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Berthault C, Ramond C, Burlen-Defranoux O, Soubigou G, Chea S, Golub R, Pereira P, Vieira P, Cumano A. Asynchronous lineage priming determines commitment to T cell and B cell lineages in fetal liver. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1139-1149. [PMID: 28825702 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular events that initiate lymphoid-lineage specification remain unidentified because the stages of differentiation during which lineage commitment occurs are difficult to characterize. We isolated fetal liver progenitor cells undergoing restriction of their differentiation potential toward the T cell-innate lymphoid cell lineage or the B cell lineage. Transcripts that defined the molecular signatures of these two subsets were sequentially upregulated in lympho-myeloid precursor cells and in common lymphoid progenitor cells, respectively, and this preceded lineage restriction; this indicates that T cell-versus-B cell commitment is not a binary fate 'decision'. The T cell-bias and B cell-bias transcriptional programs were frequently co-expressed in common lymphoid progenitor cells and were segregated in subsets biased toward T cell differentiation or B cell differentiation, after interleukin 7 (IL-7) signaling that controlled the number of progenitor cells engaging in T cell differentiation versus B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Berthault
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Ramond
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Odile Burlen-Defranoux
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Soubigou
- Département Génomes et Génétique, Plate-forme Transcriptome et Epigénome, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvestre Chea
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Golub
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Pereira
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Immunology department.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
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2
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Staal FJT, Wiekmeijer AS, Brugman MH, Pike-Overzet K. The functional relationship between hematopoietic stem cells and developing T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:36-44. [PMID: 26773328 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to all other blood and immune cells, T lymphocytes do not develop in the bone marrow (BM), but in the specialized microenvironment provided by the thymus. Similar to the other lineages, however, all T cells arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the BM. Not all HSCs give rise to T cells; but how many and what kind of developmental checkpoints are located along this intricate differentiation path is the subject of intense research. Traditionally, this process has been studied almost exclusively using mouse cells, but recent advances in immunodeficient mouse models, high-speed cell sorting, lentiviral transduction protocols, and deep sequencing techniques have allowed these questions to be addressed using human cells. Here we review the process of thymic seeding by BM-derived cells and T cell commitment in humans, discussing recent insights into the clonal composition of the thymus and the definition of developmental checkpoints, on the basis of insights from human severe combined immunodeficiency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna-Sophia Wiekmeijer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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3
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Lineage-related and particle size-dependent cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles on mouse bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:31-44. [PMID: 26051352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have potential applications in stem cell research. In this study, ex vivo cytotoxicity of CSNPs on mouse bone marrow-derived (MBMCs) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) was determined. MBMCs were exposed to CSNPs of different particle sizes at various concentrations for up to 72 h. Cytotoxicity effect of CSNPs on MBMCs was determined using MTT, Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity assays and flow cytometry analysis of surface antigens on HSCs (Sca-1(+)), myeloid-committed progenitors (CD11b(+), Gr-1(+)), and lymphoid-committed progenitors (CD45(+), CD3e(+)). At 24 h incubation, MBMCs' viability was not affected by CSNPs. At 48 and 72 h, significant reduction was detected at higher CSNPs concentrations. Small CSNPs (200 nm) significantly reduced MBMCs' viability while medium-sized particle (∼400 nm) selectively promoted MBMCs growth. Surface antigen assessment demonstrated lineage-dependent effect. Significant decrease in Sca-1(+) cells percentage was observed for medium-sized particle at the lowest CSNPs concentration. Meanwhile, reduction of CD11b(+) and Gr-1(+) cells percentage was detected at high and intermediate concentrations of medium-sized and large CSNPs. Percentage of CD45(+) and CD3e(+) cells along with ROS levels were not significantly affected by CSNPs. In conclusion, medium-sized and large CSNPs were relatively non-toxic at lower concentrations. However, further investigations are necessary for therapeutic applications.
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Onda M, Ghoreschi K, Steward-Tharp S, Thomas C, O'Shea JJ, Pastan IH, FitzGerald DJ. Tofacitinib suppresses antibody responses to protein therapeutics in murine hosts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:48-55. [PMID: 24890727 PMCID: PMC4106678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity remains the "Achilles' heel" of protein-based therapeutics. Anti-drug Abs produced in response to protein therapeutics can severely limit both the safety and efficacy of this expanding class of agent. In this article, we report that monotherapy of mice with tofacitinib (the JAK inhibitor) quells Ab responses to an immunotoxin derived from the bacterial protein Pseudomonas exotoxin A, as well as to the model Ag keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Thousand-fold reductions in IgG1 titers to both Ags were observed 21 d post immunization. In fact, suppression was evident for all IgG isotypes and IgM. A reduction in IgG3 production was also noted with a thymus-independent type II Ag. Mechanistic investigations revealed that tofacitinib treatment led to reduced numbers of CD127+ pro-B cells. Furthermore, we observed fewer germinal center B cells and the impaired formation of germinal centers of mice treated with tofacitinib. Because normal Ig levels were still present during tofacitinib treatment, this agent specifically reduced anti-drug Abs, thus preserving the potential efficacy of biological therapeutics, including those used as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Scott Steward-Tharp
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ira H Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J FitzGerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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5
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Corfe SA, Paige CJ. The many roles of IL-7 in B cell development; mediator of survival, proliferation and differentiation. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:198-208. [PMID: 22421572 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) plays several important roles during B cell development including aiding in; the specification and commitment of cells to the B lineage, the proliferation and survival of B cell progenitors; and maturation during the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. Regulation and modulation of IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) signaling is critical during B lymphopoiesis, because excessive or deficient IL-7R signaling leads to abnormal or inhibited B cell development. IL-7 works together with E2A, EBF, Pax-5 and other transcription factors to regulate B cell commitment, while also functions to regulate Ig rearrangement by modulating FoxO protein activation and Rag enhancer activity. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are inhibitors of cytokine activation and, in B cells, function to fine tune IL-7R signaling; ensuring that appropriate IL-7 signals are transmitted to allow for efficient B cell commitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Corfe
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Pandey BN, Kumar A, Tiwari P, Mishra KP. Radiobiological basis in management of accidental radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:613-35. [DOI: 10.3109/09553001003746059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Expression and role of FLT3 in regulation of the earliest stage of normal granulocyte-monocyte progenitor development. Blood 2010; 115:5061-8. [PMID: 20393130 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in c-fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signaling have reductions in early multipotent and lymphoid progenitors, whereas no evident myeloid phenotype has been reported. However, activating mutations of Flt3 are among the most common genetic events in acute myeloid leukemia and mice harboring internal tandem duplications within Flt3 (Flt3-ITD) develop myeloproliferative disease, with characteristic expansion of granulocyte-monocyte (GM) progenitors (GMP), possibly compatible with FLT3-ITD promoting a myeloid fate of multipotent progenitors. Alternatively, FLT3 might be expressed at the earliest stages of GM development. Herein, we investigated the expression, function, and role of FLT3 in recently identified early GMPs. Flt3-cre fate-mapping established that most progenitors and mature progeny of the GM lineage are derived from Flt3-expressing progenitors. A higher expression of FLT3 was found in preGMP compared with GMP, and preGMPs were more responsive to stimulation with FLT3 ligand (FL). Whereas preGMPs and GMPs were reduced in Fl(-/-) mice, megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors were unaffected and lacked FLT3 expression. Notably, mice deficient in both thrombopoietin (THPO) and FL had a more pronounced GMP phenotype than Thpo(-/-) mice, establishing a role of FL in THPO-dependent and -independent regulation of GMPs, of likely significance for myeloid malignancies with Flt3-ITD mutations.
