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Song F, Chen Z. Preclinical liver cancer models in the context of immunoprecision therapy: Application and perspectives. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:989-1000. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i24.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, continues to pose challenges in achieving optimal treatment outcomes. The complex nature of HCC, characterized by high spatiotemporal heterogeneity, invasive potential, and drug resistance, presents difficulties in its research. Consequently, an in-depth understanding and accurate simulation of the immune microenvironment of HCC are of paramount importance. This article comprehensively explores the application of preclinical models in HCC research, encompassing cell line models, patient-derived xenograft mouse models, genetically engineered mouse models, chemically induced models, humanized mouse models, organoid models, and microfluidic chip-based patient derived organotypic spheroids models. Each model possesses its distinct advantages and limitations in replicating the biological behavior and immune microenvironment of HCC. By scrutinizing the limitations of existing models, this paper aims to propel the development of next-generation cancer models, enabling more precise emulation of HCC characteristics. This will, in turn, facilitate the optimization of treatment strategies, drug efficacy prediction, and safety assessments, ultimately contributing to the realization of personalized and precision therapies. Additionally, this article also provides insights into future trends and challenges in the fields of tumor biology and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Sugimoto E, Li J, Hayashi Y, Iida K, Asada S, Fukushima T, Tamura M, Shikata S, Zhang W, Yamamoto K, Kawabata KC, Kawase T, Saito T, Yoshida T, Yamazaki S, Kaito Y, Imai Y, Denda T, Ota Y, Fukuyama T, Tanaka Y, Enomoto Y, Kitamura T, Goyama S. Hyperactive Natural Killer cells in Rag2 knockout mice inhibit the development of acute myeloid leukemia. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1294. [PMID: 38129572 PMCID: PMC10739813 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic strategy for cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we found that the development of several aggressive subtypes of AML is slower in Rag2-/- mice despite the lack of B and T lymphocytes, even compared to the immunologically normal C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, an orally active p53-activating drug shows stronger antileukemia effect on AML in Rag2-/- mice than C57BL/6 mice. Intriguingly, Natural Killer (NK) cells in Rag2-/- mice are increased in number, highly express activation markers, and show increased cytotoxicity to leukemia cells in a coculture assay. B2m depletion that triggers missing-self recognition of NK cells impairs the growth of AML cells in vivo. In contrast, NK cell depletion accelerates AML progression in Rag2-/- mice. Interestingly, immunogenicity of AML keeps changing during tumor evolution, showing a trend that the aggressive AMLs generate through serial transplantations are susceptible to NK cell-mediated tumor suppression in Rag2-/- mice. Thus, we show the critical role of NK cells in suppressing the development of certain subtypes of AML using Rag2-/- mice, which lack functional lymphocytes but have hyperactive NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sugimoto
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jingmei Li
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Hayashi
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Iida
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Asada
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Tamura
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Shikata
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihito Cojin Kawabata
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawase
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Clinical Pharmacology Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma, Westborough, MA, USA
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuta Kaito
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IMSUT Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Imai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tamami Denda
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science Research Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ota
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science Research Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofusa Fukuyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Enomoto
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Harada T, Kikushige Y, Miyamoto T, Uno K, Niiro H, Kawakami A, Koga T, Akashi K, Yoshizaki K. Peripheral helper-T-cell-derived CXCL13 is a crucial pathogenic factor in idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6959. [PMID: 37907518 PMCID: PMC10618253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. Among subtypes of CD, idiopathic multicentric CD-not otherwise specified (iMCD-NOS) has a poor prognosis and its pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here we present a xenotransplantation model of iMCD-NOS pathogenesis. Immunodeficient mice, transplanted with lymph node (LN) cells from iMCD-NOS patients, develop iMCD-like lethal inflammation, while mice transplanted with LN cells from non-iMCD patients without inflammation serve as negative control. Grafts depleted of human CD3+ T cells fail to induce inflammation in vivo. Upon engraftment, peripheral helper T (Tph) cells expand and levels of human CXCL13 substantially increase in the sera of mice. A neutralizing antibody against human CXCL13 blocks development of inflammation and improves survival in the recipient mice. Our study thus indicates that Tph cells, producing CXCL13 play a critical role in the pathogenesis of iMCD-NOS, and establishes iMCD-NOS as an immunoregulatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Harada
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuko Uno
- Luis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niiro
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koga
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Yoshizaki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, SANKEN, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Medical corporation of Tokushukai, Osaka, Japan.
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4
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Lang Y, Lyu Y, Tan Y, Hu Z. Progress in construction of mouse models to investigate the pathogenesis and immune therapy of human hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195194. [PMID: 37646021 PMCID: PMC10461088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Calvanese V, Mikkola HKA. The genesis of human hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2023; 142:519-532. [PMID: 37339578 PMCID: PMC10447622 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental hematopoiesis consists of multiple, partially overlapping hematopoietic waves that generate the differentiated blood cells required for embryonic development while establishing a pool of undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for postnatal life. This multilayered design in which active hematopoiesis migrates through diverse extra and intraembryonic tissues has made it difficult to define a roadmap for generating HSCs vs non-self-renewing progenitors, especially in humans. Recent single-cell studies have helped in identifying the rare human HSCs at stages when functional assays are unsuitable for distinguishing them from progenitors. This approach has made it possible to track the origin of human HSCs to the unique type of arterial endothelium in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and document novel benchmarks for HSC migration and maturation in the conceptus. These studies have delivered new insights into the intricate process of HSC generation and provided tools to inform the in vitro efforts to replicate the physiological developmental journey from pluripotent stem cells via distinct mesodermal and endothelial intermediates to HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calvanese
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hanna K. A. Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Ha GH, Kim EJ, Park JS, Kim JE, Nam H, Yeon JY, Lee SH, Lee K, Kim CK, Joo KM. JAK2/STAT3 pathway mediates neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic treatment effects of adult human neural stem cells in middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke animal models. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8944-8969. [PMID: 36446389 PMCID: PMC9740376 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mismatches between pre-clinical and clinical results of stem cell therapeutics for ischemic stroke limit their clinical applicability. To overcome these discrepancies, precise planning of pre-clinical experiments that can be translated to clinical trials and the scientific elucidation of treatment mechanisms is important. In this study, adult human neural stem cells (ahNSCs) derived from temporal lobe surgical samples were used (to avoid ethical and safety issues), and their therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke were examined using middle cerebral artery occlusion animal models. 5 × 105 ahNSCs was directly injected into the lateral ventricle of contralateral brain hemispheres of immune suppressed rat stroke models at the subacute phase of stroke. Compared with the mock-treated group, ahNSCs reduced brain tissue atrophy and neurological sensorimotor and memory functional loss. Tissue analysis demonstrated that the significant therapeutic effects were mediated by the neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic activities of ahNSCs, which preserved neurons in ischemic brain areas and decreased reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. The neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic effects of ahNSCs were validated in in vitro stroke models and were induced by paracrine factors excreted by ahNSCs. When the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was inhibited by a specific inhibitor, AG490, the paracrine neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic effects of ahNSCs were reversed. This pre-clinical study that closely simulated clinical settings and provided treatment mechanisms of ahNSCs for ischemic stroke may aid the development of protocols for subsequent clinical trials of ahNSCs and the realization of clinically available stem cell therapeutics for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea
| | - Jee Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Je Young Yeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, South Korea,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, South Korea,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chung Kwon Kim
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08513, South Korea,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, South Korea,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, South Korea,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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7
