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Pagliuca S, Schmid C, Santoro N, Simonetta F, Battipaglia G, Guillaume T, Greco R, Onida F, Sánchez-Ortega I, Yakoub-Agha I, Kuball J, Hazenberg MD, Ruggeri A. Donor lymphocyte infusion after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for haematological malignancies: basic considerations and best practice recommendations from the EBMT. Lancet Haematol 2024; 11:e448-e458. [PMID: 38796194 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(24)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the early description of three patients with relapsed leukaemia after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) who obtained complete remission after donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs), the added value of this procedure to induce or maintain graft-versus-leukaemia immunity has been undisputed. For more than 30 years, DLIs have become common practice as prophylactic, pre-emptive, or therapeutic immunotherapy. However, as with many aspects of allogeneic HCT, centres have developed their own routines and practices, and many questions related to the optimal applications and toxicity, or to the immunobiology of DLI induced tumour-immunity, remain. As a part of the Practice Harmonization and Guidelines Committee and the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation effort, a panel of experts with clinical and translational knowledge in transplantation immunology and cellular therapy met during a 2-day workshop in September, 2023, in Lille, France, and developed a set of consensus-based recommendations for the application of unmanipulated DLI after allogeneic HCT for haematological malignancies. Given the absence of prospective data in the majority of publications, these recommendations are mostly based on retrospective studies and expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pagliuca
- Department of Hematology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France; UMR 7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christoph Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Augsburg University Hospital and Medical Faculty Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bavarian Cancer Research Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Santoro
- Haematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Haematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Battipaglia
- Haematology Department and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Thierry Guillaume
- Division of Haematology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Raffaella Greco
- Haematology and BMT Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Onida
- Haematology and BMT Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Jurgen Kuball
- Department of Haematology and Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annalisa Ruggeri
- Haematology and BMT Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Li YR, Zhou Y, Yu J, Kim YJ, Li M, Lee D, Zhou K, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Wang YC, Li Z, Yu Y, Dunn ZS, Guo W, Cen X, Husman T, Bajpai A, Kramer A, Wilson M, Fang Y, Huang J, Li S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Hahn Z, Zhu E, Ma F, Pan C, Lusis AJ, Zhou JJ, Seet CS, Kohn DB, Wang P, Zhou XJ, Pellegrini M, Puliafito BR, Larson SM, Yang L. Generation of allogeneic CAR-NKT cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using a clinically guided culture method. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02226-y. [PMID: 38744947 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells faces challenges in manufacturing and patient selection that could be avoided by using 'off-the-shelf' products, such as allogeneic CAR natural killer T (AlloCAR-NKT) cells. Previously, we reported a system for differentiating human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into AlloCAR-NKT cells, but the use of three-dimensional culture and xenogeneic feeders precluded its clinical application. Here we describe a clinically guided method to differentiate and expand IL-15-enhanced AlloCAR-NKT cells with high yield and purity. We generated AlloCAR-NKT cells targeting seven cancers and, in a multiple myeloma model, demonstrated their antitumor efficacy, expansion and persistence. The cells also selectively depleted immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenviroment and antagonized tumor immune evasion via triple targeting of CAR, TCR and NK receptors. They exhibited a stable hypoimmunogenic phenotype associated with epigenetic and signaling regulation and did not induce detectable graft versus host disease or cytokine release syndrome. These properties of AlloCAR-NKT cells support their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kuangyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinjian Cen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Husman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aarushi Bajpai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuchong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin J Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Seet
- Eli and Edythe Broad Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianghong Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences-The Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin R Puliafito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Larson
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Huang J, Yang Q, Wang W, Huang J. CAR products from novel sources: a new avenue for the breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378739. [PMID: 38665921 PMCID: PMC11044028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed cancer immunotherapy. However, significant challenges limit its application beyond B cell-driven malignancies, including limited clinical efficacy, high toxicity, and complex autologous cell product manufacturing. Despite efforts to improve CAR T cell therapy outcomes, there is a growing interest in utilizing alternative immune cells to develop CAR cells. These immune cells offer several advantages, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent function, tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation, and increased tissue infiltration capabilities. Currently, CAR products from various T cell subtypes, innate immune cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and even exosomes are being explored. These CAR products often show enhanced antitumor efficacy, diminished toxicity, and superior tumor penetration. With these benefits in mind, numerous clinical trials are underway to access the potential of these innovative CAR cells. This review aims to thoroughly examine the advantages, challenges, and existing insights on these new CAR products in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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4
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Cao J, Pei R, Lu Y, Chen D, Du X, Liu X, Li S. The Proportion of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells in the Graft as a Potential Predictor of Acute Graft-versus-host Disease in Haploid Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Immunother 2024; 47:54-63. [PMID: 38084585 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are powerful immunomodulatory cells that play an important role in infectious and inflammatory disorders, but the correlation between graft MDSC amount and early transplant outcomes remains unknown in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We collected data from 91 patients with acute leukemia undergoing haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The grafts were analyzed in terms of CD34+ cells, CD3+ T cells and subpopulation, and MDSC (HLA-DR -/low CD33 + CD16 - ) by flow cytometry. The cutoff value of the MDSC proportion in the graft on the receiver operating curve was 8.89%, with a sensitivity of 0.833 and specificity of 0.852. Day +100 cumulative incidences of II-IV and III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in the low MDSC group were 73.5% and 38.8%, respectively, and that in the high MDSC group were 5.3% and 0%, with a significant difference in incidences of II-IV and III-IV aGVHD ( P <0.001). The overall survival, relapse-free survival, and GVHD-relapse-free survival (GRFS) at 1 year were 66.3% versus 80.5% ( P =0.043), 71.6% versus 71.7% ( P =0.248), and 22.1% versus 62.8% ( P <0.001), respectively. No significant difference in the cumulative incidence of relapse between the 2 groups was observed. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher MDSC proportions were associated with a lower risk of II-IV aGVHD. Graft MDSC proportion exceeding 8.89% was significantly associated with higher overall survival and GRFS. The prophylaxis of antithymocyte globulin+post-transplant cyclophosphamide and higher MDSC proportion in the graft were favorable factors for improving GRFS. In conclusion, graft MDSC proportion may be a significant predictor of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Renzhi Pei
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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5
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Rotolo A, Whelan EC, Atherton MJ, Kulikovskaya I, Jarocha D, Fraietta JA, Kim MM, Diffenderfer ES, Cengel KA, Piviani M, Radaelli E, Duran-Struuck R, Mason NJ. Unedited allogeneic iNKT cells show extended persistence in MHC-mismatched canine recipients. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101241. [PMID: 37852175 PMCID: PMC10591065 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic invariant natural killer T cells (allo-iNKTs) induce clinical remission in patients with otherwise incurable cancers and COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure. However, their functionality is inconsistent among individuals, and they become rapidly undetectable after infusion, raising concerns over rejection and limited therapeutic potential. We validate a strategy to promote allo-iNKT persistence in dogs, an established large-animal model for novel cellular therapies. We identify donor-specific iNKT biomarkers of survival and sustained functionality, conserved in dogs and humans and retained upon chimeric antigen receptor engineering. We reason that infusing optimal allo-iNKTs enriched in these biomarkers will prolong their persistence without requiring MHC ablation, high-intensity chemotherapy, or cytokine supplementation. Optimal allo-iNKTs transferred into MHC-mismatched dogs remain detectable for at least 78 days, exhibiting sustained immunomodulatory effects. Our canine model will accelerate biomarker discovery of optimal allo-iNKT products, furthering application of MHC-unedited allo-iNKTs as a readily accessible universal platform to treat incurable conditions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rotolo