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8
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Fahl SP, Crittenden RB, Allman D, Bender TP. c-Myb is required for pro-B cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5582-92. [PMID: 19843942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The c-Myb transcription factor is required for normal adult hematopoiesis. However, the embryonic lethality of Myb-null mutations has been an impediment to identifying roles for c-Myb during lymphocyte development. We have used tissue-specific inactivation of the Myb locus in early progenitor cells to demonstrate that c-Myb is absolutely required for the differentiation of CD19(+) B-lineage cells and B cell differentiation is profoundly blocked beyond the pre-pro-B cell stage in Myb(f/f) Mb1-cre mice. We demonstrate that c-Myb is required for the intrinsic survival of CD19(+) pro-B cells as well as the proper expression of the alpha-chain of the IL-7 receptor (CD127) and Ebf1. However, survival of c-Myb-deficient CD19(+) pro-B cells cannot be rescued by transduction with CD127-producing retrovirus, suggesting that c-Myb controls a survival pathway independent of CD127. Furthermore, c-Myb-deficient progenitor cells inefficiently generate CD19(+) B-lineage cells during stromal cell culture but this process can be partially rescued with exogenous Ebf1. Thus, c-Myb does not appear to be required for commitment to B cell differentiation but is crucial for B cell differentiation to the CD19(+) pro-B cell stage as well as survival of CD19(+) pro-B cells. Surprisingly, forced c-Myb expression in lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors favors differentiation toward the myeloid lineage, suggesting that proper c-Myb expression is crucial for B-lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Fahl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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9
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Parrish YK, Baez I, Milford TA, Benitez A, Galloway N, Rogerio JW, Sahakian E, Kagoda M, Huang G, Hao QL, Sevilla Y, Barsky LW, Zielinska E, Price MA, Wall NR, Dovat S, Payne KJ. IL-7 Dependence in human B lymphopoiesis increases during progression of ontogeny from cord blood to bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4255-66. [PMID: 19299724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is critical for B cell production in adult mice; however, its role in human B lymphopoiesis is controversial. One challenge was the inability to differentiate human cord blood (CB) or adult bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) without murine stroma. Here, we examine the role of IL-7 in human B cell development using a novel, human-only model based on coculturing human HSCs on primary human BM stroma. In this model, IL-7 increases human B cell production by >60-fold from both CB and adult BM HSCs. IL-7-induced increases are dose-dependent and specific to CD19(+) cells. STAT5 phosphorylation and expression of the Ki-67 proliferation Ag indicate that IL-7 acts directly on CD19(+) cells to increase proliferation at the CD34(+) and CD34(-) pro-B cell stages. Without IL-7, HSCs in CB, but not BM, give rise to a small but consistent population of CD19(lo) B lineage cells that express EBF (early B cell factor) and PAX-5 and respond to subsequent IL-7 stimulation. Flt3 ligand, but not thymic stromal-derived lymhopoietin (TSLP), was required for the IL-7-independent production of human B lineage cells. As compared with CB, adult BM shows a reduction of in vitro generative capacity that is progressively more profound in developmentally sequential populations, resulting in an approximately 50-fold reduction in IL-7-dependent B lineage generative capacity. These data provide evidence that IL-7 is essential for human B cell production from adult BM and that IL-7-induced expansion of the pro-B compartment is increasingly critical for human B cell production during the progression of ontogeny.
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10
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Gene regulatory networks directing myeloid and lymphoid cell fates within the immune system. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:228-35. [PMID: 18771937 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress is being achieved in the analysis of gene regulatory networks that direct cell fate decisions within the hematopoietic system. In addition to transcription factors that are pivotal for cell fate specification and commitment, recent evidence suggests the involvement of microRNAs. In this review we attempt to integrate these two types of regulatory components into circuits that dictate cell fate choices leading to the generation of innate as well as adaptive immune cells. The developmental circuits are placed in the context of a revised scheme for hematopoiesis that suggests that both the innate (myeloid) and adaptive (lymphoid) lineages of the immune system arise from a common progenitor.
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11
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Ichii M, Oritani K, Yokota T, Nishida M, Takahashi I, Shirogane T, Ezoe S, Saitoh N, Tanigawa R, Kincade PW, Kanakura Y. Regulation of human B lymphopoiesis by the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in a newly established coculture system using human mesenchymal stem cells as a supportive microenvironment. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:587-97. [PMID: 18346840 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize and evaluate the validity of a novel coculture system for studying human B-lymphocyte developmental biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a long-term culture system to produce B lymphocytes from human CD34(+) cells purified from umbilical cord blood using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) as stroma. We evaluated the effects of several low molecular weight inhibitors, recombinant proteins, and neutralizing antibodies (Abs) as potential regulators of B-lymphocyte development. RESULTS Our cocultures of 2000 CD34(+) cells in the presence of stem cell factor and Flt3-ligand produced 1-5 x 10(5) CD10(+) cells after 4 weeks of culture. Surface IgM(+) immature B cells began to appear after 4 weeks. We evaluated the negative-regulatory effects of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily on human B lymphopoiesis, and found that adding an anti-activin A antibody enhanced generation of CD10(+) cells two- to three-fold. As well, the proportion of CD10(+) cells in the generated cells increased markedly, indicating that activin A downregulated B lymphopoiesis more efficiently than myelopoiesis. Addition of TGF-beta1 suppressed B-lymphocyte production by 20% to 30%, while addition of an anti-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 antibody or recombinant BMP-4 had no effect. Therefore, the strength of ability to suppress human B lymphopoiesis seemed to be activin A > TGF-beta1 > BMP-4. None of these three factors influenced the emergence of IgM(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS hMSC coculture supported human B lymphopoiesis. Activin A selectively suppressed B lymphocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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Svensson M, Marsal J, Uronen-Hansson H, Cheng M, Jenkinson W, Cilio C, Jacobsen SEW, Sitnicka E, Anderson G, Agace WW. Involvement of CCR9 at multiple stages of adult T lymphopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:156-64. [PMID: 17911179 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL25 is constitutively expressed in the thymus, and its receptor CCR9 is expressed on subsets of developing thymocytes. Nevertheless, the function of CCL25/CCR9 in adult thymopoiesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that purified CCR9(-/-) hematopoietic stem cells are deficient in their ability to generate all major thymocyte subsets including double-negative 1 (DN1) cells in competitive transfers. CCR9(-/-) bone marrow contained normal numbers of lineage(-) Sca-1+c-kit+, common lymphoid progenitors, and lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPP), and CCR9(-/-) LMPP showed similar T cell potential as their wild-type (WT) counterparts when cultured on OP9-delta-like 1 stromal cells. In contrast, early thymic progenitor and DN2 thymocyte numbers were reduced in the thymus of adult CCR9(-/-) mice. In fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC), CCR9(-/-) DN1 cells were as efficient as WT DN1 cells in generating double-positive (DP) thymocytes; however, under competitive FTOC, CCR9(-/-) DP cell numbers were reduced significantly. Similarly, following intrathymic injection into sublethally irradiated recipients, CCR9(-/-) DN cells were out-competed by WT DN cells in generating DP thymocytes. Finally, in competitive reaggregation thymic organ cultures, CCR9(-/-) preselection DP thymocytes were disadvantaged significantly in their ability to generate CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes, a finding that correlated with a reduced ability to form TCR-MHC-dependent conjugates with thymic epithelial cells. Together, these results highlight a role for CCR9 at several stages of adult thymopoiesis: in hematopoietic progenitor seeding of the thymus, in the DN-DP thymocyte transition, and in the generation of CD4 SP thymocytes.