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Sun Z, Yao B, Xie H, Su X. Clinical Progress and Preclinical Insights Into Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation Improvement. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:912-926. [PMID: 35972332 PMCID: PMC9492243 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of umbilical cord blood (UCB) as an important source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for hematopoietic reconstitution in the clinical context has steadily grown worldwide in the past 30 years. UCB has advantages that include rapid availability of donors, less strict HLA-matching demands, and low rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) versus bone marrow (BM) and mobilized peripheral blood (PB). However, the limited number of HSPCs within a single UCB unit often leads to delayed hematopoietic engraftment, increased risk of transplant-related infection and mortality, and proneness to graft failure, thus hindering wide clinical application. Many strategies have been developed to improve UCB engraftment, most of which are based on 2 approaches: increasing the HSPC number ex vivo before transplantation and enhancing HSPC homing to the recipient BM niche after transplantation. Recently, several methods have shown promising progress in UCB engraftment improvement. Here, we review the current situations of UCB manipulation in preclinical and clinical settings and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yao
- Zhejiang Hisoar Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangfan Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - XunCheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Behfar M, Muhammadnejad S, Abdolahi S, Mohseni R, Shoae-Hassani A, Monzavi SM, Hamidieh AA. Adoptive NK-cell transfer as a potential treatment paradigm for Wilms tumor: A preclinical study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29676. [PMID: 35441789 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cell therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of some cancers. However, the effects of this adoptive immunotherapy have not been investigated for Wilms tumor (WT). In this study, the effects of adoptive NK-cell transfer on a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of anaplastic WT were evaluated, and the impacts of cell source and ex vivo activation strategy on the therapeutic efficacy of NK-cell product were appraised. METHODS NK cells were isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (NKPB ) and human cord blood (NKCB ), and were expanded and activated using a cytokine cocktail. Another group of NK cells (NKET ) was produced through activation with the exosomes extracted from previously challenged NKPB cells with WT. PDX-bearing mice were treated with clinically relevant doses of NKPB , NKCB , NKET , standard chemotherapy, and placebo (phosphate-buffered saline). RESULTS PDX models treated with NKCB showed a better survival rate, though the difference among the study groups was not significant. Compared with the placebo control group, NKCB significantly improved the histopathologic response, NKPB significantly inhibited the proliferation of neoplastic cells, and NKET led to a significant decrease in the metastasis score (all p-values <.05). Standard chemotherapy provided the greatest tumor growth inhibition and the lowest mitotic count, though it did not show any significant advantage over NK-cell therapies in any of the outcome parameters in two-by-two comparisons. CONCLUSIONS This study spotlights the efficacy of adoptive NK-cell transfer as a potential treatment candidate for high-risk WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behfar
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abdolahi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rashin Mohseni
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoae-Hassani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Monzavi
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Emmrich S, Trapp A, Tolibzoda Zakusilo F, Straight ME, Ying AK, Tyshkovskiy A, Mariotti M, Gray S, Zhang Z, Drage MG, Takasugi M, Klusmann J, Gladyshev VN, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. Characterization of naked mole-rat hematopoiesis reveals unique stem and progenitor cell patterns and neotenic traits. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109694. [PMID: 35694726 PMCID: PMC9340489 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole rats (NMRs) are the longest-lived rodents yet their stem cell characteristics remain enigmatic. Here, we comprehensively mapped the NMR hematopoietic landscape and identified unique features likely contributing to longevity. Adult NMRs form red blood cells in spleen and marrow, which comprise a myeloid bias toward granulopoiesis together with decreased B-lymphopoiesis. Remarkably, youthful blood and marrow single-cell transcriptomes and cell compositions are largely maintained until at least middle age. Similar to primates, the primitive stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment is marked by CD34 and THY1. Stem cell polarity is seen for Tubulin but not CDC42, and is not lost until 12 years of age. HSPC respiration rates are as low as in purified human stem cells, in concert with a strong expression signature for fatty acid metabolism. The pool of quiescent stem cells is higher than in mice, and the cell cycle of hematopoietic cells is prolonged. By characterizing the NMR hematopoietic landscape, we identified resilience phenotypes such as an increased quiescent HSPC compartment, absence of age-related decline, and neotenic traits likely geared toward longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Albert K Ying
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Alexander Tyshkovskiy
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Marco Mariotti
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Spencer Gray
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Michael G Drage
- Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | | | - Jan‐Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and OncologyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
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10
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Nowlan B, Williams ED, Doran MR. Direct bone marrow injection of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells into mouse femurs results in greater prostate cancer PC-3 cell proliferation, but not specifically proliferation within the injected femurs. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:554. [PMID: 35581599 PMCID: PMC9112579 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While prostate cancer (PCa) cells most often metastasize to bone in men, species-specific differences between human and mouse bone marrow mean that this pattern is not faithfully replicated in mice. Herein we evaluated the impact of partially humanizing mouse bone marrow with human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC, also known as "mesenchymal stem cells") on human PCa cell behaviour. Methods BMSC are key cellular constituents of marrow. We used intrafemoral injection to transplant 5 × 105 luciferase (Luc) and green fluorescence protein (GFP) expressing human BMSC (hBMSC-Luc/GFP) into the right femur of non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) interleukin (IL)-2γ−/− (NSG) mice. Two weeks later, 2.5 × 106 PC-3 prostate cancer cells expressing DsRed (PC-3-DsRed) were delivered into the mice via intracardiac injection. PC-3-DsRed cells were tracked over time using an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) live animal imaging system, X-ray and IVIS imaging performed on harvested organs, and PC-3 cell numbers in femurs quantified using flow cytometry and histology. Results Flow cytometry analysis revealed greater PC-3-DsRed cell numbers within femurs of the mice that received hBMSC-Luc/GFP. However, while there were overall greater PC-3-DsRed cell numbers in these animals, there were not more PC-3-DsRed in the femurs injected with hBMSC-Luc/GFP than in contralateral femurs. A similar proportion of mice in with or without hBMSC-Luc/GFP had bone lessions, but the absolute number of bone lesions was greater in mice that had received hBMSC-Luc/GFP. Conclusion PC-3-DsRed cells preferentially populated bones in mice that had received hBMSC-Luc/GFP, although PC-3-DsRed cells not specifically localize in the bone marrow cavity where hBMSC-Luc/GFP had been transplanted. hBMSC-Luc/GFP appear to modify mouse biology in a manner that supports PC-3-DsRed tumor development, rather than specifically influencing PC-3-DsRed cell homing. This study provides useful insights into the role of humanizing murine bone marrow with hBMSC to study human PCa cell biology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09430-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nowlan
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Robert Doran
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. .,Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
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11
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Lederer CW, Koniali L, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Papasavva PL, La Grutta S, Licari A, Staud F, Bonifazi D, Kleanthous M. Catching Them Early: Framework Parameters and Progress for Prenatal and Childhood Application of Advanced Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040793. [PMID: 35456627 PMCID: PMC9031205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are medicines for human use based on genes, cells or tissue engineering. After clear successes in adults, the nascent technology now sees increasing pediatric application. For many still untreatable disorders with pre- or perinatal onset, timely intervention is simply indispensable; thus, prenatal and pediatric applications of ATMPs hold great promise for curative treatments. Moreover, for most inherited disorders, early ATMP application may substantially improve efficiency, economy and accessibility compared with application in adults. Vindicating this notion, initial data for cell-based ATMPs show better cell yields, success rates and corrections of disease parameters for younger patients, in addition to reduced overall cell and vector requirements, illustrating that early application may resolve key obstacles to the widespread application of ATMPs for inherited disorders. Here, we provide a selective review of the latest ATMP developments for prenatal, perinatal and pediatric use, with special emphasis on its comparison with ATMPs for adults. Taken together, we provide a perspective on the enormous potential and key framework parameters of clinical prenatal and pediatric ATMP application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten W. Lederer
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (L.K.); (P.L.P.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-392764
| | - Lola Koniali
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (L.K.); (P.L.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Panayiota L. Papasavva
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (L.K.); (P.L.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, IFT National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Donato Bonifazi
- Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche (CVBF) and European Paediatric Translational Research Infrastructure (EPTRI), 70122 Bari, Italy;
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (L.K.); (P.L.P.); (M.K.)
