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Ramírez Idarraga JA, Restrepo Múnera LM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Their Role in the Tumor Microenvironment. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023; 29:681-691. [PMID: 37276173 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been seen for years as great candidates for treating different diseases and an alternative to embryonic stem cells due to their differentiation capacity in vitro. More recent research has focused on their ability to modulate the immune response and regeneration at sites associated with inflammation, activities attributable to the release of trophic factors into the extracellular medium, a set of components known as the secretome. It has been possible to demonstrate the presence of these cells within the tumor microenvironment, which is associated with their tropism for sites of inflammation; however, their role here needs to be clarified. In different investigations, the feasibility of using MSCs or their secretome to treat cancer has been sought, with these results being ambiguous. It has been described that MSCs can be activated and present various phenotypes, which could explain the divergence in their action; however, these activation mechanisms and the different phenotypes still need to be well known. This review explores MSCs and their use in regenerative medicine with a targeted approach to cancer. Impact Statement This text addresses the diverging findings on the role of mesenchymal stem cells in the tumor microenvironment and discrepancies on the use of these cells as cancer treatment, separating the direct use of the cells from the use of the secretome. Multiple authors refer equally to the cells and their secretome to conclude on the positive or negative outcome, without taking into consideration how the cells are affected by their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Alexander Ramírez Idarraga
- Corporación Académica Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Ingeniería de Tejidos y Terapias Celulares, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luz Marina Restrepo Múnera
- Grupo Ingeniería de Tejidos y Terapias Celulares, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
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2
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Mesenchymal stromal cell-associated migrasomes: a new source of chemoattractant for cells of hematopoietic origin. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:36. [PMID: 36788616 PMCID: PMC9926842 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are precursors of various cell types. Through soluble factors, direct cell-cell interactions and other intercellular communication mechanisms such as extracellular vesicles and tunneling nanotubes, MSCs support tissue homeostasis. In the bone marrow microenvironment, they promote hematopoiesis. The interaction between MSCs and cancer cells enhances the cancer and metastatic potential. Here, we have demonstrated that plastic-adherent MSCs isolated from human bone marrow generate migrasomes, a newly discovered organelle playing a role in intercellular communication. RESULTS Migrasomes are forming a network with retraction fibers behind the migrating MSCs or surrounding them after membrane retraction. The MSC markers, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166 are present on the migrasome network, the latter being specific to migrasomes. Some migrasomes harbor the late endosomal GTPase Rab7 and exosomal marker CD63 indicating the presence of multivesicular bodies. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was detected in migrasomes, suggesting that they play a chemoattractant role. Co-cultures with KG-1a leukemic cells or primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors revealed that MSC-associated migrasomes attracted them, a process intercepted by the addition of AMD3100, a specific CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, or recombinant SDF-1. An antibody directed against CD166 reduced the association of hematopoietic cells and MSC-associated migrasomes. In contrast to primary CD34+ progenitors, leukemic cells can take up migrasomes. CONCLUSION Overall, we described a novel mechanism used by MSCs to communicate with cells of hematopoietic origin and further studies are needed to decipher all biological aspects of migrasomes in the healthy and transformed bone marrow microenvironment. Video Abstract.
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Català C, Velasco-de Andrés M, Leyton-Pereira A, Casadó-Llombart S, Sáez Moya M, Gutiérrez-Cózar R, García-Luna J, Consuegra-Fernández M, Isamat M, Aranda F, Martínez-Florensa M, Engel P, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Lozano F. CD6 deficiency impairs early immune response to bacterial sepsis. iScience 2022; 25:105078. [PMID: 36157587 PMCID: PMC9490029 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is a lymphocyte-specific scavenger receptor expressed on adaptive (T) and innate (B1a, NK) immune cells, which is involved in both fine-tuning of lymphocyte activation/differentiation and recognition of bacterial-associated molecular patterns (i.e., lipopolysaccharide). However, evidence on CD6’s role in the physiological response to bacterial infection was missing. Our results show that induction of monobacterial and polymicrobial sepsis in Cd6−/− mice results in lower survival rates and increased bacterial loads and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Steady state analyses of Cd6−/− mice show decreased levels of natural polyreactive antibodies, concomitant with decreased cell counts of spleen B1a and marginal zone B cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type B cells and mouse serum, as well as a polyreactive monoclonal antibody improve Cd6−/− mouse survival rates post-sepsis. These findings support a nonredundant role for CD6 in the early response against bacterial infection, through homeostatic expansion and functionality of innate-related immune cells. CD6 is a nonredundant receptor in early immune response to sepsis Cd6−/− mice show higher susceptibility to bacterial sepsis Cd6−/− mice show lower B1a and MZB cell and natural polyreactive antibody levels B cell and serum transfer restore susceptibility of Cd6−/− mice to bacterial sepsis
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Català
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Velasco-de Andrés
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Leyton-Pereira
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Sáez Moya
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Gutiérrez-Cózar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Luna
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Isamat
- Sepsia Therapeutics S.L., 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic (CDB), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Kastrenopoulou A, Kypreos KE, Papachristou NI, Georgopoulos S, Mastora I, Papadimitriou-Olivgeri I, Spentzopoulou A, Nikitovic D, Kontogeorgakos V, Blair HC, Papachristou DJ. ApoA1 Deficiency Reshapes the Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4834. [PMID: 35563223 PMCID: PMC9100701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we studied the effect of apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA1) on the spatial and molecular characteristics of bone marrow adipocytes, using well-characterized ApoA1 knockout mice. APOA1 is a central regulator of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism, and thus HDL; our recent work showed that deficiency of APOA1 increases bone marrow adiposity in mice. We found that ApoA1 deficient mice have greatly elevated adipocytes within their bone marrow compared to wild type counterparts. Morphologically, the increased adipocytes were similar to white adipocytes, and displayed proximal tibial-end localization. Marrow adipocytes from wild type mice were significantly fewer and did not display a bone-end distribution pattern. The mRNA levels of the brown/beige adipocyte-specific markers Ucp1, Dio2, Pat2, and Pgc1a; and the expression of leptin were greatly reduced in the ApoA1 knock-out in comparison to the wild-type mice. In the knock-out mice, adiponectin was remarkably elevated. In keeping with the close ties of hematopoietic stem cells and marrow adipocytes, using flow cytometry we found that the elevated adiposity in the ApoA1 knockout mice is associated with a significant reduction in the compartments of hematopoietic stem cells and common myeloid, but not of the common lymphoid, progenitors. Moreover, the 'beiging'-related marker osteopontin and the angiogenic factor VEGF were also reduced in the ApoA1 knock-out mice, further supporting the notion that APOA1-and most probably HDL-C-regulate bone marrow microenvironment, favoring beige/brown adipocyte characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kastrenopoulou
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Kyriakos E. Kypreos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Nicholaos I. Papachristou
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Stavros Georgopoulos
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Ioulia Mastora
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Ioanna Papadimitriou-Olivgeri
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Argyro Spentzopoulou
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medical, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Vassilios Kontogeorgakos
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Harry C. Blair
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dionysios J. Papachristou
- Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medical, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.); (N.I.P.); (S.G.); (I.M.); (I.P.-O.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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5
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Casadó-Llombart S, Gheitasi H, Ariño S, Consuegra-Fernández M, Armiger-Borràs N, Kostov B, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Lozano F. Gene Variation at Immunomodulatory and Cell Adhesion Molecules Loci Impacts Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822290. [PMID: 35372412 PMCID: PMC8971656 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by a combination of environmental and host genetic factors, which results in the focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands causing eye and mouth dryness. Glandular infiltrates include T and B cell subsets positive for CD5 and/or CD6, two surface scavenger receptors involved in the fine-tuning of intracellular signals mediated by the antigen-specific receptor complex of T (TCR) and B (BCR) cells. Moreover, the epithelial cells of inflamed glands overexpress CD166/ALCAM, a CD6 ligand involved in homo and heterotypic cell adhesion interactions. All this, together with the reported association of functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CD5, CD6, and CD166/ALCAM with the risk or prognosis of some immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, led us to investigate similar associations in a local cohort of patients with pSS. The logistic regression analyses of individual SNPs showed the association of CD5 rs2241002T with anti-Ro/La positivity, CD6 rs17824933C with neutropenia, and CD6 rs11230563T with increased leukopenia and neutropenia but decreased peripheral nervous system EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI). Further analyses showed the association of haplotypes from CD5 (rs2241002T-rs2229177C) with anemia and thrombocytopenia, CD6 (rs17824933G-rs11230563C-rs12360861G) with cutaneous ESSDAI, and CD166/ALCAM (rs6437585C-rs579565A-rs1044243C and rs6437585C-rs579565G-rs1044243T) with disease susceptibility and several analytical parameters (anti-nuclear antibodies, neurological ESSDAI, and hematologic cytopenias). These results support the relevance of gene variation at loci coding for cell surface receptors involved in the modulation of T and B lymphocyte activation (CD5, CD6) and epithelial-immune cell adhesion (CD166/ALCAM) in modulating the clinical and analytical outcomes in patients with pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hoda Gheitasi
