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Kral-Pointner JB, Haider P, Szabo PL, Salzmann M, Brekalo M, Schneider KH, Schrottmaier WC, Kaun C, Bleichert S, Kiss A, Sickha R, Hengstenberg C, Huber K, Brostjan C, Bergmeister H, Assinger A, Podesser BK, Wojta J, Hohensinner P. Reduced Monocyte and Neutrophil Infiltration and Activation by P-Selectin/CD62P Inhibition Enhances Thrombus Resolution in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:954-968. [PMID: 38385292 PMCID: PMC11020038 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem. After thrombus formation, its resolution is essential to re-establish blood flow, which is crucially mediated by infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in concert with activated platelets and endothelial cells. Thus, we aimed to modulate leukocyte function during thrombus resolution post-thrombus formation by blocking P-selectin/CD62P-mediated cell interactions. METHODS Thrombosis was induced by inferior vena cava stenosis through ligation in mice. After 1 day, a P-selectin-blocking antibody or isotype control was administered and thrombus composition and resolution were analyzed. RESULTS Localizing neutrophils and macrophages in thrombotic lesions of wild-type mice revealed that these cells enter the thrombus and vessel wall from the caudal end. Neutrophils were predominantly present 1 day and monocytes/macrophages 3 days after vessel ligation. Blocking P-selectin reduced circulating platelet-neutrophil and platelet-Ly6Chigh monocyte aggregates near the thrombus, and diminished neutrophils and Ly6Chigh macrophages in the cranial thrombus part compared with isotype-treated controls. Depletion of neutrophils 1 day after thrombus initiation did not phenocopy P-selectin inhibition but led to larger thrombi compared with untreated controls. In vitro, P-selectin enhanced human leukocyte function as P-selectin-coated beads increased reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils and tissue factor expression of classical monocytes. Accordingly, P-selectin inhibition reduced oxidative burst in the thrombus and tissue factor expression in the adjacent vessel wall. Moreover, blocking P-selectin reduced thrombus density determined by scanning electron microscopy and increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in the thrombus, which accelerated caudal fibrin degradation from day 3 to day 14. This accelerated thrombus resolution as thrombus volume declined more rapidly after blocking P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of P-selectin-dependent activation of monocytes and neutrophils accelerates venous thrombosis resolution due to reduced infiltration and activation of innate immune cells at the site of thrombus formation, which prevents early thrombus stabilization and facilitates fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Kral-Pointner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Haider
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra L. Szabo
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mira Brekalo
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl H. Schneider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C. Schrottmaier
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (W.C.S., A.A.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Bleichert
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery (S.B., C.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Sickha
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria (K.H.)
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria (K.H.)
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery (S.B., C.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Bergmeister
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research (W.C.S., A.A.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II (J.B.K.-P., P. Haider, M.S., M.B., C.K., C.H., J.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hohensinner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research (J.B.K.-P., P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., R.S., K.H., H.B., B.K.P., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery (P.L.S., K.H.S., A.K., H.B., B.K.P., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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2
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Chowdhury NN, Yang Y, Dutta A, Luo M, Wei Z, Abrahams SR, Revenko AS, Shah F, Miles LA, Parmer RJ, de Laat B, Wolberg AS, Luyendyk JP, Fishel ML, Flick MJ. Plasminogen deficiency suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma disease progression. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:113-135. [PMID: 37971174 PMCID: PMC10766200 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly fatal metastatic disease associated with robust activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. However, the potential contribution of the primary fibrinolytic protease plasminogen to PDAC disease progression has remained largely undefined. Mice bearing C57Bl/6-derived KPC (KRasG12D , TRP53R172H ) tumors displayed evidence of plasmin activity in the form of high plasmin-antiplasmin complexes and high plasmin generation potential relative to mice without tumors. Notably, plasminogen-deficient mice (Plg- ) had significantly diminished KPC tumor growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic implantation models. Moreover, the metastatic