18 induction. Moreover, RA and joint myeloid cells exposed to Syntenin-1 are primed to transform into osteoclasts via SDC-1 ligation and RANK, CTSK and NFATc1 transcriptional upregulation. CONCLUSION The syntenin-1/SDC-1 pathway plays a critical role in the inflammatory and metabolic landscape of RA through glycolytic MΦ and Th1 cell cross-regulation (graphical abstract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan E Sienes
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wes Nijim
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Zanotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadiq Umar
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | - Katrien Van Raemdonck
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Myles Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, Queen Mary University of London William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Shiva Arami
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mina Al-Awqati
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Huan J Chang
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pim Jetanalin
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadera Sweiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Pintor-Romero VG, Hurtado-Ortega E, Nicolás-Morales ML, Gutiérrez-Torres M, Vences-Velázquez A, Ortuño-Pineda C, Espinoza-Rojo M, Navarro-Tito N, Cortés-Sarabia K. Biological Role and Aberrant Overexpression of Syntenin-1 in Cancer: Potential Role as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041034. [PMID: 37189651 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntenin-1 is a 298 amino acid protein codified by the melanoma differentiation-associated gene-9 (MDA-9). Structurally, it is composed of four domains: N-terminal, PDZ1, PDZ2, and C-terminal. The PDZ domains of syntenin-1 are involved in the stability and interaction with other molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, and lipids. Domains are also associated with several biological functions such as the activation of signaling pathways related to cell-to-cell adhesion, signaling translation, and the traffic of intracellular lipids, among others. The overexpression of syntenin-1 has been reported in glioblastoma, colorectal, melanoma, lung, prostate, and breast cancer, which promotes tumorigenesis by regulating cell migration, invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune response evasion, and metastasis. The overexpression of syntenin-1 in samples has been associated with worst prognostic and recurrence, whereas the use of inhibitors such as shRNA, siRNA, and PDZli showed a diminution of the tumor size and reduction in metastasis and invasion. Syntenin-1 has been suggested as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer for developing more effective diagnostic/prognostic tests or passive/active immunotherapies.
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Gutiérrez-González LH, Rivas-Fuentes S, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Flores-Flores A, Rosas-García J, Santos-Mendoza T. Peptide Targeting of PDZ-Dependent Interactions as Pharmacological Intervention in Immune-Related Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216367. [PMID: 34770776 PMCID: PMC8588348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZ (postsynaptic density (PSD95), discs large (Dlg), and zonula occludens (ZO-1)-dependent interactions are widely distributed within different cell types and regulate a variety of cellular processes. To date, some of these interactions have been identified as targets of small molecules or peptides, mainly related to central nervous system disorders and cancer. Recently, the knowledge of PDZ proteins and their interactions has been extended to various cell types of the immune system, suggesting that their targeting by viral pathogens may constitute an immune evasion mechanism that favors viral replication and dissemination. Thus, the pharmacological modulation of these interactions, either with small molecules or peptides, could help in the control of some immune-related diseases. Deeper structural and functional knowledge of this kind of protein–protein interactions, especially in immune cells, will uncover novel pharmacological targets for a diversity of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H. Gutiérrez-González
- Department of Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Flores-Flores
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.F.-F.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Jorge Rosas-García
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.F.-F.); (J.R.-G.)
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.F.-F.); (J.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-54871700 (ext. 5243)
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Association of miR-499 Polymorphism and Its Regulatory Networks with Hashimoto Thyroiditis Susceptibility: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810094. [PMID: 34576267 PMCID: PMC8470033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disorder with a strong genetic background. Several genetic factors have been suggested, yet numerous genetic contributors remain to be fully understood in HT pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are gene expression regulators critically involved in biological processes, of which polymorphisms can alter their function, leading to pathologic conditions, including autoimmune diseases. We examined whether miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to HT in an Iranian subpopulation. Furthermore, we investigated the potential interacting regulatory network of the miR-499. This case-control study included 150 HT patients and 152 healthy subjects. Genotyping of rs3746444 was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Also, target genomic sites of the polymorphism were predicted using bioinformatics. Our results showed that miR-499 rs3746444 was positively associated with HT risk in heterozygous (OR = 3.32, 95%CI = 2.00–5.53, p < 0.001, CT vs. TT), homozygous (OR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.30–6.10, p = 0.014, CC vs. TT), dominant (OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.97–5.25, p < 0.001, CT + CC vs. TT), overdominant (OR = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.62–4.09, p < 0.001, CC + TT vs. CT), and allelic (OR = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.37–2.69, p < 0.001, C vs. T) models. Mapping predicted target genes of miR-499 on tissue-specific-, co-expression-, and miR-TF networks indicated that main hub-driver nodes are implicated in regulating immune system functions, including immunorecognition and complement activity. We demonstrated that miR-499 rs3746444 is linked to HT susceptibility in our population. However, predicted regulatory networks revealed that this polymorphism is contributing to the regulation of immune system pathways.
