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Rawls A, Diviak BK, Smith CI, Severson GW, Acosta SA, Wilson-Rawls J. Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Treatment of Muscular Dystrophies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1536. [PMID: 37892218 PMCID: PMC10605463 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic muscle-wasting disorders that are subdivided based on the region of the body impacted by muscle weakness as well as the functional activity of the underlying genetic mutations. A common feature of the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophies is chronic inflammation associated with the replacement of muscle mass with fibrotic scarring. With the progression of these disorders, many patients suffer cardiomyopathies with fibrosis of the cardiac tissue. Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids represent the standard of care for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common muscular dystrophy worldwide; however, long-term exposure to glucocorticoids results in highly adverse side effects, limiting their use. Thus, it is important to develop new pharmacotherapeutic approaches to limit inflammation and fibrosis to reduce muscle damage and promote repair. Here, we examine the pathophysiology, genetic background, and emerging therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Bridget K. Diviak
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287 4501, USA
| | - Cameron I. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287 4501, USA
| | - Grant W. Severson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287 4501, USA
| | - Sofia A. Acosta
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85287 4501, USA
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (B.K.D.); (C.I.S.); (G.W.S.); (S.A.A.)
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2
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Moore-Lotridge SN, Hajdu KS, Hou BQ, Gibson BHY, Schoenecker JG. Maintaining the balance: the critical role of plasmin activity in orthopedic surgery injury response. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2653-2665. [PMID: 37558131 PMCID: PMC10926148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system plays vital roles in the body, facilitating movement, protecting vital structures, and regulating hematopoiesis and mineral metabolism. Injuries to this system are common and can cause chronic pain, loss of range of motion, and disability. The acute phase response (APR) is a complex process necessary for surviving and repairing injured musculoskeletal tissue. To conceptualize the APR, it is useful to divide it into 2 distinct phases, survival and repair. During the survival-APR, a "damage matrix" primarily composed of fibrin, via thrombin activity, is produced to contain the zone of injury. Once containment is achieved, the APR transitions to the repair phase, where reparative inflammatory cells use plasmin to systematically remove the damage matrix and replace it with new permanent matrices produced by differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. The timing of thrombin and plasmin activation during their respective APR phases is crucial for appropriate regulation of the damage matrix. This review focuses on evidence indicating that inappropriate exuberant activation of plasmin during the survival-APR can result in an overactive APR, leading to an "immunocoagulopathy" that may cause "immunothrombosis" and death. Conversely, preclinical data suggest that too little plasmin activity during the repair-APR may contribute to failed tissue repair, such as a fracture nonunion, and chronic inflammatory degenerative diseases like osteoporosis. Future clinical studies are required to affirm these findings. Therefore, the temporal-spatial functions of plasmin in response to musculoskeletal injury and its pharmacologic manipulation are intriguing new targets for improving orthopedic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Moore-Lotridge
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katherine S Hajdu
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian Q Hou
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Breanne H Y Gibson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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3
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Myxomavirus Serp-1 Protein Ameliorates Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051154. [PMID: 35625891 PMCID: PMC9138346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disease afflicting 1 in 3500 males that is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting during early childhood, and loss of ambulation and death by early adulthood. Chronic inflammation due to myofiber instability leads to fibrosis, which is a primary cause of loss of ambulation and cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Current standard of care focuses on reducing inflammation with corticosteroids, which have serious adverse effects. It is imperative to identify alternate immunosuppressants as treatments to reduce fibrosis and mortality. Serp-1, a Myxoma virus-derived 55 kDa secreted glycoprotein, has proven efficacy in a range of animal models of acute inflammation, and its safety and efficacy has been shown in a clinical trial. In this initial study, we examined whether pegylated Serp-1 (PEGSerp-1) treatment would ameliorate chronic inflammation in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our data revealed a significant reduction in diaphragm fibrosis and increased myofiber diameter, and significantly decreased pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration. The M2a macrophage and overall T cell populations showed no change. These data demonstrate that treatment with this new class of poxvirus-derived immune-modulating serpin has potential as a therapeutic approach designed to ameliorate DMD pathology and facilitate muscle regeneration.