potential of KPC cells was significantly diminished in Plg- mice, which was linked to reduced early adhesion and/or survival of KPC tumor cells. The reduction in primary orthotopic KPC tumor growth in Plg- mice was associated with increased apoptosis, reduced accumulation of pro-tumor immune cells, and increased local proinflammatory cytokine production. Elimination of fibrin(ogen), the primary proteolytic target of plasmin, did not alter KPC primary tumor growth and resulted in only a modest reduction in metastatic potential. In contrast, deficiencies in the plasminogen receptors Plg-RKT or S100A10 in tumor cells significantly reduced tumor growth. Plg-RKT reduction in tumor cells, but not reduced S100A10, suppressed metastatic potential in a manner that mimicked plasminogen deficiency. Finally, tumor growth was also reduced in NSG mice subcutaneously or orthotopically implanted with patient-derived PDAC tumor cells in which circulating plasminogen was pharmacologically reduced. Collectively, these studies suggest that plasminogen promotes PDAC tumor growth and metastatic potential, in part through engaging plasminogen receptors on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayela N. Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michelle Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Zimu Wei
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sara R. Abrahams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | | | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare SystemUniversity of California, San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research InstituteMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Melissa L. Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
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3
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Miles LA, Bai H, Chakrabarty S, Baik N, Zhang Y, Parmer RJ, Samad F. Overexpression of Plg-R KT protects against adipose dysfunction and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Adipocyte 2023; 12:2252729. [PMID: 37642146 PMCID: PMC10481882 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2023.2252729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, is a unique cell surface receptor that is broadly expressed in cells and tissues throughout the body. Plg-RKT localizes plasminogen on cell surfaces and promotes its activation to the broad-spectrum serine protease, plasmin. In this study, we show that overexpression of Plg-RKT protects mice from high fat diet (HFD)-induced adipose and metabolic dysfunction. During the first 10 weeks on the HFD, the body weights of mice that overexpressed Plg-RKT (Plg-RKT-OEX) were lower than those of control mice (CagRosaPlgRKT). After 10 weeks on the HFD, CagRosaPlgRKT and Plg-RKT-OEX mice had similar body weights. However, Plg-RKT-OEX mice showed a more metabolically favourable body composition phenotype. Plg-RKT-OEX mice also showed improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. We found that the improved metabolic functions of Plg-RKT-OEX mice were mechanistically associated with increased energy expenditure and activity, decreased proinflammatory adipose macrophages and decreased inflammation, elevated brown fat thermogenesis, and higher expression of adipose PPARγ and adiponectin. These findings suggest that Plg-RKT signalling promotes healthy adipose function via multiple mechanisms to defend against obesity-associated adverse metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hongdong Bai
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sagarika Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fahumiya Samad
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Dai W, Castleberry M, Zheng Z. Tale of two systems: the intertwining duality of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2679-2696. [PMID: 37579878 PMCID: PMC10599797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an enzymatic process that breaks down fibrin clots, while dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Both fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism are critical mechanisms that regulate a myriad of functions in the body, and the imbalance of these mechanisms is linked to the development of pathologic conditions, such as thrombotic complications in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Accumulated evidence indicates the close relationship between the 2 seemingly distinct and complicated systems-fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. Observational studies in humans found that dyslipidemia, characterized by increased blood apoB-lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein, is associated with lower fibrinolytic potential. Genetic variants of some fibrinolytic regulators are associated with blood lipid levels, supporting a causal relationship between these regulators and lipoprotein metabolism. Mechanistic studies have elucidated many pathways that link the fibrinolytic system and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, profibrinolytic therapies improve lipid panels toward an overall cardiometabolic healthier phenotype, while some lipid-lowering treatments increase fibrinolytic potential. The complex relationship between lipoprotein and fibrinolysis warrants further research to improve our understanding of the bidirectional regulation between the mediators of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA.