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eoin C Whelan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danuta Jarocha
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric S Diffenderfer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martina Piviani
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicola J Mason
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Kent A, Crump LS, Davila E. Beyond αβ T cells: NK, iNKT, and γδT cell biology in leukemic patients and potential for off-the-shelf adoptive cell therapies for AML. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202950. [PMID: 37654497 PMCID: PMC10465706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains an elusive disease to treat, let alone cure, even after highly intensive therapies such as stem cell transplants. Adoptive cell therapeutic strategies based on conventional alpha beta (αβ)T cells are an active area of research in myeloid neoplasms given their remarkable success in other hematologic malignancies, particularly B-cell-derived acute lymphoid leukemia, myeloma, and lymphomas. Several limitations have hindered clinical application of adoptive cell therapies in AML including lack of leukemia-specific antigens, on-target-off-leukemic toxicity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and leukemic stem cell populations elusive to immune recognition and destruction. While there are promising T cell-based therapies including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T designs under development, other cytotoxic lymphocyte cell subsets have unique phenotypes and capabilities that might be of additional benefit in AML treatment. Of particular interest are the natural killer (NK) and unconventional T cells known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. NK, iNKT, and γδT cells exhibit intrinsic anti-malignant properties, potential for alloreactivity, and human leukocyte-antigen (HLA)-independent function. Here we review the biology of each of these unconventional cytotoxic lymphocyte cell types and compare and contrast their strengths and limitations as the basis for adoptive cell therapies for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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7
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Zhao W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Hao J, Zhang K, Huang X, Chang Y, Wu H, Jin R, Ge Q. Impaired thymic iNKT cell differentiation at early precursor stage in murine haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with GvHD. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203614. [PMID: 37600815 PMCID: PMC10438461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early recovery of donor-derived invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are associated with reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and overall survival. Patients with severe GvHD, however, had much slower iNKT cell reconstitution relative to conventional T cells. Methods To characterize the delay of iNKT cell reconstitution and explore its possible causes, we used a haploidentical bone marrow transplantation (haplo-BMT) mouse model with GvHD. We found the delayed recovery of thymic and peripheral iNKT cell numbers with markedly decreased thymic NKT1 subset in GvHD mice. The defective generation of thymic iNKT precursors with egress capability contributed to the reduced peripheral iNKT cells in GvHD mice. We further identified intermediate NK1.1- NKT1 precursor subpopulations under steady-state conditions and found that the differentiation of these subpopulations was impaired in the thymi of GvHD mice. Detailed characterization of iNKT precursors and thymic microenvironment showed a close association of elevated TCR/co-stimulatory signaling provided by double positive thymocytes and macrophages with defective down-regulation of proliferation, metabolism, and NKT2 signature in iNKT precursor cells. Correspondingly, NKT2 but not NKT1 differentiation was favored in GvHD mice. Discussion These data underline the important roles of TCR and co-stimulatory signaling in the differentiation of thymic iNKT subsets under transplantation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Central Lab, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People’s Hospital & Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People’s Hospital & Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Li YR, Dunn ZS, Yu Y, Li M, Wang P, Yang L. Advancing cell-based cancer immunotherapy through stem cell engineering. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:592-610. [PMID: 36948187 PMCID: PMC10164150 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cell-based therapy, particularly CAR-T cell therapy, have transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies. Although an important step forward for the field, autologous CAR-T therapies are hindered by high costs, manufacturing challenges, and limited efficacy against solid tumors. With ongoing progress in gene editing and culture techniques, engineered stem cells and their application in cell therapy are poised to address some of these challenges. Here, we review stem cell-based immunotherapy approaches, stem cell sources, gene engineering and manufacturing strategies, therapeutic platforms, and clinical trials, as well as challenges and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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9
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Look A, Burns D, Tews I, Roghanian A, Mansour S. Towards a better understanding of human iNKT cell subpopulations for improved clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176724. [PMID: 37153585 PMCID: PMC10154573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T lymphocyte population expressing semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognise lipid antigens presented by CD1d. iNKT cells exhibit potent anti-tumour activity through direct killing mechanisms and indirectly through triggering the activation of other anti-tumour immune cells. Because of their ability to induce potent anti-tumour responses, particularly when activated by the strong iNKT agonist αGalCer, they have been the subject of intense research to harness iNKT cell-targeted immunotherapies for cancer treatment. However, despite potent anti-tumour efficacy in pre-clinical models, the translation of iNKT cell immunotherapy into human cancer patients has been less successful. This review provides an overview of iNKT cell biology and why they are of interest within the context of cancer immunology. We focus on the iNKT anti-tumour response, the seminal studies that first reported iNKT cytotoxicity, their anti-tumour mechanisms, and the various described subsets within the iNKT cell repertoire. Finally, we discuss several barriers to the successful utilisation of iNKT cells in human cancer immunotherapy, what is required for a better understanding of human iNKT cells, and the future perspectives facilitating their exploitation for improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Look
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Burns
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Tews
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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10
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Courtney AN, Tian G, Metelitsa LS. Natural killer T cells and other innate-like T lymphocytes as emerging platforms for allogeneic cancer cell therapy. Blood 2023; 141:869-876. [PMID: 36347021 PMCID: PMC10023720 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have achieved major clinical success in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, these treatments remain largely ineffective for solid cancers and require significant time and resources to be manufactured in an autologous setting. Developing alternative immune effector cells as cancer immunotherapy agents that can be employed in allogeneic settings is crucial for the advancement of cell therapy. Unlike T cells, Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) are not alloreactive and can therefore be generated from allogeneic donors for rapid infusion into numerous patients without the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Additionally, NKT cells demonstrate inherent advantages over T-cell products, including the ability to traffic to tumor tissues, target tumor-associated macrophages, transactivate NK cells, and cross-prime tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Both unmodified NKTs, which specifically recognize CD1d-bound glycolipid antigens expressed by certain types of tumors, and CAR-redirected NKTs are being developed as the next generation of allogeneic cell therapy products. In this review, we describe studies on the biology of NKTs and other types of innate-like T cells and summarize the clinical experiences of unmodified and CAR-redirected NKTs, including recent interim reports on allogeneic NKTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Courtney
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gengwen Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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11
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Fang Y, Zhu Y, Kramer A, Chen Y, Li YR, Yang L. Graft-versus-Host Disease Modulation by Innate T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044084. [PMID: 36835495 PMCID: PMC9962599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapies, defined by genetically mismatched transplantation, have the potential to become a cost-effective solution for cell-based cancer immunotherapy. However, this type of therapy is often accompanied by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), induced by the mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between healthy donors and recipients, leading to severe complications and death. To address this issue and increase the potential for allogeneic cell therapies in clinical practice, minimizing GvHD is a crucial challenge. Innate T cells, encompassing subsets of T lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and gamma delta T (γδ T) cells, offer a promising solution. These cells express MHC-independent T-cell receptors (TCRs), allowing them to avoid MHC recognition and thus GvHD. This review examines the biology of these three innate T-cell populations, evaluates research on their roles in GvHD modulation and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT), and explores the potential futures for these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.-R.L.); Tel.: +1-310-825-8609 (L.Y.); +1-310-254-6086 (Y.-R.L.)
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.-R.L.); Tel.: +1-310-825-8609 (L.Y.); +1-310-254-6086 (Y.-R.L.)