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ariño
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belchin Kostov
- Primary Care Centre Les Corts, Consorci d'Atenció Primària de Salut Barcelona Esquerra (CAPSBE), Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Healthcare Transversal Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Brito-Zerón
- Research and Innovation Group in Autoimmune Diseases, RGAD-Sanitas Digital Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine, Millenium Clinic, Sanitas, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Brito-Zerón
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Francisco Lozano
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6
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Velasco-de Andrés M, Casadó-Llombart S, Català C, Leyton-Pereira A, Lozano F, Aranda F. Soluble CD5 and CD6: Lymphocytic Class I Scavenger Receptors as Immunotherapeutic Agents. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122589. [PMID: 33287301 PMCID: PMC7761703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are closely related signal-transducing class I scavenger receptors mainly expressed on lymphocytes. Both receptors are involved in the modulation of the activation and differentiation cell processes triggered by clonotypic antigen-specific receptors present on T and B cells (TCR and BCR, respectively). To serve such a relevant immunomodulatory function, the extracellular region of CD5 and CD6 interacts with soluble and/or cell-bound endogenous counterreceptors but also microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Evidence from genetically-modified mouse models indicates that the absence or blockade of CD5- and CD6-mediated signals results in dysregulated immune responses, which may be deleterious or advantageous in some pathological conditions, such as infection, cancer or autoimmunity. Bench to bedside translation from transgenic data is constrained by ethical concerns which can be overcome by exogenous administration of soluble proteins acting as decoy receptors and leading to transient “functional knockdown”. This review gathers information currently available on the therapeutic efficacy of soluble CD5 and CD6 receptor infusion in different experimental models of disease. The existing proof-of-concept warrants the interest of soluble CD5 and CD6 as safe and efficient immunotherapeutic agents in diverse and relevant pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Velasco-de Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Cristina Català
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Alejandra Leyton-Pereira
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
- Servei d’Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Immunoregulació de la Resposta Innata i Adaptativa, Department de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
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Mafra K, Nakagaki BN, Castro Oliveira HM, Rezende RM, Antunes MM, Menezes GB. The liver as a nursery for leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:687-693. [PMID: 31107980 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1118-455r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are a large population of cells spread within most tissues in the body. These cells may be either sessile (called as resident cells) or circulating leukocytes, which travel long journeys inside the vessels during their lifespan. Although production and maturation of these leukocytes in adults primarily occur in the bone marrow, it is well known that this process-called hematopoiesis-started in the embryonic life in different sites, including the yolk sac, placenta, and the liver. In this review, we will discuss how the liver acts as a pivotal site for leukocyte maturation during the embryo phase, and also how the most frequent liver-resident immune cell populations-namely Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes-play a vital role in both tolerance and inflammatory responses to antigens from food, microbiota, and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiana Mafra
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hortência Maciel Castro Oliveira
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Carrasco E, Escoda-Ferran C, Climent N, Miró-Julià C, Simões IT, Martínez-Florensa M, Sarukhan A, Carreras E, Lozano F. Human CD6 Down-Modulation following T-Cell Activation Compromises Lymphocyte Survival and Proliferative Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28713387 PMCID: PMC5492662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that the CD6 lymphocyte surface receptor is involved in T-cell developmental and activation processes, by facilitating cell-to-cell adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells and likely modulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that in vitro activation of human T cells under different TCR-ligation conditions leads to surface downregulation of CD6 expression. This phenomenon was (i) concomitant to increased levels of soluble CD6 (sCD6) in culture supernatants, (ii) partially reverted by protease inhibitors, (iii) not associated to CD6 mRNA down-regulation, and (iv) reversible by stimulus removal. CD6 down-modulation inversely correlated with the upregulation of CD25 in both FoxP3− (Tact) and FoxP3+ (Treg) T-cell subsets. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated (CD25+) or effector memory (effector memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype present lower CD6 levels than their naïve or central memory (central memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7+) counterparts. CD6lo/− T cells resulting from in vitro T-cell activation show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation levels than CD6hi T cells, supporting the relevance of CD6 in the induction of proper T-cell proliferative responses and resistance to apoptosis. Accordingly, CD6 transfectants also showed higher viability when exposed to TCR-independent apoptosis-inducing conditions in comparison with untransfected cells. Taken together, these results provide insight into the origin of sCD6 and the previously reported circulating CD6-negative T-cell subset in humans, as well as into the functional consequences of CD6 down-modulation on ongoing T-cell responses, which includes sensitization to apoptotic events and attenuation of T-cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Escoda-Ferran
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- IDIBAPS-AIDS Research Group, HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miró-Julià
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês T Simões
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Esther Carreras
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, de Salort J, Armiger-Borràs N, Lozano T, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Engel P, Lozano F. Relevance of CD6-Mediated Interactions in the Regulation of Peripheral T-Cell Responses and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:594. [PMID: 28611770 PMCID: PMC5447708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD6 lymphocyte receptor has been involved in the pathophysiology of different autoimmune disorders and is now considered a feasible target for their treatment. In vitro data show the relevance of CD6 in the stabilization of adhesive contacts between T-cell and antigen-presenting cells, and the modulation of T-cell receptor signals. However, the in vivo consequences of such a function are yet undisclosed due to the lack of suitable genetically modified animal models. Here, the in vitro and in vivo challenge of CD6-deficient (CD6-/-) cells with allogeneic cells was used as an approach to explore the role of CD6 in immune responses under relative physiological stimulatory conditions. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays showed lower proliferative responses of splenocytes from CD6-/- mice together with higher induction of regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) with low suppressive activity on T and B-cell proliferation. In line with these results, CD6-/- mice undergoing a lupus-like disorder induced by chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) showed higher serum titers of anti-double-stranded DNA and nucleosome autoantibodies. This occurred together with reduced splenomegaly, which was associated with lower in vivo bromodesoxyuridine incorporation of spleen cells and with increased percentages of spleen follicular B cells (B2, CD21+CD23hi) and Treg cells. Interestingly, functional analysis of in vivo-generated CD6-/- Treg cells exhibited defective suppressive activity. In conclusion, the data from MLR and cGvHD-induced lupus-like models in CD6-/- mice illustrate the relevance of CD6 in T (and B) cell proliferative responses and, even more importantly, Treg induction and suppressive function in the in vivo maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José de Salort