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Abstract
Prospective isolation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells has identified the lineal relationships among all blood-cell types and has allowed their developmental mechanisms to be assayed at the single-cell level. These isolated cell populations are used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of lineage fate decision and of its plasticity directly by stage-specific enforcement or repression of lineage-instructive signaling in purified cells. With an emphasis on the myeloid lineage, this review summarizes current concepts and controversies regarding adult murine hematopoietic development and discusses the potential mechanisms, operated by single or by multiple transcription factors, of myeloid lineage fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Iwasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is produced by stromal cells in lymphoid tissues and is required for the development of T cells and for their persistence in the periphery. Unlike many other cytokines that act on lymphocytes, IL-7 production by stromal cells is not substantially affected by extrinsic stimuli. So, the amount of available IL-7 protein is thought to be regulated by the rate that it is scavenged by T cells. As we review here, there is mounting evidence indicating that the amount of IL-7 receptor expressed on a cell not only determines how vigorously the cell responds to IL-7, but it can also determine how efficiently the cell consumes IL-7 and, therefore, affect the supply of this limiting resource in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 560, Room 31-71, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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15
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Colvin GA, Dooner MS, Dooner GJ, Sanchez-Guijo FM, Demers DA, Abedi M, Ramanathan M, Chung S, Pascual S, Quesenberry PJ. Stem cell continuum: directed differentiation hotspots. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:96-107. [PMID: 17198878 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technique of stem cell-directed differentiation in the context of cell-cycle position. The hypothesis was that stem cells would have different sensitivities to an identical inductive signal through cell-cycle transit and that this would affect the outcome of its progeny. MATERIALS AND METHODS Differentiation of murine marrow lineage(negative)rhodamine-123(low-)Hoechst-33342(low) (LRH) stem cells was determined at different points in cell cycle under stimulation by thrombopoietin, flt3 ligand, and steel factor. LRH stem cells were subcultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and steel factor at different points in cell cycle and differentiation determined 14 days later. RESULTS There was a significant, reproducible, and pronounced reversible increase in differentiation to megakaryocytes in early S-phase and to nonproliferative granulocytes in mid S-phase. Megakaryocyte hotspots also were seen on a clonal basis. Elevations of the transcription factor FOG-1 were seen at the hotspot along with increases in Nfe2 and Fli1. CONCLUSIONS We show that the potential of marrow stem cells to differentiate changes reversibly with cytokine-induced cell-cycle transit, suggesting that stem cell regulation is not based on the classic hierarchical model, but instead on a functional continuum. We propose that there is a tight linkage of commitment to a lineage and a particular phase of cell cycle. Thus, windows of vulnerability for commitment can open and close depending on the phase of cell cycle. These data indicate that stem cell differentiation occurs on a cell-cycle-related continuum with fluctuating windows of transcriptional opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Colvin
- Department of Research, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908-4735, USA.
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16
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Welner RS, Pelayo R, Garrett KP, Chen X, Perry SS, Sun XH, Kee BL, Kincade PW. Interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) arise via a unique differentiation pathway from primitive c-kitHiCD62L+ lymphoid progenitors. Blood 2007; 109:4825-931. [PMID: 17317852 PMCID: PMC1885519 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-043810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) have only recently been described and they share some properties with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We now show that they can arise from some of the same progenitors. However, IKDCs expressed little or no RAG-1, Spi-B, or TLR9, but responded to the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN by production of IFNgamma. The RAG-1(-)pDC2 subset was more similar to IKDCs than RAG-1(+) pDC1s with respect to IFNgamma production. The Id-2 transcriptional inhibitor was essential for production of IKDCs and natural killer (NK) cells, but not pDCs. IKDCs developed from lymphoid progenitors in culture but, unlike pDCs, were not affected by Notch receptor ligation. While IKDCs could be made from estrogen-sensitive progenitors, they may have a slow turnover because their numbers did not rapidly decline in hormone-treated mice. Four categories of progenitors were compared for IKDC-producing ability in transplantation assays. Of these, Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(Hi)Thy1.1(-)L-selectin(+) lymphoid progenitors (LSPs) were the best source. While NK cells resemble IKDCs in several respects, they develop from different progenitors. These observations suggest that IKDCs may arise from a unique differentiation pathway, and one that diverges early from those responsible for NK cells, pDCs, and T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Welner
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Abstract
In adult mammals, bone marrow pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells generate B lymphoid-specified progeny that progress through a series of well-characterized stages before generating B-cell receptor expressing B lymphocytes. These functionally immature B lymphocytes then migrate to the spleen wherein they differentiate through transitional stages into follicular or marginal zone B lymphocytes capable of responding to T-dependent and -independent antigens, respectively. During the terminal stages of B lymphocyte development in the bone marrow, as well as immediately following egress into the peripheral compartments, B lymphocytes are counterselected to eliminate B lymphocytes with potentially dangerous self-reactivity. These developmental and selection events in the bone marrow and periphery are dependent on the integration of intrinsic genetic programs with extrinsic microenvironmental signals that drive progenitors toward increasing B lineage commitment and maturation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the various stages of primary and secondary B lymphocyte development with an emphasis on the selection processes that affect decisions at critical checkpoints. Our intent is to stress the concept that at many steps in the developmental process leading to a mature immunocompetent B lymphocyte, B lineage cells are integrating multiple and different signaling inputs that are translated into specific and appropriate cell fate decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Lymphopoiesis/genetics
- Models, Immunological
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Monroe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Holmes ML, Carotta S, Corcoran LM, Nutt SL. Repression of Flt3 by Pax5 is crucial for B-cell lineage commitment. Genes Dev 2006; 20:933-8. [PMID: 16618805 PMCID: PMC1472301 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1396206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early B-lymphopoiesis requires the growth-factor receptors, IL-7R and Flt3, and the activity of a number of transcription factors. One factor, Pax5, is required for commitment to the B-cell lineage, although the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. We demonstrate here that an important function of Pax5 is to repress Flt3 transcription in B-cell progenitors, as Pax5-deficient pro-B cells express abundant Flt3 that is rapidly silenced upon the reintroduction of Pax5, whereas enforced expression of Flt3 in wild-type progenitors significantly impairs B-cell development. These findings demonstrate that the repression of Flt3 by Pax5 is essential for normal B-lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Holmes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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19
