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Nwabo Kamdje AH, Dongmo Fogang HP, Mimche PN. Role of epigenetic in cancer biology, in hematologic malignancies and in anticancer therapy. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2024; 4:1426454. [PMID: 39308891 PMCID: PMC11412843 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2024.1426454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Major epigenetic changes are associated with carcinogenesis, including aberrant DNA methylations and post-translational modifications of histone. Indeed evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that inactivating DNA hypermethylation preferentially targets the subset of polycomb group (PcG) genes that are regulators of developmental processes. Conversely, activating DNA hypomethylation targets oncogenic signaling pathway genes, but outcomes of both events lead in the overexpression of oncogenic signaling pathways that contribute to the stem-like state of cancer cells. On the basis of recent evidence from population-basedclinical and experimental studies, we hypothesize that factors associated with risk for developing a hematologic malignancy (HM), such as metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation, may trigger epigenetic mechanisms to increase the transcriptional expression of oncogenes and activate oncogenic signaling pathways. Signaling pathways associated with such risk factors include but are not limited to pro-inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogenic, growth, and survival Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase-triggered pathways. The latter includes signaling pathways such as transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Ras GTPases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and β-catenin pathways. Recent findings on epigenetic mechanisms at work in the biology of cancer and in HMs and their importance in the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are herein summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of biological identity, the consequences for interindividual variability in disease clinical profile, and the potential of epigenetic drugs in HMs are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Hervé Nwabo Kamdje
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Hervet Paulain Dongmo Fogang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Patrice N. Mimche
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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2
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Dong W, Kong M, Zhu Y, Shao Y, Wu D, Lu J, Guo J, Xu Y. Activation of TWIST Transcription by Chromatin Remodeling Protein BRG1 Contributes to Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:340. [PMID: 32478075 PMCID: PMC7237740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathophysiological process to which many different cell types contribute. Endothelial cells play versatile roles in the regulation of liver fibrosis. The underlying epigenetic mechanism is not fully appreciated. In the present study, we investigated the role of BRG1, a chromatin remodeling protein, in the modulation of endothelial cells in response to pro-fibrogenic stimuli in vitro and liver fibrosis in mice. We report that depletion of BRG1 by siRNA abrogated TGF-β or hypoxia induced down-regulation of endothelial marker genes and up-regulation of mesenchymal marker genes in cultured endothelial cells. Importantly, endothelial-specific BRG1 deletion attenuated CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice. BRG1 knockdown in vitro or BRG1 knockout in vivo was accompanied by the down-regulation of TWIST, a key regulator of endothelial phenotype. Mechanistically, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited to the TWIST promoter by HIF-1α to activate TWIST transcription. BRG1 silencing rendered a more repressive chromatin structure surrounding the TWIST promoter likely contributing to TWIST down-regulation. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity dampened liver fibrosis in mice. Similarly, pharmaceutical inhibition of TWIST alleviated liver fibrosis in mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that epigenetic activation of TWIST by BRG1 contributes to the modulation of endothelial phenotype and liver fibrosis. Therefore, targeting the HIF1α-BRG1-TWIST axis may yield novel therapeutic solutions to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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3
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Bruder M, Polo G, Trivella DBB. Natural allosteric modulators and their biological targets: molecular signatures and mechanisms. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:488-514. [PMID: 32048675 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2008 to 2018Over the last decade more than two hundred single natural products were confirmed as natural allosteric modulators (alloNPs) of proteins. The compounds are presented and discussed with the support of a chemical space, constructed using a principal component analysis (PCA) of molecular descriptors from chemical compounds of distinct databases. This analysis showed that alloNPs are dispersed throughout the majority of the chemical space defined by natural products in general. Moreover, a cluster of alloNPs was shown to occupy a region almost devoid of allosteric modulators retrieved from a dataset composed mainly of synthetic compounds, further highlighting the importance to explore the entire natural chemical space for probing allosteric mechanisms. The protein targets which alloNPs bind to comprised 81 different proteins, which were classified into 5 major groups, with enzymes, in particular hydrolases, being the main representative group. The review also brings a critical interpretation on the mechanisms by which alloNPs display their molecular action on proteins. In the latter analysis, alloNPs were classified according to their final effect on the target protein, resulting in 3 major categories: (i) local alteration of the orthosteric site; (ii) global alteration in protein dynamics that change function; and (iii) oligomer stabilisation or protein complex destabilisation via protein-protein interaction in sites distant from the orthosteric site. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which use a combination of the three types of allosteric regulation found, were also probed by natural products. In summary, the natural allosteric modulators reviewed herein emphasise their importance for exploring alternative chemotherapeutic strategies, potentially pushing the boundaries of the druggable space of pharmacologically relevant drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), National Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Yang H, Green MR. Epigenetic Programing of B-Cell Lymphoma by BCL6 and Its Genetic Deregulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:272. [PMID: 31788471 PMCID: PMC6853842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous and pathologically diverse group of diseases with a strong epigenetic component. The B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene encodes a transcription factor that is critical for normal germinal center reaction B cell development by maintaining an epigenetic and transcriptional state that is permissive for cellular proliferation and DNA damage. The activity of BCL6 can be deregulated by a variety of mechanisms and contributes to the development of B-cell lymphoma. Here we review the direct and indirect mechanisms BCL6 dysregulation in B cell lymphoma, including transcriptional and post-translational regulation of BCL6 expression and activity, and the perturbation of BCL6-regulated epigenetic programs by cooperating chromatin modifying gene mutations. We underscore the critical importance of BCL6 and its associated epigenetic programs in the development of B-cell lymphoma, and discuss avenues for the therapeutic targeting of BCL6 in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Ortega E, Rengachari S, Ibrahim Z, Hoghoughi N, Gaucher J, Holehouse AS, Khochbin S, Panne D. Transcription factor dimerization activates the p300 acetyltransferase. Nature 2018; 562:538-544. [PMID: 30323286 PMCID: PMC6914384 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator p300 is a histone lysine acetyltransferase that is typically recruited to transcriptional enhancers and regulates gene expression by acetylating chromatin. Here we show that p300 activation directly depends on the activation and oligomerisation status of transcription factor (TF) ligands. Using two model TFs, IRF3 and STAT1, we demonstrate that TF dimerization enables trans-autoacetylation of p300 in a highly conserved and intrinsically disordered autoinhibitory lysine-rich loop (AIL), resulting in HAT activation. We describe a p300 crystal structure in which the AIL invades the active site of a neighbouring HAT domain thus revealing a snap-shot of a trans-autoacetylation reaction intermediate. Substrate access to the active site involves rearrangement of an autoinhibitory RING domain. Our data explain how cellular signalling, TF activation and dimerization controls p300 activation thus explaining why gene transcription is associated with chromatin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ortega
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Srinivasan Rengachari
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ziad Ibrahim
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Naghmeh Hoghoughi
- CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Gaucher
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1042, HP2 Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Panne
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France. .,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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6
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Structural basis for cooperative regulation of KIX-mediated transcription pathways by the HTLV-1 HBZ activation domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10040-10045. [PMID: 30232260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810397115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus I basic leucine zipper protein (HTLV-1 HBZ) maintains chronic viral infection and promotes leukemogenesis through poorly understood mechanisms involving interactions with the KIX domain of the transcriptional coactivator CBP and its paralog p300. The KIX domain binds regulatory proteins at the distinct MLL and c-Myb/pKID sites to form binary or ternary complexes. The intrinsically disordered N-terminal activation domain of HBZ (HBZ AD) deregulates cellular signaling pathways by competing directly with cellular and viral transcription factors for binding to the MLL site and by allosterically perturbing binding of the transactivation domain of the hematopoietic transcription factor c-Myb. Crystal structures of the ternary KIX:c-Myb:HBZ complex show that the HBZ AD recruits two KIX:c-Myb entities through tandem amphipathic motifs (L/V)(V/L)DGLL and folds into a long α-helix upon binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry reveals strong cooperativity in binding of the c-Myb activation domain to the KIX:HBZ complex and in binding of HBZ to the KIX:c-Myb complex. In addition, binding of KIX to the two HBZ (V/L)DGLL motifs is cooperative; the structures suggest that this cooperativity is achieved through propagation of the HBZ α-helix beyond the first binding motif. Our study suggests that the unique structural flexibility and the multiple interaction motifs of the intrinsically disordered HBZ AD are responsible for its potency in hijacking KIX-mediated transcription pathways. The KIX:c-Myb:HBZ complex provides an example of cooperative stabilization in a transcription factor:coactivator network and gives insights into potential mechanisms through which HBZ dysregulates hematopoietic transcriptional programs and promotes T cell proliferation.
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7
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Deacetylase activity-independent transcriptional activation by HDAC2 during TPA-induced HL-60 cell differentiation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202935. [PMID: 30142192 PMCID: PMC6108480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 differentiate into monocytes following treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). However, the mechanism underlying the differentiation of these cells in response to TPA has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed ChIP-seq profiling of RNA Pol II, HDAC2, Acetyl H3 (AcH3), and H3K27me3 and analyzed differential chromatin state changes during TPA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. We focused on atypically active genes, which showed enhanced H3 acetylation despite increased HDAC2 recruitment. We found that HDAC2 positively regulates the expression of these genes in a histone deacetylase activity-independent manner. HDAC2 interacted with and recruited paired box 5 (PAX5) to the promoters of the target genes and regulated HL-60 cell differentiation by PAX5-mediated gene activation. Taken together, these data elucidated the specific-chromatin status during HL-60 cell differentiation following TPA exposure and suggested that HDAC2 can activate transcription of certain genes through interactions with PAX5 in a deacetylase activity-independent pathway.