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Sheyn D, Ben-David S, Shapiro G, De Mel S, Bez M, Ornelas L, Sahabian A, Sareen D, Da X, Pelled G, Tawackoli W, Liu Z, Gazit D, Gazit Z. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiate Into Functional Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Repair Bone Defects. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1447-1460. [PMID: 27400789 PMCID: PMC5070500 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using short-term exposure of embryoid bodies to transforming growth factor-β, the authors directed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) toward mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Two types of iPSC-derived MSCs were identified: early (aiMSCs) and late (tiMSCs) outgrowing cells. Both types differentiated in vitro in response to osteogenic or adipogenic supplements; aiMSCs demonstrated higher osteogenic potential than tiMSCs. Upon orthotopic injection into radial defects, both types regenerated bone and contributed to defect repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most established cells for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration; however, their availability and capability of self-renewal are limited. Recent discoveries of somatic cell reprogramming may be used to overcome these challenges. We hypothesized that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that were differentiated into MSCs could be used for bone regeneration. Short-term exposure of embryoid bodies to transforming growth factor-β was used to direct iPSCs toward MSC differentiation. During this process, two types of iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs) were identified: early (aiMSCs) and late (tiMSCs) outgrowing cells. The transition of iPSCs toward MSCs was documented using MSC marker flow cytometry. Both types of iMSCs differentiated in vitro in response to osteogenic or adipogenic supplements. The results of quantitative assays showed that both cell types retained their multidifferentiation potential, although aiMSCs demonstrated higher osteogenic potential than tiMSCs and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Ectopic injections of BMP6-overexpressing tiMSCs produced no or limited bone formation, whereas similar injections of BMP6-overexpressing aiMSCs resulted in substantial bone formation. Upon orthotopic injection into radial defects, all three cell types regenerated bone and contributed to defect repair. In conclusion, MSCs can be derived from iPSCs and exhibit self-renewal without tumorigenic ability. Compared with BM-MSCs, aiMSCs acquire more of a stem cell phenotype, whereas tiMSCs acquire more of a differentiated osteoblast phenotype, which aids bone regeneration but does not allow the cells to induce ectopic bone formation (even when triggered by bone morphogenetic proteins), unless in an orthotopic site of bone fracture. Significance Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most established cells for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration of various skeletal conditions; however, availability of autologous MSCs is very limited. This study demonstrates a new method to differentiate human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cells with MSC properties, which we comprehensively characterized including differentiation potential and transcriptomic analysis. We showed that these iPS-derived MSCs are able to regenerate nonunion bone defects in mice more efficiently than bone marrow-derived human MSCs when overexpressing BMP6 using a nonviral transfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Sheyn
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shiran Ben-David
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Galina Shapiro
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sandra De Mel
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maxim Bez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Loren Ornelas
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- iPSC Core Facility, The David and Janet Polak Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anais Sahabian
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- iPSC Core Facility, The David and Janet Polak Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- iPSC Core Facility, The David and Janet Polak Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Da
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dan Gazit
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Tsuneto M, Tokoyoda K, Kajikhina E, Hauser AE, Hara T, Tani-Ichi S, Ikuta K, Melchers F. B-cell progenitors and precursors change their microenvironment in fetal liver during early development. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2800-12. [PMID: 23666739 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironments, in which B lymphocytes develop in fetal liver, are largely still unknown. Among the nonhematopoietic cells, we have identified and FACS-separated two subpopulations, CD45(-) TER119(-) VCAM-1(+) cells that are either CD105(high) LYVE-1(high) or CD105(low) ALCAM(high) . Immunohistochemical analyses find three of four c-Kit(+) IL-7Rα(+) B220(low) CD19(-) SLC(-) B progenitors in contact with vascular endothelial-type LYVE-1(high) cells on embryonic day 13.5. One day later c-Kit(+) IL-7Rα(+) cells develop to CD19(- and +) , SLC-expressing, DHJH-rearranged pre/pro and pro/preB-I cells. Less than 10% are still in contact with LYVE-1(high) cells, but half of them are now in contact with mesenchymally derived ALCAM(high) liver cells. All of these ALCAM(high) cells, but not the LYVE-1(high) cells produce IL-7 and CXCL12, while both produce CXCL10. Progenitors and pro/preB-I cells are chemoattracted in vitro toward CXCL10 and 12, suggesting that lymphoid progenitors with Ig gene loci in germline configuration enter the developing fetal liver at E13.5 from vascular endothelium, attracted by CXCL10, and then migrate within a day to an ALCAM(high) liver cell microenvironment, differentiating to DHJH-rearranging, surrogate light chain-expressing pre/proB and pro/preB-I cells, attracted by CXCL10 and 12. Between E15.5 and E16.5 preB-I cells expand 10-fold in continued contact with ALCAM(high) cells and begin VH- to DHJH-rearrangements in further differentiated c-Kit(-) IL-7Rα(-) preBII cells. STEM Cells 2013;31:2800-2812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Tsuneto
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Ye M, Du YL, Nie YQ, Zhou ZW, Cao J, Li YF. Overexpression of activated leukocute cell adhesion molecule in gastric cancer is associated with advanced stages and poor prognosis and miR-9 deregulation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2004-12. [PMID: 25395097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been identified as a novel potential molecular marker of human tumors. The present study aimed to assess ALCAM as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer (GC), and to explore the mRNA deregulation underlying the abnormal expression of ALCAM. The mRNA and protein expression of ALCAM in GC and adjacent non‑tumor tissues from 66 patients with GC were analyzed. The association between miR‑9 and ALCAM mRNA expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum soluble ALCAM (sALCAM) was analyzed by ELISA in 72 patients with GC, 82 patients with gastric precancerous lesions and 73 controls. ALCAM and sALCAM levels were associated with certain clinicopathological variables, including overall survival. Compared with the non‑tumor tissues, the expression of ALCAM mRNA in the GC tissues was significantly upregulated (P=0.013). The expression of miR‑9 was reduced and inversely correlated with ALCAM mRNA levels in GC tissues and cell lines. The ALCAM mRNA level was reduced following ectopic overexpression of miR‑9 in SGC‑7901 human gastric cancer cells. The rates of membranous and cytoplasmic expression of ALCAM in GC tissues were 59.1 and 48.48%, respectively, and the serum sALCAM levels were significantly elevated in patients with GC. Elevated ALCAM mRNA, membranous ALCAM expression in GC tissues and high sALCAM levels are associated with advanced tumor stage, lymphatic invasion and shorter overall survival duration. The results of the current study indicated that membranous ALCAM expression and high serum sALCAM levels are independent prognostic markers of poor survival for patients with GC, and that the overexpression of ALCAM may be due to the downregulation of miR‑9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Lei Du
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Luohu District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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13
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Escoda-Ferran C, Carrasco E, Caballero-Baños M, Miró-Julià C, Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez VG, Liu FT, Lozano F. Modulation of CD6 function through interaction with Galectin-1 and -3. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2805-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Tudor C, te Riet J, Eich C, Harkes R, Smisdom N, Bouhuijzen Wenger J, Ameloot M, Holt M, Kanger JS, Figdor CG, Cambi A, Subramaniam V. Syntenin-1 and ezrin proteins link activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule to the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13445-60. [PMID: 24662291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is a type I transmembrane protein member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. Involved in important pathophysiological processes such as the immune response, cancer metastasis, and neuronal development, ALCAM undergoes both homotypic interactions with other ALCAM molecules and heterotypic interactions with the surface receptor CD6 expressed at the T cell surface. Despite biochemical and biophysical evidence of a dynamic association between ALCAM and the actin cytoskeleton, no detailed information is available about how this association occurs at the molecular level. Here, we exploit a combination of complementary microscopy techniques, including FRET detected by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and single-cell force spectroscopy, and we demonstrate the existence of a preformed ligand-independent supramolecular complex where ALCAM stably interacts with actin by binding to syntenin-1 and ezrin. Interaction with the ligand CD6 further enhances these multiple interactions. Altogether, our results propose a novel biophysical framework to understand the stabilizing role of the ALCAM supramolecular complex engaged to CD6 during dendritic cell-T cell interactions and provide novel information on the molecular players involved in the formation and signaling of the immunological synapse at the dendritic cell side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicerone Tudor
- From the Nanobiophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Jeannet R, Cai Q, Liu H, Vu H, Kuo YH. Alcam regulates long-term hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and self-renewal. Stem Cells 2014; 31:560-71. [PMID: 23280653 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a specialized bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that supports the maintenance and functional integrity of long-term (LT)-HSCs throughout postnatal life. The objective of this work is to study the role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (Alcam) in HSC differentiation and self-renewal using an Alcam-null (Alcam(-/-) ) mouse model. We show here that Alcam is differentially regulated in adult hematopoiesis and is highly expressed in LT-HSCs where its level progressively increases with age. Young adult Alcam(-/-) mice had normal homeostatic hematopoiesis and normal numbers of phenotypic HSCs. However, Alcam(-/-) HSCs had reduced long-term replating capacity in vitro and reduced long-term engraftment potential upon transplantation. We show that Alcam(-/-) BM contain a markedly lower frequency of long-term repopulating cells than wild type. Further, the long-term repopulating potential and engraftment efficiency of Alcam(-/-) LT-HSCs was greatly compromised despite a progressive increase in phenotypic LT-HSC numbers during long-term serial transplantation. In addition, an age-associated increase in phenotypic LT-HSC cellularity was observed in Alcam(-/-) mice. This increase was predominately within the CD150(hi) fraction and was accompanied by significantly reduced leukocyte output. Consistent with an aging-like phenotype, older Alcam(-/-) LT-HSCs display myeloid-biased repopulation activity upon transplantation. Finally, Alcam(-/-) LT-HSCs display premature elevation of age-associated gene expression, including Selp, Clu, Cdc42, and Foxo3. Together, this study indicates that Alcam regulates functional integrity and self-renewal of LT-HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jeannet
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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16
