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Zhang F, Zhang B, Wang Y, Jiang R, Liu J, Wei Y, Gao X, Zhu Y, Wang X, Sun M, Kang J, Liu Y, You G, Wei D, Xin J, Bao J, Wang M, Gu Y, Wang Z, Ye J, Guo S, Huang H, Sun Q. An extra-erythrocyte role of haemoglobin body in chondrocyte hypoxia adaption. Nature 2023; 622:834-841. [PMID: 37794190 PMCID: PMC10600011 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Although haemoglobin is a known carrier of oxygen in erythrocytes that functions to transport oxygen over a long range, its physiological roles outside erythrocytes are largely elusive1,2. Here we found that chondrocytes produced massive amounts of haemoglobin to form eosin-positive bodies in their cytoplasm. The haemoglobin body (Hedy) is a membraneless condensate characterized by phase separation. Production of haemoglobin in chondrocytes is controlled by hypoxia and is dependent on KLF1 rather than the HIF1/2α pathway. Deletion of haemoglobin in chondrocytes leads to Hedy loss along with severe hypoxia, enhanced glycolysis and extensive cell death in the centre of cartilaginous tissue, which is attributed to the loss of the Hedy-controlled oxygen supply under hypoxic conditions. These results demonstrate an extra-erythrocyte role of haemoglobin in chondrocytes, and uncover a heretofore unrecognized mechanism in which chondrocytes survive a hypoxic environment through Hedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science; Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Runmin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuexian Wei
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science; Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinyue Gao
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science; Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science; Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoxing You
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiajia Xin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junxiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiqing Wang
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuangping Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Xijing Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science; Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, China.
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2
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Krüppel-Like Factor 1: A Pivotal Gene Regulator in Erythropoiesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193069. [PMID: 36231031 PMCID: PMC9561966 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 1 (KLF1) plays a crucial role in erythropoiesis. In-depth studies conducted on mice and humans have highlighted its importance in erythroid lineage commitment, terminal erythropoiesis progression and the switching of globin genes from γ to β. The role of KLF1 in haemoglobin switching is exerted by the direct activation of β-globin gene and by the silencing of γ-globin through activation of BCL11A, an important γ-globin gene repressor. The link between KLF1 and γ-globin silencing identifies this transcription factor as a possible therapeutic target for β-hemoglobinopathies. Moreover, several mutations have been identified in the human genes that are responsible for various benign phenotypes and erythroid disorders. The study of the phenotype associated with each mutation has greatly contributed to the current understanding of the complex role of KLF1 in erythropoiesis. This review will focus on some of the principal functions of KLF1 on erythroid cell commitment and differentiation, spanning from primitive to definitive erythropoiesis. The fundamental role of KLF1 in haemoglobin switching will be also highlighted. Finally, an overview of the principal human mutations and relative phenotypes and disorders will be described.
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3
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Shmukler BE, Rivera A, Nishimura K, Hsu A, Wohlgemuth JG, Dlott JS, Michael Snyder L, Brugnara C, Alper SL. Erythroid-specific inactivation of Slc12a6/Kcc3 by EpoR promoter-driven Cre expression reduces K-Cl cotransport activity in mouse erythrocytes. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15186. [PMID: 35274823 PMCID: PMC8915159 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of erythrocytes from spontaneous or engineered germ‐line mutant mice has been instrumental in characterizing the physiological functions of components of the red cell cytoskeleton and membrane. However, the red blood cell expresses some proteins whose germline loss‐of‐function is embryonic‐lethal, perinatal‐lethal, or confers reduced post‐weaning viability. Promoter regions of erythroid‐specific genes have been used to engineer erythroid‐specific expression of Cre recombinase. Through breeding with mice carrying appropriately spaced insertions of loxP sequences, generation of erythroid‐specific knockouts has been carried out for signaling enzymes, transcription factors, peptide hormones, and single transmembrane span signaling receptors. We report here the use of Cre recombinase expression driven by the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) promoter to generate EpoR‐Cre;Kcc3f/f mice, designed to express erythroid‐specific knockout of the KCC3 K‐Cl cotransporter encoded by Kcc3/Slc12A6. We confirm KCC3 as the predominant K‐Cl cotransporter of adult mouse red cells in mice with better viability than previously exhibited by Kcc3−/− germline knockouts. We demonstrate roughly proportionate preservation of K‐Cl stimulation by hypotonicity, staurosporine, and urea in the context of reduced, but not abrogated, K‐Cl function in EpoR‐Cre;Kcc3f/f mice. We also report functional evidence suggesting incomplete recombinase‐mediated excision of the Kcc3 gene in adult erythroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris E Shmukler
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Nishimura
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Epigenomic analysis of KLF1 haploinsufficiency in primary human erythroblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:336. [PMID: 35013432 PMCID: PMC8748495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for the erythroid-specific transcription factor KLF1 is associated with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH). Increased HbF ameliorates the symptoms of β-hemoglobinopathies and downregulation of KLF1 activity has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy. However, the feasibility of this approach has been challenged by the observation that KLF1 haploinsufficient individuals with the same KLF1 variant, within the same family, display a wide range of HbF levels. This phenotypic variability is not readily explained by co-inheritance of known HbF-modulating variants in the HBB, HBS1L-MYB and/or BCL11A loci. We studied cultured erythroid progenitors obtained from Maltese individuals in which KLF1 p.K288X carriers display HbF levels ranging between 1.3 and 12.3% of total Hb. Using a combination of gene expression analysis, chromatin accessibility assays and promoter activity tests we find that variation in expression of the wildtype KLF1 allele may explain a significant part of the variability in HbF levels observed in KLF1 haploinsufficiency. Our results have general bearing on the variable penetrance of haploinsufficiency phenotypes and on conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity of variants in other transcriptional regulators such as EP300, GATA2 and RUNX1.