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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5
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Perucci LO, Vago JP, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Crosstalk between the plasminogen/plasmin system and inflammation resolution. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2666-2678. [PMID: 37495082 PMCID: PMC10792525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system, best known for its classical role in thrombolysis, has been recently highlighted as a regulator of other biological processes in mammals, including key steps involved in the resolution of inflammation. Inflammation resolution is a complex process coordinated by different cellular effectors, notably leukocytes, and active mediators, and is initiated shortly after the inflammatory response begins. Once the inflammatory insult is eliminated, an effective and timely engagement of proresolution programs prevents persistent inflammation, thereby avoiding excessive tissue damage, fibrosis, and the development of autoimmunity. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that Plg/Pla and their receptor, plasminogen receptor KT (Plg-RKT), regulate key steps in inflammation resolution. The number of studies investigating the involvement of the Plg/Pla system in these and other aspects of inflammation, including degradation of extracellular matrices, immune cell migration, wound healing, and skeletal growth and maintenance, highlights key roles of the Plg/Pla system during physiological and pathologic conditions. Here, we discuss robust evidence in the literature for the emerging roles of the Plg/Pla system in key steps of inflammation resolution. These findings suggest that dysregulation in Plg production and its activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Elucidating central mechanisms underlying the role of Plg/Pla in key steps of inflammation resolution either in preclinical models of inflammation or in human inflammatory conditions, can provide a rationale for the development of new pharmacologic interventions to promote resolution of inflammation, and open new pathways for the treatment of thromboinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza O Perucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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6
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Haider P, Kral-Pointner JB, Salzmann M, Moik F, Bleichert S, Schrottmaier WC, Kaun C, Brekalo M, Fischer MB, Speidl WS, Hengstenberg C, Podesser BK, Huber K, Pabinger I, Knapp S, Brombacher F, Brostjan C, Ay C, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ. Interleukin-4 receptor alpha signaling regulates monocyte homeostasis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22532. [PMID: 36063138 PMCID: PMC9544925 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101672rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and its receptors (IL‐4R) promote the proliferation and polarization of macrophages. However, it is unknown if IL‐4R also influences monocyte homeostasis and if steady state IL‐4 levels are sufficient to affect monocytes. Employing full IL‐4 receptor alpha knockout mice (IL‐4Rα−/−) and mice with a myeloid‐specific deletion of IL‐4Rα (IL‐4Rαf/f LysMcre), we show that IL‐4 acts as a homeostatic factor regulating circulating monocyte numbers. In the absence of IL‐4Rα, murine monocytes in blood were reduced by 50% without altering monocytopoiesis in the bone marrow. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in monocyte‐derived inflammatory cytokines in the plasma. RNA sequencing analysis and immunohistochemical staining of splenic monocytes revealed changes in mRNA and protein levels of anti‐apoptotic factors including BIRC6 in IL‐4Rα−/− knockout animals. Furthermore, assessment of monocyte lifespan in vivo measuring BrdU+ cells revealed that the lifespan of circulating monocytes was reduced by 55% in IL‐4Rα−/− mice, whereas subcutaneously applied IL‐4 prolonged it by 75%. Treatment of human monocytes with IL‐4 reduced the amount of dying monocytes in vitro. Furthermore, IL‐4 stimulation reduced the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, including the phosphorylation of the NFκBp65 protein. In a cohort of human patients, serum IL‐4 levels were significantly associated with monocyte counts. In a sterile peritonitis model, reduced monocyte counts resulted in an attenuated recruitment of monocytes upon inflammatory stimulation in IL‐4Rαf/f LysMcre mice without changes in overall migratory function. Thus, we identified a homeostatic role of IL‐4Rα in regulating the lifespan of monocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Haider
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia B Kral-Pointner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Moik
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Bleichert