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Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Apolipoproteins in the Regulation of Eosinophilia-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094377. [PMID: 33922158 PMCID: PMC8122716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are key components of our host defense and potent effectors in allergic and inflammatory diseases. Once recruited to the inflammatory site, eosinophils release their cytotoxic granule proteins as well as cytokines and lipid mediators, contributing to parasite clearance but also to exacerbation of inflammation and tissue damage. However, eosinophils have recently been shown to play an important homeostatic role in different tissues under steady state. Despite the tremendous progress in the treatment of eosinophilic disorders with the implementation of biologics, there is an unmet need for novel therapies that specifically target the cytotoxic effector functions of eosinophils without completely depleting this multifunctional immune cell type. Recent studies have uncovered several endogenous molecules that decrease eosinophil migration and activation. These include short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which are produced in large quantities in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal bacteria and enter the systemic circulation. In addition, high-density lipoprotein-associated anti-inflammatory apolipoproteins have recently been shown to attenuate eosinophil migration and activation. Here, we focus on the anti-pathogenic properties of SCFAs and apolipoproteins on eosinophil effector function and provide insights into the potential use of SCFAs and apolipoproteins (and their mimetics) as effective agents to combat eosinophilic inflammation.
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Iwamoto K, Takahashi H, Okuzaki D, Osawa H, Ogino T, Miyoshi N, Uemura M, Matsuda C, Yamamoto H, Mizushima T, Mori M, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Syntenin-1 promotes colorectal cancer stem cell expansion and chemoresistance by regulating prostaglandin E2 receptor. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:955-964. [PMID: 32595209 PMCID: PMC7492211 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein syntenin-1 is expressed by a variety of cell types, and is upregulated in various malignancies, including melanoma, breast cancer and glioma. Although the mechanism by which elevated syntenin-1 expression contributes to cancer has been described, the exact pathway has not been elucidated. Methods To investigate the involvement of syntenin-1 in colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed immunohistochemical analysis of 139 CRC surgical specimens. We also examined syntenin-1 knockdown in CRC cell lines. Results High syntenin-1 expression was associated with less differentiated histologic grade and poor prognosis, and was an independent prognostic indicator in CRC. Syntenin-1 knockdown in CRC cells reduced the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), oxaliplatin chemoresistance and migration. DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed decreased prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (PTGER2) expression in syntenin-1-knockdown cells. PTGER2 knockdown in CRC cells yielded the same phenotype as syntenin-1 knockdown. Celecoxib, which has anti-inflammatory effects by targeting cyclooxygenase-2, reduced CSCs and decreased chemoresistance, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) had the opposite effect. Conclusions Our findings suggested that syntenin-1 enhanced CSC expansion, oxaliplatin chemoresistance and migration capability through regulation of PTGER2 expression. Syntenin-1 may be a promising new prognostic factor and target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Theiler A, Bärnthaler T, Platzer W, Richtig G, Peinhaupt M, Rittchen S, Kargl J, Ulven T, Marsh LM, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Sturm EM, Heinemann A. Butyrate ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by limiting eosinophil trafficking and survival. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:764-776. [PMID: 31082458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung eosinophilia is a hallmark of asthma, and eosinophils are believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced in high amounts in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal bacteria and can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Although there is recent evidence that SCFAs are beneficial in allergic asthma models, the effect on eosinophils has remained elusive. OBJECTIVE The role of SCFAs was investigated in human eosinophil function and a mouse model of allergic asthma. METHODS Eosinophils were purified from self-reported allergic or healthy donors. Migration, adhesion to the endothelium, and eosinophil survival were studied in vitro. Ca2+ flux, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of surface markers were determined by using flow cytometry and in part by using real-time PCR. Allergic airway inflammation was assessed in vivo in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model by using invasive spirometry. RESULTS For the first time, we observed that SCFAs were able to attenuate human eosinophils at several functional levels, including (1) adhesion to the endothelium, (2) migration, and (3) survival. These effects were independent from GPR41 and GPR43 but were accompanied by histone acetylation and mimicked by trichostatin A, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor. In vivo butyrate ameliorated allergen-induced airway and lung eosinophilia, reduced type 2 cytokine levels in bronchial fluid, and improved airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. CONCLUSION These in vitro and in vivo findings highlight the importance of SCFAs, especially butyrate as a promising therapeutic agent in allergic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Theiler