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12
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He M, Xu H, Liu G, Yang M, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu X, Xu S, Ding Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang Q. Levistilide A Promotes Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806837. [PMID: 35250558 PMCID: PMC8895481 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches to expand human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) clinically along with retainable capability of multipotential differentiation have been reported, but only a few have advanced to evaluation in clinical trials, which limits the application of HSC-based therapy. Here we show a phthalide derivative, Levistilide A (LA), can serve as a promising molecule to expand functional human umbilical cord blood (UCB) HSCs ex vivo. An in-house screen identified LA out of nine natural products as an outstanding candidate for hHSCs expansion. Additionally, our data indicated that LA treatment not only increased the numbers of phenotype-defined HSCs, but also enhanced their colony formation ability. Xenotransplantation assays showed that LA treatment could maintain unaffected engraftment of hHSCs with multilineage differentiation capacity. Further experiments revealed that LA enhanced the antioxidant activity of hHSCs by reducing intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The identification of LA provides a new strategy in solving the clinical issue of limited numbers of UCB HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hexiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahui Ding
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhang, ; Yingdai Gao, ; Yinghui Li, ; Yahui Ding,
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhang, ; Yingdai Gao, ; Yinghui Li, ; Yahui Ding,
| | - Yingdai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhang, ; Yingdai Gao, ; Yinghui Li, ; Yahui Ding,
| | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhang, ; Yingdai Gao, ; Yinghui Li, ; Yahui Ding,
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13
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Matteini F, Mulaw MA, Florian MC. Aging of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche: New Tools to Answer an Old Question. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738204. [PMID: 34858399 PMCID: PMC8631970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche is a specialized microenvironment, where a complex and dynamic network of interactions across multiple cell types regulates HSC function. During the last years, it became progressively clearer that changes in the HSC niche are responsible for specific alterations of HSC behavior. The aging of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment has been shown to critically contribute to the decline in HSC function over time. Interestingly, while upon aging some niche structures within the BM are degenerated and negatively affect HSC functionality, other niche cells and specific signals are preserved and essential to retaining HSC function and regenerative capacity. These new findings on the role of the aging BM niche critically depend on the implementation of new technical tools, developed thanks to transdisciplinary approaches, which bring together different scientific fields. For example, the development of specific mouse models in addition to coculture systems, new 3D-imaging tools, ossicles, and ex-vivo BM mimicking systems is highlighting the importance of new technologies to unravel the complexity of the BM niche on aging. Of note, an exponential impact in the understanding of this biological system has been recently brought by single-cell sequencing techniques, spatial transcriptomics, and implementation of artificial intelligence and deep learning approaches to data analysis and integration. This review focuses on how the aging of the BM niche affects HSCs and on the new tools to investigate the specific alterations occurring in the BM upon aging. All these new advances in the understanding of the BM niche and its regulatory function on HSCs have the potential to lead to novel therapeutical approaches to preserve HSC function upon aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Matteini
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Program for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia, P-CMR[C], Barcelona, Spain
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Internal Medicine I, Ulm University and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Carolina Florian
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Program for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia, P-CMR[C], Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Gilfanova R, Callegari A, Childs A, Yang G, Luarca M, Gutierrez AG, Medina KI, Mai J, Hui A, Kline M, Wei X, Norris PJ, Muench MO. A bioinspired and chemically defined alternative to dimethyl sulfoxide for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:2644-2650. [PMID: 34155359 PMCID: PMC8563414 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of hematopoietic cells using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and serum is a common procedure used in transplantation. However, DMSO has clinical and biological side effects due to its toxicity, and serum introduces variation and safety risks. Inspired by natural antifreeze proteins, a novel class of ice-interactive cryoprotectants was developed. The corresponding DMSO-, protein-, and serum-free cryopreservation media candidates were screened through a series of biological assays using human cell lines, peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells. XT-Thrive-A and XT-Thrive-B were identified as lead candidates to rival cryopreservation with 10% DMSO in serum based on post-thaw cell survival and short-term proliferation assays. The effectiveness of the novel cryopreservation media in freezing hematopoietic stem cells from human whole bone marrow was assessed by extreme limiting dilution analysis in immunodeficient mice. Stem cell frequencies were measured 12 weeks after transplant based on bone marrow engraftment of erythroid, myeloid, B-lymphoid, and CD34+ progenitors measured by flow cytometry. The recovered numbers of cryopreserved stem cells were similar among XT-Thrive A, XT-Thrive B, and DMSO with serum groups. These findings show that cryoprotectants developed through biomimicry of natural antifreeze proteins offers a substitute for DMSO-based media for the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Justin Mai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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15
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Culturing patient-derived malignant hematopoietic stem cells in engineered and fully humanized 3D niches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114227118. [PMID: 34580200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114227118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malignant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in bone marrow (BM) niches, which remain challenging to explore due to limited in vivo accessibility and constraints with humanized animal models. Several in vitro systems have been established to culture patient-derived HSPCs in specific microenvironments, but they do not fully recapitulate the complex features of native bone marrow. Our group previously reported that human osteoblastic BM niches (O-N), engineered by culturing mesenchymal stromal cells within three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds under perfusion flow in a bioreactor system, are capable of maintaining, expanding, and functionally regulating healthy human cord blood-derived HSPCs. Here, we first demonstrate that this 3D O-N can sustain malignant CD34+ cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasm patients for up to 3 wk. Human malignant cells distributed in the bioreactor system mimicking the spatial distribution found in native BM tissue, where most HSPCs remain linked to the niches and mature cells are released to the circulation. Using human adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells, we then generated a stromal-vascular niche and demonstrated that O-N and stromal-vascular niche differentially regulate leukemic UCSD-AML1 cell expansion, immunophenotype, and response to chemotherapy. The developed system offers a unique platform to investigate human leukemogenesis and response to drugs in customized environments, mimicking defined features of native hematopoietic niches and compatible with the establishment of personalized settings.
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16
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Engraftment characterization of risk-stratified AML patients in NSGS mice. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4842-4854. [PMID: 34470043 PMCID: PMC9153030 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PDXs from risk-stratified AML samples are crucial for studying AML biology and testing novel therapeutics. We characterize human AML engraftment in NSGS mice, offering a valuable platform for in vivo testing of targeted therapies.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. Disease heterogeneity is well documented, and patient stratification determines treatment decisions. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from risk-stratified AML are crucial for studying AML biology and testing novel therapeutics. Despite recent advances in PDX modeling of AML, reproducible engraftment of human AML is primarily limited to high-risk (HR) cases, with inconsistent or very protracted engraftment observed for favorable-risk (FR) and intermediate-risk (IR) patients. We used NSGS mice to characterize the engraftment robustness/kinetics of 28 AML patient samples grouped according to molecular/cytogenetic classification and assessed whether the orthotopic coadministration of patient-matched bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) improves AML engraftment. PDX event-free survival correlated well with the predictable prognosis of risk-stratified AML patients. The majority (85-94%) of the mice were engrafted in bone marrow (BM) independently of the risk group, although HR AML patients showed engraftment levels that were significantly superior to those of FR or IR AML patients. Importantly, the engraftment levels observed in NSGS mice by week 6 remained stable over time. Serial transplantation and long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays revealed long-term engraftment limited to HR AML patients, fitter leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) in HR AML samples, and the presence of AML LICs in the CD34− leukemic fraction, regardless of the risk group. Finally, orthotopic coadministration of patient-matched BM MSCs and AML cells was dispensable for BM engraftment levels but favored peripheralization of engrafted AML cells. This comprehensive characterization of human AML engraftment in NSGS mice offers a valuable platform for in vivo testing of targeted therapies in risk-stratified AML patient samples.