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5
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Wan G, Medina S, Zhang H, Pan R, Zhou X, Bolt AM, Luo L, Burchiel SW, Liu KJ. Arsenite exposure inhibits the erythroid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor CD34 + cells and causes decreased levels of hemoglobin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22121. [PMID: 34764389 PMCID: PMC8586241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure poses numerous threats to human health. Our previous work in mice has shown that arsenic causes anemia by inhibiting erythropoiesis. However, the impacts of arsenic exposure on human erythropoiesis remain largely unclear. We report here that low-dose arsenic exposure inhibits the erythroid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). The impacts of arsenic (in the form of arsenite; As3+) on red blood cell (RBC) development was evaluated using a long-term culture of normal human bone marrow CD34+-HPCs stimulated in vitro to undergo erythropoiesis. Over the time course studied, we analyzed the expression of the cell surface antigens CD34, CD71 and CD235a, which are markers commonly used to monitor the progression of HPCs through the stages of erythropoiesis. Simultaneously, we measured hemoglobin content, which is an important criterion used clinically for diagnosing anemia. As compared to control, low-dose As3+ exposure (100 nM and 500 nM) inhibited the expansion of CD34+-HPCs over the time course investigated; decreased the number of committed erythroid progenitors (BFU-E and CFU-E) and erythroblast differentiation in the subsequent stages; and caused a reduction of hemoglobin content. These findings demonstrate that low-dose arsenic exposure impairs human erythropoiesis, likely by combined effects on various stages of RBC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sebastian Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, 87701, USA
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alicia M Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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6
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The Role of miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools in Sickle Cell Disease. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57101106. [PMID: 34684143 PMCID: PMC8538468 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Sickle cell disorder (SCD) is a paradigmatic example of a complex monogenic disorder. SCD is characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, primarily in the deoxygenated state, which makes erythrocytes susceptible to intracellular hemoglobin polymerization. Functional studies have affirmed that the dysregulation of miRNAs enhances clinical severity or has an ameliorating effect in SCD. miRNAs can be effectively regulated to reduce the pace of cell cycle progression, to reduce iron levels, to influence hemolysis and oxidative stress, and most importantly, to increase γ-globin gene expression and enhance the effectiveness of hydroxyurea. Results: This review highlights the roles played by some key miRNAs in hemoglobinopathies, especially in hematopoiesis, erythroid differentiation, and severity of anemia, which make miRNAs attractive molecular tools for innovative therapeutic approaches. Conclusions: In this era of targeted medicine, miRNAs mimics and antagomirs may be promising inducers of HbF synthesis which could ameliorate the clinical severity of SCD.
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7
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Wessels MW, Cnossen MH, van Dijk TB, Gillemans N, Schmidt KLJ, van Lom K, Vinjamur DS, Coyne S, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, de Man SA, Pfundt R, Azmani Z, Brouwer RWW, Bauer DE, van den Hout MCGN, van IJcken WFJ, Philipsen S. Molecular analysis of the erythroid phenotype of a patient with BCL11A haploinsufficiency. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2339-2349. [PMID: 33938942 PMCID: PMC8114548 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL11A gene encodes a transcriptional repressor with essential functions in multiple tissues during human development. Haploinsufficiency for BCL11A causes Dias-Logan syndrome (OMIM 617101), an intellectual developmental disorder with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH). Due to the severe phenotype, disease-causing variants in BCL11A occur de novo. We describe a patient with a de novo heterozygous variant, c.1453G>T, in the BCL11A gene, resulting in truncation of the BCL11A-XL protein (p.Glu485X). The truncated protein lacks the 3 C-terminal DNA-binding zinc fingers and the nuclear localization signal, rendering it inactive. The patient displayed high fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels (12.1-18.7% of total hemoglobin), in contrast to the parents who had HbF levels of 0.3%. We used cultures of patient-derived erythroid progenitors to determine changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility. In addition, we investigated DNA methylation of the promoters of the γ-globin genes HBG1 and HBG2. HUDEP1 and HUDEP2 cells were used as models for fetal and adult human erythropoiesis, respectively. Similar to HUDEP1 cells, the patient's cells displayed Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC) peaks at the HBG1/2 promoters and significant expression of HBG1/2 genes. In contrast, HBG1/2 promoter methylation and genome-wide gene expression profiling were consistent with normal adult erythropoiesis. We conclude that HPFH is the major erythroid phenotype of constitutive BCL11A haploinsufficiency. Given the essential functions of BCL11A in other hematopoietic lineages and the neuronal system, erythroid-specific targeting of the BCL11A gene has been proposed for reactivation of γ-globin expression in β-hemoglobinopathy patients. Our data strongly support this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjon H Cnossen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
| | - Thamar B van Dijk
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
- Department of Cell Biology, and
| | - Nynke Gillemans
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
- Department of Cell Biology, and
| | - K L Juliëtte Schmidt
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
- Department of Cell Biology, and
| | - Kirsten van Lom
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Divya S Vinjamur
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven Coyne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN, BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Stella A de Man
- Department of Pediatrics, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Zakia Azmani
- Department of Cell Biology, and
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, and
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, and
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Academic Center for Hemoglobinopathies and Rare Anemias
- Department of Cell Biology, and
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8
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Korporaal A, Gillemans N, Heshusius S, Cantú I, van den Akker E, van Dijk TB, von Lindern M, Philipsen S. Hemoglobin switching in mice carrying the Klf1Nan variant. Haematologica 2021; 106:464-473. [PMID: 32467144 PMCID: PMC7849558 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.239830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for transcription factor KLF1 causes a variety of human erythroid phenotypes, such as the In(Lu) blood type, increased HbA2 levels, and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Severe dominant congenital dyserythropoietic anemia IV (OMIM 613673) is associated with the KLF1 p.E325K variant. CDA-IV patients display ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis resulting in anemia, accompanied by persistent high levels of embryonic and fetal hemoglobin. The mouse Nan strain carries a variant in the orthologous residue, KLF1 p.E339D. Klf1Nan causes dominant hemolytic anemia with many similarities to CDA-IV. Here we investigated the impact of Klf1Nan on the developmental expression patterns of the endogenous beta-like and alpha-like globins, and the human beta-like globins carried on a HBB locus transgene. We observe that the switch from primitive, yolk sac-derived, erythropoiesis to definitive, fetal liver-derived, erythropoiesis is delayed in Klf1wt/Nan embryos. This is reflected in globin expression patterns measured between E12.5 and E14.5. Cultured Klf1wt/Nan E12.5 fetal liver cells display growth- and differentiation defects. These defects likely contribute to the delayed appearance of definitive erythrocytes in the circulation of Klf1wt/Nan embryos. After E14.5, expression of the embryonic/fetal globin genes is silenced rapidly. In adult Klf1wt/Nan animals, silencing of the embryonic/fetal globin genes is impeded, but only minute amounts are expressed. Thus, in contrast to human KLF1 p.E325K, mouse KLF1 p.E339D does not lead to persistent high levels of embryonic/fetal globins. Our results support the notion that KLF1 affects gene expression in a variant-specific manner, highlighting the necessity to characterize KLF1 variant-specific phenotypes of patients in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Korporaal
- Erasmus MC Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Gillemans
- Erasmus MC Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Heshusius
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ileana Cantú