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8
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Tzoneva G, Dieck CL, Oshima K, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Sánchez-Martín M, Madubata CJ, Khiabanian H, Yu J, Waanders E, Iacobucci I, Sulis ML, Kato M, Koh K, Paganin M, Basso G, Gastier-Foster JM, Loh ML, Kirschner-Schwabe R, Mullighan CG, Rabadan R, Ferrando AA. Clonal evolution mechanisms in NT5C2 mutant-relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 2018; 553:511-514. [PMID: 29342136 PMCID: PMC5931372 DOI: 10.1038/nature25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis1. Gain-of-function mutations in the 5′-nucleotidase, cytosolic II (NT5C2) gene induce resistance to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and are selectively present in relapsed ALL2,3. Yet, the mechanisms involved in NT5C2 mutation-driven clonal evolution during leukemia initiation, disease progression and relapse remain unknown. Using a conditional inducible leukemia model, we demonstrate that expression of Nt5c2 p.R367Q, a highly prevalent relapsed-ALL NT5C2 mutation, induces resistance to chemotherapy with 6-MP at the cost of impaired leukemia cell growth and leukemia-initiating cell activity. The loss of fitness phenotype of Nt5c2+/R367Q mutant cells is associated with excess export of purines to the extracellular space and depletion of the intracellular purine nucleotide pool. Consequently, blocking guanosine synthesis via inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition induced increased cytotoxicity against NT5C2-mutant leukemia lymphoblasts. These results identify NT5C2 mutation-associated fitness cost and resistance to chemotherapy as key evolutionary drivers shaping clonal evolution in relapsed ALL and support a role for IMPDH inhibition in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gannie Tzoneva
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Chelsea L Dieck
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Koichi Oshima
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Marta Sánchez-Martín
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Chioma J Madubata
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hossein Khiabanian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Jiangyan Yu
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Esme Waanders
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Koh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan
| | - Maddalena Paganin
- Onco-Hematology Division, Department, Salute della Donna e del Bambino (SDB), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Onco-Hematology Division, Department, Salute della Donna e del Bambino (SDB), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Children's Oncology Group, Arcadia, California 91006, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94115, USA
| | - Renate Kirschner-Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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9
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Kim BR, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Van de Laar E, Tsao MS, Raught B, Moghal N. Identification of the SOX2 Interactome by BioID Reveals EP300 as a Mediator of SOX2-dependent Squamous Differentiation and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1864-1888. [PMID: 28794006 PMCID: PMC5629269 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) being the second most common form. SQCCs are thought to originate in bronchial basal cells through an injury response to smoking, which results in this stem cell population committing to hyperplastic squamous rather than mucinous and ciliated fates. Copy number gains in SOX2 in the region of 3q26-28 occur in 94% of SQCCs, and appear to act both early and late in disease progression by stabilizing the initial squamous injury response in stem cells and promoting growth of invasive carcinoma. Thus, anti-SOX2 targeting strategies could help treat early and/or advanced disease. Because SOX2 itself is not readily druggable, we sought to characterize SOX2 binding partners, with the hope of identifying new strategies to indirectly interfere with SOX2 activity. We now report the first use of proximity-dependent biotin labeling (BioID) to characterize the SOX2 interactome in vivo We identified 82 high confidence SOX2-interacting partners. An interaction with the coactivator EP300 was subsequently validated in both basal cells and SQCCs, and we demonstrate that EP300 is necessary for SOX2 activity in basal cells, including for induction of the squamous fate. We also report that EP300 copy number gains are common in SQCCs and that growth of lung cancer cell lines with 3q gains, including SQCC cells, is dependent on EP300. Finally, we show that EP300 inhibitors can be combined with other targeted therapeutics to achieve more effective growth suppression. Our work supports the use of BioID to identify interacting protein partners of nondruggable oncoproteins such as SOX2, as an effective strategy to discover biologically relevant, druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Emily Van de Laar
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada;
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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10
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Qian M, Zhang H, Kham SKY, Liu S, Jiang C, Zhao X, Lu Y, Goodings C, Lin TN, Zhang R, Moriyama T, Yin Z, Li Z, Quah TC, Ariffin H, Tan AM, Shen S, Bhojwani D, Hu S, Chen S, Zheng H, Pui CH, Yeoh AEJ, Yang JJ. Whole-transcriptome sequencing identifies a distinct subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with predominant genomic abnormalities of EP300 and CREBBP. Genome Res 2016; 27:185-195. [PMID: 27903646 PMCID: PMC5287225 DOI: 10.1101/gr.209163.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are a genomic hallmark of many hematologic malignancies. Often as initiating events, these structural abnormalities result in fusion proteins involving transcription factors important for hematopoietic differentiation and/or signaling molecules regulating cell proliferation and cell cycle. In contrast, epigenetic regulator genes are more frequently targeted by somatic sequence mutations, possibly as secondary events to further potentiate leukemogenesis. Through comprehensive whole-transcriptome sequencing of 231 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we identified 58 putative functional and predominant fusion genes in 54.1% of patients (n = 125), 31 of which have not been reported previously. In particular, we described a distinct ALL subtype with a characteristic gene expression signature predominantly driven by chromosomal rearrangements of the ZNF384 gene with histone acetyltransferases EP300 and CREBBP. ZNF384-rearranged ALL showed significant up-regulation of CLCF1 and BTLA expression, and ZNF384 fusion proteins consistently showed higher activity to promote transcription of these target genes relative to wild-type ZNF384 in vitro. Ectopic expression of EP300-ZNF384 and CREBBP-ZNF384 fusion altered differentiation of mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and also potentiated oncogenic transformation in vitro. EP300- and CREBBP-ZNF384 fusions resulted in loss of histone lysine acetyltransferase activity in a dominant-negative fashion, with concomitant global reduction of histone acetylation and increased sensitivity of leukemia cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors. In conclusion, our results indicate that gene fusion is a common class of genomic abnormalities in childhood ALL and that recurrent translocations involving EP300 and CREBBP may cause epigenetic deregulation with potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510120
| | - Shirley Kow-Yin Kham
- Centre for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100045
| | - Chuang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, 200240
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Centre for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599
| | - Charnise Goodings
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ting-Nien Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510120
| | - Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zhaohong Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Centre for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599
| | - Thuan Chong Quah
- Centre for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599.,VIVA-University Children's Cancer Centre, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228
| | - Hany Ariffin
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 59100
| | - Ah Moy Tan
- KKH-CCF Children's Cancer Centre, Paediatric Haematology & Oncology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200127
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 215025