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Platzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Richtig
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Peinhaupt
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Das SK, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Fisher PB. MDA-9/Syntenin: An emerging global molecular target regulating cancer invasion and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:137-191. [PMID: 31349898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, metastasis is the terminal stage of cancer with limited therapeutic options. Metastasis consists of numerous phenotypic and genotypic alterations of cells that are directly and indirectly induced by multiple intrinsic (cellular) and extrinsic (micro-environmental) factors. To metastasize, a cancer cell often transitions from an epithelial to mesenchymal morphology (EMT), modifies the extracellular matrix, forms emboli and survives in the circulation, escapes immune surveillance, adheres to sites distant from the initial tumor and finally develops a blood supply (angiogenesis) and colonizes in a secondary niche (a micrometastasis). Scientific advances have greatly enhanced our understanding of the precise molecular and genetic changes, operating independently or collectively, that lead to metastasis. This review focuses on a unique gene, melanoma differentiation associated gene-9 (also known as Syntenin-1; Syndecan Binding Protein (sdcbp); mda-9/syntenin), initially cloned and characterized from metastatic human melanoma and shown to be a pro-metastatic gene. In the last two decades, our comprehension of the diversity of actions of MDA-9/Syntenin on cellular phenotype has emerged. MDA-9/Sytenin plays pivotal regulatory roles in multiple signaling cascades and orchestrates both metastatic and non-metastatic events. Considering the relevance of this gene in controlling cancer invasion and metastasis, approaches have been developed to uniquely and selectively target this gene. We also provide recent updates on strategies that have been successfully employed in targeting MDA-9/Syntenin resulting in profound pre-clinical anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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11
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Philley JV, Kannan A, Dasgupta S. MDA-9/Syntenin Control. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:545-50. [PMID: 26291527 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
MDA-9/Syntenin is a small PDZ domain containing scaffolding protein with diverse array of functions regulating membrane trafficking, cell adhesion, neural, and synaptic development, ubiquitination, and exosome biogenesis. An appreciable number of studies also established a pivotal role of MDA-9/Syntenin in cancer development and progression. In this review, we will discuss the dynamic role of MDA-9/Syntenin in regulating normal and abnormal fate of various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Philley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
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12
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Johnson KD, Kong G, Gao X, Chang YI, Hewitt KJ, Sanalkumar R, Prathibha R, Ranheim EA, Dewey CN, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Cis-regulatory mechanisms governing stem and progenitor cell transitions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500503. [PMID: 26601269 PMCID: PMC4643771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cis-element encyclopedias provide information on phenotypic diversity and disease mechanisms. Although cis-element polymorphisms and mutations are instructive, deciphering function remains challenging. Mutation of an intronic GATA motif (+9.5) in GATA2, encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, underlies an immunodeficiency associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas an inversion relocalizes another GATA2 cis-element (-77) to the proto-oncogene EVI1, inducing EVI1 expression and AML, whether this reflects ectopic or physiological activity is unknown. We describe a mouse strain that decouples -77 function from proto-oncogene deregulation. The -77(-/-) mice exhibited a novel phenotypic constellation including late embryonic lethality and anemia. The -77 established a vital sector of the myeloid progenitor transcriptome, conferring multipotentiality. Unlike the +9.5(-/-) embryos, hematopoietic stem cell genesis was unaffected in -77(-/-) embryos. These results illustrate a paradigm in which cis-elements in a locus differentially control stem and progenitor cell transitions, and therefore the individual cis-element alterations cause unique and overlapping disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D. Johnson
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Guangyao Kong
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J. Hewitt
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajendran Sanalkumar
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajalekshmi Prathibha
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Colin N. Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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13