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Rumfelt LL, Zhou Y, Rowley BM, Shinton SA, Hardy RR. Lineage specification and plasticity in CD19- early B cell precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:675-87. [PMID: 16505143 PMCID: PMC2118241 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We describe here three CD19- B cell precursor populations in mouse bone marrow identified using 12-color flow cytometry. Cell transfer experiments indicate lineage potentials consistent with multilineage progenitor (MLP), common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), and B lineage-restricted pre-pro-B (Fr. A), respectively. However, single cell in vitro assays reveal lineage plasticity: lymphoid/myeloid lineage potential for CLP and B/T lineage potential for Fr. A. Despite myeloid potential, recombination activating gene 2 reporter activation is first detected at low levels in most MLP cells, with 95% of CLPs showing 10-fold increased levels. Furthermore, single cell analysis shows that half of CLP and 90% of Fr. A cells contain heavy chain DJ rearrangements. These data, together with expression profiles of lineage-specific genes, demonstrate progressive acquisition of B lineage potential and support an asynchronous view of early B cell development, in which B lineage specification initiates in the MLP/CLP stage, whereas myeloid potential is not lost until the pre-pro-B (Fr. A) stage, and B/T lymphoid plasticity persists until the CD19+ pro-B stage. Thus, MLP, CLP, and Fr. A represent progressively B lineage-specified stages in development, before the CD19+ B lineage-committed pro-B stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Rumfelt
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Roessler S, Grosschedl R. Role of transcription factors in commitment and differentiation of early B lymphoid cells. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:12-9. [PMID: 16431127 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B lymphopoiesis is a differentiation process in which hematopoietic stem cells are converted into antibody-producing plasma cells. B cell differentiation involves multiple steps, including cell specification, commitment to the B cell lineage, immunoglobulin rearrangements, maturation of B cells and terminal differentiation into plasma cells. Each of these steps is controlled by signaling pathways and transcription factors that act in synergy, feedback-loops or cross-antagonism to generate complex regulatory networks that allow for plasticity and stability of B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Roessler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Stubeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Satoh C, Ogata K. Hypothesis: myeloid-restricted hematopoietic stem cells with self-renewal capacity may be the transformation site in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2005; 30:491-5. [PMID: 16183117 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The transformation site in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been proposed to be pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs), and the lymphoid development of leukemic PHSCs may be suppressed by leukemogenic events. Recent data from multiple laboratories have contradicted the current hierarchical model of hematopoiesis and indicated the presence of myeloid HSCs with minimal lymphopoietic potential (MyHSCs) in mice. Based on these findings and re-evaluating the published data on AML stem cells, we hypothesize that MyHSCs may be the transformation site in AML. If so, therapy targeting leukemic MyHSCs but sparing PHSCs is worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Satoh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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22
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Medina KL, Singh H. Gene regulatory networks orchestrating B cell fate specification, commitment, and differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 290:1-14. [PMID: 16480036 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26363-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The B cell developmental pathway represents a leading system for the analysis of regulatory circuits that orchestrate cell fate specification, commitment, and differentiation. We review the progress that has been achieved in the identification and characterization of regulatory components of such circuits, including transcription factors, chromatin modifying proteins, and signaling molecules. A comprehensive developmental model is proposed that invokes sequentially acting regulatory networks which dictate the generation of B cells from multipotential hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Medina
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The B cell developmental pathway represents a leading model within the hematopoietic system for the analysis of genetic networks, which orchestrate cell fate specification and commitment. Considerable progress is being achieved in the characterization of regulatory components that comprise such networks and examining their connectivity. These components include the cytokine receptors Flk2 and IL-7R as well as the transcription factors PU.1, Ikaros, Bcl11a, E2A, EBF, and Pax-5. Based on new experimental evidence, a comprehensive model is proposed that invokes sequentially acting and inter-dependent regulatory modules that instruct the generation of B cell precursors from multipotential hematopoietic progenitors. RECENT FINDINGS The transcription factor PU.1 regulates the generation of lymphoid progenitors that express Flk2 and IL-7R. IL-7R receptor signaling appears to function in specification of the B cell fate. The transcription factor EBF can bypass the requirement for PU.1 and E2A in early B cell development. Pax-5 expression and function are contingent on EBF. SUMMARY Assembly of gene regulatory networks involved in cell fate specification may facilitate the efficient and directed generation of lineage-specific hematopoietic progenitors from embryonic stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay L Medina
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60367, USA
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Kouro T, Yokota T, Welner R, Kincade PW. In vitro differentiation and measurement of B cell progenitor activity in culture. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2005; Chapter 22:Unit 22F.2. [PMID: 18432949 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im22f02s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As well as other blood cells, B lymphocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells. However, it is not fully understood how their production is controlled. In the serum-free, stromal-cell-free B cell differentiation culture described here, early steps of the B lineage differentiation process are reproduced under defined conditions. This assay is useful for examining the direct effects of various soluble factors on B cell progenitors because it does not contain stromal cells or unknown factors. Additionally, this assay yields sufficient cloning to measure B cell progenitors from single cell cultures. Stromal cell coculture assays are also described that cover a wider category of precursors such as human B cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kouro