- Erasmus MC Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Erasmus MC Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Papizan JB, Porter SN, Sharma A, Pruett-Miller SM. Therapeutic gene editing strategies using CRISPR-Cas9 for the β-hemoglobinopathies. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:115-134. [PMID: 33349624 PMCID: PMC8038529 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With advancements in gene editing technologies, our ability to make precise and efficient modifications to the genome is increasing at a remarkable rate, paving the way for scientists and clinicians to uniquely treat a multitude of previously irremediable diseases. CRISPR-Cas9, short for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a gene editing platform with the ability to alter the nucleotide sequence of the genome in living cells. This technology is increasing the number and pace at which new gene editing treatments for genetic disorders are moving toward the clinic. The β-hemoglobinopathies are a group of monogenic diseases, which despite their high prevalence and chronic debilitating nature, continue to have few therapeutic options available. In this review, we will discuss our existing comprehension of the genetics and current state of treatment for β-hemoglobinopathies, consider potential genome editing therapeutic strategies, and provide an overview of the current state of clinical trials using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Papizan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shaina N Porter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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10
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Expression analysis of gamma globin gene switching associated micro RNAs, flowing BCL11A gene inhibition. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Papadopoulos P, Kafasi A, De Cuyper IM, Barroca V, Lewandowski D, Kadri Z, Veldthuis M, Berghuis J, Gillemans N, Benavente Cuesta CM, Grosveld FG, van Zwieten R, Philipsen S, Vernet M, Gutiérrez L, Patrinos GP. Mild dyserythropoiesis and β-like globin gene expression imbalance due to the loss of histone chaperone ASF1B. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 33066815 PMCID: PMC7566067 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the human β-like globin genes follows a well-orchestrated developmental pattern, undergoing two essential switches, the first one during the first weeks of gestation (ε to γ), and the second one during the perinatal period (γ to β). The γ- to β-globin gene switching mechanism includes suppression of fetal (γ-globin, HbF) and activation of adult (β-globin, HbA) globin gene transcription. In hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH), the γ-globin suppression mechanism is impaired leaving these individuals with unusual elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in adulthood. Recently, the transcription factors KLF1 and BCL11A have been established as master regulators of the γ- to β-globin switch. Previously, a genomic variant in the KLF1 gene, identified by linkage analysis performed on twenty-seven members of a Maltese family, was found to be associated with HPFH. However, variation in the levels of HbF among family members, and those from other reported families carrying genetic variants in KLF1, suggests additional contributors to globin switching. ASF1B was downregulated in the family members with HPFH. Here, we investigate the role of ASF1B in γ- to β-globin switching and erythropoiesis in vivo. Mouse-human interspecies ASF1B protein identity is 91.6%. By means of knockdown functional assays in human primary erythroid cultures and analysis of the erythroid lineage in Asf1b knockout mice, we provide evidence that ASF1B is a novel contributor to steady-state erythroid differentiation, and while its loss affects the balance of globin expression, it has no major role in hemoglobin switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Papadopoulos
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Athanassia Kafasi
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M De Cuyper
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilma Barroca
- UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris and Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U1274, Inserm, 18 route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris and Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- U1274, Inserm, 18 route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Zahra Kadri
- Division of Innovative Therapies, UMR1184, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Martijn Veldthuis
- Laboratory of Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Berghuis
- Laboratory of Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Gillemans
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celina María Benavente Cuesta
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank G Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Zwieten
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Vernet
- UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris and Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, 18 route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Platelet Research Lab -Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA)-, Department of Medicine -University of Oviedo-, Oviedo, Spain
| | - George P Patrinos
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Zayed Center of Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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12
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BCL11A: a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in human diseases. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220893. [PMID: 31654056 PMCID: PMC6851505 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A) gene encodes a zinc-finger protein that is predominantly expressed in brain and hematopoietic tissue. BCL11A functions mainly as a transcriptional repressor that is crucial in brain, hematopoietic system development, as well as fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switching. The expression of this gene is regulated by microRNAs, transcription factors and genetic variations. A number of studies have recently shown that BCL11A is involved in β-hemoglobinopathies, hematological malignancies, malignant solid tumors, 2p15-p16.1 microdeletion syndrome, and Type II diabetes. It has been suggested that BCL11A may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for some diseases. In this review, we summarize the current research state of BCL11A, including its biochemistry, expression, regulation, function, and its possible clinical application in human diseases.
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Ali G, Tariq MA, Shahid K, Ahmad FJ, Akram J. Advances in genome editing: the technology of choice for precise and efficient β-thalassemia treatment. Gene Ther 2020; 28:6-15. [PMID: 32355226 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Beta (β)-thalassemia is one of the most significant hemoglobinopathy worldwide. The high prevalence of the β-thalassemia carriers aggravates the disease burden for patients and national economies in the developing world. The survival of β-thalassemia patients solely relies on repeated transfusions, which eventually results into multi-organ damage. The fetal γ-globin genes are ordinarily silenced at birth and replaced by the adult β-globin genes. However, mutations that cause lifelong persistence of fetal γ-globin, ameliorate the debilitating effects of β-globin mutations. Therefore, therapeutically reactivating the fetal γ-globin gene is a prime focus of researchers. CRISPR/Cas9 is the most common approach to correct disease causative mutations or to enhance or disrupt the expression of proteins to mitigate the effects of the disease. CRISPR/cas9 and prime gene editing to correct mutations in hematopoietic stem cells of β-thalassemia patients has been considered a novel therapeutic approach for effective hemoglobin production. However, genome-editing technologies, along with all advantages, have shown some disadvantages due to either random insertions or deletions at the target site of edition or non-specific targeting in genome. Therefore, the focus of this review is to compare pros and cons of these editing technologies and to elaborate the retrospective scope of gene therapy for β-thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Ali
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Cell Biology Department, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram Tariq
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Cell Biology Department, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Shahid
- Department of Oncology Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, 75708, TX, USA
| | - Fridoon Jawad Ahmad
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology and Cell Biology Department, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Javed Akram
- University of Health Sciences Lahore, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