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Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez VG, Cañadas O, Armiger-Borràs N, Bonet-Roselló L, Farrán A, Vila J, Casals C, Lozano F. Targeting of Key Pathogenic Factors From Gram-Positive Bacteria by the Soluble Ectodomain of the Scavenger-Like Lymphocyte Receptor CD6. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1077-86. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many surface antigens have been previously used to identify hematopoietic stem cells or cellular elements of the hematopoietic niche. However, to date, not a single surface marker has been identified as a common marker expressed on murine and human hematopoietic stem cells and on cells of the hematopoietic niche. Recently, a few laboratories, including ours, recognized the importance of CD166 as a functional marker on both stem cells and osteoblasts and have begun to characterize the role of CD166 in hematopoiesis. RECENT FINDINGS Expression of CD166 on hematopoietic cells and cells in the marrow microenvironment was first reported more than a decade ago. Lately, however, a more prominent role for CD166 in normal hematopoiesis and in cancer biology including metastasis began to emerge. This review will cover the significance of CD166 in identifying normal hematopoietic stem cells and cells of the hematopoietic niche and highlight how CD166-mediated homophilic interactions between both cell types may be critical for stem cell function. SUMMARY The conserved homology between murine and human CD166 and its involvement in metastasis provides an excellent bridge for translational investigations aimed at enhancing stem cell engraftment and clinical utility of stem cells and at using CD166 as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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18
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Knoll M, Simmons S, Bouquet C, Grün JR, Melchers F. miR-221 redirects precursor B cells to the BM and regulates their residence. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2497-506. [PMID: 23716169 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent myeloid/lymphoid progenitors express miR-221 and miR-222. When Pax5 expression commits these progenitors to monopotent pre-B lymphocytes the two microRNAs (miRNAs) are downregulated. Upon transplantation, stem cells and progenitors can reside in the BM, while pre-B cells, after their commitment, no longer do so. Retrovirally transduced, doxycycline-induced overexpression of either miR-221 or miR-222 in pre-B-I cells does not revert their monopotency to multipotency. However, upon transplantation miR-221, but not miR-222, transduced pre-B-I cells regain the capacity to reside in the BM. Upon subsequent termination of miR-221-expression by removal of doxycycline, the transplanted cells leave the BM again. Microarray analyses identified 25 downregulated miR-221-target genes, which could function to localize phases of B-lymphocyte development in BM before and after commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Knoll
- Research Group Lymphocyte Development, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Cloning of the human activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule promoter and identification of its tissue-independent transcriptional activation by Sp1. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:571-85. [PMID: 22941204 PMCID: PMC3683579 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule super family. ALCAM is implicated in tumor progression, inflammation, and the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Hitherto, the identity of regulatory DNA elements and cognate transcription factors responsible for ALCAM gene expression remained unknown. In this report, the human ALCAM promoter was cloned and its transcriptional mechanisms elucidated. The promoter is TATA-less and contains multiple GC-boxes. A proximal 650-bp promoter fragment conferred tissue-independent activation, whereas two contiguous regions upstream of this region negatively influenced promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner. The positive regulatory promoter region was mapped to a core 50 base pair sequence containing a conical Sp1 element. Mutation analysis revealed that this element alone or in tandem with elements immediately upstream was required for maximal promoter activity. Chromatin analysis revealed that Sp1 binds exclusively to the canonical binding sequence in vivo, but not to DNA sequence immediately upstream. Finally, we showed that over-expression of Sp1 significantly increased the basal promoter activity. Thus, Sp1 activated the ALCAM promoter in most cells. These findings have important ramifications for unraveling the roles of ALCAM in inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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20
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Jannie KM, Stipp CS, Weiner JA. ALCAM regulates motility, invasiveness, and adherens junction formation in uveal melanoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39330. [PMID: 22745734 PMCID: PMC3383762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ALCAM, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has been implicated in numerous developmental events and has been repeatedly identified as a marker for cancer metastasis. Previous studies addressing ALCAM's role in cancer have, however, yielded conflicting results. Depending on the tumor cell type, ALCAM expression has been reported to be both positively and negatively correlated with cancer progression and metastasis in the literature. To better understand how ALCAM might regulate cancer cell behavior, we utilized a panel of defined uveal melanoma cell lines with high or low ALCAM levels, and directly tested the effects of manipulating these levels on cell motility, invasiveness, and adhesion using multiple assays. ALCAM expression was stably silenced by shRNA knockdown in a high-ALCAM cell line (MUM-2B); the resulting cells displayed reduced motility in gap-closure assays and a reduction in invasiveness as measured by a transwell migration assay. Immunostaining revealed that the silenced cells were defective in the formation of adherens junctions, at which ALCAM colocalizes with N-cadherin and ß-catenin in native cells. Additionally, we stably overexpressed ALCAM in a low-ALCAM cell line (MUM-2C); intriguingly, these cells did not exhibit any increase in motility or invasiveness, indicating that ALCAM is necessary but not sufficient to promote metastasis-associated cell behaviors. In these ALCAM-overexpressing cells, however, recruitment of ß-catenin and N-cadherin to adherens junctions was enhanced. These data confirm a previously suggested role for ALCAM in the regulation of adherens junctions, and also suggest a mechanism by which ALCAM might differentially enhance or decrease invasiveness, depending on the type of cadherin adhesion complexes present in tissues surrounding the primary tumor, and on the cadherin status of the tumor cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karry M. Jannie
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Stipp
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Liu LT, Huang B, Li CQ, Zhuang Y, Wang J, Zhou Y. Characteristics of stem cells derived from the degenerated human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26285. [PMID: 22028847 PMCID: PMC3196539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues are an important candidate for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine due to their multipotential differentiation capability. MSCs have been identified in many adult tissues but have not reported in the human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate (CEP). The initial purpose of this study was to determine whether MSCs exist in the degenerated human CEP. Next, the morphology, proliferation capacity, cell cycle, cell surface epitope profile and differentiation capacity of these CEP-derived stem cells (CESCs) were compared with bone-marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). Lastly, whether CESCs are a suitable candidate for BM-MSCs was evaluated. Isolated cells from degenerated human CEP were seeded in an agarose suspension culture system to screen the proliferative cell clusters. Cell clusters were chosen and expanded in vitro and were compared with BM-MSCs derived from the same patient. The morphology, proliferation rate, cell cycle, immunophenotype and stem cell gene expression of the CESCs were similar to BM-MSCs. In addition, the CESCs could be induced into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and are superior to BM-MSCs in terms of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. This study is first to demonstrate the presence of stem cells in the human degenerated CEP. These results may improve our understanding of intervertebral disc (IVD) pathophysiology and the degeneration process, and could provide cell candidates for cell-based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Coskun S, Hirschi KK. Establishment and regulation of the HSC niche: Roles of osteoblastic and vascular compartments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 90:229-42. [PMID: 21181885 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are multi-potent cells that function to generate a lifelong supply of all blood cell types. During mammalian embryogenesis, sites of hematopoiesis change over the course of gestation: from extraembryonic yolk sac and placenta, to embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, fetal liver, and finally fetal bond marrow where HSC reside postnatally. These tissues provide microenviroments for de novo HSC formation, as well as HSC maturation and expansion. Within adult bone marrow, HSC self-renewal and differentiation are thought to be regulated by two major cellular components within their so-called niche: osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells. This review focuses on HSC generation within, and migration to, different tissues during development, and also provides a summary of major regulatory factors provided by osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells within the adult bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Coskun
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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23
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Rationale for Targeting CD6 as a Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases. ARTHRITIS 2011; 2010:130646. [PMID: 22076177 PMCID: PMC3195340 DOI: 10.1155/2010/130646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD6 is a 105–130 kDa surface glycoprotein expressed on the majority of T cells and a subset of B cells. The human cd6 gene maps to chromosome 11, and the expression of its protein product is tightly regulated. CD6 mediates cellular adhesion migration across the endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition, it participates in the antigen presentation by B cells and the subsequent proliferation of T cells. CD6 may bind in trans to surface glycoproteins (such as ALCAM and 3A11), or to microbial lipopolysaccharides, and may bind in cis to endogenous ligands (such as CD3 and CD5), and thereby deliver a costimulatory signal. Transinteractions are reinforced during autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis) and some cancers. Based on experimental data and on clinical results in RA and psoriasis, we believe that the recent humanized anti-CD6-specific mAb T1h may act as a regulator of the immunological response in addition to its function as an anti-T- and -B cell agent.