| | - Suning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 215006
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100045
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Allen Eng-Juh Yeoh
- Centre for Translational Research in Acute Leukaemia, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599.,VIVA-University Children's Cancer Centre, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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11
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Venkateswaran K, Shrivastava A, Agrawala PK, Prasad A, Kalra N, Pandey PR, Manda K, Raj HG, Parmar VS, Dwarakanath BS. Mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic injury by the polyphenolic acetate 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylthiocoumarin in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37305. [PMID: 27849061 PMCID: PMC5110976 DOI: 10.1038/srep37305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of the hematopoietic system from radiation damage, and/or mitigation of hematopoietic injury are the two major strategies for developing medical countermeasure agents (MCM) to combat radiation-induced lethality. In the present study, we investigated the potential of 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylthiocoumarin (DAMTC) to ameliorate radiation-induced hematopoietic damage and the associated mortality following total body irradiation (TBI) in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of DAMTC 24 hours post TBI alleviated TBI-induced myelo-suppression and pancytopenia, by augmenting lymphocytes and WBCs in the peripheral blood of mice, while bone marrow (BM) cellularity was restored through enhanced proliferation of the stem cells. It stimulated multi-lineage expansion and differentiation of myeloid progenitors in the BM and induced proliferation of splenic progenitors thereby, facilitating hematopoietic re-population. DAMTC reduced the radiation-induced apoptotic and mitotic death in the hematopoietic compartment. Recruitment of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in spleen contributed to the immune-protection linked to the mitigation of hematopoietic injury. Recovery of the hematopoietic compartment correlated well with mitigation of mortality at a lethal dose of 9 Gy, leading to 80% animal survival. Present study establishes the potential of DAMTC to mitigate radiation-induced injury to the hematopoietic system by stimulating the re-population of stem cells from multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Venkateswaran
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Paban K Agrawala
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Ashok Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Parvat R Pandey
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kailash Manda
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Hanumantharao G Raj
- Department of Biochemistry, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Bilikere S Dwarakanath
- Division of Metabolic Cell Signalling Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Lucknow Road, Delhi 110054, India.,Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, India
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12
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Odoux A, Jindal D, Tamas TC, Lim BWH, Pollard D, Xu W. Experimental and molecular dynamics studies showed that CBP KIX mutation affects the stability of CBP:c-Myb complex. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 62:47-59. [PMID: 27082784 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coactivators CBP (CREBBP) and its paralog p300 (EP300), two conserved multi-domain proteins in eukaryotic organisms, regulate gene expression in part by binding DNA-binding transcription factors. It was previously reported that the CBP/p300 KIX domain mutant (Y650A, A654Q, and Y658A) altered both c-Myb-dependent gene activation and repression, and that mice with these three point mutations had reduced numbers of platelets, B cells, T cells, and red blood cells. Here, our transient transfection assays demonstrated that mouse embryonic fibroblast cells containing the same mutations in the KIX domain and without a wild-type allele of either CBP or p300, showed decreased c-Myb-mediated transcription. Dr. Wright's group solved a 3-D structure of the mouse CBP:c-Myb complex using NMR. To take advantage of the experimental structure and function data and improved theoretical calculation methods, we performed MD simulations of CBP KIX, CBP KIX with the mutations, and c-Myb, as well as binding energy analysis for both the wild-type and mutant complexes. The binding between CBP and c-Myb is mainly mediated by a shallow hydrophobic groove in the center where the side-chain of Leu302 of c-Myb plays an essential role and two salt bridges at the two ends. We found that the KIX mutations slightly decreased stability of the CBP:c-Myb complex as demonstrated by higher binding energy calculated using either MM/PBSA or MM/GBSA methods. More specifically, the KIX mutations affected the two salt bridges between CBP and c-Myb (CBP-R646 and c-Myb-E306; CBP-E665 and c-Myb-R294). Our studies also revealed differing dynamics of the hydrogen bonds between CBP-R646 and c-Myb-E306 and between CBP-E665 and c-Myb-R294 caused by the CBP KIX mutations. In the wild-type CBP:c-Myb complex, both of the hydrogen bonds stayed relatively stable. In contrast, in the mutant CBP:c-Myb complex, hydrogen bonds between R646 and E306 showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, and hydrogen bonds of the E665:R294 pair exhibited a fast decreasing trend over time during MD simulations. In addition, our data showed that the KIX mutations attenuate CBP's hydrophobic interaction with Leu302 of c-Myb. Furthermore, our 500-ns MD simulations showed that CBP KIX with the mutations has a slightly lower potential energy than wild-type CBP. The CBP KIX structures with or without its interacting protein c-Myb are different for both wild-type and mutant CBP KIX, and this is likewise the case for c-Myb with or without CBP, suggesting that the presence of an interacting protein influences the structure of a protein. Taken together, these analyses will improve our understanding of the exact functions of CBP and its interaction with c-Myb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Odoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Darren Jindal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Tamara C Tamas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Benjamin W H Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Drake Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 44370, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
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13
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Giotopoulos G, Chan WI, Horton SJ, Ruau D, Gallipoli P, Fowler A, Crawley C, Papaemmanuil E, Campbell PJ, Göttgens B, Van Deursen JM, Cole PA, Huntly BJP. The epigenetic regulators CBP and p300 facilitate leukemogenesis and represent therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 35:279-89. [PMID: 25893291 PMCID: PMC4729186 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence links abnormal epigenetic control to the development of hematological malignancies. Accordingly, inhibition of epigenetic regulators is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy. The acetylation status of lysine residues in histone tails is one of a number of epigenetic post-translational modifications that alter DNA-templated processes, such as transcription, to facilitate malignant transformation. Although histone deacetylases are already being clinically targeted, the role of histone lysine acetyltransferases (KAT) in malignancy is less well characterized. We chose to study this question in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where, using in vitro and in vivo genetic ablation and knockdown experiments in murine models, we demonstrate a role for the epigenetic regulators CBP and p300 in the induction and maintenance of AML. Furthermore, using selective small molecule inhibitors of their lysine acetyltransferase activity, we validate CBP/p300 as therapeutic targets in vitro across a wide range of human AML subtypes. We proceed to show that growth retardation occurs through the induction of transcriptional changes that induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in leukemia cells and finally demonstrate the efficacy of the KAT inhibitors in decreasing clonogenic growth of primary AML patient samples. Taken together, these data suggest that CBP/p300 are promising therapeutic targets across multiple subtypes in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giotopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - W-I Chan
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- State Key laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - SJ Horton
