1
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Biersack B, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M. Immunomodulatory properties of HDAC6 inhibitors in cancer diseases: New chances for sophisticated drug design and treatment optimization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:286-294. [PMID: 36127263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are promising targets for the design of anticancer drugs. HDAC6 is of particular interest since it is a cytoplasmic HDAC regulating the acetylation state of cancer-relevant cytoplasmic proteins such as tubulin, Hsp90, p53, and others. HDAC6 also influences the immune system, and the combination of HDAC6 inhibitors with immune therapy showed promising anticancer results. In addition, the design of new HDAC6 inhibitors led to potent anticancer drugs with immunomodulatory activities. This review describes the current state of play, and the recent developments in the research on the interactions of HDAC6 inhibitors with the immune system, and the development of new HDAC6 inhibitors with immunomodulatory activities to improve the therapy options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Nishida H, Suzuki R, Nakajima K, Hayashi M, Morimoto C, Yamada T. HDAC Inhibition Induces CD26 Expression on Multiple Myeloma Cells via the c-Myc/Sp1-mediated Promoter Activation. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:349-364. [PMID: 38284882 PMCID: PMC10854391 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
CD26 is ubiquitously and intensely expressed in osteoclasts in patients with multiple myeloma, whereas its expression in plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma is heterogeneous because of its cellular diversity, immune escape, and disease progression. Decreased expression levels of CD26 in myeloma cells constitute one of the mechanisms underlying resistance to humanized anti-CD26 mAb therapy in multiple myeloma. In the current study, we show that histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi) with broad or class-specific inhibitors involves the induction of CD26 expression on CD26neg myeloma cells both transcriptionally and translationally. Furthermore, dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ (DPPⅣ) enzymatic activity was concomitantly enhanced in myeloma cells. Combined treatment with HDACi plus CD26mAb synergistically facilitated lysis of CD26neg myeloma cells not only by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity but also by the direct effects of mAb. Of note, its combination readily augmented lysis of CD26neg cell populations, refractory to CD26mAb or HDACi alone. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HDACi increased acetylation of histone 3 lysine 27 at the CD26 promoter of myeloma cells. Moreover, in the absence of HDACi, c-Myc was attached to the CD26 promoter via Sp1 on the proximal G-C box of myeloma cells, whereas, in the presence of HDACi, c-Myc was detached from Sp1 with increased acetylation of c-Myc on the promoter, leading to activation of the CD26 promoter and initiation of transcription in myeloma cells. Collectively, these results confirm that HDACi plays crucial roles not only through its anti-myeloma activity but by sensitizing CD26neg myeloma cells to CD26mAb via c-Myc/Sp1-mediated CD26 induction, thereby augmenting its cytotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE There is a desire to induce and sustain CD26 expression on multiple myeloma cells to elicit superior anti-myeloma response by humanized anti-CD26 mAb therapy. HDACi upregulates the expression levels of CD26 on myeloma cells via the increased acetylation of c-MycK323 on the CD26 promoter, leading to initiation of CD26 transcription, thereby synergistically augments the efficacy of CD26mAb against CD26neg myeloma cells.
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Grants
- 20K07682,16K07180 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and technology of Japan (C)
- 19H03519 Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and technology of Japan (B)
- 19K22542 Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research form the Ministry of Education, Culture Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 19H03519 Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and technology of Japan (B)
- 19K22542 Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research form the Ministry of Education, Culture Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nishida
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Suzuki
- Department of Collaborative Research Resources, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyora Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taketo Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Wu C, Song Q, Gao S, Wu S. Targeting HDACs for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma therapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:289. [PMID: 38168914 PMCID: PMC10762105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in tumorigenesis and progression, however, their role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is not well understood. In this study, we examined the expression levels, mutations, and clinical significance of HDACs in DLBCL. Additionally, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Chidamide, a novel HDAC inhibitor, to provide scientific evidence for targeting HDACs in DLBCL patients. We extracted transcriptome data of DLBCLs--including 47 lymph node samples and 337 whole-blood-cell controls--from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Bioinformatic analyses of HDAC expression, mutation, and correlation with the clinical significance of DLBCL patients were performed with the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, GENEMANIA, and web-based software including cBioPortal and WebGestalt. To examine the therapeutic effect of Chidamide, DLBCL cell lines (WSU-DLCL-2 and DB cells) were employed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed with Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assays. The impact of Chidamide treatment was also analyzed by RNA sequencing of treated DB cells. Western blot was used to explore the molecular mechanism of the cytotoxicity of Chidamide on DLBCL cell lines. The expression of some HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9) were significantly higher in the lymph node samples of DLBCL than that in whole-blood-cell controls. Moreover, we found that the mutation rate of HDACs was also higher in DLBCL tissues, although the overall survival of DLBCL patients was not associated with HDAC expression. Chidamide was found to have a cytotoxic effect on DLBCL cells in a dose-dependent manner, while transcriptome analysis and western blot revealed that using it for treatment impacted several biological processes, including PI3K/AKT signaling, mTOR signaling, the cell cycle, and apoptosis pathways. Alterations of HDAC genes, including enhanced expression and mutations, are positively related to DLBCL. Targeting HDACs with specific inhibitors such as Chidamide may represent a potential therapeutic approach for DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao Song
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Jiyang District, Jiyang, 251400, Shandong, China
| | - Sophie Gao
- Hunter College High School, New York, USA
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
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4
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Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres Diz M, Xu F, Zankharia U, Zhang Y, Soldan S, Zheng S, Falkenstein CD, Loftus JP, Yang SY, Asnani M, King Sainos P, Pillai V, Chong E, Li MM, Tasian SK, Barash Y, Lieberman PM, Ruella M, Schuster SJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Blood 2023; 142:1724-1739. [PMID: 37683180 PMCID: PMC10667349 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises the response to immunotherapy in B-cell malignancies. Here, we showed that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions. Four variants (V1-4) were detected using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform contained upstream open reading frames and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, whereas V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T-cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on 4 postmosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in 2 of them, the downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by a V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Manuel Torres Diz