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mira Brekalo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Walter S Speidl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Center for Genetic and Biotechnology Cape Town Component & University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Plasminogen and plasmin can bind to human T cells and generate truncated CCL21 that increases dendritic cell chemotactic responses. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102112. [PMID: 35690148 PMCID: PMC9270246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin is a broad-spectrum protease and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Active plasmin is formed from plasminogen, which is found in high concentrations in the blood and is converted by the plasminogen activators. In the circulation, high levels of α2-antiplasmin rapidly and efficiently inhibit plasmin activity. Certain myeloid immune cells have been shown to bind plasmin and plasminogen on their cell surface via proteins that bind to the plasmin(ogen) kringle domains. Our earlier work showed that T cells can activate plasmin, but that they do not themselves express plasminogen. Here, we demonstrate that T cells express several known plasminogen receptors, and that they bind plasminogen on their cell surface. We show T cell-bound plasminogen was converted to plasmin by plasminogen activators upon T cell activation. To examine functional consequences of plasmin generation by activated T cells, we investigated its effect on the chemokine, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 21 (CCL21). Video microscopy and western blotting confirmed that plasmin bound by human T cells cleaves CCL21 and increases the chemotactic response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells towards higher CCL21 concentrations along the concentration gradient by increasing their directional migration and track straightness. These results demonstrate how migrating T cells and potentially other activated immune cells may co-opt a powerful proteolytic system from the plasma towards immune processes in the peripheral tissues, where α2-antiplasmin is more likely to be absent. We propose that plasminogen bound to migrating immune cells may strongly modulate chemokine responses in peripheral tissues.
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8
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Ditzig Z, Wilson CM, Salas J, Serve KM. Plasminogen Binding and Activation at the Mesothelial Cell Surface Promotes Invasion through a Collagen Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115984. [PMID: 35682663 PMCID: PMC9180734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) activation to the serine protease plasmin (Pla) plays a key role in regulating wound healing and fibrotic responses, particularly when bound to cell surface receptors. Our previous work suggested that mesothelial cells bind Plg at the cell surface, though no Plg receptors were described for these cells. Since mesothelial cells contribute to injury responses, including cellular differentiation to a mesenchymal-like phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling, we hypothesized that Plg binding would promote these responses. Here, we confirm that Plg binds to both pleural and peritoneal mesothelial cells via the lysine-binding domain present in Plg, and we demonstrate the presence of three Plg receptors on the mesothelial cell surface: α-Enolase, Annexin A2, and Plg-RKT. We further show that bound-Plg is activated to Pla on the cell surface and that activation is blocked by an inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator or by the presence of animal-derived FBS. Lastly, we demonstrate that Plg promotes mesothelial cell invasion through a type I collagen matrix but does not promote cellular differentiation or proliferation. These data demonstrate for the first time that mesothelial cells bind and activate Plg at the cell surface and that active Pla is involved in mesothelial cell invasion without cell differentiation.
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9
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Miles LA, Krajewski S, Baik N, Parmer RJ, Mueller BM. Plg-RKT Expression in Human Breast Cancer Tissues. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040503. [PMID: 35454092 PMCID: PMC9028288 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system regulates the activity of the serine protease, plasmin. The role of plasminogen receptors in cancer progression is being increasingly appreciated as key players in modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of plasminogen with cells to promote plasminogen activation requires the presence of proteins exposing C-terminal lysines on the cell surface. Plg-RKT is a structurally unique plasminogen receptor because it is an integral membrane protein that is synthesized with and binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine exposed on the cell surface. Here, we have investigated the expression of Plg-RKT in human breast tumors and human breast cancer cell lines. Breast cancer progression tissue microarrays were probed with anti-Plg-RKT mAB and we found that Plg-RKT is widely expressed in human breast tumors, that its expression is increased in tumors that have spread to draining lymph nodes and distant organs, and that Plg-RKT expression is most pronounced in hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors. Plg-RKT was detected by Western blotting in human breast cancer cell lines. By flow cytometry, Plg-RKT cell surface expression was highest on the most aggressive tumor cell line. Future studies are warranted to address the functions of Plg-RKT in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