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12
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Rowan AG, Ponnusamy K, Ren H, Taylor GP, Cook LBM, Karadimitris A. CAR-iNKT cells targeting clonal TCRVβ chains as a precise strategy to treat T cell lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118681. [PMID: 36936927 PMCID: PMC10019783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most T cell receptor (TCR)Vβ chain-expressing T cell lymphomas (TCL) including those caused by Human T cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) have poor prognosis. We hypothesised that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-mediated targeting of the clonal, lymphoma-associated TCRβ chains would comprise an effective cell therapy for TCL that would minimally impact the physiological TCR repertoire. Methods As proof of concept, we generated CAR constructs to target four TCRVβ subunits. Efficacy of the CAR constructs was tested using conventional T cells as effectors (CAR-T). Since invariant NKT (iNKT) cell do not incite acute graft-versus-host disease and are suitable for 'off-the-shelf' immunotherapy, we generated anti-TCRVβ CAR-iNKT cells. Results We show that anti-TCRVβ CAR-T cells selectively kill their cognate tumour targets while leaving >90% of the physiological TCR repertoire intact. CAR-iNKT cells inhibited the growth of TCL in vivo, and were also selectively active against malignant cells from Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma patients without activating expression of HTLV-1. Discussion Thus we provide proof-of-concept for effective and selective anti-TCRVβ CAR-T and -iNKT cell-based therapy of TCL with the latter providing the option for 'off-the-shelf' immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen G. Rowan
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kanagaraju Ponnusamy
- Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy B. M. Cook
- Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anastasios Karadimitris,
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13
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Li YR, Zeng S, Dunn ZS, Zhou Y, Li Z, Yu J, Wang YC, Ku J, Cook N, Kramer A, Yang L. Off-the-shelf third-party HSC-engineered iNKT cells for ameliorating GvHD while preserving GvL effect in the treatment of blood cancers. iScience 2022; 25:104859. [PMID: 36034226 PMCID: PMC9399487 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allo-HSCT is a curative therapy for hematologic malignancies owing to GvL effect mediated by alloreactive T cells; however, the same T cells also mediate GvHD, a severe side effect limiting the widespread application of allo-HSCT in clinics. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can ameliorate GvHD while preserving GvL effect, but the clinical application of these cells is restricted by their scarcity. Here, we report the successful generation of third-party HSC-engineered human iNKT (3rdHSC-iNKT) cells using a method combining HSC gene engineering and in vitro HSC differentiation. The 3rdHSC-iNKT cells closely resembled the CD4-CD8-/+ subsets of endogenous human iNKT cells in phenotype and functionality. These cells displayed potent anti-GvHD functions by eliminating antigen-presenting myeloid cells in vitro and in xenograft models without negatively impacting tumor eradication by allogeneic T cells in preclinical models of lymphoma and leukemia, supporting 3rdHSC-iNKT cells as a promising off-the-shelf cell therapy candidate for GvHD prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Josh Ku
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Noah Cook
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Tian L, Ogretmen B, Chung BY, Yu XZ. Sphingolipid metabolism in T cell responses after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904823. [PMID: 36052066 PMCID: PMC9425084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective immunotherapy against hematopoietic malignancies. The infused donor lymphocytes attack malignant cells and normal tissues, termed a graft-verse-leukemia (GVL) effect and graft-verse-host (GVH) response or disease (GVHD), respectively. Although engineering techniques toward donor graft selection have made HCT more specific and effective, primary tumor relapse and GVHD are still major concerns post allo-HCT. High-dose systemic steroids remain to be the first line of GVHD treatment, which may lead to steroid-refractory GVHD with a dismal outcome. Therefore, identifying novel therapeutic strategies that prevent GVHD while preserving GVL activity is highly warranted. Sphingolipid metabolism and metabolites play pivotal roles in regulating T-cell homeostasis and biological functions. In this review, we summarized the recent research progress in this evolving field of sphingolipids with a focus on alloreactive T-cell responses in the context of allo-HCT. We discussed how sphingolipid metabolism regulates T-cell mediated GVH and GVL responses in allo-HCT and presented the rationale and means to target sphingolipid metabolism for the control of GVHD and leukemia relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlu Tian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Brian Y. Chung
- The Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- The Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Xue-Zhong Yu,
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15
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Andrlová H, Miltiadous O, Kousa AI, Dai A, DeWolf S, Violante S, Park HY, Janaki-Raman S, Gardner R, El Daker S, Slingerland J, Giardina P, Clurman A, Gomes ALC, Nguyen C, da Silva MB, Armijo GK, Lee N, Zappasodi R, Chaligne R, Masilionis I, Fontana E, Ponce D, Cho C, Bush A, Hill L, Chao N, Sung AD, Giralt S, Vidal EH, Hosszu KK, Devlin SM, Peled JU, Cross JR, Perales MA, Godfrey DI, van den Brink MRM, Markey KA. MAIT and Vδ2 unconventional T cells are supported by a diverse intestinal microbiome and correlate with favorable patient outcome after allogeneic HCT. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj2829. [PMID: 35613281 PMCID: PMC9893439 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial diversity is associated with improved outcomes in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), but the mechanism underlying this observation is unclear. In a cohort of 174 patients who underwent allo-HCT, we demonstrate that a diverse intestinal microbiome early after allo-HCT is associated with an increased number of innate-like mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are in turn associated with improved overall survival and less acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Immune profiling of conventional and unconventional immune cell subsets revealed that the prevalence of Vδ2 cells, the major circulating subpopulation of γδ T cells, closely correlated with the frequency of MAIT cells and was associated with less aGVHD. Analysis of these populations using both single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry suggested a shift toward activated phenotypes and a gain of cytotoxic and effector functions after transplantation. A diverse intestinal microbiome with the capacity to produce activating ligands for MAIT and Vδ2 cells appeared to be necessary for the maintenance of these populations after allo-HCT. These data suggest an immunological link between intestinal microbial diversity, microbe-derived ligands, and maintenance of unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Andrlová
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oriana Miltiadous
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasia I Kousa
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anqi Dai
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Violante
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hee-Yon Park
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sudha Janaki-Raman
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Gardner
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sary El Daker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Slingerland
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Giardina
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annelie Clurman
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio L C Gomes
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Burgos da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel K Armijo
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Human Oncology Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronan Chaligne
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ignas Masilionis
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Fontana
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Doris Ponce
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Bush
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Hill
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nelson Chao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony D Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sergio Giralt
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther H Vidal
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean M Devlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan U Peled
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate A Markey
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Delfanti G, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Fedeli M. Adoptive Immunotherapy With Engineered iNKT Cells to Target Cancer Cells and the Suppressive Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897750. [PMID: 35615083 PMCID: PMC9125179 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are T lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant TCR specific for lipid antigens (Ags) restricted for the monomorphic MHC class I-related molecule CD1d. iNKT cells infiltrate mouse and human tumors and play an important role in the immune surveillance against solid and hematological malignancies. Because of unique functional features, they are attractive platforms for adoptive cells immunotherapy of cancer compared to conventional T cells. iNKT cells can directly kill CD1d-expressing cancer cells, but also restrict immunosuppressive myelomonocytic populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) via CD1d-cognate recognition, promoting anti-tumor responses irrespective of the CD1d expression by cancer cells. Moreover, iNKT cells can be adoptively transferred across MHC barriers without risk of alloreaction because CD1d molecules are identical in all individuals, in addition to their ability to suppress graft vs. host disease (GvHD) without impairing the anti-tumor responses. Within this functional framework, iNKT cells are successfully engineered to acquire a second antigen-specificity by expressing recombinant TCRs or Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) specific for tumor-associated antigens, enabling the direct targeting of antigen-expressing cancer cells, while maintaining their CD1d-dependent functions. These new evidences support the exploitation of iNKT cells for donor unrestricted, and possibly off the shelf, adoptive cell therapies enabling the concurrent targeting of cancer cells and suppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gloria Delfanti
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Giulia Casorati
| | - Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Maya Fedeli
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17