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Li J, Lai Y, Shi L. BCL11A Down-Regulation Induces γ-Globin in Human β-Thalassemia Major Erythroid Cells. Hemoglobin 2019; 42:225-230. [PMID: 30821197 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2018.1515774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F, α2γ2) is a potent genetic modifier of the severity of β-thalassemia (β-thal) and sickle cell anemia. Differences in the levels of HbF that persist into adulthood affect the severity of sickle cell disease and the β-thal syndromes. B-cell lymphoma 11 A (BCL11A) is a potent silencer of HbF. Here, we reactivated γ-globin expression by down-regulating BCL11A to alleviate anemia in the β-thal major (β-TM) patients. BCL11A were down-regulated by lentiviral RNAi (RNA interference) in the K562 cell line and an in vitro culture model of human erythropoiesis in which erythroblasts are derived from the normal donor mononuclear cells (MNC) or β-TM MNC. The expression of γ-globin were analyzed by qPCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot techniques. Our data showed that down-regulation of BCL11A induces γ-globin production in the K562 cell line and human erythrocytes from normal donors and β-TM donors, without altering erythroid maturation. This is the first report on γ-globin induction by down-regulation of BCL11A in human erythroblasts derived from β-TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- a Department of Hematology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrong Lai
- a Department of Hematology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Shi
- a Department of Hematology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , People's Republic of China
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In 't Hout FEM, van Duren J, Monteferrario D, Brinkhuis E, Mariani N, Westers TM, Chitu D, Nikoloski G, van de Loosdrecht AA, van der Reijden BA, Jansen JH, Huls G. TCF4 promotes erythroid development. Exp Hematol 2018; 69:17-21.e1. [PMID: 30315825 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is implicated in lymphoid cell differentiation and its expression predicts outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we investigated the role of TCF4 in myelopoiesis. Overexpression of TCF4 (TCF4OE) in umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells resulted in a twofold increase in erythroid colony forming units (CFU-Es), whereas knock-down (KD) of TCF4 (TCF4KD) caused a dramatic decrease in the number of erythroid colonies. In megakaryocyte CFUs (CFU-MKs), both TCF4KD and TCF4OE inhibited MK colony formation. TCF4 did not have an impact on granulocyte, macrophage, or granulocyte-macrophage colonies or on the proportion of MK-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs) in culture. Because TCF4 affects erythroid/MK development and these lineages are affected in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we studied the impact of TCF4 expression in this disease. MDS patients with high (≥median) TCF4 mRNA expression had higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels than MDS patients with low TCF4 expression (mean 9.0 vs. 8.55 g/dL, p = 0.02). Overall, TCF4 mRNA expression was lower in hematopoietic stem cells, common myeloid progenitors, and MEPs from MDS patients, but not in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, compared with healthy controls. Therefore, in cell fractions with erythroid lineage potential, TCF4 is expressed less in MDS patients than in healthy controls. This correlates with the low overall Hb levels seen in MDS patients compared with healthy individuals and is consistent with the positive impact of TCF4 on erythroid development while not having impact on white colonies. These results indicate a role for TCF4 as a novel factor in erythroid-megakaryocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentien E M In 't Hout
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van Duren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Monteferrario
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Brinkhuis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niccolo Mariani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Chitu
- HOVON Data Center, Erasmus University Medical Center-Daniel den Hoed, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gorica Nikoloski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A van der Reijden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop H Jansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Diepstraten ST, Hart AH. Modelling human haemoglobin switching. Blood Rev 2018; 33:11-23. [PMID: 30616747 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lesions of the β-globin gene result in haemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. To discover and test new molecular medicines for β-haemoglobinopathies, cell-based and animal models are now being widely utilised. However, multiple in vitro and in vivo models are required due to the complex structure and regulatory mechanisms of the human globin gene locus, subtle species-specific differences in blood cell development, and the influence of epigenetic factors. Advances in genome sequencing, gene editing, and precision medicine have enabled the first generation of molecular therapies aimed at reactivating, repairing, or replacing silenced or damaged globin genes. Here we compare and contrast current animal and cell-based models, highlighting their complementary strengths, reflecting on how they have informed the scope and direction of the field, and describing some of the novel molecular and precision medicines currently under development or in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Diepstraten
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Adam H Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Abstract
Thalassemia (thal) is an autosomal recessive, hereditary, chronic hemolytic anemia due to a partial or complete deficiency in the synthesis of α-globin chains (α-thal) or β-globin chains (β-thal) that compose the major adult hemoglobin (α 2β 2). It is caused by one or more mutations in the corresponding genes. The unpaired globin chains are unstable; they precipitate intracellularly, resulting in hemolysis, premature destruction of red blood cell [RBC] precursors in the bone marrow, and a short life-span of mature RBCs in the circulation. The state of anemia is treated by frequent RBC transfusions. This therapy results in the accumulation of iron (iron overload), a condition that is exacerbated by the breakdown products of hemoglobin (heme and iron) and the increased iron uptake for the chronic accelerated, but ineffective, RBC production. Iron catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in excess are toxic, causing damage to vital organs such as the heart and liver and the endocrine system. Herein, we review recent findings regarding the pathophysiology underlying the major symptoms of β-thal and potential therapeutic modalities for the amelioration of its complications, as well as new modalities that may provide a cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Fibach
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Molecular basis of β thalassemia and potential therapeutic targets. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 70:54-65. [PMID: 28651846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable phenotypic diversity of β thalassemia that range from severe anemia and transfusion-dependency, to a clinically asymptomatic state exemplifies how a spectrum of disease severity can be generated in single gene disorders. While the genetic basis for β thalassemia, and how severity of the anemia could be modified at different levels of its pathophysiology have been well documented, therapy remains largely supportive with bone marrow transplant being the only cure. Identification of the genetic variants modifying fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in combination with α globin genotype provide some prediction of disease severity for β thalassemia but generation of a personalized genetic risk score to inform prognosis and guide management requires a larger panel of genetic modifiers yet to be discovered. Nonetheless, genetic studies have been successful in characterizing the key variants and pathways involved in HbF regulation, providing new therapeutic targets for HbF reactivation. BCL11A has been established as a quantitative repressor, and progress has been made in manipulating its expression using genomic and gene-editing approaches for therapeutic benefits. Recent discoveries and understanding in the mechanisms associated with ineffective and abnormal erythropoiesis have also provided additional therapeutic targets, a couple of which are currently being tested in clinical trials.
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GATA3 Abundance Is a Critical Determinant of T Cell Receptor β Allelic Exclusion. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00052-17. [PMID: 28320875 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00052-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allelic exclusion describes the essential immunological process by which feedback repression of sequential DNA rearrangements ensures that only one autosome expresses a functional T or B cell receptor. In wild-type mammals, approximately 60% of cells have recombined the DNA of one T cell receptor β (TCRβ) V-to-DJ-joined allele in a functional configuration, while the second allele has recombined only the DJ sequences; the other 40% of cells have recombined the V to the DJ segments on both alleles, with only one of the two alleles predicting a functional TCRβ protein. Here we report that the transgenic overexpression of GATA3 leads predominantly to biallelic TCRβ gene (Tcrb) recombination. We also found that wild-type immature thymocytes can be separated into distinct populations based on intracellular GATA3 expression and that GATA3LO cells had almost exclusively recombined only one Tcrb locus (that predicted a functional receptor sequence), while GATA3HI cells had uniformly recombined both Tcrb alleles (one predicting a functional and the other predicting a nonfunctional rearrangement). These data show that GATA3 abundance regulates the recombination propensity at the Tcrb locus and provide new mechanistic insight into the historic immunological conundrum for how Tcrb allelic exclusion is mediated.