| | - Barbara M. Mueller
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Samad F, Bai H, Baik N, Haider P, Zhang Y, Rega-Kaun G, Kaun C, Prager M, Wojta J, Bui Q, Chakrabarty S, Wang J, Parmer RJ, Miles LA. The plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT regulates adipose function and metabolic homeostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:742-754. [PMID: 34897983 PMCID: PMC8885904 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plg-RKT , a unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor, enhances the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, and localizes the proteolytic activity of plasmin on the cell surface. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of Plg-RKT in adipose function, metabolic homeostasis, and obesity. METHODS We used adipose tissue (AT) sections from bariatric surgery patients and from high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice together with immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction to study adipose expression of Plg-RKT . Mice genetically deficient in Plg-RKT and littermate controls fed a HFD or control low fat diet (LFD) were used to determine the role of Plg-RKT in insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and associated mechanisms including adipose inflammation, fibrosis, and ectopic lipid storage. The role of Plg-RKT in adipogenesis was determined using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and primary cultures established from Plg-RKT -deficient and littermate control mice. RESULTS Plg-RKT was highly expressed in both human and mouse AT, and its levels dramatically increased during adipogenesis. Plg-RKT -deficient mice, when fed a HFD, gained more weight, developed more hepatic steatosis, and were more insulin resistant/glucose intolerant than HFD-fed wild-type littermates. Mechanistically, these metabolic defects were linked with increased AT inflammation, AT macrophage and T-cell accumulation, adipose and hepatic fibrosis, and decreased insulin signaling in the AT and liver. Moreover, Plg-RKT regulated the expression of PPARγ and other adipogenic molecules, suggesting a novel role for Plg-RKT in the adipogenic program. CONCLUSIONS Plg-RKT coordinately regulates multiple aspects of adipose function that are important to maintain efficient metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahumiya Samad
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongdong Bai
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gersina Rega-Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine for Diabetes and Rheumatology, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Prager
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Oberwart, Oberwart, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna
| | - Quyen Bui
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sagarika Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Briggs GD, Balogh ZJ. Tranexamic acid and inflammation in trauma. ANZ J Surg 2021; 90:426-428. [PMID: 32339431 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle D Briggs
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zsolt J Balogh
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
The Borrelia spp. are tick-borne pathogenic spirochetes that include the agents of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. As part of their life cycle, the spirochetes traffic between the tick vector and the vertebrate host, which requires significant physiological changes and remodeling of their outer membranes and proteome. This crucial proteome resculpting is carried out by a diverse set of proteases, adaptor proteins, and related chaperones. Despite its small genome, Borrelia burgdorferi has dedicated a large percentage of its genome to proteolysis, including a full complement of ATP-dependent proteases. Energy-driven proteolysis appears to be an important physiological feature of this dual-life-cycle bacterium. The proteolytic arsenal of Borrelia is strategically deployed for disposal of proteins no longer required as they move from one stage to another or are transferred from one host to another. Likewise, the Borrelia spp. are systemic organisms that need to break down and move through host tissues and barriers, and so their unique proteolytic resources, both endogenous and borrowed, make movement more feasible. Both the Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia spp. bind plasminogen as well as numerous components of the mammalian plasminogen-activating system. This recruitment capacity endows the spirochetes with a borrowed proteolytic competency that can lead to increased invasiveness.