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Ruau
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Gallipoli
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Fowler
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Crawley
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - PJ Campbell
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - B Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - JM Van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - PA Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - BJP Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Picaud S, Fedorov O, Thanasopoulou A, Leonards K, Jones K, Meier J, Olzscha H, Monteiro O, Martin S, Philpott M, Tumber A, Filippakopoulos P, Yapp C, Wells C, Che KH, Bannister A, Robson S, Kumar U, Parr N, Lee K, Lugo D, Jeffrey P, Taylor S, Vecellio ML, Bountra C, Brennan PE, O’Mahony A, Velichko S, Müller S, Hay D, Daniels DL, Urh M, La Thangue NB, Kouzarides T, Prinjha R, Schwaller J, Knapp S. Generation of a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of the CBP/p300 Bromodomain for Leukemia Therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5106-5119. [PMID: 26552700 PMCID: PMC4948672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300 are involved in recurrent leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations and are key regulators of cell growth. Therefore, efforts to generate inhibitors of CBP/p300 are of clinical value. We developed a specific and potent acetyl-lysine competitive protein-protein interaction inhibitor, I-CBP112, that targets the CBP/p300 bromodomains. Exposure of human and mouse leukemic cell lines to I-CBP112 resulted in substantially impaired colony formation and induced cellular differentiation without significant cytotoxicity. I-CBP112 significantly reduced the leukemia-initiating potential of MLL-AF9(+) acute myeloid leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, I-CBP112 increased the cytotoxic activity of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 as well as doxorubicin. Collectively, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of a novel, potent inhibitor targeting CBP/p300 bromodomains that impairs aberrant self-renewal of leukemic cells. The synergistic effects of I-CBP112 and current standard therapy (doxorubicin) as well as emerging treatment strategies (BET inhibition) provide new opportunities for combinatorial treatment of leukemia and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angeliki Thanasopoulou
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Leonards
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Jones
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Julia Meier
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Octovia Monteiro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Martin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Martin Philpott
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher Wells
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ka Hing Che
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andrew Bannister
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Samuel Robson
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nigel Parr
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kevin Lee
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Dave Lugo
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Philip Jeffrey
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Taylor
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Matteo L. Vecellio
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alison O’Mahony
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sharlene Velichko
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Susanne Müller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Danette L. Daniels
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Marjeta Urh
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tony Kouzarides
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rab Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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15
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Sun XJ, Man N, Tan Y, Nimer SD, Wang L. The Role of Histone Acetyltransferases in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2015; 5:108. [PMID: 26075180 PMCID: PMC4443728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone, and non-histone, protein acetylation plays an important role in a variety of cellular events, including the normal and abnormal development of blood cells, by changing the epigenetic status of chromatin and regulating non-histone protein function. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which are the enzymes responsible for histone and non-histone protein acetylation, contain p300/CBP, MYST, and GNAT family members. HATs are not only protein modifiers and epigenetic factors but also critical regulators of cell development and carcinogenesis. Here, we will review the function of HATs such as p300/CBP, Tip60, MOZ/MORF, and GCN5/PCAF in normal hematopoiesis and the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. The inhibitors that have been developed to target HATs will also be reviewed here. Understanding the roles of HATs in normal/malignant hematopoiesis will provide the potential therapeutic targets for the hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Na Man
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Yurong Tan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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16
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A novel recurrent EP300-ZNF384 gene fusion in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:2445-8. [PMID: 25943178 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Haery L, Thompson RC, Gilmore TD. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases in B- and T-cell development, physiology and malignancy. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:184-213. [PMID: 26124919 PMCID: PMC4482241 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of B and T cells from hematopoietic precursors and the regulation of the functions of these immune cells are complex processes that involve highly regulated signaling pathways and transcriptional control. The signaling pathways and gene expression patterns that give rise to these developmental processes are coordinated, in part, by two opposing classes of broad-based enzymatic regulators: histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs and HDACs can modulate gene transcription by altering histone acetylation to modify chromatin structure, and by regulating the activity of non-histone substrates, including an array of immune-cell transcription factors. In addition to their role in normal B and T cells, dysregulation of HAT and HDAC activity is associated with a variety of B- and T-cell malignancies. In this review, we describe the roles of HATs and HDACs in normal B- and T-cell physiology, describe mutations and dysregulation of HATs and HDACs that are implicated lymphoma and leukemia, and discuss HAT and HDAC inhibitors that have been explored as treatment options for leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Haery
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Abstract
The kinase-inducible domain interacting (KIX) domain of the CREB binding protein (CBP) is capable of simultaneously binding two intrinsically disordered transcription factors, such as the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) and c-Myb peptides, at isolated interaction sites. In vitro, the affinity for binding c-Myb is approximately doubled when KIX is in complex with MLL, which suggests a positive cooperative binding mechanism, and the affinity for MLL is also slightly increased when KIX is first bound by c-Myb. Expanding the scope of recent NMR and computational studies, we explore the allosteric mechanism at a detailed molecular level that directly connects the microscopic structural dynamics to the macroscopic shift in binding affinities. To this end, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of free KIX, KIX-c-Myb, MLL-KIX, and MLL-KIX-c-Myb using a topology-based Gō-like model. Our results capture an increase in affinity for the peptide in the allosteric site when KIX is prebound by a complementary effector and both peptides follow an effector-independent folding-and-binding mechanism. More importantly, we discover that MLL binding lowers the entropic cost for c-Myb binding, and vice versa, by stabilizing the L12-G2 loop and the C-terminal region of the α3 helix on KIX. This work demonstrates the importance of entropy in allosteric signaling between promiscuous molecular recognition sites and can inform the rational design of small molecule stabilizers to target important regions of conformationally dynamic proteins.