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4
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Sasaki E, Furuhata K, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. An investigation and assessment of the muscle damage and inflammation at injection site of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines in guinea pigs. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:439-451. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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5
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Plasmin activity promotes amyloid deposition in a transgenic model of human transthyretin amyloidosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7112. [PMID: 34876572 PMCID: PMC8651690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ATTR amyloidosis, a serious but much under-diagnosed form of cardiomyopathy, is caused by deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from the plasma protein transthyretin (TTR), but its pathogenesis is poorly understood and informative in vivo models have proved elusive. Here we report the generation of a mouse model of cardiac ATTR amyloidosis with transgenic expression of human TTRS52P. The model is characterised by substantial ATTR amyloid deposits in the heart and tongue. The amyloid fibrils contain both full-length human TTR protomers and the residue 49-127 cleavage fragment which are present in ATTR amyloidosis patients. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasmin are abundant within the cardiac and lingual amyloid deposits, which contain marked serine protease activity; knockout of α2-antiplasmin, the physiological inhibitor of plasmin, enhances amyloid formation. Together, these findings indicate that cardiac ATTR amyloid deposition involves local uPA-mediated generation of plasmin and cleavage of TTR, consistent with the previously described mechano-enzymatic hypothesis for cardiac ATTR amyloid formation. This experimental model of ATTR cardiomyopathy has potential to allow further investigations of the factors that influence human ATTR amyloid deposition and the development of new treatments. ATTR amyloidosis causes heart failure through the accumulation of misfolded transthyretin in cardiac muscle. Here the authors report a mouse model of ATTR amyloidosis and demonstrate the involvement of protease activity in ATTR amyloid deposition.
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Santibanez JF, Obradović H, Krstić J. BMP2 downregulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator via p38 MAPK: Implications in C2C12 cells myogenic differentiation. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151774. [PMID: 34450502 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 strongly affects the differentiation program of myoblast cells by inhibiting myogenesis and inducing osteogenic differentiation. In turn, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteinases, such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), can influence the fate of muscle stem cells by participating in ECM reorganization. Although both BMP2 and uPA have antagonistic roles in muscles cells differentiation, no connection between them has been elucidated so far. This study aims to determine whether BMP2 regulates uPA expression in the myogenic C2C12 cell line and its impact on muscle cell fate differentiation. Our results showed that BMP2 did not modify C2C12 cell proliferation in a growth medium or myogenic differentiation medium. Although BMP2 inhibited myogenesis and induced osteogenesis, these effects were achieved with different doses of BMP2. Low concentrations of BMP2 blocked myogenesis, while a higher concentration was needed to induce osteogenesis. Reduced uPA expression was noticed alongside myogenic inhibition at low concentrations of BMP2. BMP2 activated p38 MAPK signaling to inhibit uPA activity. Furthermore, ectopic human uPA expression reduced BMP2's ability to inhibit the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. In conclusion, BMP2 inhibits uPA expression through p38 MAPK and in vitro myogenesis at non-osteogenic concentrations, while uPA ectopic expression prevents BMP2 from inhibiting myogenesis in C2C12 cells.
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Serek P, Lewandowski Ł, Dudek B, Pietkiewicz J, Jermakow K, Kapczyńska K, Krzyżewska E, Bednarz-Misa I. Klebsiella pneumoniae enolase-like membrane protein interacts with human plasminogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151518. [PMID: 34237624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many models assessing the risk of sepsis utilize the knowledge of the constituents of the plasminogen system, as it is proven that some species of bacteria can activate plasminogen, as a result of interactions with bacterial outer membrane proteins. However, much is yet to be discovered about this interaction since there is little information regarding some bacterial species. This study is aimed to check if Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the major factors of nosocomial pneumonia and a factor for severe sepsis, has the ability to bind to human plasminogen. The strain used in this study, PCM 2713, acted as a typical representative of the species. With use of various methods, including: electron microscopy, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide fragmentation fingerprinting, it is shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae binds to human plasminogen, among others, due to plasminogen-bacterial enolase-like protein interaction, occurring on the outer membrane of the bacterium. Moreover, the study reveals, that other proteins, such as: phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase act as putative plasminogen-binding factors. These information may virtually act as a foundation for future studies investigating: the: pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and means for prevention from the outcomes of Klebsiella-derived sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Serek
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jermakow
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczyńska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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8
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PAI-1, the Plasminogen System, and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197066. [PMID: 32993026 PMCID: PMC7582753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is a critical proteolytic system responsible for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The master regulator of the plasminogen system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been implicated for its role in exacerbating various disease states not only through the accumulation of ECM (i.e., fibrosis) but also its role in altering cell fate/behaviour. Examination of PAI-1 has extended through various tissues and cell-types with recent investigations showing its presence in skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, the role of this protein has been implicated throughout the regeneration process, and in skeletal muscle pathologies (muscular dystrophy, diabetes, and aging-driven pathology). Needless to say, the complete function of this protein in skeletal muscle has yet to be fully elucidated. Given the importance of skeletal muscle in maintaining overall health and quality of life, it is critical to understand the alterations—particularly in PAI-1—that occur to negatively impact this organ. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of PAI-1 in skeletal muscle health and function. We aim to shed light on the relevance of this protein in skeletal muscle and propose potential therapeutic approaches to aid in the maintenance of skeletal muscle health.