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17
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Kikushige Y. TIM-3 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis: Structure, function, and signaling pathways. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3419-3426. [PMID: 34159709 PMCID: PMC8409405 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is hierarchically organized by self-renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs). LSCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by acquiring multistep leukemogenic events. To specifically eradicate LSCs, while keeping normal HSCs intact, the discrimination of LSCs from HSCs is important. We have identified T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) as an LSC-specific surface molecule in human myeloid malignancies and demonstrated its essential function in maintaining the self-renewal ability of LSCs. TIM-3 has been intensively investigated as a "coinhibitory" or "immune checkpoint" molecule of T cells. However, little is known about its distinct function in T cells and myeloid malignancies. In this review, we discuss the structure of TIM-3 and its function in normal blood cells and LSCs, emphasizing the specific signaling pathways involved, as well as the therapeutic applications of TIM-3 molecules in human myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Zebrafish, an In Vivo Platform to Screen Drugs and Proteins for Biomedical Use. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060500. [PMID: 34073947 PMCID: PMC8225009 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly simultaneous convergence of human genetics and advanced molecular technologies has led to an improved understanding of human diseases. At the same time, the demand for drug screening and gene function identification has also increased, albeit time- and labor-intensive. However, bridging the gap between in vitro evidence from cell lines and in vivo evidence, the lower vertebrate zebrafish possesses many advantages over higher vertebrates, such as low maintenance, high fecundity, light-induced spawning, transparent embryos, short generation interval, rapid embryonic development, fully sequenced genome, and some phenotypes similar to human diseases. Such merits have popularized the zebrafish as a model system for biomedical and pharmaceutical studies, including drug screening. Here, we reviewed the various ways in which zebrafish serve as an in vivo platform to perform drug and protein screening in the fields of rare human diseases, social behavior and cancer studies. Since zebrafish mutations faithfully phenocopy many human disorders, many compounds identified from zebrafish screening systems have advanced to early clinical trials, such as those for Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Dravet syndrome and Diamond-Blackfan anemia. We also reviewed and described how zebrafish are used to carry out environmental pollutant detection and assessment of nanoparticle biosafety and QT prolongation.
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19
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Pievani A, Savoldelli R, Poelchen J, Mattioli E, Anselmi G, Girardot A, Utikal J, Bourdely P, Serafini M, Guermonprez P. Harnessing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Engineering of Human Hematopoietic Niches. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631279. [PMID: 33790904 PMCID: PMC8006008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering opens multiple opportunities in regenerative medicine, drug testing, and modeling of the hematopoiesis in health and disease. Recapitulating the organization of physiological microenvironments supporting leukocyte development is essential to model faithfully the development of immune cells. Hematopoietic organs are shaped by spatially organized niches defined by multiple cellular contributions. A shared feature of immune niches is the presence of mesenchymal stromal cells endowed with unique roles in organizing niche development, maintenance, and function. Here, we review challenges and opportunities in harnessing stromal cells for the engineering of artificial immune niches and hematopoietic organoids recapitulating leukocyte ontogeny both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Department of Pediatrics, M. Tettamanti Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Savoldelli
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK King's Health Partner Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Poelchen
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisa Mattioli
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK King's Health Partner Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Girardot
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pierre Bourdely
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pediatrics, M. Tettamanti Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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20
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Wang T, Pine AR, Kotini AG, Yuan H, Zamparo L, Starczynowski DT, Leslie C, Papapetrou EP. Sequential CRISPR gene editing in human iPSCs charts the clonal evolution of myeloid leukemia and identifies early disease targets. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1074-1089.e7. [PMID: 33571445 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cancers arise through the sequential acquisition of somatic mutations that create successive clonal populations. Human cancer evolution models could help illuminate this process and inform therapeutic intervention at an early disease stage, but their creation has faced significant challenges. Here, we combined induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies to develop a model of the clonal evolution of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Through the stepwise introduction of three driver mutations, we generated iPSC lines that, upon hematopoietic differentiation, capture distinct premalignant stages, including clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), culminating in a transplantable leukemia, and recapitulate transcriptional and chromatin accessibility signatures of primary human MDS and AML. By mapping dynamic changes in transcriptomes and chromatin landscapes, we characterize transcriptional programs driving specific transitions between disease stages. We identify cell-autonomous dysregulation of inflammatory signaling as an early and persistent event in leukemogenesis and a promising early therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansu Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison R Pine
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andriana G Kotini
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Yuan
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee Zamparo
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel T Starczynowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christina Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Sommerkamp P, Mercier FE, Wilkinson AC, Bonnet D, Bourgine PE. Engineering human hematopoietic environments through ossicle and bioreactor technologies exploitation. Exp Hematol 2021; 94:20-25. [PMID: 33278488 PMCID: PMC7879567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment contains cellular niches that maintain the pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and support hematopoietic maturation. Malignant hematopoietic cells also co-opt normal cellular interactions to promote their own growth and evade therapy. In vivo systems used to study human hematopoiesis have been developed through transplantation into immunodeficient mouse models. However, incomplete cross-compatibility between the murine stroma and transplanted human hematopoietic cells limits the rate of engraftment and the study of relevant interactions. To supplement in vivo xenotransplantation models, complementary strategies have recently been developed, including the use of three-dimensional human bone marrow organoids in vivo, generated from bone marrow stromal cells seeded onto osteo-inductive scaffolds, as well as the use of ex vivo bioreactor models. These topics were the focus of the Spring 2020 International Society for Experimental Hematology New Investigator webinar. We review here the latest advances in generating humanized hematopoietic organoids and how they allow for the study of novel microenvironmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Sommerkamp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François E Mercier
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Adam C Wilkinson
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- The Francis Crick Institute, Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Paul E Bourgine
- Laboratory for Cell, Tissue, and Organ Engineering, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Gupta A, Damania RC, Talati R, O'Riordan MA, Matloub YH, Ahuja SP. Increased Toxicity Among Adolescents and Young Adults Compared with Children Hospitalized with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia at Children's Hospitals in the United States. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2021; 10:645-653. [PMID: 33512257 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients (15-39 years old) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have less favorable outcomes and higher treatment-related mortality as compared with older children with ALL. Minimal data exist regarding how well AYA patients tolerate the intensity of chemotherapy at doses and regimens designed for children, and the toxicities suffered by this population at children's hospitals have not been thoroughly characterized. Methods: Pediatric Health Information Systems database was queried to analyze health care outcomes in pediatric (ages 10-14) and AYA patients (ages 15-39) with ALL hospitalized between January 1999 and December 2014. We extracted relevant ICD-9 data for each patient related to grades 3 or 4 toxicities as outlined by the NCI. Results: A total of 5345 hospital admissions met inclusion criteria, representing 4046 unique patients. Of these admissions, 2195 (41.1%) were in the AYA age group, and the remainder were in the 10-14-year-old group. AYA patients had a significantly higher incidence of intensive care unit stay but no difference in median hospital stay nor mortality. AYA patients had increased toxicities in almost every organ system as compared with older children. Conclusions: In this large multicenter US database study, we found an overall increased number of toxicities among AYA patients with ALL in children's hospitals. Compared with children between the ages of 10 and 15, AYA patients developed disproportionately higher toxicities from drugs commonly used in pediatric protocols for ALL. Prospective studies are needed to assess whether dose modifications for certain chemotherapeutics may improve the toxicity profile and health care burden of AYA patients with ALL treated in children's hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rahul C Damania
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ravi Talati
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Ann O'Riordan
- Women's & Children's Services, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yousif H Matloub
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay P Ahuja
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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A human SIRPA knock-in xenograft mouse model to study human hematopoietic and cancer stem cells. Blood 2020; 135:1661-1672. [PMID: 32206775 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human-to-mouse xenogeneic transplantation, polymorphisms of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPA) that decide their binding affinity for human CD47 are critical for engraftment efficiency of human cells. In this study, we generated a new C57BL/6.Rag2nullIl2rgnull (BRG) mouse line with Sirpahuman/human (BRGShuman) mice, in which mouse Sirpa was replaced by human SIRPA encompassing all 8 exons. Macrophages from C57BL/6 mice harboring Sirpahuman/human had a significantly stronger affinity for human CD47 than those harboring SirpaNOD/NOD and did not show detectable phagocytosis against human hematopoietic stem cells. In turn, Sirpahuman/human macrophages had a moderate affinity for mouse CD47, and BRGShuman mice did not exhibit the blood cytopenia that was seen in Sirpa-/- mice. In human to mouse xenograft experiments, BRGShuman mice showed significantly greater engraftment and maintenance of human hematopoiesis with a high level of myeloid reconstitution, as well as improved reconstitution in peripheral tissues, compared with BRG mice harboring SirpaNOD/NOD (BRGSNOD). BRGShuman mice also showed significantly enhanced engraftment and growth of acute myeloid leukemia and subcutaneously transplanted human colon cancer cells compared with BRGSNOD mice. BRGShuman mice should be a useful basic line for establishing a more authentic xenotransplantation model to study normal and malignant human stem cells.