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Urvi Zankharia
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samantha Soldan
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Joseph P. Loftus
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scarlett Y. Yang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mukta Asnani
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Vinodh Pillai
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emeline Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marilyn M. Li
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Li Q, Ma N, Li X, Yang C, Zhang W, Xiong J, Zhu L, Li J, Wen Q, Gao L, Yang C, Rao L, Gao L, Zhang X, Rao J. Reverse effect of Semaphorin-3F on rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via the Hippo pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1448-1458. [PMID: 37114652 PMCID: PMC10278727 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the underlying mechanism of rituximab resistance is critical to improve the outcomes of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, we tried to identify the effects of the axon guidance factor semaphorin-3F (SEMA3F) on rituximab resistance as well as its therapeutic value in DLBCL. METHODS The effects of SEMA3F on the treatment response to rituximab were investigated by gain- or loss-of-function experiments. The role of the Hippo pathway in SEMA3F-mediated activity was explored. A xenograft mouse model generated by SEMA3F knockdown in cells was used to evaluate rituximab sensitivity and combined therapeutic effects. The prognostic value of SEMA3F and TAZ (WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1) was examined in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and human DLBCL specimens. RESULTS We found that loss of SEMA3F was related to a poor prognosis in patients who received rituximab-based immunochemotherapy instead of chemotherapy regimen. Knockdown of SEMA3F significantly repressed the expression of CD20 and reduced the proapoptotic activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity induced by rituximab. We further demonstrated that the Hippo pathway was involved in the SEMA3F-mediated regulation of CD20. Knockdown of SEMA3F expression induced the nuclear accumulation of TAZ and inhibited CD20 transcriptional levels via direct binding of the transcription factor TEAD2 and the CD20 promoter. Moreover, in patients with DLBCL, SEMA3F expression was negatively correlated with TAZ, and patients with SEMA3F low TAZ high had a limited benefit from a rituximab-based strategy. Specifically, treatment of DLBCL cells with rituximab and a YAP/TAZ inhibitor showed promising therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo . CONCLUSION Our study thus defined a previously unknown mechanism of SEMA3F-mediated rituximab resistance through TAZ activation in DLBCL and identified potential therapeutic targets in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Naya Ma
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jingkang Xiong
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lingyi Rao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Li Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Zhang D, Han Y, Dong Y. Remarkable response to chidamide plus rituximab in an elderly patient with recurrent, chemotherapy-refractory diffuse larger B-cell lymphoma carrying CREBBP mutation. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:1265-1268. [PMID: 36991230 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Yidi Han
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Youhong Dong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
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7
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Cao X, Jin X, Zhang X, Utsav P, Zhang Y, Guo R, Lu W, Zhao M. Small-Molecule Compounds Boost CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:184-211. [PMID: 36701037 PMCID: PMC9992085 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Although chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy has been successfully applied in patients with hematological malignancies, several obstacles still need to be overcome, such as high relapse rates and side effects. Overcoming the limitations of CAR-T cell therapy and boosting the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy are urgent issues that must be addressed. The exploration of small-molecule compounds in combination with CAR-T cell therapies has achieved promising success in pre-clinical and clinical studies in recent years. Protein kinase inhibitors, demethylating drugs, HDAC inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, Akt inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and Bcl-2 inhibitors exhibited potential synergy in combination with CAR-T cell therapy. In this review, we will discuss the recent application of these combination therapies for improved outcomes of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Cao
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Paudel Utsav
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ruiting Guo
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Mingfeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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8
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Zhang J, Gu Y, Chen B. Drug-Resistance Mechanism and New Targeted Drugs and Treatments of Relapse and Refractory DLBCL. Cancer Manag Res 2023; 15:245-255. [PMID: 36873252 PMCID: PMC9976586 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). 30 ~ 40% of DLBCL patients were resistant to the standard R-CHOP regimen or recurrence after remission. It is currently believed that drug resistance is the main cause of the recurrence and refractory of DLBCL (R/R DLBCL). With the increased understanding of DLBCL biology, tumor microenvironment and epigenetics, some new therapies and drugs like molecular and signal pathway target therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody drug-conjugate and tafasitamab have been used for R/R DLBCL. This article will review the drug resistance mechanism and novel targeted drugs and therapies of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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9
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Markouli M, Strepkos D, Piperi C. Impact of Histone Modifications and Their Therapeutic Targeting in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13657. [PMID: 36362442 PMCID: PMC9654260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by complex pathogenetic mechanisms. The abnormal regulation of epigenetic mechanisms and specifically, histone modifications, has been demonstrated to play a central role in hematological cancer pathogenesis and progression. A variety of epigenetic enzymes that affect the state of histones have been detected as deregulated, being either over- or underexpressed, which induces changes in chromatin compaction and, subsequently, affects gene expression. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have revealed novel therapeutic targets, with many epigenetic drugs being investigated in clinical trials. The present review focuses on the biological impact of histone modifications in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies, describing a wide range of therapeutic agents that have been discovered to target these alterations and are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (D.S.)