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19
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Haery L, Lugo-Picó JG, Henry RA, Andrews AJ, Gilmore TD. Histone acetyltransferase-deficient p300 mutants in diffuse large B cell lymphoma have altered transcriptional regulatory activities and are required for optimal cell growth. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:29. [PMID: 24529102 PMCID: PMC3930761 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent genome-wide studies have shown that approximately 30% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases harbor mutations in the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) coactivators p300 or CBP. The majority of these mutations reduce or eliminate the catalytic HAT activity. We previously demonstrated that the human DLBCL cell line RC-K8 expresses a C-terminally truncated, HAT-defective p300 protein (p300ΔC-1087), whose expression is essential for cell proliferation. Methods Using results from large-scale DLBCL studies, we have identified and characterized a second C-terminally truncated, HAT-defective p300 mutant, p300ΔC-820, expressed in the SUDHL2 DLBCL cell line. Properties of p300ΔC-820 were characterized in the SUDHL2 DLBCL cell line by Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and shRNA gene knockdown, as well by using cDNA expression vectors for p300ΔC-820 in pull-down assays, transcriptional reporter assays, and immunofluorescence experiments. A mass spectrometry-based method was used to compare the histone acetylation profile of DLBCL cell lines expressing various levels of wild-type p300. Results We show that the SUDHL2 cell line expresses a C-terminally truncated, HAT-defective form of p300 (p300ΔC-820), but no wild-type p300. The p300ΔC-820 protein has a wild-type ability to localize to subnuclear “speckles,” but has a reduced ability to enhance transactivation by transcription factor REL. Knockdown of p300ΔC-820 in SUDHL2 cells reduced their proliferation and soft agar colony-forming ability. In RC-K8 cells, knockdown of p300ΔC-1087 resulted in increased expression of mRNA and protein for REL target genes A20 and IκBα, two genes that have been shown to limit the growth of RC-K8 cells when overexpressed. Among a panel of B-lymphoma cell lines, low-level expression of full-length p300 protein, which is characteristic of the SUDHL2 and RC-K8 cells, was associated with decreased acetylation of histone H3 at lysines 14 and 18. Conclusions The high prevalence of p300 mutations in DLBCL suggests that HAT-deficient p300 activity defines a subtype of DLBCL, which we have investigated using human DLBCL cell lines RC-K8 and SUDHL2. Our results suggest that truncated p300 proteins contribute to DLBCL cell growth by affecting the expression of specific genes, perhaps through a mechanism that involves alterations in global histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Kasper LH, Fukuyama T, Lerach S, Chang Y, Xu W, Wu S, Boyd KL, Brindle PK. Genetic interaction between mutations in c-Myb and the KIX domains of CBP and p300 affects multiple blood cell lineages and influences both gene activation and repression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82684. [PMID: 24340053 PMCID: PMC3858336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult blood cell production or definitive hematopoiesis requires the transcription factor c-Myb. The closely related KAT3 histone acetyltransferases CBP (CREBBP) and p300 (EP300) bind c-Myb through their KIX domains and mice homozygous for a p300 KIX domain mutation exhibit multiple blood defects. Perplexingly, mice homozygous for the same KIX domain mutation in CBP have normal blood. Here we test the hypothesis that the CBP KIX domain contributes subordinately to hematopoiesis via a genetic interaction with c-Myb. We assessed hematopoiesis in mice bearing compound mutations of c-Myb and/or the KIX domains of CBP and p300, and measured the effect of KIX domain mutations on c-Myb-dependent gene expression. We found that in the context of a p300 KIX mutation, the CBP KIX domain mutation affects platelets, B cells, T cells, and red cells. Gene interaction (epistasis) analysis provides mechanistic evidence that blood defects in KIX mutant mice are consistent with reduced c-Myb and KIX interaction. Lastly, we demonstrated that the CBP and p300 KIX domains contribute to both c-Myb-dependent gene activation and repression. Together these results suggest that the KIX domains of CBP, and especially p300, are principal mediators of c-Myb-dependent gene activation and repression that is required for definitive hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawryn H. Kasper
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tomofusa Fukuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Lerach
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yunchao Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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21
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Wang F, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Transcriptional/epigenetic regulator CBP/p300 in tumorigenesis: structural and functional versatility in target recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3989-4008. [PMID: 23307074 PMCID: PMC11113169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, gene transcription is regulated by sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that recognize promoter and enhancer elements near the transcriptional start site. Some coactivators promote transcription by connecting transcription factors to the basal transcriptional machinery. The highly conserved coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its paralog, E1A-binding protein (p300), each have four separate transactivation domains (TADs) that interact with the TADs of a number of DNA-binding transcription activators as well as general transcription factors (GTFs), thus mediating recruitment of basal transcription machinery to the promoter. Most promoters comprise multiple activator-binding sites, and many activators contain tandem TADs, thus multivalent interactions may stabilize CBP/p300 at the promoter, and intrinsically disordered regions in CBP/p300 and many activators may confer adaptability to these multivalent complexes. CBP/p300 contains a catalytic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain, which remodels chromatin to 'relax' its superstructure and enables transcription of proximal genes. The HAT activity of CBP/p300 also acetylates some transcription factors (e.g., p53), hence modulating the function of key transcriptional regulators. Through these numerous interactions, CBP/p300 has been implicated in complex physiological and pathological processes, and, in response to different signals, can drive cells towards proliferation or apoptosis. Dysregulation of the transcriptional and epigenetic functions of CBP/p300 is associated with leukemia and other types of cancer, thus it has been recognized as a potential anti-cancer drug target. In this review, we focus on recent exciting findings in the structural mechanisms of CBP/p300 involving multivalent and dynamic interactions with binding partners, which may pave new avenues for anti-cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Christopher B. Marshall
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
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22