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13
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Kiefer J, Zeller J, Bogner B, Hörbrand IA, Lang F, Deiss E, Winninger O, Fricke M, Kreuzaler S, Smudde E, Huber-Lang M, Peter K, Woollard KJ, Eisenhardt SU. An Unbiased Flow Cytometry-Based Approach to Assess Subset-Specific Circulating Monocyte Activation and Cytokine Profile in Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641224. [PMID: 33981302 PMCID: PMC8108699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are the third most frequent type of leukocytes in humans, linking innate and adaptive immunity and are critical drivers in many inflammatory diseases. Based on the differential expression of surface antigens, three monocytic subpopulations have been suggested in humans and two in rats with varying inflammatory and phenotype characteristics. Potential intervention strategies that aim to manipulate these cells require an in-depth understanding of monocyte behavior under different conditions. However, monocytes are highly sensitive to their specific activation state and expression of surface markers, which can change during cell isolation and purification. Thus, there is an urgent need for an unbiased functional analysis of activation in monocyte subtypes, which is not affected by the isolation procedure. Here, we present a flow cytometry-based protocol for evaluating subset-specific activation and cytokine expression of circulating blood monocytes both in humans and rats using small whole blood samples (50 - 100 μL). In contrast to previously described monocyte isolation and flow cytometry visualization methods, the presented approach virtually leaves monocyte subsets in a resting state or fixes them in their current state and allows for an unbiased functional endpoint analysis without prior cell isolation. This protocol is a comprehensive tool for studying differential monocyte regulation in the inflammatory and allogeneic immune response in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurij Kiefer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zeller
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balázs Bogner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel A Hörbrand
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Lang
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emil Deiss
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Winninger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Fricke
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sheena Kreuzaler
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Smudde
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Centre of Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen U Eisenhardt
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB. Fibrinolysis: A Primordial System Linked to the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3406. [PMID: 33810275 PMCID: PMC8037105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system provides an essential means to remove fibrin deposits and blood clots. The actual protease responsible for this is plasmin, formed from its precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is heralded as it most renowned substrate but for many years plasmin has been known to cleave many other substrates, and to also activate other proteolytic systems. Recent clinical studies have shown that the promotion of plasmin can lead to an immunosuppressed phenotype, in part via its ability to modulate cytokine expression. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allows plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, a multitude of pathogens can also express their own plasminogen activators, or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites host plasminogen. Plasmin formed under these circumstances also empowers these pathogens to modulate host immune defense mechanisms. Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the plasminogen activating system predates the appearance of fibrin, indicating that plasmin did not evolve as a fibrinolytic protease but perhaps has its roots as an immune modifying protease. While its fibrin removing capacity became apparent in lower vertebrates these primitive under-appreciated immune modifying functions still remain and are now becoming more recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School Melbourne, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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15
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Ivan DC, Walthert S, Berve K, Steudler J, Locatelli G. Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609921. [PMID: 33746939 PMCID: PMC7973121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma is enclosed and protected by a multilayered system of cellular and acellular barriers, functionally separating glia and neurons from peripheral circulation and blood-borne immune cells. Populating these borders as dynamic observers, CNS-resident macrophages contribute to organ homeostasis. Upon autoimmune, traumatic or neurodegenerative inflammation, these phagocytes start playing additional roles as immune regulators contributing to disease evolution. At the same time, pathological CNS conditions drive the migration and recruitment of blood-borne monocyte-derived cells across distinct local gateways. This invasion process drastically increases border complexity and can lead to parenchymal infiltration of blood-borne phagocytes playing a direct role both in damage and in tissue repair. While recent studies and technical advancements have highlighted the extreme heterogeneity of these resident and CNS-invading cells, both the compartment-specific mechanism of invasion and the functional specification of intruding and resident cells remain unclear. This review illustrates the complexity of mononuclear phagocytes at CNS interfaces, indicating how further studies of CNS border dynamics are crucially needed to shed light on local and systemic regulation of CNS functions and dysfunctions.