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10
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Yang FF, Hu T, Liu JQ, Yu XQ, Ma LY. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) as the promising immunotherapeutic targets for hematologic cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114920. [PMID: 36399875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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11
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Luo C, Yu T, Young KH, Yu L. HDAC inhibitor chidamide synergizes with venetoclax to inhibit the growth of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via down-regulation of MYC, BCL2, and TP53 expression. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:666-681. [PMID: 35953760 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A total of 10%‒15% of DLBCL cases are associated with myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog(MYC) and/or B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) translocation or amplification. BCL2 inhibitors have potent anti-tumor effects in DLBCL; however, resistance can be acquired through up-regulation of alternative anti-apoptotic proteins. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor chidamide can induce BIM expression, leading to apoptosis of lymphoma cells with good efficacy in refractory recurrent DLBCL. In this study, the synergistic mechanism of chidamide and venetoclax in DLBCL was determined through in vitro and in vivo models. We found that combination therapy significantly reduced the protein levels of MYC, TP53, and BCL2 in activated apoptotic-related pathways in DLBCL cells by increasing BIM levels and inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, combination therapy regulated expression of multiple transcriptomes in DLBCL cells, involving apoptosis, cell cycle, phosphorylation, and other biological processes, and significantly inhibited tumor growth in DLBCL-bearing xenograft mice. Taken together, these findings verify the in vivo therapeutic potential of chidamide and venetoclax combination therapy in DLBCL, warranting pre-clinical trials for patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Luo
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China. .,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang 330006, China.
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12
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Marhelava K, Krawczyk M, Firczuk M, Fidyt K. CAR-T Cells Shoot for New Targets: Novel Approaches to Boost Adoptive Cell Therapy for B Cell-Derived Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:1804. [PMID: 35681499 PMCID: PMC9180412 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is undeniably a promising tool in combating various types of hematological malignancies. However, it is not yet optimal and a significant number of patients experience a lack of response or relapse after the treatment. Therapy improvement requires careful analysis of the occurring problems and a deeper understanding of the reasons that stand behind them. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge about CAR-T products' clinical performance and discuss diversified approaches taken to improve the major shortcomings of this therapy. Especially, we prioritize the challenges faced by CD19 CAR-T cell-based treatment of B cell-derived malignancies and revise the latest insights about mechanisms mediating therapy resistance. Since the loss of CD19 is one of the major obstacles to the success of CAR-T cell therapy, we present antigens that could be alternatively used for the treatment of various types of B cell-derived cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Marhelava
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.F.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.F.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.F.)
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13
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Kusowska A, Kubacz M, Krawczyk M, Slusarczyk A, Winiarska M, Bobrowicz M. Molecular Aspects of Resistance to Immunotherapies-Advances in Understanding and Management of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031501. [PMID: 35163421 PMCID: PMC8835809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the unquestionable success achieved by rituximab-based regimens in the management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the high incidence of relapsed/refractory disease still remains a challenge. The widespread clinical use of chemo-immunotherapy demonstrated that it invariably leads to the induction of resistance; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Rituximab-mediated therapeutic effect primarily relies on complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, and their outcome is often compromised following the development of resistance. Factors involved include inherent genetic characteristics and rituximab-induced changes in effectors cells, the role of ligand/receptor interactions between target and effector cells, and the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on summarizing the emerging advances in the understanding of the molecular basis responsible for the resistance induced by various forms of immunotherapy used in DLBCL. We outline available models of resistance and delineate solutions that may improve the efficacy of standard therapeutic protocols, which might be essential for the rational design of novel therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Fernández-Serrano M, Winkler R, Santos JC, Le Pannérer MM, Buschbeck M, Roué G. Histone Modifications and Their Targeting in Lymphoid Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:253. [PMID: 35008680 PMCID: PMC8745418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a wide range of lymphoid neoplasms, the process of malignant transformation is associated with somatic mutations in B cells that affect the epigenetic machinery. Consequential alterations in histone modifications contribute to disease-specific changes in the transcriptional program. Affected genes commonly play important roles in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis-inducing signal transduction, and DNA damage response, thus facilitating the emergence of malignant traits that impair immune surveillance and favor the emergence of different B-cell lymphoma subtypes. In the last two decades, the field has made a major effort to develop therapies that target these epigenetic alterations. In this review, we discuss which epigenetic alterations occur in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, we aim to present in a close to comprehensive manner the current state-of-the-art in the preclinical and clinical development of epigenetic drugs. We focus on therapeutic strategies interfering with histone methylation and acetylation as these are most advanced in being deployed from the bench-to-bedside and have the greatest potential to improve the prognosis of lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Winkler
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
| | - Juliana C. Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Marguerite-Marie Le Pannérer
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