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Low graft invariant natural killer T-cell dose is a risk factor for cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:513.e1-513.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Lowsky R, Strober S. Establishment of Chimerism and Organ Transplant Tolerance in Laboratory Animals: Safety and Efficacy of Adaptation to Humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805177. [PMID: 35222384 PMCID: PMC8866443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of immune tolerance to allogeneic tissue and organ transplants in laboratory animals and humans continues to be the acceptance of the donor graft, rejection of third-party grafts, and specific unresponsiveness of recipient immune cells to the donor alloantigens in the absence of immunosuppressive treatments. Actively acquired tolerance was achieved in mice more than 60 years ago by the establishment of mixed chimerism in neonatal mice. Once established, mixed chimerism was self-perpetuating and allowed for acceptance of tissue transplants in adults. Successful establishment of tolerance in humans has now been reported in several clinical trials based on the development of chimerism after combined transplantation of hematopoietic cells and an organ from the same donor. This review examines the mechanisms of organ graft acceptance after establishment of mixed chimerism (allo-tolerance) or complete chimerism (self-tolerance), and compares the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and graft versus tumor (GVT) activity in complete and mixed chimerism. GVHD, GVT activity, and complete chimerism are also discussed in the context of bone marrow transplantation to treat hematologic malignancies. The roles of transient versus persistent mixed chimerism in the induction and maintenance of tolerance and organ graft acceptance in animal models and clinical studies are compared. Key differences in the stability of mixed chimeras and tolerance induction in MHC matched and mismatched rodents, large laboratory animals, and humans are examined to provide insights into the safety and efficacy of translation of results of animal models to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lowsky
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Strober
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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19
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Li YR, Dunn ZS, Garcia G, Carmona C, Zhou Y, Lee D, Yu J, Huang J, Kim JT, Arumugaswami V, Wang P, Yang L. Development of off-the-shelf hematopoietic stem cell-engineered invariant natural killer T cells for COVID-19 therapeutic intervention. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:112. [PMID: 35313965 PMCID: PMC8935266 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New COVID-19 treatments are desperately needed as case numbers continue to rise and emergent strains threaten vaccine efficacy. Cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and holds much promise in combatting infectious disease, including COVID-19. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a rare subset of T cells with potent antiviral and immunoregulatory functions and an excellent safety profile. Current iNKT cell strategies are hindered by the extremely low presence of iNKT cells, and we have developed a platform to overcome this critical limitation. METHODS We produced allogeneic HSC-engineered iNKT (AlloHSC-iNKT) cells through TCR engineering of human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and differentiation of these HSCs into iNKT cells in an Ex Vivo HSC-Derived iNKT Cell Culture. We then established in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection assays to assess AlloHSC-iNKT cell antiviral and anti-hyperinflammation functions. Lastly, using in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, we evaluated AlloHSC-iNKT cell safety and immunogenicity for off-the-shelf application. RESULTS We reliably generated AlloHSC-iNKT cells at high-yield and of high-purity; these resulting cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells in phenotypes and functionalities. In cell culture, AlloHSC-iNKT cells directly killed SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and also selectively eliminated SARS-CoV-2 infection-stimulated inflammatory monocytes. In an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay and an NSG mouse xenograft model, AlloHSC-iNKT cells were resistant to T cell-mediated alloreaction and did not cause GvHD. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report a method to robustly produce therapeutic levels of AlloHSC-iNKT cells. Preclinical studies showed that these AlloHSC-iNKT cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells, could reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus infection load and mitigate virus infection-induced hyperinflammation, and meanwhile were free of GvHD-risk and resistant to T cell-mediated allorejection. These results support the development of AlloHSC-iNKT cells as a promising off-the-shelf cell product for treating COVID-19; such a cell product has the potential to target the new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the future new emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Camille Carmona
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jocelyn T Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The therapeutic armamentarium has significantly expanded since the approval of various CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). These CAR-Ts are patient-specific and require a complex, resource, and time-consuming process. While this appears promising, autologous CAR-Ts are limited due to the lack of accessibility, manufacturing delays, and variable product quality. To overcome these, allogeneic (allo) CARs from healthy donors appear appealing. These can be immediately available as “off the shelf” ready-to-use products of standardized and superior quality exempt from the effects of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and prior treatments, and potentially with lower healthcare utilization using industrialized scale production. Allogeneic CARs, however, are not devoid of complications and require genomic editing, especially with αβ T cells to avoid graft versus host disease (GvHD) and allo-rejection by the recipient’s immune system. Tools for genomic editing such as TALEN and CRISPR provide promise to develop truly “off the shelf” universal CARs and further advance the field of cellular immunotherapy. Several allogeneic CARs are currently in early phase clinical trials, and preliminary data is encouraging. Longer follow-up is required to truly assess the feasibility and safety of these techniques in the patients. This review focuses on the strategies for developing allogeneic CARs along with cell sources and clinical experience thus far in lymphoma.
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21
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Michniacki TF, Choi SW, Peltier DC. Immune Suppression in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 272:209-243. [PMID: 34628553 PMCID: PMC9055779 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative treatment for high-risk hematologic disorders. There are multiple immune-mediated complications following allo-HSCT that are prevented and/or treated by immunosuppressive agents. Principal among these immune-mediated complications is acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), which occurs when the new donor immune system targets host tissue antigens. The immunobiology of aGVHD is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system. Due to the risk of aGVHD, immunosuppressive aGVHD prophylaxis is required for nearly all allogeneic HSCT recipients. Despite prophylaxis, aGVHD remains a major cause of nonrelapse mortality. Here, we discuss the clinical features of aGVHD, the immunobiology of aGVHD, the immunosuppressive therapies used to prevent and treat aGVHD, how to mitigate the side effects of these immunosuppressive therapies, and what additional immune-mediated post-allo-HSCT complications are also treated with immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Michniacki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung Won Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- University of Michigan Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Daniel C Peltier
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- University of Michigan Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Li YR, Dunn ZS, Zhou Y, Lee D, Yang L. Development of Stem Cell-Derived Immune Cells for Off-the-Shelf Cancer Immunotherapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123497. [PMID: 34944002 PMCID: PMC8700013 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies. Specifically, autologous chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapies have received approvals for treating leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma following unprecedented clinical response rates. A critical barrier to the widespread usage of current CAR-T cell products is their autologous nature, which renders these cellular products patient-selective, costly, and challenging to manufacture. Allogeneic cell products can be scalable and readily administrable but face critical concerns of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a life-threatening adverse event in which therapeutic cells attack host tissues, and allorejection, in which host immune cells eliminate therapeutic cells, thereby limiting their antitumor efficacy. In this review, we discuss recent advances in developing stem cell-engineered allogeneic cell therapies that aim to overcome the limitations of current autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, with a special focus on stem cell-engineered conventional αβ T cells, unconventional T (iNKT, MAIT, and γδ T) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-R.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-R.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-R.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-R.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Li YR, Zhou Y, Kim YJ, Zhu Y, Ma F, Yu J, Wang YC, Chen X, Li Z, Zeng S, Wang X, Lee D, Ku J, Tsao T, Hardoy C, Huang J, Cheng D, Montel-Hagen A, Seet CS, Crooks GM, Larson SM, Sasine JP, Wang X, Pellegrini M, Ribas A, Kohn DB, Witte O, Wang P, Yang L. Development of allogeneic HSC-engineered iNKT cells for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100449. [PMID: 34841295 PMCID: PMC8607011 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy has become the new-generation cancer medicine, and "off-the-shelf" cell products that can be manufactured at large scale and distributed readily to treat patients are necessary. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are ideal cell carriers for developing allogeneic cell therapy because they are powerful immune cells targeting cancers without graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) risk. However, healthy donor blood contains extremely low numbers of endogenous iNKT cells. Here, by combining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene engineering and in vitro differentiation, we generate human allogeneic HSC-engineered iNKT (AlloHSC-iNKT) cells at high yield and purity; these cells closely resemble endogenous iNKT cells, effectively target tumor cells using multiple mechanisms, and exhibit high safety and low immunogenicity. These cells can be further engineered with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to enhance tumor targeting or/and gene edited to ablate surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and further reduce immunogenicity. Collectively, these preclinical studies demonstrate the feasibility and cancer therapy potential of AlloHSC-iNKT cell products and lay a foundation for their translational and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanni Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xianhui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Josh Ku
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tasha Tsao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christian Hardoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donghui Cheng
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amélie Montel-Hagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher S. Seet
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gay M. Crooks
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah M. Larson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua P. Sasine
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donald B. Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Owen Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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24