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9
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Macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability during skeletal muscle injury. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1235-1244. [PMID: 32909096 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inflammatory response and the presence of macrophages are reported to be necessary for proper muscle regeneration. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing how macrophages signal to promote muscle regeneration is incomplete. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we conditionally deleted Wls, which is required for Wnt secretion, from macrophages and examined the impact on endothelial permeability following muscle injury. The expression of Wnt ligands and Wls was increased in the tibialis anterior (TA) of mice 2 days following BaCl2 injury. Loss of macrophage Wls inhibited the loss of endothelial barrier function, as measured by transendothelial resistance and Evans blue dye permeability assays. Interestingly, the blockade in endothelial permeability correlated with reduced VEGF levels and pretreatment of wild type endothelial cells with a VEGFR2 blocking antibody was sufficient to reduce endothelial permeability induced by stimulated macrophage supernatant. We also found that macrophage Wls-null TAs had myocytes with reduced cross-sectional area 7 day post-injury suggesting a delay in muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability in a VEGF-dependent fashion following muscle injury. Our findings implicate macrophages as a primary source of Wnt ligands following muscle injury and highlight the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target following injury.
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10
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Rigon M, Hörner SJ, Straka T, Bieback K, Gretz N, Hafner M, Rudolf R. Effects of ASC Application on Endplate Regeneration Upon Glycerol-Induced Muscle Damage. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32655366 PMCID: PMC7324987 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst other approaches, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have recently been tested with respect to their regenerative capacity for treatment of neuromuscular disorders. While beneficial effects of ASCs on muscle recovery were observed previously, their impact on regeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is unclear. Here, we used a murine glycerol damage model to study disruption and regeneration of NMJs and to evaluate the effects of systemic application of ASCs on muscle and NMJ recovery. In mice that were not treated with ASCs, a differential response of NMJ pre- and post-synapses to glycerol-induced damage was observed. While post-synapses were still present in regions that were necrotic and lacking actin and dystrophin, pre-synapses disappeared soon in those affected areas. Partial regeneration of NMJs occurred within 11 days after damage. ASC treatment slightly enhanced NMJ recovery and reduced the loss of presynaptic sites, but also led to a late phase of muscle necrosis and fibrosis. In summary, the results suggest a differential sensitivity of NMJ pre- and post-synapses to glycerol-induced muscle damage and that the use of ASC for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders needs further careful evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rigon
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Janice Hörner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatjana Straka
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Liu L, Broszczak DA, Broadbent JA, Singh DP, Steck R, Parker TJ, Peake JM. Comparative label-free mass spectrometric analysis of temporal changes in the skeletal muscle proteome after impact trauma in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E1022-E1037. [PMID: 32255681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics offers the opportunity to identify and quantify many proteins and to explore how they correlate and interact with each other in biological networks. This study aimed to characterize changes in the muscle proteome during the destruction, repair, and early-remodeling phases after impact trauma in male Wistar rats. Muscle tissue was collected from uninjured control rats and rats that were euthanized between 6 h and 14 days after impact injury. Muscle tissue was analyzed using unbiased, data-independent acquisition LC-MS/MS. We identified 770 reviewed proteins in the muscle tissue, 296 of which were differentially abundant between the control and injury groups (P ≤ 0.05). Around 50 proteins showed large differences (≥10-fold) or a distinct pattern of abundance after injury. These included proteins that have not been identified previously in injured muscle, such as ferritin light chain 1, fibrinogen γ-chain, fibrinogen β-chain, osteolectin, murinoglobulin-1, T-kininogen 2, calcium-regulated heat-stable protein 1, macrophage-capping protein, retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase, ADP-ribosylation factor 4, Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein, and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 1. Some proteins increased between 6 h and 14 days, whereas other proteins increased in a more delayed pattern at 7 days after injury. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that various biological processes, including regulation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, regulation of wound healing, tissue regeneration, acute inflammatory response, and negative regulation of the immune effector process, were enriched in injured muscle tissue. This study advances the understanding of early muscle healing after muscle injury and lays a foundation for future mechanistic studies on interventions to treat muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel A Broszczak
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James A Broadbent
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Daniel P Singh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roland Steck
- Queensland University of Technology, Medical Engineering Research Facility, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tony J Parker