- Program of Personalized and Predictive Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Hanel W, Epperla N. Evolving therapeutic landscape in follicular lymphoma: a look at emerging and investigational therapies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:104. [PMID: 34193230 PMCID: PMC8247091 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular Lymphoma (FL) is the most common subtype of indolent B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The clinical course can be very heterogeneous with some patients being safely observed over many years without ever requiring treatment to other patients having more rapidly progressive disease requiring multiple lines of treatment for disease control. Front-line treatment of advanced FL has historically consisted of chemoimmunotherapy but has extended to immunomodulatory agents such as lenalidomide. In the relapsed setting, several exciting therapies that target the underlying biology and immune microenvironment have emerged, most notable among them include targeted therapies such as phosphoinositide-3 kinase and Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 inhibitors and cellular therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T cells and bispecific T cell engagers. There are several combination therapies currently in clinical trials that appear promising. These therapies will likely reshape the treatment approach for patients with relapsed and refractory FL in the coming years. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the emerging and investigational therapies in FL and discuss how these agents will impact the therapeutic landscape in FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hanel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1110E Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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16
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Pavlasova G, Mraz M. The regulation and function of CD20: an "enigma" of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica 2021; 105:1494-1506. [PMID: 32482755 PMCID: PMC7271567 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.243543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, ofatumumab, or obinutuzumab improved the therapy of B-cell malignancies even though the precise physiological role and regulation of CD20 remains unclear. Furthermore, CD20 expression is highly variable between different B-cell malignancies, patients with the same malignancy, and even between intraclonal subpopulations in an individual patient. Several epigenetic (EZH2, HDAC1/2, HDAC1/4, HDAC6, complex Sin3A-HDAC1) and transcription factors (USF, OCT1/2, PU.1, PiP, ELK1, ETS1, SP1, NFκB, FOXO1, CREM, SMAD2/3) regulating CD20 expression (encoded by MS4A1) have been characterized. CD20 is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular function of CD20 has been linked to the signaling propensity of B-cell receptor (BCR). CD20 has also been shown to interact with multiple other surface proteins on B cells (such as CD40, MHCII, CD53, CD81, CD82, and CBP). Current efforts to combine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies with BCR signaling inhibitors targeting BTK or PI3K (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, idelalisib, duvelisib) or BH3-mimetics (venetoclax) lead to the necessity to better understand both the mechanisms of regulation and the biological functions of CD20. This is underscored by the observation that CD20 is decreased in response to the "BCR inhibitor" ibrutinib which largely prevents its successful combination with rituximab. Several small molecules (such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyl-transferase inhibitors, aurora kinase A/B inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, FOXO1 inhibitors, and bryostatin-1) are being tested to upregulate cell-surface CD20 levels and increase the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Herein, we review the current understanding of CD20 function, and the mechanisms of its regulation in normal and malignant B cells, highlighting the therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pavlasova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Yu H, Wang X, Li J, Ye Y, Wang D, Fang W, Mi L, Ding N, Wang X, Song Y, Zhu J. Addition of BTK inhibitor orelabrutinib to rituximab improved anti-tumor effects in B cell lymphoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:158-170. [PMID: 33981831 PMCID: PMC8082047 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib has been validated as an effective drug to treat B cell malignancies. Combined therapies comprising ibrutinib and anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab were designed as a backbone in many clinical trials. However, the off-target inhibition of ibrutinib on interleukin-2 (IL-2)-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) may reduce rituximab's antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) efficacy. Orelabrutinib (Orel), a novel BTK inhibitor, was designed with high selectivity to BTK. In our study, we demonstrated in preclinical models that orelabrutinib in combination with rituximab could preserve NK-cell-mediated ADCC induced by rituximab and enhanced the apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. The addition of orelabrutinib to rituximab had produced promising combined anti-tumor effects in B cell lymphomas in vivo. Collectively, combination therapy of orelabrutinib with rituximab would benefit patients with B cell lymphoma, especially those with relapsed or refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dedao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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18
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Mihăilă RG. Monoclonal Antibodies, Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Oncohematology. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 15:272-292. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200925120717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The therapeutic outcomes and the prognosis of patients with various hematologic
malignancies are not always ideal with the current standard of care.
Objective:
The aim of this study is to analyze the results of the use of monoclonal antibodies, bispecific
antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for the therapy of malignant hemopathies.
Methods:
A mini-review was achieved using the articles published in Web of Science and PubMed
between January 2017 and January 2020 and the new patents were made in this field.
Results:
Naked monoclonal antibodies have improved the therapeutic results obtained with standard
of care, but they also have side effects and the use of some of them can lead to the loss of the
target antigen through trogocytosis, which explains the resistance that occurs during therapy. The
results obtained with naked monoclonal antibodies have been improved by a better monoclonal
antibody preparation, the use of bispecific antibodies (against two antigens on the target cell surface
or by binding both surface antigen on target cells and T-cell receptor complex, followed by cytotoxic
T-lymphocytes activation and subsequent cytolysis of the target cell), the use of monoclonal
or bispecific constructs in frontline regimens, combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy, including
through the use of antibody-drug conjugates (which provides a targeted release of a chemotherapeutic
agent).