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Li YR, Zhou Y, Kramer A, Yang L. Engineering stem cells for cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1059-1073. [PMID: 34479851 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Engineering stem cells presents an attractive paradigm for cancer immunotherapy. Stem cells engineered to stably express various chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or T-cell receptors (TCRs) against tumor-associated antigens are showing increasing promise in the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Stem cells engraft for long-term immune cell generation and serve as a sustained source of tumor-specific effector cells to maintain remissions. Furthermore, engineering stem cells provides 'off-the-shelf' cellular products, obviating the need for a personalized and patient-specific product that plagues current autologous cell therapies. Herein, we summarize recent progress of stem cell-engineered cancer therapies, and discuss the utility, impact, opportunities, and challenges of cellular engineering that may facilitate the translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Hess NJ, S Bharadwaj N, Bobeck EA, McDougal CE, Ma S, Sauer JD, Hudson AW, Gumperz JE. iNKT cells coordinate immune pathways to enable engraftment in nonconditioned hosts. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000999. [PMID: 34112724 PMCID: PMC8200291 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a conserved population of innate T lymphocytes that interact with key antigen-presenting cells to modulate adaptive T-cell responses in ways that can either promote protective immunity, or limit pathological immune activation. Understanding the immunological networks engaged by iNKT cells to mediate these opposing functions is a key pre-requisite to effectively using iNKT cells for therapeutic applications. Using a human umbilical cord blood xenotransplantation model, we show here that co-transplanted allogeneic CD4+ iNKT cells interact with monocytes and T cells in the graft to coordinate pro-hematopoietic and immunoregulatory pathways. The nexus of iNKT cells, monocytes, and cord blood T cells led to the release of cytokines (IL-3, GM-CSF) that enhance hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity, and concurrently induced PGE2-mediated suppression of T-cell inflammatory responses that limit hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell engraftment. This resulted in successful long-term hematopoietic engraftment without pretransplant conditioning, including multi-lineage human chimerism and colonization of the spleen by antibody-producing human B cells. These results highlight the potential for using iNKT cellular immunotherapy to improve rates of hematopoietic engraftment independently of pretransplant conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hess
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nikhila S Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, 201F Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Courtney E McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shidong Ma
- QLB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy W Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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26
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Activation of natural killer T cells enhances the function of regulatory T-cell therapy in suppressing murine GVHD. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2528-2538. [PMID: 34100904 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy with regulatory T cells (Tregs) has shown promising results for suppressing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while preserving graft vs tumor effects in animal models and phase 1/2 clinical trials. However, a paucity of Tregs in the peripheral blood makes it difficult to acquire sufficient numbers of cells and hampers further clinical application. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute another compartment of regulatory cells that ameliorate GVHD through activation of Tregs after their own activation with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) or adoptive transfer. We demonstrate here that a single administration of α-GalCer liposome (α-GalCer-lipo) enhanced the in vivo expansion of Tregs after adoptive transfer in a murine GVHD model and improved therapeutic efficacy of Treg therapy even after injection of otherwise suboptimal cell numbers. Host iNKT cells rather than donor iNKT cells were required for GVHD suppression because the survival benefit of α-GalCer-lipo administration was not shown in the transplantation of cells from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice into Jα18-/- iNKT cell-deficient BALB/c mice, whereas it was observed from Jα18-/- C57BL/6 donor mice into WT BALB/c recipient mice. The combination of iNKT cell activation and Treg adoptive therapy may make Treg therapy more feasible and safer by enhancing the efficacy and reducing the number of Tregs required.
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27
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Current Perspectives on the Use of off the Shelf CAR-T/NK Cells for the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081926. [PMID: 33923528 PMCID: PMC8074108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CAR T cells are a type of immunotherapy whereby a patient’s own cells are genetically modified to recognise and kill the patient’s own cancer cells. Currently, each patient has CAR T cells made from their own blood cells. This type of therapy has had a big impact on the treatment of blood cancers, however making an individual treatment from each patient is expensive and labour intensive. This review discusses the potential of making CAR T cells more widely available by producing them in large numbers from healthy donors. Abstract CAR T cells have revolutionised the treatment of haematological malignancies. Despite this, several obstacles still prohibit their widespread use and efficacy. One of these barriers is the use of autologous T cells as the carrier of the CAR. The individual production of CAR T cells results in large variation in the product, greater wait times for treatment and higher costs. To overcome this several novel approaches have emerged that utilise allogeneic cells, so called “off the shelf” CAR T cells. In this Review, we describe the different approaches that have been used to produce allogeneic CAR T to date, as well as their current pre-clinical and clinical progress.
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Martínez Bedoya D, Dutoit V, Migliorini D. Allogeneic CAR T Cells: An Alternative to Overcome Challenges of CAR T Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640082. [PMID: 33746981 PMCID: PMC7966522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as one of the major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy in the last decade. Outstanding results in hematological malignancies and encouraging pre-clinical anti-tumor activity against a wide range of solid tumors have made CAR T cells one of the most promising fields for cancer therapies. CAR T cell therapy is currently being investigated in solid tumors including glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor for which survival has only modestly improved over the past decades. CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, Her2, or IL-13Rα2 have been tested in GBM, but the first clinical trials have shown modest results, potentially due to GBM heterogeneity and to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Until now, the use of autologous T cells to manufacture CAR products has been the norm, but this approach has several disadvantages regarding production time, cost, manufacturing delay and dependence on functional fitness of patient T cells, often reduced by the disease or previous therapies. Universal “off-the-shelf,” or allogeneic, CAR T cells is an alternative that can potentially overcome these issues, and allow for multiple modifications and CAR combinations to target multiple tumor antigens and avoid tumor escape. Advances in genome editing tools, especially via CRISPR/Cas9, might allow overcoming the two main limitations of allogeneic CAR T cells product, i.e., graft-vs.-host disease and host allorejection. Here, we will discuss how allogeneic CAR T cells could allow for multivalent approaches and alteration of the tumor microenvironment, potentially allowing the development of next generation therapies for the treatment of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darel Martínez Bedoya
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Cancer Center Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Brain Tumor and Immune Cell Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
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Cellular therapies for graft-versus-host disease: a tale of tissue repair and tolerance. Blood 2021; 136:410-417. [PMID: 32525970 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation depends heavily on the delicate balance between the activity of the donor immune system against malignant and nonmalignant cells of the recipient. Abrogation of alloreactivity will lead to disease relapse, whereas untamed allo-immune responses will lead to lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). A number of cell types have been identified that can be used to suppress alloreactive immune cells and prevent lethal GVHD in mice. Of those, mesenchymal stromal cells and, to a lesser extent, regulatory T cells have demonstrated efficacy in humans. Ideally, cellular therapy for GVHD will not affect alloreactive immune responses against tumor cells. The importance of tissue damage in the pathophysiology of GVHD rationalizes the development of cells that support tissue homeostasis and repair, such as innate lymphoid cells. We discuss recent developments in the field of cellular therapy to prevent and treat acute and chronic GVHD, in the context of GVHD pathophysiology.
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Andrlová H, van den Brink MRM, Markey KA. An Unconventional View of T Cell Reconstitution After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Oncol 2021; 10:608923. [PMID: 33680931 PMCID: PMC7930482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.608923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is performed as curative-intent therapy for hematologic malignancies and non-malignant hematologic, immunological and metabolic disorders, however, its broader implementation is limited by high rates of transplantation-related complications and a 2-year mortality that approaches 50%. Robust reconstitution of a functioning innate and adaptive immune system is a critical contributor to good long-term patient outcomes, primarily to prevent and overcome post-transplantation infectious complications and ensure adequate graft-versus-leukemia effects. There is increasing evidence that unconventional T cells may have an important immunomodulatory role after allo-HCT, which may be at least partially dependent on the post-transplantation intestinal microbiome. Here we discuss the role of immune reconstitution in allo-HCT outcome, focusing on unconventional T cells, specifically mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ (gd) T cells, and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. We provide an overview of the mechanistic preclinical and associative clinical studies that have been performed. We also discuss the emerging role of the intestinal microbiome with regard to hematopoietic function and overall immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Andrlová
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kate A. Markey
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Reshef R. Peripheral blood stem cell grafts in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: It is not all about the CD34+ cell dose. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103081. [PMID: 33593707 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation is a curative approach in various malignant and non-malignant disorders. The majority of adult transplants in the current era are performed using mobilized stem cells, harvested from the peripheral blood by leukapheresis. Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections are designed to target a dose of stem cells that will result in safe engraftment and hematopoietic recovery; however, 99 % of the cells contained in a PBSC graft are not stem cells and a growing number of studies attempt to characterize the associations between graft composition and transplant outcomes. A better understanding of the impact of the quantity and quality of various cell types in PBSC grafts may lead to development of novel collection strategies or improved donor selection algorithms. Here we review relevant findings from recent studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Reshef
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 630 W. 168th St. Mailbox 127, New York, NY, United States.