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24
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Spyrou N, Papapetrou EP. Studying leukemia stem cell properties and vulnerabilities with human iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102117. [PMID: 33388708 PMCID: PMC8190184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of cancer cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can capture entire cancer genomes, and thus create genetically faithful models of human cancers. By providing stringent genetically clonal conditions, iPSC modeling can also unveil non-genetic sources of cancer heterogeneity and provide a unique opportunity to study them separately from genetic sources, as we recently showed in an iPSC-based model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Genetically clonal iPSCs, derived from a patient with AML, reproduce, upon hematopoietic differentiation, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity with all the hallmarks of a leukemia stem cell (LSC) hierarchy. Here we discuss the lessons that can be learned about the LSC state, its plasticity, stability and genetic and epigenetic determinants from iPSC modeling. We also discuss the practical and translational implications of exploiting AML-iPSCs to prospectively isolate large numbers of iLSCs for large-scale experiments, such as screens, and for discovery of new therapeutic targets specific to AML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Spyrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Yan C, Do D, Yang Q, Brunson DC, JF R, Langenau DM. Single-cell imaging of human cancer xenografts using adult immunodeficient zebrafish. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3105-3128. [PMID: 32826993 PMCID: PMC8097243 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an ideal cell transplantation model. They are highly fecund, optically clear and an excellent platform for preclinical drug discovery studies. Traditionally, xenotransplantation has been carried out using larval zebrafish that have not yet developed adaptive immunity. Larval engraftment is a powerful short-term transplant platform amenable to high-throughput drug screening studies, yet animals eventually reject tumors and cannot be raised at 37 °C. To address these limitations, we have recently developed adult casper-strain prkdc-/-, il2rgα-/- immunocompromised zebrafish that robustly engraft human cancer cells for in excess of 28 d. Because the adult zebrafish can be administered drugs by oral gavage or i.p. injection, our model is suitable for achieving accurate, preclinical drug dosing. Our platform also allows facile visualization of drug effects in vivo at single-cell resolution over days. Here, we describe the procedures for xenograft cell transplantation into the prkdc-/-, il2rgα-/- model, including refined husbandry protocols for optimal growth and rearing of immunosuppressed zebrafish at 37 °C; optimized intraperitoneal and periocular muscle cell transplantation; and epifluorescence and confocal imaging approaches to visualize the effects of administering clinically relevant drug dosing at single-cell resolution in vivo. After identification of adult homozygous animals, this procedure takes 35 d to complete. 7 days are required to acclimate adult fish to 37 °C, and 28 d are required for engraftment studies. Our protocol provides a comprehensive guide for using immunocompromised zebrafish for xenograft cell transplantation and credentials the model as a new preclinical drug discovery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Mass General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129,Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel Do
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Mass General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129,Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Mass General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129,Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Dalton C. Brunson
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Mass General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129,Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Rawls JF
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M. Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Mass General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129,Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139,Lead contact
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26
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Melgar K, Walker MM, Jones LM, Bolanos LC, Hueneman K, Wunderlich M, Jiang JK, Wilson KM, Zhang X, Sutter P, Wang A, Xu X, Choi K, Tawa G, Lorimer D, Abendroth J, O'Brien E, Hoyt SB, Berman E, Famulare CA, Mulloy JC, Levine RL, Perentesis JP, Thomas CJ, Starczynowski DT. Overcoming adaptive therapy resistance in AML by targeting immune response pathways. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/508/eaaw8828. [PMID: 31484791 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inhibitors to oncogenic kinases demonstrate encouraging clinical responses early in the treatment course; however, most patients will relapse because of target-dependent mechanisms that mitigate enzyme-inhibitor binding or through target-independent mechanisms, such as alternate activation of survival and proliferation pathways, known as adaptive resistance. Here, we describe mechanisms of adaptive resistance in FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase (FLT3)-mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by examining integrative in-cell kinase and gene regulatory network responses after oncogenic signaling blockade by FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i). We identified activation of innate immune stress response pathways after treatment of FLT3-mutant AML cells with FLT3i and showed that innate immune pathway activation via the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and 4 (IRAK1/4) complex contributes to adaptive resistance in FLT3-mutant AML cells. To overcome this adaptive resistance mechanism, we developed a small molecule that simultaneously inhibits FLT3 and IRAK1/4 kinases. The multikinase FLT3-IRAK1/4 inhibitor eliminated adaptively resistant FLT3-mutant AML cells in vitro and in vivo and displayed superior efficacy as compared to current targeted FLT3 therapies. These findings uncover a polypharmacologic strategy for overcoming adaptive resistance to therapy in AML by targeting immune stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Melgar
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Morgan M Walker
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Lyndsey C Bolanos
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathleen Hueneman
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Jiang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelli M Wilson
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick Sutter
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Wang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory Tawa
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Eric O'Brien
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Scott B Hoyt
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellin Berman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher A Famulare
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John P Perentesis
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. .,Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Daniel T Starczynowski
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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27
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Wilkinson AC, Nakauchi H. Stabilizing hematopoietic stem cells in vitro. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:1-5. [PMID: 32570191 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can regenerate all lineages of the adult blood and immune systems long-term following transplantation via a combination of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. HSCs are therefore an important cell type in both basic research and in the clinic, where HSC transplantation is a curative therapy for a range of diseases. However, as a rare bone marrow cell population, the characterization and collection of HSCs can often be challenging. This has led to a large search for in vitro culture conditions that support the growth of functional HSCs and the in vitro stabilization of the HSC state represents a major goal in the field. Here, we review recent progress towards stabilizing HSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Wilkinson
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
The self-renewal capacity of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) supports blood system homeostasis throughout life and underlies the curative capacity of clinical HSC transplantation therapies. However, despite extensive characterization of the HSC state in the adult bone marrow and embryonic fetal liver, the mechanism of HSC self-renewal has remained elusive. This Review presents our current understanding of HSC self-renewal in vivo and ex vivo, and discusses important advances in ex vivo HSC expansion that are providing new biological insights and offering new therapeutic opportunities.