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Vecchio L, Seke Etet PF, Kipanyula MJ, Krampera M, Nwabo Kamdje AH. Importance of epigenetic changes in cancer etiology, pathogenesis, clinical profiling, and treatment: what can be learned from hematologic malignancies? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:90-104. [PMID: 23603458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations represent a key cancer hallmark, even in hematologic malignancies (HMs) or blood cancers, whose clinical features display a high inter-individual variability. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that inactivating DNA hypermethylation preferentially targets the subset of polycomb group (PcG) genes that are regulators of developmental processes. Conversely, activating DNA hypomethylation targets oncogenic signaling pathway genes, but outcomes of both events lead in the overexpression of oncogenic signaling pathways that contribute to the stem-like state of cancer cells. On the basis of recent evidence from population-based, clinical and experimental studies, we hypothesize that factors associated with risk for developing a HM, such as metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation, trigger epigenetic mechanisms to increase the transcriptional expression of oncogenes and activate oncogenic signaling pathways. Among others, signaling pathways associated with such risk factors include pro-inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mitogenic, growth, and survival Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase-triggered pathways, which include signaling pathways such as transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Ras GTPases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and β-catenin pathways. Recent findings on epigenetic mechanisms at work in HMs and their importance in the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are herein summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of biological identity, the consequences for interindividual variability in disease clinical profile, and the potential of epigenetic drugs in HMs are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Vecchio
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNR, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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23
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Majmudar CY, Højfeldt JW, Arevang CJ, Pomerantz WC, Gagnon JK, Schultz PJ, Cesa LC, Doss CH, Rowe SP, Vásquez V, Tamayo-Castillo G, Cierpicki T, Brooks CL, Sherman DH, Mapp AK. Sekikaic Acid and Lobaric Acid Target a Dynamic Interface of the Coactivator CBP/p300. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Majmudar CY, Højfeldt JW, Arevang CJ, Pomerantz WC, Gagnon JK, Schultz PJ, Cesa LC, Doss CH, Rowe SP, Vásquez V, Tamayo-Castillo G, Cierpicki T, Brooks CL, Sherman DH, Mapp AK. Sekikaic acid and lobaric acid target a dynamic interface of the coactivator CBP/p300. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11258-62. [PMID: 23042634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capturing a coactivator, naturally: the natural products sekikaic acid and lobaric acid, isolated after a high-throughput screen of a structurally diverse extract collection, effectively target the dynamic binding interfaces of the GACKIX domain of the coactivator CBP/p300. These molecules are the most effective inhibitors of the GACKIX domain yet described and are uniquely selective for this domain.
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25
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Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 2012; 26:203-34. [PMID: 22302935 DOI: 10.1101/gad.183434.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1301] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense and adjust to the environment is crucial to life. For multicellular organisms, the ability to respond to external changes is essential not only for survival but also for normal development and physiology. Although signaling events can directly modify cellular function, typically signaling acts to alter transcriptional responses to generate both transient and sustained changes. Rapid, but transient, changes in gene expression are mediated by inducible transcription factors such as NF-κB. For the past 25 years, NF-κB has served as a paradigm for inducible transcription factors and has provided numerous insights into how signaling events influence gene expression and physiology. Since its discovery as a regulator of expression of the κ light chain gene in B cells, research on NF-κB continues to yield new insights into fundamental cellular processes. Advances in understanding the mechanisms that regulate NF-κB have been accompanied by progress in elucidating the biological significance of this transcription factor in various physiological processes. NF-κB likely plays the most prominent role in the development and function of the immune system and, not surprisingly, when dysregulated, contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease. As our appreciation of the fundamental role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis has increased, so too has the importance of NF-κB as a key regulatory molecule gained progressively greater significance. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in understanding the regulation of NF-κB, there is much that remains to be understood. In this review, we highlight both the progress that has been made and the fundamental questions that remain unanswered after 25 years of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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26
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Piskorowska J, Gajewska M, Szymańska H, Krysiak E, Quan L, Grygalewicz B, Skurzak HM, Czarnomska A, Pienkowska-Grela B, Demant P. Susceptibility loci and chromosomal abnormalities in radiation induced hematopoietic neoplasms in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:147-158. [PMID: 21343679 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetics of susceptibility to radiation-induced hematopoietic neoplasms and somatic chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in 305 backcross (CcS-17xCcS-2)xCcS-2 mice of two CcS/Dem recombinant congenic strains. Irradiated CcS-2 mice were previously shown to exhibit high frequency of myeloid neoplasms whereas irradiated CcS-17 mice were susceptible to T-cell lymphomas. Mice were exposed to four whole-body irradiation doses of 1.7 Gy at one week intervals, which resulted in 139 hematopoietic neoplasms. The hematopoietic neoplasms were classified according to the Bethesda proposals for classification of lymphoid and nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms in mice. Genotyping of mice with 24 microsatellite markers and subsequent statistical analysis indicated linkage of the radiation induced T-lymphomas to two loci on chromosome 10 (D10Mit134) and chromosome 12 (D12Mit52). T-lymphoma susceptibility appeared to be linked to D10Mit134 in a sex dependent way. In contrast, the myeloid-granulocytic leukemias susceptibility is linked to combined effects of chromosome 5 (D5Mit179) and 16 (D16Mit34). Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to the standard G-bands procedure and confirmed using FISH method. We found non-random numerical and structural chromosomal changes in lymphoid neoplasms. Cytogenetic analysis indicated chromosomal aberrations presumably associated with lymphomagenesis, no specific cancer-related rearrangements were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Piskorowska