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Wang GG, Pasillas MP, Kamps MP. Meis1 programs transcription of FLT3 and cancer stem cell character, using a mechanism that requires interaction with Pbx and a novel function of the Meis1 C-terminus. Blood 2005; 106:254-64. [PMID: 15755900 PMCID: PMC1895124 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meis1 is a homeodomain transcription factor coexpressed with Hoxa9 in most human acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). In mouse models of leukemia produced by Hoxa9, Meis1 accelerates leukemogenesis. Because Hoxa9 immortalizes myeloid progenitors in the absence of Meis1 expression, the contribution of Meis1 toward leukemia remains unclear. Here, we describe a cultured progenitor model in which Meis1 programs leukemogenicity. Progenitors immortalized by Hoxa9 in culture are myeloid-lineage restricted and only infrequently caused leukemia after more than 250 days. Coexpressed Meis1 programmed rapid AML-initiating character, maintained multipotent progenitor potential, and induced expression of genes associated with short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), such as FLT3 and CD34, whose expression also characterizes the leukemia-initiating stem cells of human AML. Meis1 leukemogenesis functions required binding to Pbx, binding to DNA, and a conserved function of its C-terminal tail. We hypothesize that Meis1 is required for the homing and survival of leukemic progenitors within their hematopoietic niches, functions mediated by HSC-specific genes such as CD34 and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), respectively. This is the first example of a transcription factor oncoprotein (Meis1) that establishes expression of a tyrosine kinase oncoprotein (FLT3), and explains their coexpression in human leukemia. This cultured progenitor model will be useful to define the genetic basis of leukemogenesis involving Hoxa9 and Meis1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang G Wang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology Program, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Wils EJ, Cornelissen JJ. Thymopoiesis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: new possibilities for improvement. Blood Rev 2005; 19:89-98. [PMID: 15603912 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment related mortality (TRM) has restricted the application of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) as a treatment modality for patients with a variety of malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. TRM is mainly caused by severe opportunistic infections, due to an impaired immune reconstitution. The extreme slow recovery of newly developed, donor stem cell derived naive T-cells is currently considered to be the most important determinant of the impaired immune competence after allo-SCT. Therefore, enhancing naive T-cell recovery following allo-SCT by improving thymopoiesis has recently gained new interest. Possible strategies to improve thymopoiesis may include approaches to protect the nursing stromal compartment and approaches to directly stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of T-cell progenitors intra-thymically. Among the latter is interleukin-7 (IL-7), which has appeared promising in preclinical experimental settings and is expected to enter early clinical studies soon. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is an epithelial growth factor that may protect the thymic epithelium and thereby may preserve it's support of thymopoiesis. KGF has been evaluated clinically in the setting of autologous stem cell transplantation and studies in the setting of allo-SCT are awaited in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert-Jan Wils
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Pinho MDFB, Hurtado SP, El-Cheikh MC, Borojevic R. Haemopoietic progenitors in the adult mouse omentum: permanent production of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:91-102. [PMID: 15517397 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The coelome-associated lympho-myeloid tissues, including the omentum, are derived from early embryo haemopoietic tissue of the splanchnopleura, and produce B lymphocytes and macrophages. They are reactive in pathologies involving coelomic cavities, in which they can expand in situ the cells of inflammatory infiltrates. We have addressed the question of the role of the adult omentum in permanent basal production of early lymphopoietic progenitors (pro-B/pre-B cells), through characterisation of omentum cells ex vivo, and study of their in vitro differentiation. We have shown that the murine omentum produces early haemopoietic progenitors throughout life, including B-cell progenitors prior to the Ig gene recombination expressing RAG-1 and lambda5, as well as macrophages. Their production is stroma-dependent. The omentum stroma can supply in vitro the cytokines (SDF-1alpha, Flt3 ligand and IL-7) and the molecular environment required for generation of these two cell lineages. Omentum haemopoietic progenitors are similar to those observed in foetal blood cell production, rather than to progenitors found in the adult haemopoietic tissue in the bone marrow--in terms of phenotype expression and differentiation capacity. We conclude that a primitive pattern of haemopoiesis observed in the early embryo is permanently preserved and functional in the adult omentum, providing production of cells engaged in nonspecific protection of abdominal intestinal tissue and of the coelomic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima B Pinho
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, and Programa Avançado de Biologia Celular Aplicada à Medicina-Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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29
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Medina KL, Pongubala JMR, Reddy KL, Lancki DW, Dekoter R, Kieslinger M, Grosschedl R, Singh H. Assembling a Gene Regulatory Network for Specification of the B Cell Fate. Dev Cell 2004; 7:607-17. [PMID: 15469848 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generation of B lymphocyte precursors is dependent on the combinatorial action of the transcription factors PU.1, Ikaros, E2A, EBF, and Pax-5. Loss of PU.1 results in a severe reduction in Flk2+, IL-7R+ lymphoid progenitors as well as impaired expression of EBF and Pax-5. Restoration of EBF expression facilitates rapid generation of pro-B cells from PU.1-/- progenitors. Molecular analysis suggests that PU.1 directly participates in regulation of the EBF gene. Although PU.1 is dispensable for expression of most early B lineage genes, it is required for CD45R/B220. Using EBF-/- mutant progenitors, we show that EBF induces Pax-5 and the early program of B lineage gene expression. Importantly, Pax-5 does not rescue B cell development from either PU.1-/- or EBF-/- progenitors. Pax-5 expression and function are contingent on EBF. Based on these results, we propose a hierarchical regulatory network for specification and commitment to the B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay L Medina
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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30
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Nygren JM, Jovinge S, Breitbach M, Säwén P, Röll W, Hescheler J, Taneera J, Fleischmann BK, Jacobsen SEW. Bone marrow–derived hematopoietic cells generate cardiomyocytes at a low frequency through cell fusion, but not transdifferentiation. Nat Med 2004; 10:494-501. [PMID: 15107841 DOI: 10.1038/nm1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that bone marrow cells might possess a much broader differentiation potential than previously appreciated. In most cases, the reported efficiency of such plasticity has been rather low and, at least in some instances, is a consequence of cell fusion. After myocardial infarction, however, bone marrow cells have been suggested to extensively regenerate cardiomyocytes through transdifferentiation. Although bone marrow-derived cells are already being used in clinical trials, the exact identity, longevity and fate of these cells in infarcted myocardium have yet to be investigated in detail. Here we use various approaches to induce acute myocardial injury and deliver transgenically marked bone marrow cells to the injured myocardium. We show that unfractionated bone marrow cells and a purified population of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells efficiently engraft within the infarcted myocardium. Engraftment was transient, however, and hematopoietic in nature. In contrast, bone marrow-derived cardiomyocytes were observed outside the infarcted myocardium at a low frequency and were derived exclusively through cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Nygren
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, BMC B10, Klinikgatan 26, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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31