Conclusion:
Immunotherapy and immuno-chemotherapy have improved the outcome of the patients
with malignant hemopathies through a targeted, personalized therapy, with reduced systemic
toxicity, which in some cases can even induce deep complete remissions, including minimal residual
disease negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo G. Mihăilă
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Hematology Department, Emergency County Clinical Hospital Sibiu, Sibiu 550169, Romania
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19
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Amengual JE. Can we use epigenetics to prime chemoresistant lymphomas? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2020; 2020:85-94. [PMID: 33275728 PMCID: PMC7727522 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2020000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance remains a challenging clinical problem in the treatment of many lymphoma patients. Epigenetic derangements have been implicated in both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. Mutations in epigenetic processes shift entire networks of signaling pathways. They influence tumor suppressors, the DNA-damage response, cell-cycle regulators, and apoptosis. Epigenetic alterations have also been implicated in contributing to immune evasion. Although increased DNA methylation at CpG sites is the most widely studied alteration, increased histone methylation and decreased histone acetylation have also been implicated in stem-like characteristics and highly aggressive disease states as demonstrated in both preclinical models of lymphoma and patient studies. These changes are nonrandom, occur in clusters, and are observed across many lymphoma subtypes. Although caution must be taken when combining epigenetic therapies with other antineoplastic agents, epigenetic therapies have rarely induced clinical meaningful responses as single agents. Epigenetic priming of chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies in lymphoma patients may create opportunities to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Amengual
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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20
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Evolving insights into the genomic complexity and immune landscape of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: opportunities for novel biomarkers. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2422-2436. [PMID: 32620919 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, comprehensive genomic analyses have allowed a better molecular characterization of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), offering novel opportunities in patient risk stratification and management. In the era of precision medicine, this has allowed us to move closer toward a more promising therapeutic outcome in the setting of DLBCL. In this review, we highlight the newly reported heterogeneous mutational landscapes of DLBCL (from two whole-exome sequencing studies, and from a more recent work targeting a 293-gene of a hematologic malignancy-designed panel. Altogether, these studies provide further evidence of the clinical applicability of genomic tests. We also briefly review established biomarkers in DLBCL (e.g., MYC and TP53), and our understanding of the germinal center cell reaction, including its epigenetic regulation, emphasizing some of the key epigenetic modifiers that play a role in lymphomagenesis, with available therapeutic targets. In addition, we present current data regarding the role of immune landscapes in DLBCL (inflamed versus non-inflamed), how the recently defined molecular DLBCL subtypes may affect the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment and the function of the immune cells, and how this new knowledge may result in promising therapeutic approaches in the near future.
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21
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HDAC7 is an actionable driver of therapeutic antibody resistance by macrophages from CLL patients. Oncogene 2020; 39:5756-5767. [PMID: 32709923 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resistance, to therapeutic antibodies used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients is common. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are a major effector of antitumour responses to therapeutic antibodies and we have previously reported that resistance to therapeutic antibodies, by MDMs, increases as CLL disease progresses. In this study, we examine the effect of a Class IIa-selective HDAC inhibitor (TMP195) on the phagocytic response to opsonised tumor cells or non-opsonised targets by MDMs derived from CLL patients. We report that TMP195 enhances phagocytic responses to antibody-opsonised CLL cells and E. coli within 30 min of treatment. The enhanced response is phenocopied by knockdown of the Class IIa HDAC, HDAC7, or by low concentrations of the pan-HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat. HDAC7 knockdown and inhibition induces hyperacetylation and hyperphosphorylation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Moreover, BTK inhibitors abrogated the enhanced response to HDAC7 inhibition. Our data show that HDAC7 is an actionable driver of resistance to therapeutic antibodies by MDMs derived from CLL patients.
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22
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Wang X, Waschke BC, Woolaver RA, Chen SMY, Chen Z, Wang JH. HDAC inhibitors overcome immunotherapy resistance in B-cell lymphoma. Protein Cell 2020; 11:472-482. [PMID: 32162275 PMCID: PMC7305292 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been applied successfully to treat B-cell lymphomas in preclinical models or clinical settings. However, immunotherapy resistance is a major challenge for B-cell lymphoma treatment. To overcome this issue, combinatorial therapeutic strategies have been pursued to achieve a better efficacy for treating B-cell lymphomas. One of such strategies is to combine immunotherapy with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. HDAC inhibitors can potentially increase tumor immunogenicity, promote anti-tumor immune responses, or reverse immunosuppressive tumor environments. Thus, the combination of HDAC inhibitors and immunotherapy has drawn much attention in current cancer treatment. However, not all HDAC inhibitors are created equal and their net effects are highly dependent on the specific inhibitors used and the HDACs they target. Hence, we suggest that optimal treatment efficacy requires personalized design and rational combination based on prognostic biomarkers and unique profiles of HDAC inhibitors. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which B-cell lymphomas acquire immunotherapy resistance and the effects of HDAC inhibitors on tumor cells and immune cells that could help overcome immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brittany C Waschke
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rachel A Woolaver
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Samantha M Y Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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23