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29
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Pievani A, Biondi M, Tomasoni C, Biondi A, Serafini M. Location First: Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Within Its Niche. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1513. [PMID: 32443460 PMCID: PMC7290711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and development of new treatments, acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-backbone therapy has remained essentially unchanged over the last decades and is frequently associated with poor outcomes. Eradicating the leukemic stem cells (LSCs) is the ultimate challenge in the treatment of AML. Emerging evidence suggests that AML remodels the bone marrow (BM) niche into a leukemia-permissive microenvironment while suppressing normal hematopoiesis. The mechanism of stromal-mediated protection of leukemic cells in the BM is complex and involves many adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines. Targeting these factors may represent a valuable approach to complement existing therapies and overcome microenvironment-mediated drug resistance. Some strategies for dislodging LSCs and leukemic blasts from their protective niche have already been tested in patients and are in different phases of the process of clinical development. Other strategies, such as targeting the stromal cells remodeling processes, remain at pre-clinical stages. Development of humanized xenograft mouse models, which overcome the mismatch between human leukemia cells and the mouse BM niche, is required to generate physiologically relevant, patient-specific human niches in mice that can be used to unravel the role of human AML microenvironment and to carry out preclinical studies for the development of new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Marta Biondi
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Tomasoni
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
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30
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SIRPAssing other xenograft murine models? Blood 2020; 135:1612-1614. [PMID: 32379878 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Devolder K, Yip LJ, Douglas T. The Ethics of Creating and Using Human-Animal Chimeras. ILAR J 2020; 60:434-438. [PMID: 32325492 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in gene-editing and stem-cell technology have expanded the range of possible future applications in human-animal chimera research. Most notably, recent developments may allow researchers to generate whole personalized human organs in pigs for the purpose of transplantation into human patients. Though human-animal chimera research in small animals, such as mice, is routine, human-animal chimeric techniques are now increasingly being applied to larger animals. Moreover, these chimeras include increasing amounts of human material, which is potentially present in more morally significant locations, such as the brain and the reproductive system. These developments raise important ethical questions about whether we should create such chimeras, and if so, how we should treat them. Answers to these ethical questions are needed to inform the development of policies regulating human-animal chimera research and its applications. Here, we provide a review of some of the most important or widespread ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Devolder
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lauren J Yip
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Douglas
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Jessus College, Oxford, UK
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32
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Clonal competition within complex evolutionary hierarchies shapes AML over time. Nat Commun 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32024830 PMCID: PMC7002407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal heterogeneity and evolution has major implications for disease progression and relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To model clonal dynamics in vivo, we serially transplanted 23 AML cases to immunodeficient mice and followed clonal composition for up to 15 months by whole-exome sequencing of 84 xenografts across two generations. We demonstrate vast changes in clonality that both progress and reverse over time, and define five patterns of clonal dynamics: Monoclonal, Stable, Loss, Expansion and Burst. We also show that subclonal expansion in vivo correlates with a more adverse prognosis. Furthermore, clonal expansion enabled detection of very rare clones with AML driver mutations that were undetectable by sequencing at diagnosis, demonstrating that the vast majority of AML cases harbor multiple clones already at diagnosis. Finally, the rise and fall of related clones enabled deconstruction of the complex evolutionary hierarchies of the clones that compete to shape AML over time. Clonal evolution and heterogeneity has strong implications for treatment response in acute myeloid leukemia. Here, the authors use patient derived in vivo modelling to highlight the complex clonal and evolutionary dynamics underpinning acute myeloid leukemia progression.
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33
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Humanized Mice as an Effective Evaluation System for Peptide Vaccines and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246337. [PMID: 31888191 PMCID: PMC6940818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccination was developed for the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases and cancer. However, vaccine development is challenging, because the patient immune system requires the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition with the peptide. Moreover, antigens sometimes induce a low response, even if the peptide is presented by antigen-presenting cells and T cells recognize it. This is because the patient immunity is dampened or restricted by environmental factors. Even if the immune system responds appropriately, newly-developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are used to increase the immune response against cancer, make the immune environment more complex. The ICIs may activate T cells, although the ratio of responsive patients is not high. However, the vaccine may induce some immune adverse effects in the presence of ICIs. Therefore, a system is needed to predict such risks. Humanized mouse systems possessing human immune cells have been developed to examine human immunity in vivo. One of the systems which uses transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may become a new diagnosis strategy. Various humanized mouse systems are being developed and will become good tools for the prediction of antibody response and immune adverse effects.
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34
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Cancer Stem Cells and Osteosarcoma: Opportunities and Limitations. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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35
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Domesticated cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells allow the generation of neonatal interspecies chimeric pigs. Protein Cell 2019; 11:97-107. [PMID: 31781970 PMCID: PMC6954905 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-00676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation by pluripotent stem cell (PSC) injection is believed to be the most promising method to generate xenogeneic organs. However, ethical issues prevent the study of human chimeras in the late embryonic stage of development. Primate embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which have similar pluripotency to human ESCs, are a good model for studying interspecies chimerism and organ generation. However, whether primate ESCs can be used in xenogenous grafts remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the chimeric ability of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) ESCs (cmESCs) in pigs, which are excellent hosts because of their many similarities to humans. We report an optimized culture medium that enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of cmESCs and improved the development of chimeric embryos, in which domesticated cmESCs (D-ESCs) injected into pig blastocysts differentiated into cells of all three germ layers. In addition, we obtained two neonatal interspecies chimeras, in which we observed tissue-specific D-ESC differentiation. Taken together, the results demonstrate the capability of D-ESCs to integrate and differentiate into functional cells in a porcine model, with a chimeric ratio of 0.001–0.0001 in different neonate tissues. We believe this work will facilitate future developments in xenogeneic organogenesis, bringing us one step closer to producing tissue-specific functional cells and organs in a large animal model through interspecies blastocyst complementation.
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Tang J, Xu Z, Huang L, Luo H, Zhu X. Transcriptional regulation in model organisms: recent progress and clinical implications. Open Biol 2019; 9:190183. [PMID: 31744421 PMCID: PMC6893401 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize model organisms used by scientists in the laboratory, including Escherichia coli, yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana, nematodes, Drosophila, zebrafish, mice and other animals. We focus on the progress in research exploring different types of E. coli in the human body, and the specific molecular mechanisms by which they play a role in humans. First, we discuss the specific transcriptional regulation mechanism of E. coli in cell development, maturation, ageing and longevity, as well as tumorigenesis and development. Then, we discuss how the synthesis of some important substances in cells is regulated and how this affects biological behaviour. Understanding and applying these mechanisms, presumably, can greatly improve the quality of people's lives as well as increase their lifespan. For example, some E. coli can activate certain cells by secreting insulin-like growth factor-1, thus activating the inflammatory response of the body, while other E. coli can inactivate the immune response of the body by secreting toxic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Lianfang Huang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
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37
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Barcia Durán JG, Lis R, Rafii S. Haematopoietic stem cell reprogramming and the hope for a universal blood product. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3253-3265. [PMID: 31725897 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the only adult stem cells with a demonstrated clinical use, even though a tractable method to maintain and expand human HSCs in vitro has not yet been found. Owing to the introduction of transplantation strategies for the treatment of haematological malignancies and, more recently, the promise of gene therapy, the need to improve the generation, manipulation and scalability of autologous or allogeneic HSCs has risen steeply over the past decade. In that context, reprogramming strategies based on the expression of exogenous transcription factors have emerged as a means to produce functional HSCs in vitro. These approaches largely stem from the assumption that key master transcription factors direct the expression of downstream target genes thereby triggering haematopoiesis. Both somatic and pluripotent cells have been used to this end, yielding variable results in terms of haematopoietic phenotype and functionality. Here, we present an overview of the haematopoietic reprogramming methods reported to date, provide the appropriate historical context and offer some critical insight about where the field stands at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Long-term in vivo microscopy of CAR T cell dynamics during eradication of CNS lymphoma in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24275-24284. [PMID: 31712432 PMCID: PMC6883823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903854116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly malignant brain tumor with limited treatment options. Here, we show that genetically engineered T cells, expressing a chimeric antigen receptor, thoroughly infiltrate these tumors in mice. Combining intravital 2-photon microscopy with chronic cranial windows, we were able to visualize their intratumoral proliferation and intracerebral persistence for up to 159 d, leading to the eradication of large, established PCNSL and to long-term survival. T cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) demonstrate impressive efficacy in the treatment of systemic B cell malignancies, including B cell lymphoma. However, their effect on primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is unknown. Additionally, the detailed cellular dynamics of CAR T cells during their antitumor reaction remain unclear, including their intratumoral infiltration depth, mobility, and persistence. Studying these processes in detail requires repeated intravital imaging of precisely defined tumor regions during weeks of tumor growth and regression. Here, we have combined a model of PCNSL with in vivo intracerebral 2-photon microscopy. Thereby, we were able to visualize intracranial PCNSL growth and therapeutic effects of CAR T cells longitudinally in the same animal over several weeks. Intravenous (i.v.) injection resulted in poor tumor infiltration of anti-CD19 CAR T cells and could not sufficiently control tumor growth. After intracerebral injection, however, anti-CD19 CAR T cells invaded deeply into the solid tumor, reduced tumor growth, and induced regression of PCNSL, which was associated with long-term survival. Intracerebral anti-CD19 CAR T cells entered the circulation and infiltrated distant, nondraining lymph nodes more efficiently than mock CAR T cells. After complete regression of tumors, anti-CD19 CAR T cells remained detectable intracranially and intravascularly for up to 159 d. Collectively, these results demonstrate the great potential of anti-CD19 CAR T cells for the treatment of PCNSL.