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24
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Tan F, Ghosh S, Mbeunkui F, Thomas R, Weiner JA, Ofori-Acquah SF. Essential role for ALCAM gene silencing in megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:91. [PMID: 21126364 PMCID: PMC3003670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is expressed by hematopoietic stem cells. However, its role in hematopoietic differentiation has not previously been defined. Results In this study, we show that ALCAM expression is silenced in erythromegakaryocytic progenitor cell lines. In agreement with this finding, the ALCAM promoter is occupied by GATA-1 in vivo, and a cognate motif at -850 inhibited promoter activity in K562 and MEG-01 cells. Gain-of-function studies showed that ALCAM clusters K562 cells in a process that requires PKC. Induction of megakaryocytic differentiation in K562 clones expressing ALCAM activated PKC-δ and triggered apoptosis. Conclusions There is a lineage-specific silencing of ALCAM in bi-potential erythromegakaryocytic progenitor cell lines. Marked apoptosis of ALCAM-expressing K562 clones treated with PMA suggests that aberrant ALCAM expression in erythromegakaryocytic progenitors may contribute to megakaryocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Deschaseaux F, Pontikoglou C, Sensébé L. Bone regeneration: the stem/progenitor cells point of view. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:103-15. [PMID: 19840188 PMCID: PMC3837599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After bone injuries, several molecular mechanisms establish bone repair from stem/progenitor cells. Inflammation factors attract regenerative cells which expand and differentiate in order to build up a bone highly similar to that before injury. Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as skeletal stem cells and endothelial progenitors (EPCs) are at the origin of such reparation mechanisms. However, discrepancies exist about their identities. Although cultured MSCs are extensively described, their in vivo native forms are poorly known. In addition, recent experiments show that several types of EPC exist. We therefore review up-to-date data on the characterization of such stem/progenitor cells and propose a new point of view of their function in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Deschaseaux
- Etablissement Français du Sang Centre-Atlantique, Groupe de Recherche sur les Cellules Souches Mésenchymateuses (GECSoM), Tours, France.
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26
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Zorn J, Herber M, Schwamberger S, Panzer W, Adler H, Kolb HJ. Tolerance in DLA-haploidentical canine littermates following CD6-depleted marrow transplantation and donor lymphocyte transfusion. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:998-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Diekmann H, Stuermer CAO. Zebrafish neurolin-a and -b, orthologs of ALCAM, are involved in retinal ganglion cell differentiation and retinal axon pathfinding. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:38-50. [PMID: 19107846 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurolin-a and Neurolin-b (also called alcam and nlcam, respectively) are zebrafish orthologs of human ALCAM, an adhesion protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily with functions in axon growth and guidance. Within the developing zebrafish retina, onset and progression of Neurolin-a expression parallels the pattern of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation. By using a morpholino-based knockdown approach, we show that Neurolin-a (but not Neurolin-b) is necessary for a crucial step in RGC differentiation. Without Neurolin-a, a large proportion of RGCs fail to develop, and RGC axons are absent or reduced in number. Subsequently, Neurolin-a is required for RGC survival and for the differentiation of all other retinal neurons. Neurolin-b is expressed later in well-differentiated RGCs and is required for RGC axon pathfinding. Without Neurolin-b, RGC axons grow in highly aberrant routes along the optic tract and/or fail to reach the optic tectum. Thus, the zebrafish Neurolin paralogs are involved in distinct steps of retinotectal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Diekmann
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Bladergroe BA, . EDD, . KGV, . TN, . AMD, . KMH, . CGF, . RT. Spatially Separated Distribution and Highly Flexible Expression of Adhesion Molecules Facilitates Dynamic Hematopoiesis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.1239.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Badillo AT, Flake AW. The regulatory role of stromal microenvironments in fetal hematopoietic ontogeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:241-6. [PMID: 17625260 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hematopoietic development occurs through the successive expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in distinct anatomic sites. The temporal pattern of fetal hematopoietic ontogeny suggests a coordinated developmental sequence whereby the preceding organ sustains the basic, immediate hematopoietic needs of the embryo allowing time for the development of niches within the subsequent organ with more complex supportive functions. We examine the hypothesis that there is a period of stromal genesis and circulating mesenchymal precursor cells, which gives rise to specialized niches within each of the definitive fetal hematopoietic organs, and these niches regulate hematopoietic stem cells fate determination. This article reviews fetal hematopoietic and stromal development and the current understanding of the development, composition, and regulation of the fetal stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Badillo
- The Children's Institute for Surgical Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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30
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Choi SC, Kim KD, Kim JT, Kim JW, Lee HG, Kim JM, Jang YS, Yoon DY, Kim KI, Yang Y, Cho DH, Lim JS. Expression of human NDRG2 by myeloid dendritic cells inhibits down-regulation of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and contributes to maintenance of T cell stimulatory activity. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:89-98. [PMID: 17911180 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0507300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a member of a new family of differentiation-related genes, is expressed specifically in dendritic cells (DC) differentiated from monocytes, CD34(+) progenitor cells, and the myelomonocytic leukemic cell line. In this study, we demonstrate that NDRG2 protein expression is detected, not only in in vitro-differentiated DC but also in primary DC from lymph nodes, thymus, and skin when anti-NDRG2 antibodies are used. As predicted from previous studies investigating the mRNA expression pattern of several types of cell lines, progenitor cells, and DC, NDRG2 protein was expressed strongly in DC. Its expression was detected at significant levels after differentiation from progenitor cells. RNA interference of NDRG2 demonstrated that activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) expression is down-regulated specifically in DC differentiated from NDRG2 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected monocytes. This was consistent with our observation that U937 cells transfected with NDRG2 became resistant to the GM-CSF/IL-4-induced ALCAM reduction. Furthermore, DC, which had differentiated from NDRG2 siRNA-transfected monocytes, showed a reduced ability to induce T cell proliferation. Taken together, our results indicate that NDRG2 is able to preserve ALCAM expression during DC differentiation from monocytes under cytokine culture conditions and that its expression helps DC maintain costimulatory signals necessary for T cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Korea Reseach Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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31
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Ibáñez A, Sarrias MR, Farnós M, Gimferrer I, Serra-Pagès C, Vives J, Lozano F. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation by the CD6 Lymphocyte Surface Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1152-9. [PMID: 16818773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD6 is a cell surface receptor primarily expressed on immature thymocytes and mature T and B1a lymphocytes. Through its binding to activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), CD6 is considered to play an important role in lymphocyte development and activation. Accordingly, CD6 associates with the TCR/CD3 complex and colocalizes with it at the center of the mature immunological synapse on T lymphocytes. Moreover, the CD6-ALCAM interaction has been shown to be critical for proper immunological synapse maturation and T cell proliferative responses. However, the precise biological effects of CD6 ligation and its signaling pathway are still not well understood. The present study shows that CD6 ligation with three different specific mAbs (161.8, SPV-L14.2, and MAE1-C10) induces time- and dose-dependent activation of ERK1/2 on normal and leukemic human T cells. This effect was also observed upon CD6 ligation with a chimerical ALCAM protein (ALCAM-Fc). The C-terminal cytoplasmic region of CD6, as well as Src tyrosine kinases, was critical for CD6-induced ERK1/2 activation. Synergistic effects were observed upon coligation of the TCR/CD3 complex with CD6. The ligation of CD6 induced the transcriptional activation of reporter genes under the control of the c-Fos serum responsive element and AP-1. Accordingly, CD6-mediated activation of p38 and JNK was also observed. These findings indicate that the CD6-ALCAM interaction results in activation of the three MAPK cascades, likely influencing the dynamic balance that determines whether resting or activated lymphocytes survive or undergo apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/metabolism