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Increased production of intestinal immunoglobulins in Syntenin-1-deficient mice. Immunobiology 2015; 220:597-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Eosinophil-specific deletion of IκBα in mice reveals a critical role of NF-κB-induced Bcl-xL for inhibition of apoptosis. Blood 2015; 125:3896-904. [PMID: 25862560 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-607788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are associated with type 2 immune responses to allergens and helminths. They release various proinflammatory mediators and toxic proteins on activation and are therefore considered proinflammatory effector cells. Eosinophilia is promoted by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and can result from enhanced de novo production or reduced apoptosis. In this study, we show that only IL-5 induces differentiation of eosinophils from bone marrow precursors, whereas IL-5, GM-CSF, and to a lesser extent IL-3 promote survival of mature eosinophils. The receptors for these cytokines use the common β chain, which serves as the main signaling unit linked to signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways. Inhibition of NF-κB induced apoptosis of in vitro cultured eosinophils. Selective deletion of IκBα in vivo resulted in enhanced expression of Bcl-xL and reduced apoptosis during helminth infection. Retroviral overexpression of Bcl-xL promoted survival, whereas pharmacologic inhibition of Bcl-xL in murine or human eosinophils induced rapid apoptosis. These results suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting Bcl-xL in eosinophils could improve health conditions in allergic inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
The science of measuring patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has advanced substantially in recent decades, allowing evaluation of how patients feel and function in clinical research. Assessment of the patient experience in populations with rare diseases can be successfully achieved using PRO measures when careful planning and rigorous methods are employed. A number of challenges exist when designing and implementing PRO analyses in rare disease contexts, including heterogeneity of outcomes, availability of suitable measures, recruitment, and selection of appropriate data collection methods. Strategies to address these exist and have been employed in past clinical research, particularly in pediatric populations. PRO assessments in rare disease clinical trials have been particularly successful through partnerships between investigators, PRO methodologists, and patient organizations. The overall goal of PRO measurement is to understand the patient experience and it provides an essential part of evaluating the impact of disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Basch
- Cancer Outcomes Research Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,
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Haçarız O, Baykal AT, Akgün M, Kavak P, Sağıroğlu MŞ, Sayers GP. Generating a detailed protein profile of Fasciola hepatica during the chronic stage of infection in cattle. Proteomics 2014; 14:1519-30. [PMID: 24733753 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode helminth causing a damaging disease, fasciolosis, in ruminants and humans. Comprehensive proteomic studies broaden our knowledge of the parasite's protein profile, and provide new insights into the development of more effective strategies to deal with fasciolosis. The objective of this study was to generate a comprehensive profile of F. hepatica proteins expressed during the chronic stage of infection in cattle by building on previous efforts in this area. The approach included an improved sample preparation procedure for surface and internal layers of the parasite, the application of nano-UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS (nano-ultra-performance LC and ESI quadrupole TOF MS) integrated with different acquisition methods and in silico database search against various protein databases and a transcript database including a new assembly of publically available EST. Of a total of 776 identified proteins, 206 and 332 were specific to the surface and internal layers of the parasite, respectively. Furthermore, 238 proteins were common to both layers, with comparative differences of 172 proteins detected. Specific proteins not previously identified in F. hepatica, but shown to be immunomodulatory or potential drug targets for other parasites, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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17
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Abstract
Eosinophil differentiation is a complex series of events regulated by cytokines at multiple levels, including proliferation, survival, and maturation. The development of an ex vivo eosinophil differentiation model, using the current knowledge on factors involved in this process, has facilitated efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying human eosinophil development. Differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, isolated by density centrifugation and immunomagnetic cell separation, towards mature eosinophils, involves a 17-day culture period in the presence of a mixture of cytokines. At early stages of differentiation, these cells can be retrovirally transduced resulting in modulation of the expression of genes of interest to examine their role in eosinophil development. Eosinophil maturation can be analyzed by combining three different methods: histochemical analysis, flow cytometric analysis, and Luxol Fast Blue staining. In addition to this ex vivo differentiation model, human hematopoietic progenitors can be transplanted into immune-deficient mice resulting in the development of all human hematopoietic lineages in the mouse bone marrow, including eosinophils. Although the ex vivo differentiation model can be used separately, combining it with the transplantation model will give insight into not only regulation of human eosinophil development but also hematopoiesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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18