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Hayashi Y, Goyama S, Liu X, Tamura M, Asada S, Tanaka Y, Fukuyama T, Wunderlich M, O'Brien E, Mizukawa B, Yamazaki S, Matsumoto A, Yamasaki S, Shibata T, Matsuda K, Sashida G, Takizawa H, Kitamura T. Antitumor immunity augments the therapeutic effects of p53 activation on acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4869. [PMID: 31653912 PMCID: PMC6814808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulator of p53, MDM2, is frequently overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that retains wild-type TP53 alleles. Targeting of p53-MDM2 interaction to reactivate p53 function is therefore an attractive therapeutic approach for AML. Here we show that an orally active inhibitor of p53-MDM2 interaction, DS-5272, causes dramatic tumor regressions of MLL-AF9-driven AML in vivo with a tolerable toxicity. However, the antileukemia effect of DS-5272 is markedly attenuated in immunodeficient mice, indicating the critical impact of systemic immune responses that drive p53-mediated leukemia suppression. In relation to this, DS-5272 triggers immune-inflammatory responses in MLL-AF9 cells including upregulation of Hif1α and PD-L1, and inhibition of the Hif1α-PD-L1 axis sensitizes AML cells to p53 activation. We also found that NK cells are important mediators of antileukemia immunity. Our study showed the potent activity of a p53-activating drug against AML, which is further augmented by antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/drug effects
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/drug effects
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/immunology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy
- Inflammation
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Hayashi
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - XiaoXiao Liu
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Tamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Asada
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofusa Fukuyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric O'Brien
- Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Mizukawa
- Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational biology and medical Sciences, Graduate school of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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40
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Yan C, Brunson DC, Tang Q, Do D, Iftimia NA, Moore JC, Hayes MN, Welker AM, Garcia EG, Dubash TD, Hong X, Drapkin BJ, Myers DT, Phat S, Volorio A, Marvin DL, Ligorio M, Dershowitz L, McCarthy KM, Karabacak MN, Fletcher JA, Sgroi DC, Iafrate JA, Maheswaran S, Dyson NJ, Haber DA, Rawls JF, Langenau DM. Visualizing Engrafted Human Cancer and Therapy Responses in Immunodeficient Zebrafish. Cell 2019; 177:1903-1914.e14. [PMID: 31031007 PMCID: PMC6570580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenograft cell transplantation into immunodeficient mice has become the gold standard for assessing pre-clinical efficacy of cancer drugs, yet direct visualization of single-cell phenotypes is difficult. Here, we report an optically-clear prkdc-/-, il2rga-/- zebrafish that lacks adaptive and natural killer immune cells, can engraft a wide array of human cancers at 37°C, and permits the dynamic visualization of single engrafted cells. For example, photoconversion cell-lineage tracing identified migratory and proliferative cell states in human rhabdomyosarcoma, a pediatric cancer of muscle. Additional experiments identified the preclinical efficacy of combination olaparib PARP inhibitor and temozolomide DNA-damaging agent as an effective therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma and visualized therapeutic responses using a four-color FUCCI cell-cycle fluorescent reporter. These experiments identified that combination treatment arrested rhabdomyosarcoma cells in the G2 cell cycle prior to induction of apoptosis. Finally, patient-derived xenografts could be engrafted into our model, opening new avenues for developing personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dalton C Brunson
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Qin Tang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Daniel Do
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicolae A Iftimia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John C Moore
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alessandra M Welker
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elaine G Garcia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Taronish D Dubash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xin Hong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benjamin J Drapkin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David T Myers
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sarah Phat
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Angela Volorio
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dieuwke L Marvin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matteo Ligorio
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lyle Dershowitz
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karin M McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murat N Karabacak
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis C Sgroi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - John A Iafrate
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nick J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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41
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Milan T, Canaj H, Villeneuve C, Ghosh A, Barabé F, Cellot S, Wilhelm BT. Pediatric leukemia: Moving toward more accurate models. Exp Hematol 2019; 74:1-12. [PMID: 31154068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a complex genetic disease caused by errors in differentiation, growth, and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells in either lymphoid or myeloid lineages. Large-scale genomic characterization of thousands of leukemia patients has produced a tremendous amount of data that have enabled a better understanding of the differences between adult and pediatric patients. For instance, although phenotypically similar, pediatric and adult myeloid leukemia patients differ in their mutational profiles, typically involving either chromosomal translocations or recurrent single-base-pair mutations, respectively. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of this cancer, continual efforts have been made to develop more contextually and biologically relevant experimental models. Leukemic cell lines, for example, provide an inexpensive and tractable model but often fail to recapitulate critical aspects of tumor biology. Likewise, murine leukemia models of leukemia have been highly informative but also do not entirely reproduce the human disease. More recent advances in the development of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) or human models of leukemias are poised to provide a more comprehensive, and biologically relevant, approach to directly assess the impact of the in vivo environment on human samples. In this review, the advantages and limitations of the various current models used to functionally define the genetic requirements of leukemogenesis are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Milan
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hera Canaj
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe Villeneuve
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Aditi Ghosh
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Barabé
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie du CHUL, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada; CHU de Québec Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Cellot
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian T Wilhelm
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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42
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Andersen AHF, Olesen R, Jønsson KL, Højen JF, Krapp C, Mack K, Thomsen MK, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Jakobsen MR, Denton PW. cAIMP administration in humanized mice induces a chimerization-level-dependent STING response. Immunology 2019; 157:163-172. [PMID: 30919991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that the STING signalling pathway is critical for generating a robust innate immune response to pathogens. Human and mouse STING signalling pathways are not identical, however. For example, mice lack IFI16, which has been proven important for the human STING pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether humanized mice are an appropriate experimental platform for exploring the human STING signalling cascade in vivo. We found that NOG mice reconstituted with human cord blood haematopoietic stem cells (humanized NOG mice) exhibit human STING signalling responses to an analogue of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP. There was an increase in the proportions of monocytes in the lungs of mice receiving cGAMP analogue. The most robust levels of STING expression and STING-induced responses were observed in mice exhibiting the highest levels of human chimerization. Notably, differential levels of STING in lung versus spleen following cGAMP analogue treatment suggest that there are tissue-specific kinetics of STING activation and/or degradation in effector versus inductive sites. We also examined the mouse innate immune response to cGAMP analogue treatment. We detected that mouse cells in the immunodeficient NOG mice responded to the cGAMP analogue and they do so with distinct kinetics from the human response. In conclusion, humanized NOG mice represent a valuable experimental model for examining in vivo human STING responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper F Højen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katharina Mack
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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43
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Nangalia J, Mitchell E, Green AR. Clonal approaches to understanding the impact of mutations on hematologic disease development. Blood 2019; 133:1436-1445. [PMID: 30728143 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-835405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogation of hematopoietic tissue at the clonal level has a rich history spanning over 50 years, and has provided critical insights into both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Characterization of chromosomes identified some of the first genetic links to cancer with the discovery of chromosomal translocations in association with many hematological neoplasms. The unique accessibility of hematopoietic tissue and the ability to clonally expand hematopoietic progenitors in vitro has provided fundamental insights into the cellular hierarchy of normal hematopoiesis, as well as the functional impact of driver mutations in disease. Transplantation assays in murine models have enabled cellular assessment of the functional consequences of somatic mutations in vivo. Most recently, next-generation sequencing-based assays have shown great promise in allowing multi-"omic" characterization of single cells. Here, we review how clonal approaches have advanced our understanding of disease development, focusing on the acquisition of somatic mutations, clonal selection, driver mutation cooperation, and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nangalia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anthony R Green