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Enzyme Induction/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia/enzymology
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Ligands
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ibáñez
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Freitas CS, Dalmau SR. Multiple sources of non-embryonic multipotent stem cells: processed lipoaspirates and dermis as promising alternatives to bone-marrow-derived cell therapies. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 325:403-11. [PMID: 16612630 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A body of evidence points to the existence of stem cell stores in adult tissues, in addition to the well-known hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow. Many reports describe the ability of these multipotent cells (developmentally non-compromised with their organs of origin) to give rise to many different cell types in response to specific stimuli. This apparent plasticity provides new perspectives in tissue engineering and suggests the usefulness of these cells in future protocols of autologous transplantation, gene therapy, and tissue reconstitution in a number of pathological processes. Lipoaspirates and dermis represent accessible sources for obtaining such cells, with minimal discomfort to the donor, and might be promising candidates for cell therapy procedures once their features are experimentally accessed. The intention of the present work has been to gather reports on the phenotypic characteristics, profile, and plastic potential of these stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sondermann Freitas
- Instituto National de Cancer, Oncohematology Research Program,Centro de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcante 37, 6 andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-030, Brazil.
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33
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Rohatgi N, Matta A, Kaur J, Srivastava A, Ralhan R. Novel molecular targets of smokeless tobacco (khaini) in cell culture from oral hyperplasia. Toxicology 2006; 224:1-13. [PMID: 16730401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of molecular mechanism(s) implicated in smokeless tobacco (ST) associated oral carcinogenesis is meager. In an attempt to identify genes that are modulated by ST, we recently reported establishment of an oral epithelial cell culture, AMOL III from oral hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis of a khaini consumer. Herein we aimed to identify novel molecular targets of ST (khaini) in AMOL III cells using differential display. Fourteen novel differentially expressed genes (12 upregulated and 2 downregulated) were identified. These differentially expressed cDNAs were amplified, cloned, sequenced and confirmed by reverse northern blotting. Mainly these genes are components of transcriptional machinery, cell-cell adhesion, signaling, growth and transformation processes. The important novel molecular targets identified included activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyl transferase (phosphatidylinositol synthase), CDIPT, an important enzyme in phosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis, ribosomal protein (RPS23), KIAA0121 and growth and transformation factor, E2IG5. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of these five genes confirmed over-expression of these genes in oral pre-malignant lesions (OPLs) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) of ST consumers underscoring their biological relevance in ST-associated oral tumorigenesis. In depth studies are warranted to determine the functional significance of ALCAM and CDIPT in oral carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/drug effects
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tobacco, Smokeless/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
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34
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Skottman H, Strömberg AM, Matilainen E, Inzunza J, Hovatta O, Lahesmaa R. Unique Gene Expression Signature by Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured Under Serum-Free Conditions Correlates with Their Enhanced and Prolonged Growth in an Undifferentiated Stage. Stem Cells 2006; 24:151-67. [PMID: 16100004 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their microenvironment is crucial for the propagation and the differentiation of hESCs for therapeutic applications. hESCs maintain their characteristics both in serum-containing and serum-replacement (SR) media. In this study, the effects of the serum-containing and SR culture media on the gene expression profiles of hESCs were examined. Although the expression of many known embryonic stem cell markers was similar in cells cultured in either media, surprisingly, 1,417 genes were found to be differentially expressed when hESCs cultured in serum-containing medium were compared with those cultured in SR medium. Several genes upregulated in cells cultured in SR medium suggested increased metabolism and proliferation rates in this medium, providing a possible explanation for the increased growth rate of nondifferentiated cells observed in SR culture conditions compared with that in serum medium. Several genes characteristic for cells with differentiated phenotype were expressed in cells cultured in serum-containing medium. Our data clearly indicate that the manipulation of hESC culture conditions causes phenotypic changes of the cells that were reflected also at the level of gene expression. Such changes may have fundamental importance for hESCs, and gene expression changes should be monitored as a part of cell culture optimization aiming at a clinical use of hESCs for cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Skottman
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, and REGEA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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35
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Tavian M, Péault B. The changing cellular environments of hematopoiesis in human development in utero. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1062-9. [PMID: 16140155 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is indispensable from the earliest stages of development and adapts to the rapidly changing anatomy of the embryo and fetus; this takes place in such different anatomic locations as the yolk sac blood island, hepatic parenchyme, aorta-gonads-mesonephros paravascular mesenchyme, and bone marrow primary logette. We herein summarize our investigation of these serial blood-forming events in the human embryo and fetus. The access to early stages of human development, availability of a large panoply of molecular markers for human blood cell lineages, and recent development of robust assays for the earliest human hematopoietic stem cells have allowed us to gain relatively clear insight into the developmental sequence that underlies the ontogeny of human blood cells. Conversely, the control exerted by these diverse cellular environments on the emergence of human hematopoietic cells remains elusive, as is the case in animal models. We nonetheless present preliminary attempts to decipher the structure and molecular characteristics of the distinct cellular "niches" in which blood cells are produced during human gestation.
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36
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Avril-Delplanque A, Casal I, Castillon N, Hinnrasky J, Puchelle E, Péault B. Aquaporin-3 expression in human fetal airway epithelial progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:992-1001. [PMID: 16043462 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium stem cells have not yet been prospectively identified, but it is generally assumed that both secretory and basal cells have the capacity to divide and differentiate. Previously, we developed a test for progenitor cells of the human airway epithelium, relying on the transplantation of fetal respiratory tissues into immunodeficient mice. In this study, we hypothesized that airway-repopulating epithelial progenitors can be marked with surface antigens, and we screened an array of such candidate markers, including lectin ligands, the CD44 and CD166 adhesion molecules, and the aquaporin-3 (AQP3) water channel. We observed that AQP3 is selectively expressed on the surface of basal cells, allowing the separation by flow cytometry of AQP3+ basal cells and AQP3- ciliated and secretory cells. Functional evaluation of sorted cells in vivo showed that AQP3+ cells can restore a normal pseudostratified, mucociliary epithelium as well as submucosal glands. AQP3- cells are also endowed with a similar potential, although faster engraftment suggests their inclusion of more committed progenitors. These results show that stem cell candidates in the human tracheo-bronchial mucosa can be positively selected with a novel marker but also, for the first time, that epithelial progenitors exist among both basal and suprabasal cell subsets within the human airway.