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Vijftigschild LAW, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM. A novel fluorescent sensor for measurement of CFTR function by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2013; 83:576-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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van Meegen MA, Terheggen SWJ, Koymans KJ, Vijftigschild LAW, Dekkers JF, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM. CFTR-mutation specific applications of CFTR-directed monoclonal antibodies. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 12:487-96. [PMID: 23317763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade novel monoclonal CFTR-specific antibodies have been developed. We here present a paired analysis to detect wild-type and mutant CFTR using Western blot analysis, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy in several cellular expression systems. METHODS The following CFTR-specific antibodies were used; 217, 432, 450, 570, 769, 596, 660, L12B4 and 24.1. Mutant CFTR was detected in HEK293 cells transiently expressing the mutations; G542X, R1162X, F508del, N1303K, G551D, R117H, A455E. RESULTS The majority of these antibodies are suitable for most applications tested. Using immunofluorescence, some antibodies can better detect mutant forms of CFTR (F508del and N1303K by mAbs 596 and 769), or display lower aspecific detection by Western blot analysis (mAbs 432, 450, 769 and 596) or immunofluorescence (mAbs 432, 450, 570 and 769). CONCLUSION Optimal detection of CFTR by monoclonal antibodies depends on CFTR mutation and the specific research application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Meegen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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The role of SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) in tumorigenesis and metastasis: friend or foe? Oncogene 2012; 32:3397-409. [PMID: 23246969 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of cancer are mediated by alterations in transcriptional networks, resulting in a disturbed balance between the activity of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Transcription factors have the capacity to regulate global transcriptional profiles, and are consequently often found to be deregulated in their expression and function during tumorigenesis. Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) is a member of the group C subfamily of the SOX transcription factors and has a critical role during embryogenesis, where its expression is widespread and controls the development of numerous tissues. SOX4 expression is elevated in a wide variety of tumors, including leukemia, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer, suggesting a fundamental role in the development of these malignancies. In many cancers, deregulated expression of this developmental factor has been correlated with increased cancer cell proliferation, cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and tumor progression through the induction of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. However, in a limited subset of tumors, SOX4 has also been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. These opposing roles suggest that the outcome of SOX4 activation depends on the cellular context and the tumor origin. Indeed, SOX4 expression, transcriptional activity and target gene specificity can be controlled by signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β and the WNT pathway, as well as at the post-translational level through regulation of protein stability and interaction with specific cofactors, such as TCF, syntenin-1 and p53. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge concerning the role of SOX4 in tumor development and progression.
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Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, Levy RS, Gupta V, DiPersio JF, Catalano JV, Deininger M, Miller C, Silver RT, Talpaz M, Winton EF, Harvey JH, Arcasoy MO, Hexner E, Lyons RM, Paquette R, Raza A, Vaddi K, Erickson-Viitanen S, Koumenis IL, Sun W, Sandor V, Kantarjian HM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:799-807. [PMID: 22375971 PMCID: PMC4822164 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1514] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ruxolitinib, a selective inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2, has clinically significant activity in myelofibrosis. METHODS In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis to twice-daily oral ruxolitinib (155 patients) or placebo (154 patients). The primary end point was the proportion of patients with a reduction in spleen volume of 35% or more at 24 weeks, assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary end points included the durability of response, changes in symptom burden (assessed by the total symptom score), and overall survival. RESULTS The primary end point was reached in 41.9% of patients in the ruxolitinib group as compared with 0.7% in the placebo group (P<0.001). A reduction in spleen volume was maintained in patients who received ruxolitinib; 67.0% of the patients with a response had the response for 48 weeks or more. There was an improvement of 50% or more in the total symptom score at 24 weeks in 45.9% of patients who received ruxolitinib as compared with 5.3% of patients who received placebo (P<0.001). Thirteen deaths occurred in the ruxolitinib group as compared with 24 deaths in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.98; P=0.04). The rate of discontinuation of the study drug because of adverse events was 11.0% in the ruxolitinib group and 10.6% in the placebo group. Among patients who received ruxolitinib, anemia and thrombocytopenia were the most common adverse events, but they rarely led to discontinuation of the drug (in one patient for each event). Two patients had transformation to acute myeloid leukemia; both were in the ruxolitinib group. CONCLUSIONS Ruxolitinib, as compared with placebo, provided significant clinical benefits in patients with myelofibrosis by reducing spleen size, ameliorating debilitating myelofibrosis-related symptoms, and improving overall survival. These benefits came at the cost of more frequent anemia and thrombocytopenia in the early part of the treatment period. (Funded by Incyte; COMFORT-I ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00952289.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdan Verstovsek