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Li Z, Schwieger M, Lange C, Kraunus J, Sun H, van den Akker E, Modlich U, Serinsöz E, Will E, von Laer D, Stocking C, Fehse B, Schiedlmeier B, Baum C. Predictable and efficient retroviral gene transfer into murine bone marrow repopulating cells using a defined vector dose. Exp Hematol 2004; 31:1206-14. [PMID: 14662326 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current protocols of retroviral gene transfer into murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) result in variable gene transfer efficiency and involve various procedures that are not clinically applicable. We developed and evaluated a reliable transduction protocol that is more related to clinical methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS HSC were enriched from steady-state bone marrow by magnetic cell sorting (lineage depletion) and cultured in defined serum-free medium containing an improved growth factor cocktail (Flt3-ligand, stem cell factor, interleukin-3, interleukin-11). Cell-free ecotropic retroviral vector particles, generated by transient transfection of human 293T-based packaging cells, were preloaded at defined titers on CH296-coated tissue culture plates, thus largely avoiding serum contamination. These conditions were evaluated in 17 experiments involving 29 transduction cultures and 185 recipient mice. RESULTS After two rounds of infection, the gene marking rates in cultured mononuclear cells and stem/progenitor cells (Lin(-)c-Kit(+)) were 15 to 85% (53.7%+/-21.7%, n=23) and 30 to 95% (69.8%+/-20.4%, n=17), respectively. Even after one round of infection, gene transfer was efficient (31.2%+/-15.1%, n=12). Using identical conditions, gene transfer rates were highly reproducible. Average transgene expression in reconstituted animals correlated well with pretransplant data. Using a moderate multiplicity of infection, the majority of transduced cells carried less than three transgene copies. In addition, coinfection was possible to establish two different vectors in single cells. CONCLUSION The protocol described here achieves efficient retroviral transduction of murine bone marrow repopulating cells with a defined gene dosage, largely avoiding procedures that decrease stem cell output and repopulating capacity. This protocol may help to improve the predictive value of preclinical efficiency/toxicity studies for gene therapeutic interventions and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Li
- Experimental Cell Therapy, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The signals that control decisions of progenitor commitment involve the interplay of both cytokines and transcription factors. Flt3L has emerged as a potential regulator of dendritic cell (DC) development, but regulation of HSC commitment to the DC lineage remains poorly understood. Our central finding is the identification of STAT3 activation as a checkpoint of Flt3L-regulated DC development. Deletion of STAT3 caused profound deficiency in the DC compartment and abrogated Flt3L effects on DC development. DC derivation by Flt3L revealed a normal HSC pool, a 2- to 3-fold accumulation of CLP/CMP, but absence of common DC precursors as well as their DC progeny in STAT3-deficient mice. The formation of CMP and CLP represents the first decisive lineage commitment step, and in this regard we provide evidence that commitments of CLP/CMP to the DC lineage strictly depend on the interplay of both Flt3L and STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Laouar
- Section of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Dainiak N, Waselenko JK, Armitage JO, MacVittie TJ, Farese AM. The hematologist and radiation casualties. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2003; 2003:473-496. [PMID: 14633795 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, preparation by the health care system for an act of terrorism has been mandated by leaders of governments. Scenarios for terrorist acts involving radioactive material have been identified, and approaches to management (based on past experience from atomic weapons detonations and radiation accidents) have been developed. Because of their experience in managing patients with profound cytopenia and/or marrow aplasia, hematologists will be asked to play a significant role in evaluating and treating victims of mass accidental or deliberate exposure to radiation. This review provides a framework for understanding how radiation levels are quantified, how radiation alters the function of hematopoietic (and nonhematopoietic) cells and tissues, and how victims receiving a significant radiation dose can be identified and managed. In Section I, Dr. Nicholas Dainiak reviews four components of the Acute Radiation Syndrome: the hematopoietic, neurovascular, gastrointestinal and cutaneous subsyndromes. Clinical signs and symptoms are discussed for exposed individuals at the time of initial presentation (the prodromal phase) and during their course of disease (the manifest illness). In Section II, he presents clinical and laboratory methods to assess radiation doses, including time to onset and severity of vomiting, rate of decline in absolute blood lymphocyte count and the appearance of chromosome aberrations such as dicentrics and ring forms. Potential scenarios of a radiation terrorist event are reviewed, and methods for initial clinical assessment, triage, and early management of the acute radiation syndrome and its component subsyndromes are summarized. In Section III, Dr. Jamie Waselenko reviews the hematopoietic syndrome, and presents guidelines for the use of cytokine therapy, antibiotics, and supportive care that have been developed by the Strategic National Pharmaceutical Stockpile Working Group. Results of preclinical and clinical growth factor therapy studies with G-CSF, GM-CSF, pegylated G-CSF, SCF, and IL-3 are summarized. When and how potassium iodide should be used after exposure to radioiodines is also reviewed. In Section IV, Dr. James Armitage describes a narrow "window" of 7 to 10 Gy where therapy with stem cell transplantation may be appropriate. Victims who are candidates for allotransplantation should not have major trauma or significant injury to other (nonhematopoietic) tissues. Rarely, victims may have an identical sibling or autologous stored marrow or blood stem cells, in which case the threshold for transplantation is 4 Gy. In Section V, Dr. Thomas MacVittie describes new directions for therapy, using cytokines such as IL-7, keratinocyte growth factor, and FLT-3. The potential for combinations of cytokines to enhance hematopoietic recovery is also reviewed.
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Oritani K, Hirota S, Nakagawa T, Takahashi I, Kawamoto SI, Yamada M, Ishida N, Kadoya T, Tomiyama Y, Kincade PW, Matsuzawa Y. T lymphocytes constitutively produce an interferonlike cytokine limitin characterized as a heat- and acid-stable and heparin-binding glycoprotein. Blood 2003; 101:178-85. [PMID: 12393653 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have described "multifunctional" eukaryotic mRNAs producing more than one protein through alternative translational initiation at multiple AUG codons. There are 2 such codons in the 5' region of our recently cloned limitin gene where 2 open reading frames overlap by 34 nucleotides. The deduced protein translated from the first ATG contains 33 amino acids, lacks a signal peptide, and has no obvious effects on the transfected 293T cells. We found that the second ATG is more effective as a translational initiation site than the first ATG and yields a secreted protein of 182 amino acids with the same activity as products made with full-length limitin cDNA. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the longer limitin protein is produced by mature T lymphocytes in spleen and thymus as well as by bronchial epithelial and salivary duct cells in healthy mice. Properties of recombinant limitin were determined, revealing it to be a serologically distinct, heat- and acid-stable, heparin-binding glycoprotein with the potential for dimerization. Although the longer limitin protein is structurally and characteristically related to type I interferons, its production is uniquely regulated by translation as well as transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oritani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan.
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis has been considered hierarchical in nature, but recent data suggest that the system is not hierarchical and is, in fact, quite functionally plastic. Existing data indicate that engraftment and progenitor phenotypes vary inversely with cell cycle transit and that gene expression also varies widely. These observations suggest that there is no progenitor/stem cell hierarchy, but rather a reversible continuum. This may, in turn, be dependent on shifting chromatin and gene expression with cell cycle transit. If the phenotype of these primitive marrow cells changes from engraftable stem cell to progenitor and back to engraftable stem cell with cycle transit, then this suggests that the identity of the engraftable stem cell may be partially masked in nonsynchronized marrow cell populations. A general model indicates a marrow cell that can continually change its surface receptor expression and thus responds to external stimuli differently at different points in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Quesenberry
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908-4735, USA.