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Gibson BH, Duvernay MT, Moore‐Lotridge SN, Flick MJ, Schoenecker JG. Plasminogen activation in the musculoskeletal acute phase response: Injury, repair, and disease. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:469-480. [PMID: 32548548 PMCID: PMC7293893 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is critical for movement and the protection of organs. In addition to abrupt injuries, daily physical demands inflict minor injuries, necessitating a coordinated process of repair referred to as the acute-phase response (APR). Dysfunctional APRs caused by severe injuries or underlying chronic diseases are implicated in pathologic musculoskeletal repair, resulting in decreased mobility and chronic pain. The molecular mechanisms behind these phenomena are not well understood, hindering the development of clinical solutions. Recent studies indicate that, in addition to regulating intravascular clotting, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are also entrenched in tissue repair. Although plasmin and fibrin are considered antithetical to one another in the context of hemostasis, in a proper APR, they complement one another within a coordinated spatiotemporal framework. Once a wound is contained by fibrin, activation of plasmin promotes the removal of fibrin and stimulates angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and tissue regeneration. Insufficient fibrin deposition or excessive plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis in early convalescence prevents injury containment, causing bleeding. Alternatively, excess fibrin deposition and/or inefficient plasmin activity later in convalescence impairs musculoskeletal repair, resulting in tissue fibrosis and osteoporosis, while inappropriate fibrin or plasmin activity in a synovial joint can cause arthritis. Together, these pathologic conditions lead to chronic pain, poor mobility, and diminished quality of life. In this review, we discuss both fibrin-dependent and -independent roles of plasminogen activation in the musculoskeletal APR, how dysregulation of these mechanisms promote musculoskeletal degeneration, and the possibility of therapeutically manipulating plasmin or fibrin to treat musculoskeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Center for Bone BiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jonathan G. Schoenecker
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Center for Bone BiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
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13
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Wu CZ, Ou SH, Chang LC, Lin YF, Pei D, Chen JS. Deficiency of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator May Impair β Cells Regeneration and Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234208. [PMID: 31756973 PMCID: PMC6930534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was investigated in the study by using mice and cell models, as well as patients with T2DM. Methods: In mice models, wild-type and uPA knockout (uPA-/-) BALB/c mice were used for induction of T2DM. In cell models, insulin secretion rate and β cell proliferation were assessed in normal and high glucose after treating uPA siRNA, uPA, or anti-uPA antibody. In our clinical study, patients with T2DM received an oral glucose-tolerance test, and the relationship between uPA and insulin secretion was assessed. Results: Insulin particles and insulin secretion were mildly restored one month after induction in wild-type mice, but not in uPA-/- mice. In cell models, insulin secretion rate and cell proliferation declined in high glucose after uPA silencing either by siRNA or by anti-uPA antibody. After treatment with uPA, β cell proliferation increased in normal glucose. In clinical study, patients with T2DM and higher uPA levels had better ability of insulin secretion than those with lower uPA levels. Conclusion: uPA may play a substantial role in insulin secretion, β cell regeneration, and progressive development of T2DM. Supplementation of uPA might be a novel approach for prevention and treatment of T2DM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ze Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Ou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chien Chang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Deputy Superintendent, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shuen Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3468057; Fax: +886-7-3468056
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14
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Plau and Tgfbr3 are YAP-regulated genes that promote keratinocyte proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1106. [PMID: 30382077 PMCID: PMC6208416 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a mechanosensor protein and a downstream effector of the Hippo kinase pathway, which controls organ growth, cell proliferation, survival, maintenance and regeneration. Unphosphorylated YAP translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a cofactor of primarily the TEAD transcription factors to activate target gene transcription and cell proliferation. Perturbed YAP activation results in tumorigenesis. The pathways downstream of activated YAP that drive cell proliferation remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we employed YAP2-5SA-∆C transgenic mice, which overexpress a mildly activated YAP mutant protein in basal keratinocytes leading to increased proliferation of the epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations. We performed massively-parallel sequencing of skin biopsy mRNA (RNA-Seq) and found dysregulation of 1491 genes in YAP2-5SA-∆C skin, including many with roles in cell activation and proliferation. Furthermore, we found that 150 of these dysregulated genes harbored YAP/TEAD binding motifs in the 3′ UTR, suggesting that these may be direct YAP/TEAD target genes in the control of epidermal regeneration. Further validation and functional characterization assays identified Plau and Tgfbr3 as prime candidate genes that may be activated by epidermal YAP activity in the mouse skin in vivo to promote keratinocyte proliferation. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms regulated by YAP that control tissue homeostasis, and in particular in conditions where YAP is aberrantly activated such as in neoplastic and regenerative skin disease.