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16
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Miles LA, Ny L, Wilczynska M, Shen Y, Ny T, Parmer RJ. Plasminogen Receptors and Fibrinolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041712. [PMID: 33567773 PMCID: PMC7914795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to promote plasminogen activation on their surfaces is now well recognized, and several distinct cell surface proteins have been demonstrated to function as plasminogen receptors. Here, we review studies demonstrating that plasminogen bound to cells, in addition to plasminogen directly bound to fibrin, plays a major role in regulating fibrin surveillance. We focus on the ability of specific plasminogen receptors on eukaryotic cells to promote fibrinolysis in the in vivo setting by reviewing data obtained predominantly in murine models. Roles for distinct plasminogen receptors in fibrin surveillance in intravascular fibrinolysis, immune cell recruitment in the inflammatory response, wound healing, and lactational development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-784-7105; Fax: 858-784-7374
| | - Lina Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
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17
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Whyte CS, Morrow GB, Baik N, Booth NA, Jalal MM, Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Mutch NJ. Exposure of plasminogen and a novel plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, on activated human and murine platelets. Blood 2021; 137:248-257. [PMID: 32842150 PMCID: PMC7820873 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation rates are enhanced by cell surface binding. We previously demonstrated that exogenous plasminogen binds to phosphatidylserine-exposing and spread platelets. Platelets contain plasminogen in their α-granules, but secretion of plasminogen from platelets has not been studied. Recently, a novel transmembrane lysine-dependent plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, has been described on macrophages. Here, we analyzed the pool of plasminogen in platelets and examined whether platelets express Plg-RKT. Plasminogen content of the supernatant of resting and collagen/thrombin-stimulated platelets was similar. Pretreatment with the lysine analog, ε-aminocaproic acid, significantly increased platelet-derived plasminogen (0.33 vs 0.08 nmol/108 platelets) in the stimulated supernatant, indicating a lysine-dependent mechanism of membrane retention. Lysine-dependent, platelet-derived plasminogen retention on thrombin and convulxin activated human platelets was confirmed by flow cytometry. Platelets initiated fibrinolytic activity in fluorescently labeled plasminogen-deficient clots and in turbidimetric clot lysis assays. A 17-kDa band, consistent with Plg-RKT, was detected in the platelet membrane fraction by western blotting. Confocal microscopy of stimulated platelets revealed Plg-RKT colocalized with platelet-derived plasminogen on the activated platelet membrane. Plasminogen exposure was significantly attenuated in thrombin- and convulxin-stimulated platelets from Plg-RKT-/- mice compared with Plg-RKT+/+ littermates. Membrane exposure of Plg-RKT was not dependent on plasminogen, as similar levels of the receptor were detected in plasminogen-/- platelets. These data highlight Plg-RKT as a novel plasminogen receptor in human and murine platelets. We show for the first time that platelet-derived plasminogen is retained on the activated platelet membrane and drives local fibrinolysis by enhancing cell surface-mediated plasminogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Whyte
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gael B Morrow
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nuala A Booth
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed M Jalal
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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18
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Ny L, Parmer RJ, Shen Y, Holmberg S, Baik N, Bäckman A, Broden J, Wilczynska M, Ny T, Miles LA. The plasminogen receptor, Plg-R KT, plays a role in inflammation and fibrinolysis during cutaneous wound healing in mice. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 33311441 PMCID: PMC7733490 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiologic process that proceeds in overlapping, sequential steps. Plasminogen promotes fibrinolysis and potentiates the inflammatory response during wound healing. We have tested the hypothesis that the novel plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, regulates key steps in wound healing. Standardized burn wounds were induced in mice and time dependence of wound closure was quantified. Healing in Plg-RKT−/− mice was significantly delayed during the proliferation phase. Expression of inflammatory cytokines was dysregulated in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Consistent with dysregulated cytokine expression, a significant delay in wound healing during the proliferation phase was observed in mice in which Plg-RKT was specifically deleted in myeloid cells. Following wound closure, the epidermal thickness was less in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Paradoxically, deletion of Plg-RKT, specifically in keratinocytes, significantly accelerated the rate of healing during the proliferation phase. Mechanistically, only two genes were upregulated in Plg-RKT−/− compared with Plg-RKT+/+ wound tissue, filaggrin, and caspase 14. Both filaggrin and caspase 14 promote epidermal differentiation and decrease proliferation, consistent with more rapid wound closure and decreased epidermal thickness during the remodeling phase. Fibrin clearance was significantly impaired in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Genetic reduction of fibrinogen levels to 50% completely abrogated the effect of Plg-RKT deletion on the healing of burn wounds. Remarkably, the effects of Plg-RKT deletion on cytokine expression were modulated by reducing fibrinogen