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Thein SL. Genetic Basis and Genetic Modifiers of β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1013:27-57. [PMID: 29127676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7299-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) are prototypical Mendelian single gene disorders, both caused by mutations affecting the adult β-globin gene. Despite the apparent genetic simplicity, both disorders display a remarkable spectrum of phenotypic severity and share two major genetic modifiers-α-globin genotype and innate ability to produce fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2).This article provides an overview of the genetic basis for SCD and β-thalassemia, and genetic modifiers identified through phenotype correlation studies. Identification of the genetic variants modifying HbF production in combination with α-globin genotype provide some prediction of disease severity for β-thalassemia and SCD but generation of a personalized genetic risk score to inform prognosis and guide management requires a larger panel of genetic modifiers yet to be discovered.Nonetheless, genetic studies have been successful in characterizing some of the key variants and pathways involved in HbF regulation, providing new therapeutic targets for HbF reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Lay Thein
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 6S241 MSC 1589, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892-1589, USA.
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Makis A, Hatzimichael E, Papassotiriou I, Voskaridou E. 2017 Clinical trials update in new treatments of β-thalassemia. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:1135-1145. [PMID: 27502996 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The underlying basis of β-thalassemia pathology is the diminished β-globin synthesis leading to α-globin accumulation and premature apoptotic destruction of erythroblasts, causing oxidative stress-induced ineffective erythropoiesis, bone marrow hyperplasia, splenomegaly, and increased intestinal iron absorption with progressive iron overload. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease led to the recognition of new targets with potential therapeutic utility. Agents such as JAK2 inhibitors and TGF-β ligand traps that reduce the ineffective erythropoiesis process are already being tested in clinical trials with promising results. Other agents that aim to reduce oxidative stress (activators of Foxo3, HRI-eIF2aP, Prx2, Hsp70, and PK anti-oxidant systems and inhibitors of HO-1) and to decrease iron overload (hepcidin agonists, erythroferrone inhibitors and exogenous transferrin) are also under experimental investigation. Significant progress has also been made in the area of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with several ongoing clinical trials examining new condition regimens as well as different donor selection and stem cell source options. Gene therapy has reached a critical point and phase 1 clinical trials have recently been launched to examine the effectiveness and especially long term safety. Epigenetic manipulation and genomic editing of the γ- or β-globin gene are novel and promising experimental gene therapy approaches for β-thalassemia giving hope for cure for this chronic disease. This review outlines the key points of the molecular mechanisms underlying β-thalassemia in relation to the development of new therapies and an update is given both at the pre-clinical and clinical level. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1135-1145, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Makis
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Ersi Voskaridou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital; Athens Greece
- “Laikon” General Hospital; Thalassemia Center; Athens Greece
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Zhang X, Wang L, Wang Y, Shi S, Zhu H, Xiao F, Yang J, Yang A, Hao X. Inhibition of FOXQ1 induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in prostate cancer cells by controlling BCL11A/MDM2 expression. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2349-56. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sickle-cell disease affects millions of individuals worldwide, but the global incidence is concentrated in Africa. The burden of sickle-cell disease is expected to continue to rise over the coming decades, adding to stress on the health infrastructures of many countries. Although the molecular cause of sickle-cell disease has been known for more than half a century, treatment options remain greatly limited. Allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the only existing cure but is limited to specialised clinical centres and remains inaccessible for most patients. Induction of fetal haemoglobin production is a promising strategy for the treatment of sickle-cell disease. In this Series paper, we review scientific breakthroughs in epidemiology, genetics, and molecular biology that have brought reactivation of fetal haemoglobin to the forefront of sickle-cell disease research. Improved knowledge of the regulation of fetal haemoglobin production in human beings and the development of genome editing technology now support the design of innovative therapies for sickle-cell disease that are based on fetal haemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kim YW, Yun WJ, Kim A. Erythroid activator NF-E2, TAL1 and KLF1 play roles in forming the LCR HSs in the human adult β-globin locus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:45-52. [PMID: 27026582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The β-like globin genes are developmental stage specifically transcribed in erythroid cells. The transcription of the β-like globin genes requires erythroid specific activators such as GATA-1, NF-E2, TAL1 and KLF1. However, the roles of these activators have not fully elucidated in transcription of the human adult β-globin gene. Here we employed hybrid MEL cells (MEL/ch11) where a human chromosome containing the β-globin locus is present and the adult β-globin gene is highly transcribed by induction. The roles of erythroid specific activators were analyzed by inhibiting the expression of NF-E2, TAL1 or KLF1 in MEL/ch11 cells. The loss of each activator decreased the transcription of human β-globin gene, locus wide histone hyperacetylation and the binding of other erythroid specific activators including GATA-1, even though not affecting the expression of other activators. Notably, sensitivity to DNase I was reduced in the locus control region (LCR) hypersensitive sites (HSs) with the depletion of activators. These results indicate that NF-E2, TAL1 and KLF1, all activators play a primary role in HSs formation in the LCR. It might contribute to the transcription of human adult β-globin gene by allowing the access of activators and cofactors. The roles of activators in the adult β-globin locus appear to be different from the roles in the early fetal locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Woon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ju Yun
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - AeRi Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Otsuka H, Takito J, Endo Y, Yagi H, Soeta S, Yanagisawa N, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. The expression of embryonic globin mRNA in a severely anemic mouse model induced by treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2016; 16:4. [PMID: 26877876 PMCID: PMC4751657 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-016-0041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Mammalian erythropoiesis can be divided into two distinct types, primitive and definitive, in which new cells are derived from the yolk sac and hematopoietic stem cells, respectively. Primitive erythropoiesis occurs within a restricted period during embryogenesis. Primitive erythrocytes remain nucleated, and their hemoglobins are different from those in definitive erythrocytes. Embryonic type hemoglobin is expressed in adult animals under genetically abnormal condition, but its later expression has not been reported in genetically normal adult animals, even under anemic conditions. We previously reported that injecting animals with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (NBP) decreased erythropoiesis in bone marrow (BM). Here, we induced severe anemia in a mouse model by injecting NBP injection in combination with phenylhydrazine (PHZ), and then we analyzed erythropoiesis and the levels of different types of hemoglobin. Methods Splenectomized mice were treated with NBP to inhibit erythropoiesis in BM, and with PHZ to induce hemolytic anemia. We analyzed hematopoietic sites and peripheral blood using morphological and molecular biological methods. Results Combined treatment of splenectomized mice with NBP and PHZ induced critical anemia compared to treatment with PHZ alone, and numerous nucleated erythrocytes appeared in the peripheral blood. In the BM, immature CD71-positive erythroblasts were increased, and extramedullary erythropoiesis occurred in the liver. Furthermore, embryonic type globin mRNA was detected in both the BM and the liver. In peripheral blood, spots that did not correspond to control hemoglobin were observed in 2D electrophoresis. ChIP analyses showed that KLF1 and KLF2 bind to the promoter regions of β-like globin. Wine-colored capsuled structures were unexpectedly observed in the abdominal cavity, and active erythropoiesis was also observed in these structures. Conclusion These results indicate that primitive erythropoiesis occurs in adult mice to rescue critical anemia because primitive erythropoiesis does not require macrophages as stroma whereas macrophages play a pivotal role in definitive erythropoiesis even outside the medulla. The cells expressing embryonic hemoglobin in this study were similar to primitive erythrocytes, indicating the possibility that yolk sac-derived primitive erythroid cells may persist into adulthood in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12878-016-0041-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Jiro Takito