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Kouro T, Kumar V, Kincade PW. Relationships between early B- and NK-lineage lymphocyte precursors in bone marrow. Blood 2002; 100:3672-80. [PMID: 12393656 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that lineage marker-negative (Lin(-)) c-kit(Lo) Flk-2/Flt3(+) IL-7R(+) Sca-1(Lo) CD27(+) Ly-6C(-) Thy-1(-)CD43(+) CD16/32(Lo/-) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)(+) cells in murine bone marrow are functional lymphocyte precursors. However, it has not been clear if this is an obligate intermediate step for transit of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells to natural killer (NK) cells. We have now used serum-free, stromal cell-free cultures to determine that NK progenitors are enriched among an estrogen-regulated, c-kit(Lo) subset of the Lin(-) fraction. However, several experimental approaches suggested that this population is heterogeneous and likely represents a stage where B and NK lineages diverge. Although most B-cell precursors were directly sensitive to estrogen in culture, much of the NK-cell precursor activity in that fraction was hormone resistant. B-lineage potential was largely associated with interleukin 7 receptor alpha (IL-7R(alpha)) expression and was selectively driven in culture by IL-7. In contrast, many NK precursors did not display detectable amounts of this receptor and their maturation was selectively supported by IL-15. Finally, single-cell experiments showed that the Lin(-) c-kit(Lo) fraction contains a mixture of B/NK, B-restricted, and NK-restricted progenitors. Two-step culture experiments revealed that NK precursors become hormone resistant on or before acquisition of CD122, signaling commitment to the NK lineage. CD45R is preferentially, but not exclusively, expressed on maturing B-lineage cells. Production of these 2 blood cell types is regulated in bone marrow by common and then independent mechanisms that can now be studied with greater precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kouro
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104, USA
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37
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Spangrude GJ. Divergent models of lymphoid lineage specification: do clonal assays provide all the answers? Immunol Rev 2002; 187:40-7. [PMID: 12366681 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells that drive blood development in mouse and man have been well characterized in recent years. In contrast, detailed analysis of the next stages of development, the progenitor cells that have begun to differentiate along specific hematopoietic lineages, is now only in its infancy. The process of myeloid differentiation has been relatively accessible to experimental manipulation due to the availability of culture systems able to support the progenitors for myeloid lineages, and the identification of cytokines capable of driving myeloid differentiation. Studies of early lymphoid differentiation, however, have lagged behind. In particular, the characterization of the first progenitors for the lymphoid lineages is far from complete, due mainly to inefficient assay systems for growing these cell lineages in vitro. Two laboratories have published conflicting data regarding the specification of lymphoid lineages in the mouse. Both groups of investigators utilize elegant clonal approaches to characterize progenitor cell subsets. While these experiments define lineage potential in the most rigorous manner possible, the divergent results suggest that clonal assays must be supplemented with more physiologic studies in order to define the actual differentiation pathways that function in vivo.
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38
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Chen J, Harrison DE. Quantitative trait loci regulating relative lymphocyte proportions in mouse peripheral blood. Blood 2002; 99:561-6. [PMID: 11781239 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative proportions of peripheral blood (PB) B lymphocytes (B220%) as well as CD4 (CD4%) and CD8 (CD8%) T lymphocytes differ significantly among inbred mouse strains: B220% is high in C57BL/6J (B6) and C57BR/cdJ, intermediate in BALB/cByJ (BALB) and DBA/2J (D2), and low in NOD/LtJ (NOD) and SJL/J (SJL) mice, whereas CD4% and CD8% are high in NOD and SJL mice and low in the other 4 strains. By following segregating genetic markers linked to these traits in (B6 x D2) recombinant inbred (BXD RI) mice, the study defined 2 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the B220% phenotype: Pbbcp1 (peripheral blood B cell percentage 1, logarithm of odds [LOD] 4.1, P <.000 01) and Pbbcp2 (LOD 3.7, P <.000 04) on chromosome 1 (Chr 1) at about 63 cM and 48 cM; one suggestive locus for the CD4% phenotype (LOD 2.6, P <.000 57) on Chr 8 at about 73 cM; and one QTL for the CD8% phenotype: Pbctlp1 (peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocyte percentage 1, LOD 3.8, P <.000 02) on Chr 19 at about 12 cM. The study further segregated PB lymphocyte proportions in B6SJLF2 mice by using DNA markers adjacent to these mapped QTLs and found that the Pbbcp1 locus (LOD 5.6, P <.000 01) was also important in this mouse population. In both BXD RI and B6SJLF2 mice, QTLs regulating B-cell proportions showed no significant effect on T-cell proportions and vice versa. Thus, PB B- and T-lymphocyte proportions are regulated separately by different genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609-1500, USA.