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Daga S, Rosenberger A, Quehenberger F, Krisper N, Prietl B, Reinisch A, Zebisch A, Sill H, Wölfler A. High GPR56 surface expression correlates with a leukemic stem cell gene signature in CD34-positive AML. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1771-1778. [PMID: 30848055 PMCID: PMC6488118 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by a minor fraction of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) whose persistence is considered being the primary cause of disease relapse. A detailed characterization of the surface immunophenotype of LSCs to discriminate them from bulk leukemic blasts may enable successful targeting of this population thereby improving patient outcomes in AML. To identify surface markers, which may reflect LSC activity at diagnosis, we performed a detailed analysis of 16 putative LSC markers in CD34/38 leukemic subcompartments of 150 diagnostic AML samples using multicolor flow cytometry. The most promising markers were then selected to determine a possible correlation of their expression with a recently published LSC gene signature. We found GPR56 and CLL-1 to be the most prominently differently expressed surface markers in AML subcompartments. While GPR56 was highest expressed within the LSC-enriched CD34+ 38- subcompartment as compared to CD34+ 38+ and CD34- leukemic bulk cells, CLL-1 expression was lowest in CD34+ 38- leukemic cells and increased in CD34+ 38+ and CD34- blasts. Furthermore, high GPR56 surface expression in CD34+ 38- leukemic cells correlated with a recently published LSC gene expression signature and was associated with decreased overall survival in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy. In contrast, CLL-1 expression correlated inversely with the LSC gene signature and was not informative on outcome. Our data strongly support GPR56 as a promising clinically relevant marker for identifying leukemic cells with LSC activity at diagnosis in CD34-positive AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Daga
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,CBmed Center of Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Angelika Rosenberger
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,CBmed Center of Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Krisper
- CBmed Center of Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- CBmed Center of Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,CBmed Center of Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
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45
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Park CS, Lewis A, Chen T, Lacorazza D. Concise Review: Regulation of Self-Renewal in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Krüppel-Like Factor 4. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:568-574. [PMID: 30790473 PMCID: PMC6525558 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent and tissue‐specific stem cells, such as blood‐forming stem cells, are maintained through a balance of quiescence, self‐renewal, and differentiation. Self‐renewal is a specialized cell division that generates daughter cells with the same features as the parental stem cell. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of self‐renewal, perhaps the most well‐known factors are members of the Krüppel‐like factor (KLF) family, especially KLF4, because of the landmark discovery that this protein is required to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Because KLF4 regulates gene expression through transcriptional activation or repression via either DNA binding or protein‐to‐protein interactions, the outcome of KLF4‐mediated regulation largely depends on the cellular context, cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and the presence of oncogenic drivers. This study first summarizes the current understanding of the regulation of self‐renewal by KLF proteins in embryonic stem cells through a KLF circuitry and then delves into the potential function of KLF4 in normal hematopoietic stem cells and its emerging role in leukemia‐initiating cells from pediatric patients with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia via repression of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase 7 pathway. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:568–574
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun S Park
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor Chen
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Lacorazza
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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46
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Current Outlook on Autophagy in Human Leukemia: Foe in Cancer Stem Cells and Drug Resistance, Friend in New Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030461. [PMID: 30678185 PMCID: PMC6387281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling process in cell homeostasis and stress adaptation. It confers protection and promotes survival in response to metabolic/environmental stress, and is upregulated in response to nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and chemotherapies. Autophagy is also known to sustain malignant cell growth and contributes to cancer stem cell survival when challenged by cytotoxic and/or targeted therapies, a potential mechanism of disease persistence and drug resistance that has gathered momentum. However, different types of human leukemia utilize autophagy in complex, context-specific manners, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this process involve multiple protein networks that will be discussed in this review. There is mounting preclinical evidence that targeting autophagy can enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies. Chloroquine and other lysosomal inhibitors have spurred initiation of clinical trials and demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy restores chemosensitivity of anticancer drugs, but with limited autophagy-dependent effects. Intriguingly, several autophagy-specific inhibitors, with better therapeutic indexes and lower toxicity, have been developed. Promising preclinical studies with novel combination approaches as well as potential challenges to effectively eradicate drug-resistant cells, particularly cancer stem cells, in human leukemia are also detailed in this review.
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47
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Kono M, Matsuhiroya S, Nakazawa F, Kaido M, Wada A, Tomiyama Y. Morphological and optical properties of human immature platelet-enriched population produced in immunodeficient mice. Platelets 2018; 30:652-657. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1501013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kono
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Nakazawa
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masako Kaido
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wada
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tomiyama
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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48
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Pievani A, Michelozzi IM, Rambaldi B, Granata V, Corsi A, Dazzi F, Biondi A, Serafini M. Fludarabine as a cost-effective adjuvant to enhance engraftment of human normal and malignant hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9125. [PMID: 29904072 PMCID: PMC6002385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still an unmet need for xenotransplantation models that efficiently recapitulate normal and malignant human hematopoiesis. Indeed, there are a number of strategies to generate humanized mice and specific protocols, including techniques to optimize the cytokine environment of recipient mice and drug alternatives or complementary to the standard conditioning regimens, that can be significantly modulated. Unfortunately, the high costs related to the use of sophisticated mouse models may limit the application of these models to studies that require an extensive experimental design. Here, using an affordable and convenient method, we demonstrate that the administration of fludarabine (FludaraTM) promotes the extensive and rapid engraftment of human normal hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice. Quantification of human CD45+ cells in bone marrow revealed approximately a 102-fold increase in mice conditioned with irradiation plus fludarabine. Engrafted cells in the bone marrow included hematopoietic stem cells, as well as myeloid and lymphoid cells. Moreover, this model proved to be sufficient for robust reconstitution of malignant myeloid hematopoiesis, permitting primary acute myeloid leukemia cells to engraft as early as 8 weeks after the transplant. Overall, these results present a novel and affordable model for engraftment of human normal and malignant hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pievani
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy.,Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, SE59NU, UK
| | - I M Michelozzi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - B Rambaldi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - V Granata
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - A Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - F Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, SE59NU, UK
| | - A Biondi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - M Serafini
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy.
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49
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced defects in DNA repair sensitize FLT3(ITD)-positive leukemia cells to PARP1 inhibitors. Blood 2018; 132:67-77. [PMID: 29784639 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-834895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), such as internal tandem duplications (ITDs), can be found in up to 23% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and confer a poor prognosis. Current treatment options for FLT3(ITD)-positive AMLs include genotoxic therapy and FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i's), which are rarely curative. PARP1 inhibitors (PARP1i's) have been successfully applied to induce synthetic lethality in tumors harboring BRCA1/2 mutations and displaying homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. We show here that inhibition of FLT3(ITD) activity by the FLT3i AC220 caused downregulation of DNA repair proteins BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51, and LIG4, resulting in inhibition of 2 major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, HR, and nonhomologous end-joining. PARP1i, olaparib, and BMN673 caused accumulation of lethal DSBs and cell death in AC220-treated FLT3(ITD)-positive leukemia cells, thus mimicking synthetic lethality. Moreover, the combination of FLT3i and PARP1i eliminated FLT3(ITD)-positive quiescent and proliferating leukemia stem cells, as well as leukemic progenitors, from human and mouse leukemia samples. Notably, the combination of AC220 and BMN673 significantly delayed disease onset and effectively reduced leukemia-initiating cells in an FLT3(ITD)-positive primary AML xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, we postulate that FLT3i-induced deficiencies in DSB repair pathways sensitize FLT3(ITD)-positive AML cells to synthetic lethality triggered by PARP1i's. Therefore, FLT3(ITD) could be used as a precision medicine marker for identifying AML patients that may benefit from a therapeutic regimen combining FLT3 and PARP1i's.
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50
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Durost PA, Aryee KE, Manzoor F, Tisch RM, Mueller C, Jurczyk A, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Gene Therapy with an Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Expressing Human Interleukin-2 Alters Immune System Homeostasis in Humanized Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:352-365. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Durost
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Fatima Manzoor
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Roland M. Tisch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics and Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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