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Idso JM, Lao S, Schloemer NJ, Knipstein J, Burns R, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Entinostat augments NK cell functions via epigenetic upregulation of IFIT1-STING-STAT4 pathway. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1799-1815. [PMID: 32499867 PMCID: PMC7244011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are an emerging cancer therapy; however, their effect on natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor responses remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the impact of a benzamide HDACi, entinostat, on human primary NK cells as well as tumor cell lines. Entinostat significantly upregulated the expression of NKG2D, an essential NK cell activating receptor. Independently, entinostat augmented the expression of ULBP1, HLA, and MICA/B on both rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Additionally, entinostat increased both cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in human NK cells following coculture with these tumor cells. Mechanistically, entinostat treatment resulted in increased chromatin accessibility to the promoter region for interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) gene and thereby increasing the transcript and protein levels of IFIT1 that augmented the IFIT1-mediated IRF1, STAT4, and STING pathways. Corresponding transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment of IRF1 and STAT4 and gene sets responsible for NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity, respectively. Our results show a novel mechanism by which entinostat initiates an IFIT1-STING-mediated potentiation of STAT4 via IRF1 to augment NK cell-mediated anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Idso
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nathan J Schloemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knipstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinformatics Core, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Co-senior authors
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divson of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Co-senior authors
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24
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Bobrowicz M, Slusarczyk A, Domagala J, Dwojak M, Ignatova D, Chang YT, Iselin C, Miazek-Zapala N, Marhelava K, Guenova E, Winiarska M. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 sensitizes cutaneous T-cell lymphoma to PI3K inhibitors. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:533-540. [PMID: 32565979 PMCID: PMC7285804 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), are non-selective agents associated with an unsatisfactory response and considerable side-effects. Targeting single HDAC isoforms is considered to provide novel therapeutic options. HDAC6 is overexpressed in primary samples from patients with CTCL and preclinical studies using transgenic mice that spontaneously develop a CTCL-like disease, have suggested that combinations including HDAC6 inhibitors may be successful in the treatment of CTCL. PI3K inhibition is currently being tested in clinical trials for CTCL with promising results. Since HDAC6 is known to diminish the activity of Akt via its deacetylation, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective HDAC6 inhibitors in combination with PI3K inhibitors in CTCL. Through the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6, it was demonstrated that combining HDAC6 with PI3K inhibition may be an attractive therapeutic option for patients with CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dwojak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Desislava Ignatova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun-Tsan Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Iselin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miazek-Zapala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Marhelava
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, CHUV and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Kozlova V, Ledererova A, Ladungova A, Peschelova H, Janovska P, Slusarczyk A, Domagala J, Kopcil P, Vakulova V, Oppelt J, Bryja V, Doubek M, Mayer J, Pospisilova S, Smida M. CD20 is dispensable for B-cell receptor signaling but is required for proper actin polymerization, adhesion and migration of malignant B cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229170. [PMID: 32210425 PMCID: PMC7094844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface protein CD20 serves as the critical target of immunotherapy in various B-cell malignancies for decades, however its biological function and regulation remain largely elusive. Better understanding of CD20 function may help to design improved rational therapies to prevent development of resistance. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we have abrogated CD20 expression in five different malignant B-cell lines. We show that CD20 deletion has no effect upon B-cell receptor signaling or calcium flux. Also B-cell survival and proliferation is unaffected in the absence of CD20. On the contrary, we found a strong defect in actin cytoskeleton polymerization and, consequently, defective cell adhesion and migration in response to homeostatic chemokines SDF1α, CCL19 and CCL21. Mechanistically, we could identify a reduction in chemokine-triggered PYK2 activation, a calcium-activated signaling protein involved in activation of MAP kinases and cytoskeleton regulation. These cellular defects in consequence result in a severely disturbed homing of B cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polymerization
- Protein Multimerization/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kozlova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Ledererova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Ladungova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Peschelova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Janovska
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pavel Kopcil
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Vakulova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Smida
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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26
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Epigenetic Therapy as a Putative Molecular Target to Modulate B Cell Biology and Behavior in the Context of Immunological Disorders. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1589191. [PMID: 32090127 PMCID: PMC7031723 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1589191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone Deacetylase- (HDAC-) dependent epigenetic mechanisms have been widely explored in the last decade in different types of malignancies in preclinical studies. This effort led to the discovery and development of a range of new HDAC inhibitors (iHDAC) with different chemical properties and selective abilities. In fact, hematological malignancies were the first ones to have new iHDACs approved for clinical use, such as Vorinostat and Romidepsin for cutaneous T cell lymphoma and panobinostat for multiple myeloma. Besides these promising already approved iHDACs, we highlight a range of studies focusing on the HDAC-dependent epigenetic control of B cell development, behavior, and/or function. Here, we highlight 21 iHDACs which have been studied in the literature in the context of B cell development and/or dysfunction mostly focused on B cell lymphomagenesis. Regardless, we have identified 55 clinical trials using 6 out of 21 iHDACs to approach their putative roles on B cell malignancies; none of them focuses on peritoneal B cell populations. Since cells belonging to this peculiar body compartment, named B1 cells, may contribute to the development of autoimmune pathologies, such as lupus, a better understanding of the HDAC-dependent epigenetic mechanisms that control its biology and behavior might shed light on iHDAC use to manage these immunological dysfunctions. In this sense, iHDACs might emerge as a promising new approach for translational studies in this field. In this review, we discuss a putative role of iHDACs in the modulation of peritoneal B cell subpopulation's balance as well as their role as therapeutic agents in the context of chronic diseases mediated by peritoneal B cells.