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Yasuo Endo
- Division of Molecular Regulation, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanamaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8501 Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
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26
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Vinjamur DS, Alhashem YN, Mohamad SF, Amin P, Williams DC, Lloyd JA. Krüppel-Like Transcription Factor KLF1 Is Required for Optimal γ- and β-Globin Expression in Human Fetal Erythroblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146802. [PMID: 26840243 PMCID: PMC4739742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In human adult erythroid cells, lower than normal levels of Krüppel-like transcription factor 1 (KLF1) are generally associated with decreased adult β- and increased fetal γ-globin gene expression. KLF1 also regulates BCL11A, a known repressor of adult γ-globin expression. In seeming contrast to the findings in adult cells, lower amounts of KLF1 correlate with both reduced embryonic and reduced fetal β-like globin mRNA in mouse embryonic erythroid cells. The role of KLF1 in primary human fetal erythroid cells, which express both γ- and β-globin mRNA, is less well understood. Therefore, we studied the role of KLF1 in ex vivo differentiated CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells (UCB erythroblasts), representing the fetal milieu. In UCB erythroblasts, KLF1 binds to the β-globin locus control region (LCR), and the β-globin promoter. There is very little KLF1 binding detectable at the γ-globin promoter. Correspondingly, when cultured fetal UCB erythroblasts are subjected to lentiviral KLF1 knockdown, the active histone mark H3K4me3 and RNA pol II recruitment are diminished at the β- but not the γ-globin gene. The amount of KLF1 expression strongly positively correlates with β-globin mRNA and weakly positively correlates with BCL11A mRNA. With modest KLF1 knockdown, mimicking haploinsufficiency, γ-globin mRNA is increased in UCB erythroblasts, as is common in adult cells. However, a threshold level of KLF1 is evidently required, or there is no absolute increase in γ-globin mRNA in UCB erythroblasts. Therefore, the role of KLF1 in γ-globin regulation in fetal erythroblasts is complex, with both positive and negative facets. Furthermore, in UCB erythroblasts, diminished BCL11A is not sufficient to induce γ-globin in the absence of KLF1. These findings have implications for the manipulation of BCL11A and/or KLF1 to induce γ-globin for therapy of the β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya S. Vinjamur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yousef N. Alhashem
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Safa F. Mohamad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Parth Amin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David C. Williams
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Joyce A. Lloyd
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Saki N, Abroun S, Soleimani M, Kavianpour M, Shahjahani M, Mohammadi-Asl J, Hajizamani S. MicroRNA Expression in β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease: A Role in The Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 17:583-92. [PMID: 26862517 PMCID: PMC4746408 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRs) is well characterized in many diverse cel-
lular processes. MiR-based regulation is categorized under epigenetic regulatory mecha-
nisms. These small non-coding RNAs participate in producing and maturing erythrocytes,
expressing hematopoietic factors and regulating expression of globin genes by post-tran-
scriptional gene silencing. The changes in expression of miRs (miR-144/-320/-451/-503)
in thalassemic/sickle cells compared with normal erythrocytes may cause clinical severity.
According to the suppressive effects of certain miRs (miR-15a/-16-1/-23a/-26b/-27a/-451)
on a number of transcription factors [myeloblastosis oncogene (MYB), B-cell lymphoma
11A (BCL11A), GATA1, Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1)] during
β globin gene expression, It has been possible to increasing γ globin gene expression
and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production. Therefore, this strategy can be used as a novel
therapy in infusing HbF and improving clinical complications of patients with hemoglobi-
nopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Kavianpour
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi-Asl
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hajizamani
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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28
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Ku CJ, Lim KC, Kalantry S, Maillard I, Engel JD, Hosoya T. A monoallelic-to-biallelic T-cell transcriptional switch regulates GATA3 abundance. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1930-41. [PMID: 26385963 PMCID: PMC4579350 DOI: 10.1101/gad.265025.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ku et al. show that loss of one Gata3 allele leads to diminished expansion of immature T cells as well as aberrant induction of myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Gata3 is monoallelically expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and early T-cell progenitors. Half of the developing cells switch to biallelic Gata3 transcription abruptly at midthymopoiesis. Protein abundance must be precisely regulated throughout life, and nowhere is the stringency of this requirement more evident than during T-cell development: A twofold increase in the abundance of transcription factor GATA3 results in thymic lymphoma, while reduced GATA3 leads to diminished T-cell production. GATA3 haploinsufficiency also causes human HDR (hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia) syndrome, often accompanied by immunodeficiency. Here we show that loss of one Gata3 allele leads to diminished expansion (and compromised development) of immature T cells as well as aberrant induction of myeloid transcription factor PU.1. This effect is at least in part mediated transcriptionally: We discovered that Gata3 is monoallelically expressed in a parent of origin-independent manner in hematopoietic stem cells and early T-cell progenitors. Curiously, half of the developing cells switch to biallelic Gata3 transcription abruptly at midthymopoiesis. We show that the monoallelic-to-biallelic transcriptional switch is stably maintained and therefore is not a stochastic phenomenon. This unique mechanism, if adopted by other regulatory genes, may provide new biological insights into the rather prevalent phenomenon of monoallelic expression of autosomal genes as well as into the variably penetrant pathophysiological spectrum of phenotypes observed in many human syndromes that are due to haploinsufficiency of the affected gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Ku
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sundeep Kalantry
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tomonori Hosoya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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29
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Bauer DE, Orkin SH. Hemoglobin switching's surprise: the versatile transcription factor BCL11A is a master repressor of fetal hemoglobin. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 33:62-70. [PMID: 26375765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The major disorders of β-globin, sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, may be ameliorated by expression of the fetal gene paralog γ-globin. Uncertainty regarding the mechanisms repressing fetal hemoglobin in the adult stage has served as a puzzle of developmental gene regulation as well as a barrier to rational therapeutic design. Recent genome-wide association studies implicated the zinc-finger transcriptional repressor BCL11A in fetal hemoglobin regulation. Extensive genetic analyses have validated BCL11A as a potent repressor of fetal hemoglobin level. Studies of BCL11A exemplify how contextual gene regulation may often be the substrate for trait-associated common genetic variation. These discoveries have suggested novel rational approaches for the β-hemoglobin disorders including therapeutic genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Bauer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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30
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Abstract
Sickle cell disease and β thalassemia are common severe diseases with little effective pathophysiologically-based treatment. Their phenotypic heterogeneity prompted genomic approaches to identify modifiers that ultimately might be exploited therapeutically. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the major modulator of the phenotype of the β hemoglobinopathies. HbF inhibits deoxyHbS polymerization and in β thalassemia compensates for the reduction of HbA. The major success of genomics has been a better understanding the genetic regulation of HbF by identifying the major quantitative trait loci for this trait. If the targets identified can lead to means of increasing HbF to therapeutic levels in sufficient numbers of sickle or β-thalassemia erythrocytes, the pathophysiology of these diseases would be reversed. The availability of new target loci, high-throughput drug screening, and recent advances in genome editing provide the opportunity for new approaches to therapeutically increasing HbF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen A Ngo