levels. In summary, Plg-RKT is a new regulator participating in different phases of cutaneous burn wound healing, which coordinately plays a role in the interrelated responses of inflammation, keratinocyte migration, and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Miles LA, Vago JP, Sousa LP, Parmer RJ. Functions of the plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2468-2481. [PMID: 32662180 PMCID: PMC7722214 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plg-RKT is a structurally unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor with both N- and C-terminal domains exposed on the extracellular face of the cell. Its C-terminal lysine functions to tether plasminogen to cell surfaces. Overexpression of Plg-RKT increases cell surface plasminogen binding capacity while genetic deletion of Plg-RKT decreases plasminogen binding. Plasminogen binding to Plg-RKT results in promotion of plasminogen activation to the broad spectrum serine protease plasmin. This function is promoted by the physical association of Plg-RKT with the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Plg-RKT is broadly expressed in cells and tissues throughout the organism and its sequence is remarkably conserved phylogenetically. Plg-RKT also is required for lactation and, thus, is necessary for survival of the species. This review provides an overview of established and emerging functions of Plg-RKT and highlights major roles for Plg-RKT in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. While the roles for Plg-RKT in the inflammatory response are predominantly plasmin(ogen)-dependent, its role in lactation requires both plasminogen-dependent and plasminogen-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the functions of Plg-RKT are dependent on sex. In view of the broad tissue distribution of Plg-RKT , its role in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes should provide a fruitful area for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB, Myles PS. Fibrinolysis and COVID-19: A plasmin paradox. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2118-2122. [PMID: 32543119 PMCID: PMC7323332 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has provided many challenges in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis. Among these is a novel form of coagulopathy that includes exceptionally high levels of D-dimer. D-dimer is a marker of poor prognosis, but does this also imply a causal relationship? These spectacularly raised D-dimer levels may actually signify the failing attempt of the fibrinolytic system to remove fibrin and necrotic tissue from the lung parenchyma, being consumed or overwhelmed in the process. Indeed, recent studies suggest that increasing fibrinolytic activity might offer hope for patients with critical disease and severe respiratory failure. However, the fibrinolytic system can also be harnessed by coronavirus to promote infectivity and where antifibrinolytic measures would also seem appropriate. Hence, there is a clinical paradox where plasmin formation can be either deleterious or beneficial in COVID-19, but not at the same time. Hence, it all comes down to timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani B Keragala
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul S Myles
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Haider P, Kral-Pointner JB, Mayer J, Richter M, Kaun C, Brostjan C, Eilenberg W, Fischer MB, Speidl WS, Hengstenberg C, Huber K, Wojta J, Hohensinner P. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation by Differently Polarized Macrophage Subsets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2265-2278. [PMID: 32673525 PMCID: PMC7447175 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Macrophages are immune cells, capable to remodel the extracellular matrix, which can harbor extracellular DNA incorporated into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). To study the breakdown of NETs we studied the capability of macrophage subsets to degrade these structures in vitro and in vivo in a murine thrombosis model. Furthermore, we analyzed human abdominal aortic aneurysm samples in support of our in vitro and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Haider
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia B Kral-Pointner
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Austria (J.B.K.-P., J.W.)
| | - Julia Mayer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Richter
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery (C.B., W.E.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolf Eilenberg
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery (C.B., W.E.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine (M.B.F.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, Austria (M.B.F.)
| | - Walter S Speidl
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- Wilhelminenhospital, 3rd Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Vienna, Austria (K.H.).,Sigmund Freud University, Medical Faculty, Vienna, Austria (K.H.)
| | - Johann Wojta
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Austria (J.B.K.-P., J.W.).,Medical University of Vienna, Core Facilities, Austria (J.W.)
| | - Philipp Hohensinner
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine II (P. Haider, J.B.K.-P., J.M., M.R., C.K., W.S.S., C.H., J.W., P. Hohensinner), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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22
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Thaler B. MUW researcher of the month. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:110-111. [PMID: 32086648 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Thaler
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinische Abteilung für Kardiologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Storage of human whole blood, but not isolated monocytes, preserves the distribution of monocyte subsets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:709-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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