- Leukemia Department, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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CFTR expression analysis in human nasal epithelial cells by flow cytometry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27658. [PMID: 22163268 PMCID: PMC3233544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Unbiased approaches that study aberrant protein expression in primary airway epithelial cells at single cell level may profoundly improve diagnosis and understanding of airway diseases. We here present a flow cytometric procedure to study CFTR expression in human primary nasal epithelial cells from patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Our novel approach may be important in monitoring of therapeutic responses, and better understanding of CF disease at the molecular level. Objectives Validation of a panel of CFTR-directed monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry and CFTR expression analysis in nasal epithelial cells from healthy controls and CF patients. Methods We analyzed CFTR expression in primary nasal epithelial cells at single cell level using flow cytometry. Nasal cells were stained for pan-Cytokeratin, E cadherin, and CD45 (to discriminate epithelial cells and leukocytes) in combination with intracellular staining of CFTR. Healthy individuals and CF patients were compared. Measurements and Main Results We observed various cellular populations present in nasal brushings that expressed CFTR protein at different levels. Our data indicated that CF patients homozygous for F508del express varying levels of CFTR protein in nasal epithelial cells, although at a lower level than healthy controls. Conclusion CFTR protein is expressed in CF patients harboring F508del mutations but at lower levels than in healthy controls. Multicolor flow cytometry of nasal cells is a relatively simple procedure to analyze the composition of cellular subpopulations and protein expression at single cell level.
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Lee S, Margolin K. Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3856-93. [PMID: 24213115 PMCID: PMC3763400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3043856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are molecular messengers that allow the cells of the immune system to communicate with one another to generate a coordinated, robust, but self-limited response to a target antigen. The growing interest over the past two decades in harnessing the immune system to eradicate cancer has been accompanied by heightened efforts to characterize cytokines and exploit their vast signaling networks to develop cancer treatments. The goal of this paper is to review the major cytokines involved in cancer immunotherapy and discuss their basic biology and clinical applications. The paper will also describe new cytokines in pre-clinical development, combinations of biological agents, novel delivery mechanisms, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kim Margolin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Syntenin-mediated regulation of Sox4 proteasomal degradation modulates transcriptional output. Oncogene 2011; 31:2668-79. [PMID: 21986941 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox4 is aberrantly expressed in many human tumors and can modulate tumorigenesis and metastases of murine tumors in vivo. However, mechanisms that control Sox4 function remain poorly defined. It has recently been observed that DNA damage increases Sox4 protein expression independently of Sox4 mRNA levels, suggesting an as yet undefined post-transcriptional mechanism regulating Sox4 expression and functionality. Here, we show that Sox4 protein is rapidly degraded by the proteasome as indicated by pharmacological inhibition with Mg132 and epoxymycin. Sox4 half-life was found to be less than 1 h as evident by inhibition of protein synthesis using cycloheximide. Ectopic expression of Sox4 deletion mutants revealed that the C-terminal 33 residues of Sox4 were critical in modulating its degradation in a polyubiquitin-independent manner. Syntenin, a Sox4 binding partner, associates with this domain and was found to stabilize Sox4 expression. Syntenin-induced stabilization of Sox4 correlated with Sox4-syntenin relocalization to the nucleus, where both proteins accumulate. Syntenin overexpression or knockdown in human tumor cell lines was found to reciprocally modulate Sox4 protein expression and transcriptional activity implicating its role as a regulator of Sox4. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the Sox4 C-terminal domain regulates polyubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of Sox4 that can be modulated by interaction with syntenin. As aberrant Sox4 expression has been found associated with many human cancers, modulation of Sox4 proteasomal degradation may impact oncogenesis and metastatic properties of tumors.
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