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Animal Breeding, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Yu S, Cui K, Jothi R, Zhao DM, Jing X, Zhao K, Xue HH. GABP controls a critical transcription regulatory module that is essential for maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Blood 2011; 117:2166-78. [PMID: 21139080 PMCID: PMC3062326 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-306563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a steady pool of self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is critical for sustained production of multiple blood lineages. Many transcription factors and molecules involved in chromatin and epigenetic modifications have been found to be critical for HSC self-renewal and differentiation; however, their interplay is less understood. The transcription factor GA binding protein (GABP), consisting of DNA-binding subunit GABPα and transactivating subunit GABPβ, is essential for lymphopoiesis as shown in our previous studies. Here we demonstrate cell-intrinsic, absolute dependence on GABPα for maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Through genome-wide mapping of GABPα binding and transcriptomic analysis of GABPα-deficient HSCs, we identified Zfx and Etv6 transcription factors and prosurvival Bcl-2 family members including Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Mcl-1 as direct GABP target genes, underlying its pivotal role in HSC survival. GABP also directly regulates Foxo3 and Pten and hence sustains HSC quiescence. Furthermore, GABP activates transcription of DNA methyltransferases and histone acetylases including p300, contributing to regulation of HSC self-renewal and differentiation. These systematic analyses revealed a GABP-controlled gene regulatory module that programs multiple aspects of HSC biology. Our studies thus constitute a critical first step in decoding how transcription factors are orchestrated to regulate maintenance and multipotency of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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28
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Bates CA, Pomerantz WC, Mapp AK. Transcriptional tools: Small molecules for modulating CBP KIX-dependent transcriptional activators. Biopolymers 2011; 95:17-23. [PMID: 20882601 PMCID: PMC3535496 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously it was demonstrated that amphipathic isoxazolidines are able to functionally replace the transcriptional activation domains of endogenous transcriptional activators. In addition, in vitro binding studies suggested that a key binding partner of these molecules is the CREB Binding Protein (CBP), more specifically the KIX domain within this protein. Here we show that CBP plays an essential role in the ability of isoxazolidine transcriptional activation domains to activate transcription in cells. Consistent with this model, isoxazolidines are able to function as competitive inhibitors of the activators MLL and Jun, both of which utilize a binding interaction with KIX to up-regulate transcription. Further, modification of the N2 side chain produced three analogs with enhanced potency against Jun-mediated transcription, although increased cytotoxicity was also observed. Collectively these small KIX-binding molecules will be useful tools for dissecting the role of the KIX domain in a variety of pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Bates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Anna K. Mapp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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29
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Cerchietti LC, Hatzi K, Caldas-Lopes E, Yang SN, Figueroa ME, Morin RD, Hirst M, Mendez L, Shaknovich R, Cole PA, Bhalla K, Gascoyne RD, Marra M, Chiosis G, Melnick A. BCL6 repression of EP300 in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells provides a basis for rational combinatorial therapy. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4569-82. [PMID: 21041953 DOI: 10.1172/jci42869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), which encodes a transcriptional repressor, is a critical oncogene in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Although a retro-inverted BCL6 peptide inhibitor (RI-BPI) was recently shown to potently kill DLBCL cells, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that RI-BPI induces a particular gene expression signature in human DLBCL cell lines that included genes associated with the actions of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and Hsp90 inhibitors. BCL6 directly repressed the expression of p300 lysine acetyltransferase (EP300) and its cofactor HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3). RI-BPI induced expression of p300 and BAT3, resulting in acetylation of p300 targets including p53 and Hsp90. Induction of p300 and BAT3 was required for the antilymphoma effects of RI-BPI, since specific blockade of either protein rescued human DLBCL cell lines from the BCL6 inhibitor. Consistent with this, combination of RI-BPI with either an HDAC inhibitor (HDI) or an Hsp90 inhibitor potently suppressed or even eradicated established human DLBCL xenografts in mice. Furthermore, HDAC and Hsp90 inhibitors independently enhanced RI-BPI killing of primary human DLBCL cells in vitro. We also show that p300-inactivating mutations occur naturally in human DLBCL patients and may confer resistance to BCL6 inhibitors. Thus, BCL6 repression of EP300 provides a basis for rational targeted combinatorial therapy for patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C Cerchietti
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katerina Hatzi
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eloisi Caldas-Lopes
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shao Ning Yang
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria E Figueroa
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lourdes Mendez
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip A Cole
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kapil Bhalla
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco Marra
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ari Melnick
- Hematology and Oncology Division, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA. Centre for Lymphoid Cancers and the Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The rapid activation of gene expression in response to stimuli occurs largely through the regulation of RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. In this Review, we discuss events that occur during the transcription cycle in eukaryotes that are important for the rapid and specific activation of gene expression in response to external stimuli. In addition to regulated recruitment of the transcription machinery to the promoter, it has now been shown that control steps can include chromatin remodelling and the release of paused polymerase. Recent work suggests that some components of signal transduction cascades also play an integral part in activating transcription at target genes.
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