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27
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Novel HDAC inhibitor Chidamide synergizes with Rituximab to inhibit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tumour growth by upregulating CD20. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 31907371 PMCID: PMC6944697 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Loss of CD20 is a major obstacle for the retreatment of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with Rituximab-associated regimens. Histone deacetylation causes gene silencing and inhibits CD20 expression. Chidamide is a novel inhibitor for histone deacetylases (HDACs). We hypothesize that Chidamide could overcome Rituximab-mediated down-regulation of CD20 and facilitate Rituximab-induced killing. In this study, we determine the mechanism of synergy of Chidamide with Rituximab in DLBCL using in vitro and in vivo models. We found that the levels of CD20 protein surface expression on five DLBCL cell lines were significantly and positively correlated with the sensitivities of cells to Rituximab. Treatment with Rituximab significantly reduced CD20 surface expression at the protein levels. RNA sequencing showed that Chidamide significantly increased expression of more than 2000 transcriptomes in DLBCL cells, around 1000 transcriptomes belong to the cell membrane and cell periphery pathways, including MS4A1. Chidamide significantly increased CD20 surface expression in DLBCL cell lines. Combination with Chidamide significantly synergized Rituximab-induced cell death in vitro and significantly inhibited tumour growth in DLBCL-bearing xenograft mice. A patient with relapsed/refractory DLBCL achieved a complete response after three cycles combined treatment with Chidamide and Rituximab. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of HDACs by Chidamide significantly enhanced Rituximab-induced tumour growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. We propose that CD20 surface expression should be used clinically to evaluate treatment response in patients with DLBCL. Chidamide is a promising sensitizer for the retreatment of DLBCL with Rituximab.
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28
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Sermer D, Pasqualucci L, Wendel HG, Melnick A, Younes A. Emerging epigenetic-modulating therapies in lymphoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:494-507. [PMID: 30837715 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the treatment of lymphoma, the prognosis of patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease continues to be poor; thus, a continued need exists for the development of novel approaches and therapies. Epigenetic dysregulation might drive and/or promote tumorigenesis in various types of malignancies and is prevalent in both B cell and T cell lymphomas. Over the past decade, a large number of epigenetic-modifying agents have been developed and introduced into the clinical management of patients with haematological malignancies. In this Review, we provide a concise overview of the most promising epigenetic therapies for the treatment of lymphomas, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins (BETs), protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) and isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs), and highlight the most promising future directions of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sermer
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Scialdone A, Khazaei S, Hasni MS, Lennartsson A, Gullberg U, Drott K. Depletion of the transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein or EP300 downregulates CD20 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells and impairs the cytotoxic effects of anti-CD20 antibodies. Exp Hematol 2019; 79:35-46.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Ribeiro ML, Reyes-Garau D, Armengol M, Fernández-Serrano M, Roué G. Recent Advances in the Targeting of Epigenetic Regulators in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31681423 PMCID: PMC6807552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, major advances have been made in the diagnosis and development of selective therapies for several blood cancers, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the mature B lymphocyte compartment. However, most of these entities remain incurable and current treatments are associated with variable efficacy, several adverse events, and frequent relapses. Thus, new diagnostic paradigms and novel therapeutic options are required to improve the prognosis of patients with B-NHL. With the recent deciphering of the mutational landscapes of B-cell disorders by high-throughput sequencing, it came out that different epigenetic deregulations might drive and/or promote B lymphomagenesis. Consistently, over the last decade, numerous epigenetic drugs (or epidrugs) have emerged in the clinical management of B-NHL patients. In this review, we will present an overview of the most relevant epidrugs tested and/or used so far for the treatment of different subtypes of B-NHL, from first-generation epigenetic therapies like histone acetyl transferases (HDACs) or DNA-methyl transferases (DNMTs) inhibitors to new agents showing selectivity for proteins that are mutated, translocated, and/or overexpressed in these diseases, including EZH2, BET, and PRMT. We will dissect the mechanisms of action of these epigenetic inhibitors, as well as the molecular processes underlying their lack of efficacy in refractory patients. This review will also provide a summary of the latest strategies being employed in preclinical and clinical settings, and will point out the most promising lines of investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Braganca Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Armengol
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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DNA methyltransferase inhibitors upregulate CD38 protein expression and enhance daratumumab efficacy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2019; 34:938-941. [PMID: 31595037 PMCID: PMC7214267 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Spurgeon SE, Sharma K, Claxton DF, Ehmann C, Pu J, Shimko S, Stewart A, Subbiah N, Palmbach G, LeBlanc F, Latour E, Chen Y, Mori M, Hasanali Z, Epner EM. Phase 1-2 study of vorinostat (SAHA), cladribine and rituximab (SCR) in relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:845-854. [PMID: 31177537 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered DNA methylation and histone acetylation in lymphoma provided the rationale for using vorinostat (SAHA), cladribine and rituximab (SCR) in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in this phase 1-2 study (NCT00764517). Treatment included cladribine 5 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) (days 1-5), rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV (weekly 4× for cycle 1 and 1×/month) and vorinostat orally once daily (days 1-14) every 28 days for up to six cycles. Phase 1 included relapsed patients (n = 10) in a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design (vorinostat: 200, 300 and 400 mg). No dose-limiting toxicities were seen. The phase 2 dose for vorinostat was 400 mg po (days 1-14). The majority of phase 2 patients had mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (n = 57; 39 previously untreated, 10 relapsed). The primary objective was objective response rate [complete response (CR) + partial response] which was 39% (7/18) in relapsed patients and 97% (38/39) with 80% (31/39) attaining a CR in previously untreated MCL. At a median follow-up of 42 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for relapsed NHL were 19·5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2·0-33·0] and 25·0 (95% CI: 12·0-45·0) months respectively. Median PFS for previously untreated MCL was 84·0 months; OS could not be estimated. Toxicities were primarily haematological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Spurgeon