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 820 Harrison Ave., FGH 1st Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Martin H Steinberg
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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31
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Blobel GA, Bodine D, Brand M, Crispino J, de Bruijn MFTR, Nathan D, Papayannopoulou T, Porcher C, Strouboulis J, Zon L, Higgs DR, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Engel JD. An international effort to cure a global health problem: A report on the 19th Hemoglobin Switching Conference. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:821-37. [PMID: 26143582 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every 2 years since 1978, an international group of scientists, physicians, and other researchers meet to discuss the latest developments in the underlying etiology, mechanisms of action, and developmental acquisition of cellular and systemic defects exhibited and elicited by the most common inherited human disorders, the hemoglobinopathies. The 19th Hemoglobin Switching Conference, held in September 2014 at St. John's College in Oxford, once again exceeded all expectations by describing cutting edge research in cellular, molecular, developmental, and genomic advances focused on these diseases. The conference comprised about 60 short talks over 3 days by leading investigators in the field. This meeting report describes the highlights of the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Bodine
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marella F T R de Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nathan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Catherine Porcher
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Strouboulis
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Len Zon
- Boston Children's Hospital/HHMI, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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32
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Thalassemia Modular Stratification System for Personalized Therapy of Beta-Thalassemia (THALAMOSS). HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2015; 26:100-2. [PMID: 26086762 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2015.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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33
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Finotti A, Breda L, Lederer CW, Bianchi N, Zuccato C, Kleanthous M, Rivella S, Gambari R. Recent trends in the gene therapy of β-thalassemia. J Blood Med 2015; 6:69-85. [PMID: 25737641 PMCID: PMC4342371 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s46256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-thalassemias are a group of hereditary hematological diseases caused by over 300 mutations of the adult β-globin gene. Together with sickle cell anemia, thalassemia syndromes are among the most impactful diseases in developing countries, in which the lack of genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis have contributed to the maintenance of a very high frequency of these genetic diseases in the population. Gene therapy for β-thalassemia has recently seen steadily accelerating progress and has reached a crossroads in its development. Presently, data from past and ongoing clinical trials guide the design of further clinical and preclinical studies based on gene augmentation, while fundamental insights into globin switching and new technology developments have inspired the investigation of novel gene-therapy approaches. Moreover, human erythropoietic stem cells from β-thalassemia patients have been the cellular targets of choice to date whereas future gene-therapy studies might increasingly draw on induced pluripotent stem cells. Herein, we summarize the most significant developments in β-thalassemia gene therapy over the last decade, with a strong emphasis on the most recent findings, for β-thalassemia model systems; for β-, γ-, and anti-sickling β-globin gene addition and combinatorial approaches including the latest results of clinical trials; and for novel approaches, such as transgene-mediated activation of γ-globin and genome editing using designer nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Finotti
- Laboratory for the Development of Gene and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassaemia, Biotechnology Centre of Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy ; Associazione Veneta per la Lotta alla Talassemia, Rovigo, Italy ; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus ; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Laboratory for the Development of Gene and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassaemia, Biotechnology Centre of Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy ; Associazione Veneta per la Lotta alla Talassemia, Rovigo, Italy ; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Zuccato
- Laboratory for the Development of Gene and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassaemia, Biotechnology Centre of Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy ; Associazione Veneta per la Lotta alla Talassemia, Rovigo, Italy ; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus ; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA ; Department of Cell and Development Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Laboratory for the Development of Gene and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassaemia, Biotechnology Centre of Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy ; Associazione Veneta per la Lotta alla Talassemia, Rovigo, Italy ; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
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34
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Trakarnsanga K, Wilson MC, Lau W, Singleton BK, Parsons SF, Sakuntanaga P, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Anstee DJ, Frayne J. Induction of adult levels of β-globin in human erythroid cells that intrinsically express embryonic or fetal globin by transduction with KLF1 and BCL11A-XL. Haematologica 2014; 99:1677-85. [PMID: 25107887 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to the clinical use of erythrocytes generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or cord blood progenitors is failure of these erythrocytes to express adult hemoglobin. The key regulators of globin switching KLF1 and BCL11A are absent or at a lower level than in adult cells in K562 and erythroid cells differentiated in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells and cord blood progenitors. Transfection or transduction of K562 and cord blood erythroid cells with either KLF1 or BCL11A-XL had little effect on β-globin expression. In contrast, transduction with both transcription factors stimulated β-globin expression. Similarly, increasing the level of BCL11A-XL in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived erythroid cell line HiDEP-1, which has levels of endogenous KLF1 similar to adult cells but lacks BCL11A, resulted in levels of β-globin equivalent to that of adult erythroid cells. Interestingly, this increase in β-globin was coincident with a decrease in ε- and ζ-, but not γ-globin, implicating BCL11A in repression of embryonic globin expression. The data show that KLF1 and BCL11A-XL together are required, but sufficient to induce adult levels of β-globin in induced pluripotent stem cell and cord blood-derived erythroid cells that intrinsically express embryonic or fetal globin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongtana Trakarnsanga
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Winnie Lau
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda K Singleton
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Steve F Parsons
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ryo Kurita
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - David J Anstee
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Jan Frayne
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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35
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Mutations in Kruppel-like factor 1 cause transfusion-dependent hemolytic anemia and persistence of embryonic globin gene expression. Blood 2014; 123:1586-95. [PMID: 24443441 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-526087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on 8 compound heterozygotes for mutations in the key erythroid transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 1 in patients who presented with severe, transfusion-dependent hemolytic anemia. In most cases, the red cells were hypochromic and microcytic, consistent with abnormalities in hemoglobin synthesis. In addition, in many cases, the red cells resembled those seen in patients with membrane defects or enzymopathies, known as chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA). Analysis of RNA and protein in primary erythroid cells from these individuals provided evidence of abnormal globin synthesis, with persistent expression of fetal hemoglobin and, most remarkably, expression of large quantities of embryonic globins in postnatal life. The red cell membranes were abnormal, most notably expressing reduced amounts of CD44 and, consequently, manifesting the rare In(Lu) blood group. Finally, all tested patients showed abnormally low levels of the red cell enzyme pyruvate kinase, a known cause of CNSHA. These patients define a new type of severe, transfusion-dependent CNSHA caused by mutations in a trans-acting factor (Krüppel-like factor 1) and reveal an important pathway regulating embryonic globin gene expression in adult humans.