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32
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Exploiting CD1-restricted T cells for clinical benefit. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:126-131. [PMID: 33582549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CD1-restricted T cells were first described over 30 years ago along with the cloning of the CD1 family. Around the same time, invariant Natural Killer cells (iNKT) were identified based on invariant TCR-alpha chains with additional expression of natural killer (NK) cell markers. About 5 years later, iNKT were shown to react with CD1d. Since then, iNKT have been shown to be a major population of CD1d-restricted T cells in humans and many animals. Like NK cells, iNKT are innate lymphocytes with rapid and wide-ranging effector potential. These activities include cytotoxicity and an unusually broad and high-level cytokine production. The development of highly-specific methods of isolating, stimulating, expanding or depleting these relatively rare cells and controlling their potent activities has stimulated considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of iNKT cells. Potential applications include cancers, inflammatory, infectious and autoimmune among other diseases. To date, most trials have targeted various cancers, there are 2 published trials in viral hepatitis and one in sickle cell lung disease. Uniform safety, evidence of immunologic activity and increasingly clinical efficacy have been seen. Approaches to targeting iNKT cells in clinical development include highly specific natural glycolipid ligands presented by CD1d and chemical analogues thereof and monoclonal antibody-based targeting of iNKT cells. In the case of iNKT cell-based therapies, novel approaches include arming them with Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) and recombinant TCRs (rTCR), gene editing and allogeneic use. Controlling the iTCR:CD1d molecular interaction and consequences is a unique and promising therapeutic technology.
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[Invariant natural killer T cells : Cellular immune regulators with cytotoxic potential]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 41:134-137. [PMID: 33156364 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are a small subset of T lymphocytes that are equipped with various immunoregulatory cytokines and cytotoxic effector molecules. Immune responses can be modulated efficiently by their interaction with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Also, iNKT cells can promote apoptosis of malignant cells. Therefore, iNKT cells play a particular role in infectious diseases, malignant diseases, autoimmunity and alloimmunity. After allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, iNKT cells induce immune tolerance and promote graft-versus-tumor effects. Recent advances in automated cell processing under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions and genetic modifications of effector cells pave the way for clinical translation of iNKT cell therapy.
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Huo YY, Pang AM, Cheng T. [Advance in hematopoietic and immune reconstitution of allogeneic stem cell transplantation]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 41:958-963. [PMID: 33333706 PMCID: PMC7767801 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - A M Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - T Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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35
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Schmid H, Ribeiro EM, Secker KA, Duerr-Stoerzer S, Keppeler H, Dong R, Munz T, Schulze-Osthoff K, Hailfinger S, Schneidawind C, Schneidawind D. Human invariant natural killer T cells promote tolerance by preferential apoptosis induction of conventional dendritic cells. Haematologica 2021; 107:427-436. [PMID: 33440919 PMCID: PMC8804566 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.267583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. We recently showed in murine studies and in vitro human models that adoptively transferred invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells protect from GvHD and promote graft-versus-leukemia effects. The cellular mechanisms underlying GvHD prevention by iNKT cells in humans, however, remain unknown. In order to study relevant cellular interactions, dendritic cells (DC) were either generated from monocytes or isolated directly from blood of healthy donors or GvHD patients and co-cultured in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with T cells obtained from healthy donors or transplantation bags. Addition of culture-expanded iNKT cells to the MLR-induced DC apoptosis in a cell contact-dependent manner, thereby preventing T-cell activation and proliferation. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and image stream assays showed that CD4+CD8–, CD4–CD8+ and double negative iNKT cells are similarly able to induce DC apoptosis. Further MLR assays revealed that conventional DC (cDC) but not plasmacytoid DC (pDC) could induce alloreactive T-cell activation and proliferation. Interestingly, cDC were also more susceptible to apoptosis induced by iNKT cells, which correlates with their higher CD1d expression, leading to a bias in favor of pDC. Remarkably, these results could also be observed in GvHD patients. We propose a new mechanism how ex vivo expanded human iNKT cells prevent alloreactivity of T cells. iNKT cells modulate T-cell responses by selective apoptosis of DC subsets, resulting in suppression of T-cell activation and proliferation while enabling beneficial immune responses through pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Emmanuelle M Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Kathy-Ann Secker
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Silke Duerr-Stoerzer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Hildegard Keppeler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Ruoyun Dong
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Timo Munz
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | | | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen.
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Caldwell KJ, Gottschalk S, Talleur AC. Allogeneic CAR Cell Therapy-More Than a Pipe Dream. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618427. [PMID: 33488631 PMCID: PMC7821739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using immune cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown promise, particularly for the treatment of hematological malignancies. To date, the majority of clinically evaluated CAR cell products have been derived from autologous immune cells. While this strategy can be effective it also imposes several constraints regarding logistics. This includes i) availability of center to perform leukapheresis, ii) necessity for shipment to and from processing centers, and iii) time requirements for product manufacture and clinical release testing. In addition, previous cytotoxic therapies can negatively impact the effector function of autologous immune cells, which may then affect efficacy and/or durability of resultant CAR products. The use of allogeneic CAR cell products generated using cells from healthy donors has the potential to overcome many of these limitations, including through generation of “off the shelf” products. However, allogeneic CAR cell products come with their own challenges, including potential to induce graft-versus-host-disease, as well as risk of immune-mediated rejection by the host. Here we will review promises and challenges of allogeneic CAR immunotherapies, including those being investigated in preclinical models and/or early phase clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Caldwell
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Aimee C Talleur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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Velardi E, Clave E, Arruda LCM, Benini F, Locatelli F, Toubert A. The role of the thymus in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and the recovery of the peripheral T-cell compartment. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:101-117. [PMID: 33416938 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the thymus represents the primary site of T-cell development, optimal thymic function is of paramount importance for the successful reconstitution of the adaptive immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thymus involutes as part of the aging process and several factors, including previous chemotherapy treatments, conditioning regimen used in preparation to the allograft, occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, and steroid therapy that impair the integrity of the thymus, thus affecting its role in supporting T-cell neogenesis. Although the pathways governing its regeneration are still poorly understood, the thymus has a remarkable capacity to recover its function after damage. Measurement of both recent thymic emigrants and T-cell receptor excision circles is valuable tools to assess thymic output and gain insights on its function. In this review, we will extensively discuss available data on factors regulating thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as the strategies and therapeutic approaches under investigation to promote thymic reconstitution and accelerate immune recovery in transplanted patients, including the use of cytokines, sex-steroid ablation, precursor T-cells, and thymus bioengineering. Although none of them is routinely used in the clinic, these approaches have the potential to enhance thymic function and immune recovery, not only in patients given an allograft but also in other conditions characterized by immune deficiencies related to a defective function of the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emmanuel Clave
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Lucas C M Arruda
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Benini
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
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38
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Khatwani NK, Andrews KJ, Pillai AB. Ex Vivo Expansion of Th2-Polarizing Immunotherapeutic iNKT Cells from Human Peripheral Blood. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2388:139-148. [PMID: 34524669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1775-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells, classified as innate lymphocytes with invariant TCRs, have been highlighted as a putative, "off-the-shelf" cellular immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, their paucity in human blood limits their immunotherapeutic applications. Herein we describe a rigorously optimized 21-day ex vivo expansion method to achieve log-fold increases in immunotherapeutic human iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha K Khatwani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sheila and David Fuente Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kelly J Andrews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Asha B Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Sheila and David Fuente Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Giaccone L, Faraci DG, Butera S, Lia G, Di Vito C, Gabrielli G, Cerrano M, Mariotti J, Dellacasa C, Felicetti F, Brignardello E, Mavilio D, Bruno B. Biomarkers for acute and chronic graft versus host disease: state of the art. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 14:79-96. [PMID: 33297779 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1860001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant advances in treatment and prevention, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) still represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thus, considerable research efforts have been made to find and validate reliable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of GVHD. AREAS COVERED In this review the most recent evidences on different types of biomarkers studied for GVHD, such as genetic, plasmatic, cellular markers, and those associated with microbiome, were summarized. A comprehensive search of peer-review literature was performed in PubMed including meta-analysis, preclinical and clinical trials, using the terms: cellular and plasma biomarkers, graft-versus-host disease, cytokines, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EXPERT OPINION In the near future, several validated biomarkers will be available to help clinicians in the diagnosis of GVHD, the identification of patients at high risk of GVHD development and in patients' stratification according to its severity. Then, immunosuppressive treatment could be tailored to each patient's real needs. However, more efforts are needed to achieve this goal. Although most of the proposed biomarkers currently lack validation with large-scale clinical data, their study led to improved knowledge of the biological basis of GVHD, and ultimately to implementation of GHVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giaccone