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39
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Farese AM, Casey DB, Smith WG, Vigneulle RM, McKearn JP, MacVittie TJ. Leridistim, a chimeric dual G-CSF and IL-3 receptor agonist, enhances multilineage hematopoietic recovery in a nonhuman primate model of radiation-induced myelosuppression: effect of schedule, dose, and route of administration. Stem Cells 2002; 19:522-33. [PMID: 11713344 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-6-522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leridistim is from the myelopoietin family of proteins, which are dual receptor agonists of the human interleukin-3 and G-CSF receptor complexes. This study investigated the effect of dosage, administration route, and schedule of leridistim to stimulate multilineage hematopoietic recovery in total body irradiated rhesus monkeys. Animals were x-irradiated on day 0 (600 cGy, 250 kVp) and then received, on day 1, leridistim s.c. in an abbreviated, every-other-day schedule at 200 microg/kg, or daily at 50 microg/kg, or i.v. daily or every-other-day schedules at 200 microg/kg dose. Other cohorts received G-CSF (Neupogen((R)) [Filgrastim]) in an every-other-day schedule at 100 microg/kg/day, or autologous serum (0.1%) s.c. daily. Hematopoietic recovery was assessed by bone marrow clonogenic activity, peripheral blood cell nadirs, duration of cytopenias, time to recovery to cellular thresholds, and requirements for clinical support. Leridistim, administered s.c. every other day, or i.v. daily, significantly improved neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte nadirs, shortened the respective durations of cytopenia, hastened trilineage hematopoietic recovery, and reduced antibiotic and transfusion requirements. A lower dose of leridistim administered daily s.c. enhanced recovery of neutrophil and platelet parameters but did not affect lymphocyte recovery relative to controls. Leridistim, a novel engineered hematopoietic growth factor administered at the appropriate dose, route and schedule, stimulates multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution in radiation-myelosuppressed nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Farese
- University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 West Baltimore Street, BRB 7-049, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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40
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Perlingeiro RC, Kyba M, Daley GQ. Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with primitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential. Development 2001; 128:4597-604. [PMID: 11714684 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.22.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body formation in vitro, but to date, an ES-derived hematopoietic stem cell has not been identified and subjected to clonal analysis in a manner comparable with hematopoietic stem cells from adult bone marrow. As the chronic myeloid leukemia-associated BCR/ABL oncogene endows the adult hematopoietic stem cell with clonal dominance without inhibiting pluripotent lymphoid and myeloid differentiation, we have used BCR/ABL as a tool to enable engraftment and clonal analysis. We show that embryoid body-derived hematopoietic progenitors expressing BCR/ABL maintain a primitive hematopoietic blast stage of differentiation and generate only primitive erythroid cell types in vitro. These cells can be cloned, and when injected into irradiated adult mice, they differentiate into multiple myeloid cell types as well as T and B lymphocytes. While the injected cells express embryonic (β-H1) globin, donor-derived erythroid cells in the recipient express only adult (β-major) globin, suggesting that these cells undergo globin gene switching and developmental maturation in vivo. These data demonstrate that an embryonic hematopoietic stem cell arises in vitro during ES cell differentiation that constitutes a common progenitor for embryonic erythroid and definitive lymphoid-myeloid hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Perlingeiro
- Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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41
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Adolfsson J, Borge OJ, Bryder D, Theilgaard-Mönch K, Astrand-Grundström I, Sitnicka E, Sasaki Y, Jacobsen SE. Upregulation of Flt3 expression within the bone marrow Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+) stem cell compartment is accompanied by loss of self-renewal capacity. Immunity 2001; 15:659-69. [PMID: 11672547 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Flt3 has emerged as a potential regulator of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Sixty percent of cells in the mouse marrow Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+) HSC pool expressed flt3. Although single cell cloning showed comparable high proliferative, myeloid, B, and T cell potentials of Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(+) and Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(-) cells, only Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(-) cells supported sustained multilineage reconstitution. In striking contrast, Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(+) cells rapidly and efficiently reconstituted B and T lymphopoiesis, whereas myeloid reconstitution was exclusively short term. Unlike c-kit, activation of flt3 failed to support survival of HSC, whereas only flt3 mediated survival of Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(+) reconstituting cells. Phenotypic and functional analysis support that Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+)flt3(+) cells are progenitors for the common lymphoid progenitor. Thus, upregulation of flt3 expression on Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+) HSC cells is accompanied by loss of self-renewal capacity but sustained lymphoid-restricted reconstitution potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adolfsson
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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42
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Kouro T, Medina KL, Oritani K, Kincade PW. Characteristics of early murine B-lymphocyte precursors and their direct sensitivity to negative regulators. Blood 2001; 97:2708-15. [PMID: 11313262 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.9.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a collection of surface markers was exploited to isolate viable Lin(-) TdT(+) cells from murine bone marrow. These early pro-B cells were enriched for B-lineage lymphocyte precursor activity measured by short-term culture and had little responsiveness to myeloid growth factors. Early precursors can be propagated with remarkably high cloning frequencies in stromal cell-free, serum-free cultures, permitting this analysis of direct regulatory factors. Expression of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7Ralpha) chain marks functional precursors and IL-7 is necessary for progression beyond the CD45RA(+) CD19(-) stage. Efficient survival and differentiation were only observed when stem cell factor and Flt-3 ligand were also present. IL-7-responsive CD19(+) precursors are estrogen resistant. However, B-lineage differentiation was selectively abrogated when highly purified Lin(-) precursors were treated with hormone in the absence of stromal cells. In addition, early stages of B lymphopoiesis were arrested by limitin, a new interferon (IFN)-like cytokine as well as IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but not by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Lin(-) TdT(+) early pro-B cells are shown here to be CD27(+) AA4.1(+/-)Ki-67(+) Ly-6C(-) Ly-6A/Sca-1(Lo/-)Thy-1(-)CD43(+) CD4(+/-)CD16/32(Lo/-)CD44(Hi) and similar in some respects to the "common lymphoid progenitors" (CLP) identified by others. Although early pro-B cells have lost myeloid differentiation potential, transplantation experiments described here reveal that at least some can generate T lymphocytes. Of particular importance is the demonstration that a pivotal early stage of lymphopoiesis is directly sensitive to negative regulation by hormones and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kouro
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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43
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Mojica MP, Perry SS, Searles AE, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Pierce LJ, Wiesmann A, Slayton WB, Spangrude GJ. Phenotypic distinction and functional characterization of pro-B cells in adult mouse bone marrow. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3042-51. [PMID: 11207254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A lymphoid-committed progenitor population was isolated from mouse bone marrow based on the cell surface phenotype Thy-1.1(neg)Sca-1(pos)c-Kit(low)Lin(neg). These cells were CD43(pos)CD24(pos) on isolation and proliferated in response to the cytokine combination of steel factor, IL-7, and Flt3 ligand. Lymphoid-committed progenitors could be segregated into more primitive and more differentiated subsets based on expression of AA4.1. The more differentiated subset generated only B lymphoid cells in 92% of total colonies assayed, lacked T lineage potential, and expressed Pax5. These studies have therefore defined and isolated a B lymphoid-committed progenitor population at a developmental stage corresponding to the initial expression of CD45R.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mojica
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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44
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Interleukin-3 supports expansion of long-term multilineage repopulating activity after multiple stem cell divisions in vitro. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can self-renew and expand extensively in vivo, most efforts at expanding HSC in vitro have proved unsuccessful and have frequently resulted in compromised rather than improved HSC grafts. This has triggered the search for the optimal combination of cytokines for HSC expansion. Through such studies, c-kit ligand (KL), flt3 ligand (FL), thrombopoietin, and IL-11 have emerged as likely positive regulators of HSC self-renewal. In contrast, numerous studies have implicated a unique and potent negative regulatory role of IL-3, suggesting perhaps distinct regulation of HSC fate by different cytokines. However, the interpretations of these findings are complicated by the fact that different cytokines might target distinct subpopulations within the HSC compartment and by the lack of evidence for HSC undergoing self-renewal. Here, in the presence of KL+FL+megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), which recruits virtually all Lin−Sca-1+kit+ bone marrow cells into proliferation and promotes their self-renewal under serum-free conditions, IL-3 and IL-11 revealed an indistinguishable ability to further enhance proliferation. Surprisingly, and similar to IL-11, IL-3 supported KL+FL+MGDF-induced expansion of multilineage, long-term reconstituting activity in primary and secondary recipients. Furthermore, high-resolution cell division tracking demonstrated that all HSC underwent a minimum of 5 cell divisions, suggesting that long-term repopulating HSC are not compromised by IL-3 stimulation after multiple cell divisions. In striking contrast, the ex vivo expansion of murine HSC in fetal calf serum-containing medium resulted in extensive loss of reconstituting activity, an effect further facilitated by the presence of IL-3.
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