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36
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Shah S, Huang X, Cheng L. Concise review: stem cell-based approaches to red blood cell production for transfusion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:346-55. [PMID: 24361925 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusion is a common procedure in modern medicine, and it is practiced throughout the world; however, many countries report a less than sufficient blood supply. Even in developed countries where the supply is currently adequate, projected demographics predict an insufficient supply as early as 2050. The blood supply is also strained during occasional widespread disasters and crises. Transfusion of blood components such as red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, or neutrophils is increasingly used from the same blood unit for multiple purposes and to reduce alloimmune responses. Even for RBCs and platelets lacking nuclei and many antigenic cell-surface molecules, alloimmunity could occur, especially in patients with chronic transfusion requirements. Once alloimmunization occurs, such patients require RBCs from donors with a different blood group antigen combination, making it a challenge to find donors after every successive episode of alloimmunization. Alternative blood substitutes such as synthetic oxygen carriers have so far proven unsuccessful. In this review, we focus on current research and technologies that permit RBC production ex vivo from hematopoietic stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and immortalized erythroid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shah
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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37
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Chang KH, Huang A, Han H, Jiang Y, Fang X, Song CZ, Padilla S, Wang H, Qu H, Stamatoyannopoulos J, Li Q, Papayannopoulou T. Transcriptional environment and chromatin architecture interplay dictates globin expression patterns of heterospecific hybrids derived from undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells or from their erythroid progeny. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:967-979.e6. [PMID: 23993951 PMCID: PMC3836866 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the response of β globin locus with established chromatin domains upon their exposure to new transcriptional environments, we transferred the chromatin-packaged β globin locus of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or hESC-derived erythroblasts into an adult transcriptional environment. Distinct globin expression patterns were observed. In hESC-derived erythroblasts where both ε and γ globin were active and marked by similar chromatin modifications, ε globin was immediately silenced upon transfer, whereas γ globin continued to be expressed for months, implying that different transcriptional environments were required for their continuing expression. Whereas β globin was silent both in hESCs and in hESC-derived erythroblasts, β globin was only activated upon transfer from hESCs, but not in the presence of dominant γ globin transferred from hESC-derived erythroblasts, confirming the competing nature of γ versus β globin expression. With time, however, silencing of γ globin occurred in the adult transcriptional environment with concurrent activation of β-globin, accompanied by a drastic change in the epigenetic landscape of γ and β globin gene regions without apparent changes in the transcriptional environment. This switching process could be manipulated by overexpression or downregulation of certain transcription factors. Our studies provide important insights into the interplay between the transcription environment and existing chromatin domains, and we offer an experimental system to study the time-dependent human globin switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andy Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hemei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao-Zhong Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steve Padilla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongzhu Qu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Qiliang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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38
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Bauer DE, Kamran SC, Lessard S, Xu J, Fujiwara Y, Lin C, Shao Z, Canver MC, Smith EC, Pinello L, Sabo PJ, Vierstra J, Voit RA, Yuan GC, Porteus MH, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Lettre G, Orkin SH. An erythroid enhancer of BCL11A subject to genetic variation determines fetal hemoglobin level. Science 2013; 342:253-7. [PMID: 24115442 PMCID: PMC4018826 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have ascertained numerous trait-associated common genetic variants, frequently localized to regulatory DNA. We found that common genetic variation at BCL11A associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level lies in noncoding sequences decorated by an erythroid enhancer chromatin signature. Fine-mapping uncovers a motif-disrupting common variant associated with reduced transcription factor (TF) binding, modestly diminished BCL11A expression, and elevated HbF. The surrounding sequences function in vivo as a developmental stage-specific, lineage-restricted enhancer. Genome engineering reveals the enhancer is required in erythroid but not B-lymphoid cells for BCL11A expression. These findings illustrate how GWASs may expose functional variants of modest impact within causal elements essential for appropriate gene expression. We propose the GWAS-marked BCL11A enhancer represents an attractive target for therapeutic genome engineering for the β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sophia C. Kamran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Samuel Lessard
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Jian Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Carrie Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Zhen Shao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | | | - Elenoe C. Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Peter J. Sabo
- Departments of Genome Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Jeff Vierstra
- Departments of Genome Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Richard A. Voit
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115
| | | | | | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Stuart H. Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115
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39
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Baron MH, Vacaru A, Nieves J. Erythroid development in the mammalian embryo. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:213-9. [PMID: 23932234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is the process by which progenitors for red blood cells are produced and terminally differentiate. In all vertebrates, two morphologically distinct erythroid lineages (primitive, embryonic, and definitive, fetal/adult) form successively within the yolk sac, fetal liver, and marrow and are essential for normal development. Red blood cells have evolved highly specialized functions in oxygen transport, defense against oxidation, and vascular remodeling. Here we review key features of the ontogeny of red blood cell development in mammals, highlight similarities and differences revealed by genetic and gene expression profiling studies, and discuss methods for identifying erythroid cells at different stages of development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Baron
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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