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37
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Verma A, Shukla NK, Deo SVS, Gupta SD, Ralhan R. MEMD/ALCAM: A Potential Marker for Tumor Invasion and Nodal Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2005; 68:462-70. [PMID: 16024937 DOI: 10.1159/000086989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MEMD gene was reported to be overexpressed in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), using differential display. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of MEMD/ALCAM in esophageal tumorigenesis. METHODS Analysis of MEMD/ALCAM expression in esophageal tissues was carried out at protein and RNA level using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Increased MEMD/ALCAM expression was observed in 42/65 (65%) ESCCs (p = 0.000, odds ratio, OR = 3.665) and in 17/25 (68%) dysplasias (p = 0.000, OR = 4.248) compared to paired distant histologically normal esophageal tissues. Increased MEMD mRNAlevels were observed in ESCCs and dysplasias showing overexpression of MEMD/ALCAM protein. Interestingly, increased membranous MEMD/ALCAM expression was observed in dysplasias in comparison with ESCCs (p = 0.002, OR = 3.177). MEMD/ALCAM overexpression in ESCCs was associated with late clinical stage (p = 0.002, OR = 3.619), enhanced tumor invasiveness (p = 0.002, OR = 3.619), and nodal metastasis (p = 0.000, OR = 4.206). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report showing MEMD expression at pre-malignant stage (dysplasia), suggesting that MEMD/ALCAM expression is an early event in the development of esophageal cancer. Furthermore, in ESCCs its correlation with late clinical stage, enhanced tumor invasiveness and nodal metastasis suggests an association with aggressive tumor behavior. Our data suggest that MEMD/ALCAM may serve as a potential marker for early diagnosis, tumor invasion and nodal metastasis in ESCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute, Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Piazza T, Cha E, Bongarzone I, Canevari S, Bolognesi A, Polito L, Bargellesi A, Sassi F, Ferrini S, Fabbi M. Internalization and recycling of ALCAM/CD166 detected by a fully human single-chain recombinant antibody. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1515-25. [PMID: 15769845 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, promotes heterophilic (ALCAM-CD6) and homophilic (ALCAM-ALCAM) cell-cell interactions. Here we describe a fully human single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) directed to ALCAM/CD166. We selected the I/F8 scFv from a phage display library of human V-gene segments by cell panning and phage internalization into IGROV-I human ovary carcinoma cells. The I/F8 specificity was identified as ALCAM/CD166 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass fingerprinting of the I/F8-immunoprecipitated protein. The I/F8 scFv reacts with the human, monkey and murine ALCAM/CD166 molecule, indicating that the recognized epitope is highly conserved. The I/F8 scFv completely abolished binding of both ALCAM/Fc and CD6/Fc soluble ligands, whereas it did not compete with the anti-ALCAM/CD166 murine monoclonal antibodies J4-81 and 3A6 and therefore recognizes a different epitope. Engagement through I/F8 scFv, 3A6 monoclonal antibody or CD6/Fc ligand induced ALCAM/CD166 internalization, with a kinetics slower than that of transferrin in the same cells. Newly internalized I/F8-ALCAM complexes colocalized with clathrin but not with caveolin and we demonstrated, using surface biotinylation and recycling assays, that endocytosed ALCAM/CD166 recycles back to the cell surface. Such an endocytic pathway allows the efficient delivery of an I/F8 scFv-saporin immunotoxin into tumor cells, as the conjugates are able to selectively kill cell lines expressing ALCAM/CD166. Altogether these data provide evidence of the suitability of the I/F8 scFv for further functional analysis of ALCAM/CD166 and intracellular delivery of effector moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Piazza
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Otani A, Dorrell MI, Kinder K, Moreno SK, Nusinowitz S, Banin E, Heckenlively J, Friedlander M. Rescue of retinal degeneration by intravitreally injected adult bone marrow–derived lineage-negative hematopoietic stem cells. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200421686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Weiner JA, Koo SJ, Nicolas S, Fraboulet S, Pfaff SL, Pourquié O, Sanes JR. Axon fasciculation defects and retinal dysplasias in mice lacking the immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule BEN/ALCAM/SC1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 27:59-69. [PMID: 15345243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule BEN (other names include ALCAM, SC1, DM-GRASP, neurolin, and CD166) has been implicated in the control of numerous developmental and pathological processes, including the guidance of retinal and motor axons to their targets. To test hypotheses about BEN function, we disrupted its gene via homologous recombination and analyzed the resulting mutant mice. Mice lacking BEN are viable and fertile, and display no external morphological defects. Despite grossly normal trajectories, both motor and retinal ganglion cell axons fasciculated poorly and were occasionally misdirected. In addition, BEN mutant retinae exhibited evaginated or invaginated regions with photoreceptor ectopias that resembled the "retinal folds" observed in some human retinopathies. Together, these results demonstrate that BEN promotes fasciculation of multiple axonal populations and uncover an unexpected function for BEN in retinal histogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Gimferrer I, Calvo M, Mittelbrunn M, Farnós M, Sarrias MR, Enrich C, Vives J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Lozano F. Relevance of CD6-Mediated Interactions in T Cell Activation and Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2262-70. [PMID: 15294938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is a cell surface receptor expressed on immature thymocytes and mature T and B1a lymphocytes. The ultimate function of CD6 has not been deciphered yet, but much evidence supports a role for CD6 in T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we show that a fraction of CD6 molecules physically associates with the TCR/CD3 complex by coimmunoprecipitation, cocapping, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Image analysis of Ag-specific T-APC conjugates demonstrated that CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166), colocalize with TCR/CD3 at the center of the immunological synapse, the so-called central supramolecular activation cluster. The addition of a soluble rCD6 form significantly reduced the number of mature Ag-specific T-APC conjugates, indicating that CD6 mediates early cell-cell interactions needed for immunological synapse maturation to proceed. This was in agreement with the dose-dependent inhibition of CD3-mediated T cell proliferation induced by soluble rCD6. Taken together, our data illustrate the important role played by the intra- and intercellular molecular interactions mediated by CD6 during T cell activation and proliferation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Gimferrer
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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van Kempen LCLT, Meier F, Egeblad M, Kersten-Niessen MJF, Garbe C, Weidle UH, Van Muijen GNP, Herlyn M, Bloemers HPJ, Swart GWM. Truncation of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule: a gateway to melanoma metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1293-301. [PMID: 15140234 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progression of human cutaneous primary melanoma is, among others, accompanied by de novo expression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) and enhanced activity of proteolytic cascades in the invasive, vertical growth phase (VGP) of lesions. The homophilic cell adhesion function of wild-type ALCAM mediates homotypic clustering of melanoma cells and would, thus, antagonize cell release from the primary tumor, an early prerequisite for metastasis. Stable transfection of a transmembrane, amino-terminally truncated ALCAM (DeltaN-ALCAM) into metastatic cells diminished cell clustering mediated by wild-type ALCAM. We have addressed the biological effects of DeltaN-ALCAM on tumorigenicity and found that the relief of cell clustering constraints promoted motility in vitro and the transition from expansive tumor growth to tissue invasion in reconstructed skin in culture. In a transplant tumor model, the changes were reflected in reduced subcutaneous tumor growth and in accelerated, spontaneous lung metastasis. These data indicate that the intact cell adhesion function of ALCAM may both favor primary tumor growth and represent a rate-limiting step for tissue invasion from VGP melanoma. ALCAM induction could, thus, provide an attractive target for proteolysis as a part of a more complex cellular program that couples growth and migration and facilitates dissemination.