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA.,Cassidy Cancer Center, Winter Haven, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Pu
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sara Shimko
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Nan Subbiah
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gundula Palmbach
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Francis LeBlanc
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emile Latour
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - YiYi Chen
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Motomi Mori
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Elliot M Epner
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA.,Enloe Medical Center, Chico, CA, USA
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33
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Choudhry P, Galligan D, Wiita AP. Seeking Convergence and Cure with New Myeloma Therapies. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:567-582. [PMID: 30064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade, the mainstay of multiple myeloma therapy has been small molecules that directly attack malignant plasma cell biology. However, potent immunotherapies have recently emerged, transforming the myeloma therapeutic landscape. Here we first review new promising strategies to target plasma cells through protein homeostasis and epigenetic modulators. We then discuss emerging immunotherapy strategies that are leading to dramatic results in patients. Finally, we focus on recent preclinical data suggesting that enforcing cell-surface antigen expression through small molecules may enhance immunotherapy efficacy and avoid resistance. We argue that these emerging observations point the way toward potential convergence between drug classes. With recent rapid progress we may finally be on the verge of the 'C' word: a cure for myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Choudhry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Derek Galligan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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34
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Pérez-Salvia M, Aldaba E, Vara Y, Fabre M, Ferrer C, Masdeu C, Zubia A, Sebastian ES, Otaegui D, Llinàs-Arias P, Rosselló-Tortella M, Berdasco M, Moutinho C, Setien F, Villanueva A, González-Barca E, Muncunill J, Navarro JT, Piris MA, Cossio FP, Esteller M. In vitro and in vivo activity of a new small-molecule inhibitor of HDAC6 in mantle cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2018; 103:e537-e540. [PMID: 29880608 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.189241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Pérez-Salvia
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | | | | | | | | | - Carme Masdeu
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián
| | - Aizpea Zubia
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián
| | - Eider San Sebastian
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián
| | | | - Pere Llinàs-Arias
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Margalida Rosselló-Tortella
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Maria Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Catia Moutinho
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Fernando Setien
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Eva González-Barca
- Department of Hematology, ICO-Hospital Duran i Reynals, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Josep Muncunill
- Department of Hematology, ICO-Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia
| | - José-Tomás Navarro
- Department of Hematology, ICO-Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia
| | | | - Fernando P Cossio
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia .,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet, Catalonia.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Stasiłojć G, Felberg A, Okrój M. Parameters critical for the effector mechanism of anti-CD20 antibodies revisited. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:777-779. [PMID: 29411875 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Felberg
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Pyrzynska B, Dwojak M, Zerrouqi A, Morlino G, Zapala P, Miazek N, Zagozdzon A, Bojarczuk K, Bobrowicz M, Siernicka M, Machnicki MM, Gobessi S, Barankiewicz J, Lech-Maranda E, Efremov DG, Juszczynski P, Calado D, Golab J, Winiarska M. FOXO1 promotes resistance of non-Hodgkin lymphomas to anti-CD20-based therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423183. [PMID: 29721381 PMCID: PMC5927521 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished overall survival rate of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients treated with a combination regimen of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) has been recently linked to recurrent somatic mutations activating FOXO1. Despite of the clinical relevance of this finding, the molecular mechanism driving resistance to R-CHOP therapy remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the potential role of FOXO1 in the therapeutic efficacy of rituximab, the only targeted therapy included in the R-CHOP regimen. We found CD20 transcription is negatively regulated by FOXO1 in NHL cell lines and in human lymphoma specimens carrying activating mutations of FOXO1. Furthermore, both the expression of exogenous mutants of FOXO1 and the inhibition of AKT led to FOXO1 activation in lymphoma cells, increased binding to MS4A1 promoter and diminished CD20 expression levels. In contrast, a disruption of FOXO1 with CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing (sgFOXO1) resulted in CD20 upregulation, improved the cytotoxicity induced by rituximab and the survival of mice with sgFOXO1 tumors. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of FOXO1 activity in primary samples upregulated surface CD20 levels. Importantly, FOXO1 was required for the downregulation of CD20 levels by the clinically tested inhibitors of BTK, SYK, PI3K and AKT. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that the AKT-unresponsive mutants of FOXO1 are important determinant of cell response to rituximab-induced cytotoxicity, and suggest that the genetic status of FOXO1 together with its transcriptional activity need further attention while designing anti-CD20 antibodies based regimens for the therapy of pre-selected lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pyrzynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dwojak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Piotr Zapala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nina Miazek
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Bojarczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Siernicka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin M. Machnicki
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefania Gobessi
- Department of Molecular Hematology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Lech-Maranda
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dimitar G. Efremov
- Department of Molecular Hematology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Przemyslaw Juszczynski
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dinis Calado
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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