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Danilo Giuseppe Faraci
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Butera
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lia
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (Biometra), University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gabrielli
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Cerrano
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Jacopo Mariotti
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS , Rozzano, Italy
| | - Chiara Dellacasa
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Felicetti
- Transition Unit for Childhood Cancer Survivors, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino , University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Brignardello
- Transition Unit for Childhood Cancer Survivors, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino , University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (Biometra), University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant Program, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, Presidio Molinette , Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
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40
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Naserian S, Leclerc M, Shamdani S, Uzan G. Current Preventions and Treatments of aGVHD: From Pharmacological Prophylaxis to Innovative Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607030. [PMID: 33391276 PMCID: PMC7773902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is one of the main causes of mortality and the reason for up to 50% of morbidity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT) which is the treatment of choice for many blood malignancies. Thanks to years of research and exploration, we have acquired a profound understanding of the pathophysiology and immunopathology of these disorders. This led to the proposition and development of many therapeutic approaches during the last decades, some of them with very promising results. In this review, we have focused on the recent GVHD treatments from classical chemical and pharmacological prophylaxis to more innovative treatments including gene therapy and cell therapy, most commonly based on the application of a variety of immunomodulatory cells. Furthermore, we have discussed the advantages and potentials of cell-free therapy as a newly emerging approach to treat GVHD. Among them, we have particularly focused on the implication of the TNFα-TNFR2 axis as a new immune checkpoint signaling pathway controlling different aspects of many immunoregulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
| | - Mathieu Leclerc
- Service d’Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Sara Shamdani
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
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41
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Perez C, Gruber I, Arber C. Off-the-Shelf Allogeneic T Cell Therapies for Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges Using Naturally Occurring "Universal" Donor T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583716. [PMID: 33262761 PMCID: PMC7685996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cell therapies individually prepared for each patient with autologous T cells have recently changed clinical practice in the management of B cell malignancies. Even though CARs used to redirect polyclonal T cells to the tumor are not HLA restricted, CAR T cells are also characterized by their endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Tumor-antigen targeted TCR-based T cell therapies in clinical trials are thus far using “conventional” αβ-TCRs that recognize antigens presented as peptides in the context of the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, both CAR- and TCR-based adoptive T cell therapies (ACTs) are dictated by compatibility of the highly polymorphic HLA molecules between donors and recipients in order to avoid graft-versus-host disease and rejection. The development of third-party healthy donor derived well-characterized off-the-shelf cell therapy products that are readily available and broadly applicable is an intensive area of research. While genome engineering provides the tools to generate “universal” donor cells that can be redirected to cancers, we will focus our attention on third-party off-the-shelf strategies with T cells that are characterized by unique natural features and do not require genome editing for safe administration. Specifically, we will discuss the use of virus-specific T cells, lipid-restricted (CD1) T cells, MR1-restricted T cells, and γδ-TCR T cells. CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells are not HLA-restricted and have the potential to serve as a unique source of universal TCR sequences to be broadly applicable in TCR-based ACT as their targets are presented by the monomorphic CD1 or MR1 molecules on a wide variety of tumor types. For each cell type, we will summarize the stage of preclinical and clinical development and discuss opportunities and challenges to deliver off-the-shelf targeted cellular therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Perez
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Arber
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Mehravar M, Roshandel E, Salimi M, Chegeni R, Gholizadeh M, Mohammadi MH, Hajifathali A. Utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cellular therapies for lymphoid malignancies. Immunol Lett 2020; 226:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Immune regulation is critically important in health and disease. These immune effects have direct relevance in the setting of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), principally for the control of aberrant immune reactions, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Murine models have been critically important to evaluate the potential of two of the most potent immune regulatory cells CD4+CD25+FoxP+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). These cells have been shown to be remarkably effective in murine models to control GVHD and allow for the maintenance of graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects. Interestingly, there are critical interactions between these different cell populations. Future studies are aimed at exploring the biology of these important regulatory cells and to translate these concepts to the clinic that holds promise for controlling some of the major challenges of allogeneic HCT.
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44
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Dekker L, de Koning C, Lindemans C, Nierkens S. Reconstitution of T Cell Subsets Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1974. [PMID: 32698396 PMCID: PMC7409323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative treatment option for patients suffering from chemotherapy-refractory or relapsed hematological malignancies. The occurrence of morbidity and mortality after allo-HCT is still high. This is partly correlated with the immunological recovery of the T cell subsets, of which the dynamics and relations to complications are still poorly understood. Detailed information on T cell subset recovery is crucial to provide tools for better prediction and modulation of adverse events. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, iNKT cells, Treg cells, MAIT cells and naive and memory T cell reconstitution, as well as their relations to outcome, considering different cell sources and immunosuppressive therapies. We conclude that the T cell subsets reconstitute in different ways and are associated with distinct adverse and beneficial events; however, adequate reconstitution of all the subsets is associated with better overall survival. Although the exact mechanisms involved in the reconstitution of each T cell subset and their associations with allo-HCT outcome need to be further elucidated, the data and suggestions presented here point towards the development of individualized approaches to improve their reconstitution. This includes the modulation of immunotherapeutic interventions based on more detailed immune monitoring, aiming to improve overall survival changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Dekker
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Coco de Koning
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Caroline Lindemans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.D.); (C.L.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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45
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Balakrishnan B, Illangeswaran RSS, Rajamani BM, Pai AA, Raj IX, Paul DZ, Lakshmi K, Mani T, Mohanan E, Kulkarni U, Devasia AJ, NA F, Korula A, Abraham A, Srivastava A, Mathews V, Paczesny S, George B, Balasubramanian P. Prognostic plasma biomarkers of early complications and graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EJHAEM 2020; 1:219-229. [PMID: 32885223 PMCID: PMC7116009 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early complications post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) and graft versus host disease (GVHD) can be life threatening. Although several biomarkers have been identified to correlate with these complications and their response to treatment, these are yet to be used in clinical practice. Here, we evaluated circulating endothelial cells (CECs) (n = 26) and plasma biomarkers (ST2, REG3α, VCAM1, ICAM1, TIM3) (N = 210) at early time points, to determine their association with early complications post-HSCT. Elevated CEC counts at the end of conditioning was associated with GVHD, indicating endothelial damage during HSCT. Plasma levels of REG3α, VCAM1, ICAM1, and TIM3 on day 14 (D14) and D14 ICAM1 and D28 ST2 were significantly higher in patients with SOS and aGVHD, respectively. Upon sub-group analysis, D28 ST2, D14/D28 REG3α, and D14ICAM1 levels were significantly higher in patients with gastrointestinal GVHD, while D28ST2 was higher in those with skin/liver GVHD. High ST2 levels on D28 was significantly associated with non-relapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival. Our results suggest that elevated ST2 levels on D28 could predict the likelihood of developing aGVHD and could influence NRM and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aswin Anand Pai
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | | | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Thenmozhi Mani
- Department of BiostatisticsChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | | | - Uday Kulkarni
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | | | - Fouzia NA
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Anu Korula