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Abstract
The field of stem cell biology continues to evolve with the ongoing characterization of multiple types of stem cells with their inherent potential for experimental and clinical application. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are one of the most promising stem cell types due to their availability and the relatively simple requirements for in vitro expansion and genetic manipulation. Multiple populations described as "MSCs" have now been isolated from various tissues in humans and other species using a variety of culture techniques. Despite extensive in vitro characterization, relatively little has been demonstrated regarding their in vivo biology and therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, clinical trials utilizing MSCs are currently underway. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the field of MSC biology, particularly with respect to the current paradox between in vitro promise and in vivo efficacy. It is the authors' opinion that until this paradox is better understood, therapeutic applications will remain limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Javazon
- Children's Institute for Surgical Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zimmerman AW, Nelissen JMDT, van Emst-de Vries SE, Willems PHGM, de Lange F, Collard JG, van Leeuwen FN, Figdor CG. Cytoskeletal restraints regulate homotypic ALCAM-mediated adhesion through PKCα independently of Rho-like GTPases. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:2841-52. [PMID: 15169840 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is dynamically regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the cytoskeletal restraints of this homotypic adhesion molecule. We observed that ALCAM-mediated adhesion induced by cytoskeleton-disrupting agents is accompanied by activation of the small GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Interestingly, unlike adhesion mediated by integrins or cadherins, ALCAM-mediated adhesion appears to be independent of Rho-like GTPase activity. By contrast, we demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a major role in ALCAM-mediated adhesion. PKC inhibition by chelerythrine chloride and myristoylated PKC pseudosubstrate, as well as PKC downregulation by PMA strongly reduce cytoskeleton-dependent ALCAM-mediated adhesion. Since serine and threonine residues are dispensable for ALCAM-mediated adhesion and ALCAM is not phosphorylated, we can rule out that ALCAM itself is a direct PKC substrate. We conclude that PKCα plays a dominant role in cytoskeleton-dependent avidity modulation of ALCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aukje W Zimmerman
- Department of Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Fibroblastlike stromal cells, which are always present as a component of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT), can be observed in both in vivo and cultured cell samples. Although they are assumed to trigger the cancer process in GCT, the histogenesis of GCT stromal cells is poorly understood. It is known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can develop to osteoblasts. Evidence has been presented that GCT stromal cells can also develop to osteoblasts. A connection between MSCs and GCT stromal cells was sought by using 2 different laboratory approaches. First, immunohistological analyses revealed that some of the same markers, detected by the SH2, SH3, and SH4 antibodies and the CD166 antigen, were found in GCT stromal cells as in the first developmental stages of osteoblast differentiation from the initial MSCs. These immunohistological findings could be confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Second, cellular differentiation by morphology and lineage-specific staining offered evidence that not only osteoblasts, but also chondroblasts and adipocytes, could be cultured from stromal cells. The presented double approach indicates that GCT stromal cells can originate from MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wülling
- Department of Bone Pathology/Center of Biomechanics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Deschaseaux F, Gindraux F, Saadi R, Obert L, Chalmers D, Herve P. Direct selection of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using an anti-CD49a antibody reveals their CD45med,low phenotype. Br J Haematol 2003; 122:506-17. [PMID: 12877680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) generate, via a fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-F), osteo-chondroblastic cells as well as adipocytes and stromacytes. To date, these stem cells are isolated indirectly using a cell culture method and phenotyped as CD45 negative while the in vivo counterparts are undetermined. Our aim was to develop a direct selection method and to determine the phenotype of the MSC isolated in this way. Mesenchymal cells were selected with anti-CD49a and/or anti-CD45 antibodies using either flow cytometry or a magnetic beads method. All CFU-F were always detected in the small population of CD49a-positive cells. These CFU retained their differentiation potential and gave rise to osteo-chondroblastic cells, adipocytes and stromacytes. Phenotypic studies on uncultured cells revealed a CD45med,low, CD34low, HLA-II- cell population. Flow cytometry cell sorting showed that MSC with CFU-F potential were obtained only from a CD49a+/CD45med,low population. In addition, when cultured, they clearly became CD45-, CD34-, HLA-II-, CD49a+. These results confirmed that MSC can be directly selected easily from human bone marrow using magnetic beads without altering their differentiation potential. These cells expressed mildly the haematopoietic marker CD45, which was dramatically downregulated by in vitro culture. The expression of CD45 coupled to CD49a thus enabled direct selection of the MSC.
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Chagraoui J, Lepage-Noll A, Anjo A, Uzan G, Charbord P. Fetal liver stroma consists of cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Blood 2003; 101:2973-82. [PMID: 12506029 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver becomes the predominant site of hematopoiesis by 11.5 dpc (days after coitus) in the mouse and 15 gestational weeks in humans and stays so until the end of gestation. The reason the liver is the major hematopoietic site during fetal life is not clear. In this work, we tried to define which of the fetal liver microenvironmental cell populations would be associated with the development of hematopoiesis and found that a population of cells with mixed endodermal and mesodermal features corresponded to hematopoietic-supportive fetal liver stroma. Stromal cells generated from primary cultures or stromal lines from mouse or human fetal liver in the hematopoietic florid phase expressed both mesenchymal markers (vimentin, osteopontin, collagen I, alpha smooth muscle actin, thrombospondin-1, EDa fibronectin, calponin, Stro-1 antigens, myocyte-enhancer factor 2C) and epithelial (alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratins 8 and 18, albumin, E-cadherin, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 alpha) markers. Such a cell population fits with the description of cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), often observed during development, including that of the liver. The hematopoietic supportive capacity of EMT cells was lost after hepatocytic maturation, induced by oncostatin M in the cell line AFT024. EMT cells were observed in the fetal liver microenvironment during the hematopoietic phase but not in nonhematopoietic liver by the end of gestation and in the adult. EMT cells represent a novel stromal cell type that may be generated from hepatic endodermal or mesenchymal stem cells or even from circulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) seeding the liver rudiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Godin
- Institut Gustave Roussy-PR1 (INSERM U362), 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Arai F, Ohneda O, Miyamoto T, Zhang XQ, Suda T. Mesenchymal stem cells in perichondrium express activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and participate in bone marrow formation. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1549-63. [PMID: 12070283 PMCID: PMC2193567 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Perichondrium in fetal limb is composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. However, the multipotency of cells in this region and the role of perichondrium in bone marrow formation are not well understood. In this report, we purified and characterized perichondrial cells using a monoclonal antibody against activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and investigated the role of perichondrial cells in hematopoietic bone marrow formation. ALCAM is expressed on hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells and mediates homophilic (ALCAM-ALCAM)/heterophilic (ALCAM-CD6) cell adhesion. Here we show by immunohistochemical staining that ALCAM is expressed in perichondrium. ALCAM+ perichondrial cells isolated by FACS exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. ALCAM+ cells can differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and stromal cells, which can support osteoclastogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the addition of ALCAM-Fc or CD6-Fc to the metatarsal culture, the invasion of the blood vessels to a cartilage was inhibited. Our findings indicate that ALCAM+ perichondrial cells participate in vascular invasion by recruiting osteoclasts and vessels. These findings suggest that perichondrium might serve as a stem cell reservoir and play an important role in the early development of a bone and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Arai
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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Swart GWM. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166/ALCAM): developmental and mechanistic aspects of cell clustering and cell migration. Eur J Cell Biol 2002; 81:313-21. [PMID: 12113472 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and belongs to a recent subgroup with five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains (VVC2C2C2). ALCAM mediates both heterophilic (ALCAM-CD6) and homophilic (ALCAM-ALCAM) cell-cell interactions. While expressed in a wide variety of tissues, ALCAM is usually restricted to subsets of cells involved in dynamic growth and/or migration, including neural development, branching organ development, hematopoiesis, immune response and tumor progression. Recent structure-function analyses of ALCAM hint at how its cytoskeletal anchoring and the integrity of the extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains may regulate complex cellular properties in regard to cell adhesion, growth and migration. Accumulating evidence suggests that ALCAM expression may reflect the onset of a cellular program for homeostatic control of growth saturation, which induces either growth arrest or cell migration when the upper limits are exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido W M Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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