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Aby Abraham
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
| | | | - Biju George
- Department of HaematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreIndia
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46
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Aoki T, Takami M, Takatani T, Motoyoshi K, Ishii A, Hara A, Toyoda T, Okada R, Hino M, Koyama-Nasu R, Kiuchi M, Hirahara K, Kimura MY, Nakayama T, Shimojo N, Motohashi S. Activated invariant natural killer T cells directly recognize leukemia cells in a CD1d-independent manner. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2223-2233. [PMID: 32324315 PMCID: PMC7385353 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate‐like CD1d‐restricted T cells that express the invariant T cell receptor (TCR) composed of Vα24 and Vβ11 in humans. iNKT cells specifically recognize glycolipid antigens such as α‐galactosylceramide (αGalCer) presented by CD1d. iNKT cells show direct cytotoxicity toward CD1d‐positive tumor cells, especially when CD1d presents glycolipid antigens. However, iNKT cell recognition of CD1d‐negative tumor cells is unknown, and direct cytotoxicity of iNKT cells toward CD1d‐negative tumor cells remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate that activated iNKT cells recognize leukemia cells in a CD1d‐independent manner, however still in a TCR‐mediated way. iNKT cells degranulated and released Th1 cytokines toward CD1d‐negative leukemia cells (K562, HL‐60, REH) as well as αGalCer‐loaded CD1d‐positive Jurkat cells. The CD1d‐independent cytotoxicity was enhanced by natural killer cell‐activating receptors such as NKG2D, 2B4, DNAM‐1, LFA‐1 and CD2, but iNKT cells did not depend on these receptors for the recognition of CD1d‐negative leukemia cells. In contrast, TCR was essential for CD1d‐independent recognition and cytotoxicity. iNKT cells degranulated toward patient‐derived leukemia cells independently of CD1d expression. iNKT cells targeted myeloid malignancies more than acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These findings reveal a novel anti–tumor mechanism of iNKT cells in targeting CD1d‐negative tumor cells and indicate the potential of iNKT cells for clinical application to treat leukemia independently of CD1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Takami
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Motoyoshi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayana Ishii
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hara
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahide Toyoda
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reona Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Moeko Hino
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama-Nasu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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47
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Lamikanra AA, Tsang HP, Elsiddig S, Spencer M, Curnow E, Danby R, Roberts DJ. The Migratory Properties and Numbers of T Regulatory Cell Subsets in Circulation Are Differentially Influenced by Season and Are Associated With Vitamin D Status. Front Immunol 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32508805 PMCID: PMC7248210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of peripheral immune responses by FOXP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells is essential for immune tolerance. However, at any given time, Treg frequencies in whole blood can vary more than fivefold between individuals. An understanding of factors that influence Treg numbers and migration within and between individuals would be a powerful tool for cellular therapies that utilize the immunomodulatory properties of Tregs to control pathology associated with inflammation. We sought to understand how season could influence Treg numbers and phenotype by monitoring the proportion of natural thymus-derived Tregs (nTregs) defined as (CD3+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD127–/low) cells as a proportion of CD4+ T cells and compared these to all FOXP3+ Tregs (allTregs, CD3+CD25+FOXP3+CD127–/low). We were able to determine changes within individuals during 1 year suggesting an influence of season on nTreg frequencies. We found that, between individuals at any given time, nTreg/CD4+ T cells ranged from 1.8% in February to 8.8% in the summer where median nTreg/CD4 in January and February was 2.4% (range 3.75–1.76) and in July and August was 4.5% (range 8.81–3.17) p = 0.025. Importantly we were able to monitor individual nTreg frequencies throughout the year in donors that started the year with high or low nTregs. Some nTreg variation could be attributed to vitamin D status where normal linear regression estimated that an absolute increase in nTreg/CD4+ by 0.11% could be expected with 10 nmol increase in serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3 (p = 0.005, 95% CI: 0.03–0.19). We assessed migration markers on Tregs for the skin and/or gut. Here cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA+) expression on CD25+FOXP3+CD4+/CD4+ was compared with the same population expressing the gut associated integrin, β7. Gut tropic CD25+FOXP3+β7+Tregs/CD4+ had similar dynamics to nTreg/CD4+. Conversely, CD25+FOXP3+CLA+Tregs/CD4+ showed no association with vitamin D status. Important for cellular therapies requiring isolation of Tregs, the absolute number of β7+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Tregs was positively associated with 25(OH)vitamin D3 (R2 = 0.0208, r = 0.184, p = 0.021) whereas the absolute numbers of CLA+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Tregs in the periphery were not influenced by vitamin D status. These baseline observations provide new opportunities to utilize seasonal variables that influence Treg numbers and their migratory potential in patients or donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Lamikanra
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hoi Pat Tsang
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shaza Elsiddig
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Spencer
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elinor Curnow
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Statistics and Clinical Studies, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Danby
- Department of Haematology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Roberts
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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48
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Adom D, Rowan C, Adeniyan T, Yang J, Paczesny S. Biomarkers for Allogeneic HCT Outcomes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:673. [PMID: 32373125 PMCID: PMC7186420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remains the only curative therapy for many hematological malignant and non-malignant disorders. However, key obstacles to the success of HCT include graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and disease relapse due to absence of graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. Over the last decade, advances in "omics" technologies and systems biology analysis, have allowed for the discovery and validation of blood biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic test and prognostic test (that risk-stratify patients before disease occurrence) for acute and chronic GVHD and recently GVT. There are also predictive biomarkers that categorize patients based on their likely to respond to therapy. Newer mathematical analysis such as machine learning is able to identify different predictors of GVHD using clinical characteristics pre-transplant and possibly in the future combined with other biomarkers. Biomarkers are not only useful to identify patients with higher risk of disease progression, but also help guide treatment decisions and/or provide a basis for specific therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes biomarkers definition, omics technologies, acute, chronic GVHD and GVT biomarkers currently used in clinic or with potential as targets for existing or new drugs focusing on novel published work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamilatou Adom
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Courtney Rowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Titilayo Adeniyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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49
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Expansion and CD2/CD3/CD28 stimulation enhance Th2 cytokine secretion of human invariant NKT cells with retained anti-tumor cytotoxicity. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:276-290. [PMID: 32238299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Key obstacles in human iNKT cell translational research and immunotherapy include the lack of robust protocols for dependable expansion of human iNKT cells and the paucity of data on phenotypes in post-expanded cells. METHODS We delineate expansion methods using interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7 and allogeneic feeder cells and anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 stimulation by which to dependably augment Th2 polarization and direct cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood CD3+Vα24+Vβ11+ iNKT cells. RESULTS Gene and protein expression profiling demonstrated augmented Th2 cytokine secretion (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) in expanded iNKT cells stimulated with anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 antibodies. Cytotoxic effector molecules including granzyme B were increased in expanded iNKT cells after CD2/CD3/CD28 stimulation. Direct cytotoxicity assays using unstimulated expanded iNKT cell effectors revealed α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer)-dependent killing of the T-ALL cell line Jurkat. Moreover, CD2/CD3/CD28 stimulation of expanded iNKT cells augmented their (α-GalCer-independent) killing of Jurkat cells. Co-culture of expanded iNKT cells with stimulated responder cells confirmed contact-dependent inhibition of activated CD4+ and CD8+ responder T cells. DISCUSSION These data establish a robust protocol to expand and novel pathways to enhance Th2 cytokine secretion and direct cytotoxicity in human iNKT cells, findings with direct implications for autoimmunity, vaccine augmentation and anti-infective immunity, cancer immunotherapy and transplantation.
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50
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'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:185-199. [PMID: 31900462 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have changed the therapeutic landscape in haematological malignancies. Nevertheless, the use of allogeneic CAR T cells from donors has many potential advantages over autologous approaches, such as the immediate availability of cryopreserved batches for patient treatment, possible standardization of the CAR-T cell product, time for multiple cell modifications, redosing or combination of CAR T cells directed against different targets, and decreased cost using an industrialized process. However, allogeneic CAR T cells may cause life-threatening graft-versus-host disease and may be rapidly eliminated by the host immune system. The development of next-generation allogeneic CAR T cells to address these issues is an active area of research. In this Review, we analyse the different sources of T cells for optimal allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy and describe the different technological approaches, mainly based on gene editing, to produce allogeneic CAR T cells with limited potential for graft-versus-host disease. These improved allogeneic CAR-T cell products will pave the way for further breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer.
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