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15
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Perrin L, Loizides-Mangold U, Chanon S, Gobet C, Hulo N, Isenegger L, Weger BD, Migliavacca E, Charpagne A, Betts JA, Walhin JP, Templeman I, Stokes K, Thompson D, Tsintzas K, Robert M, Howald C, Riezman H, Feige JN, Karagounis LG, Johnston JD, Dermitzakis ET, Gachon F, Lefai E, Dibner C. Transcriptomic analyses reveal rhythmic and CLOCK-driven pathways in human skeletal muscle. eLife 2018; 7:34114. [PMID: 29658882 PMCID: PMC5902165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian regulation of transcriptional processes has a broad impact on cell metabolism. Here, we compared the diurnal transcriptome of human skeletal muscle conducted on serial muscle biopsies in vivo with profiles of human skeletal myotubes synchronized in vitro. More extensive rhythmic transcription was observed in human skeletal muscle compared to in vitro cell culture as a large part of the in vivo mRNA rhythmicity was lost in vitro. siRNA-mediated clock disruption in primary myotubes significantly affected the expression of ~8% of all genes, with impact on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Genes involved in GLUT4 expression, translocation and recycling were negatively affected, whereas lipid metabolic genes were altered to promote activation of lipid utilization. Moreover, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were significantly reduced upon CLOCK depletion. Our findings suggest an essential role for the circadian coordination of skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Perrin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric Gobet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Hulo
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Isenegger
- Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Templeman
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Cedric Howald
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Experimental Myology and Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Abstract
Intratumoral fibrosis results from the deposition of a cross-linked collagen matrix by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This type of fibrosis has been shown to exert mechanical forces and create a biochemical milieu that, together, shape intratumoral immunity and influence tumor cell metastatic behavior. In this Review, we present recent evidence that CAFs and tumor cells are regulated by provisional matrix molecules, that metastasis results from a change in the type of stromal collagen cross-link, and that fibrosis and inflammation perpetuate each other through proteolytic and chemotactic mediators released into the tumor stroma. We also discuss aspects of the emerging biology that have potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Coupling between Myogenesis and Angiogenesis during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Is Stimulated by Restorative Macrophages. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:2018-2033. [PMID: 29198825 PMCID: PMC5785732 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, new functions for vessels have recently emerged beyond oxygen and nutrient supply, through the interactions that vascular cells establish with muscle stem cells. Here, we demonstrate in human and mouse that endothelial cells (ECs) and myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) interacted together to couple myogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo during skeletal muscle regeneration. Kinetics of gene expression of ECs and MPCs sorted at different time points of regeneration identified three effectors secreted by both ECs and MPCs. Apelin, Oncostatin M, and Periostin were shown to control myogenesis/angiogenesis coupling in vitro and to be required for myogenesis and vessel formation during muscle regeneration in vivo. Furthermore, restorative macrophages, which have been previously shown to support myogenesis in vivo, were shown in a 3D triculture model to stimulate myogenesis/angiogenesis coupling, notably through Oncostatin M production. Our data demonstrate that restorative macrophages orchestrate muscle regeneration by controlling myogenesis/angiogenesis coupling. Endothelial cells (ECs) promote myogenesis Myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) stimulate angiogenesis as they differentiate EC- and MPC-derived Apelin, Oncostatin M, and Periostin promote myo-angiogenesis Restorative macrophages stimulate myo-angiogenesis via Oncostatin M secretion
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18
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Mashinchian O, Pisconti A, Le Moal E, Bentzinger CF. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 126:23-65. [PMID: 29305000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stem cells that maintain and regenerate postnatal tissues depends on extrinsic signals originating from their microenvironment, commonly referred to as the stem cell niche. Complex higher-order regulatory interrelationships with the tissue and factors in the systemic circulation are integrated and propagated to the stem cells through the niche. The stem cell niche in skeletal muscle tissue is both a paradigm for a structurally and functionally relatively static niche that maintains stem cell quiescence during tissue homeostasis, and a highly dynamic regenerative niche that is subject to extensive structural remodeling and a flux of different support cell populations. Conditions ranging from aging to chronically degenerative skeletal muscle diseases affect the composition of the niche and thereby impair the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells. A holistic and integrative understanding of the extrinsic mechanisms regulating muscle stem cells in health and disease in a broad systemic context will be imperative for the identification of regulatory hubs in the niche interactome that can be targeted to maintain, restore, or enhance the regenerative capacity of muscle tissue. Here, we review the microenvironmental regulation of muscle stem cells, summarize how niche dysfunction can contribute to disease, and discuss emerging therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Doctoral Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Addolorata Pisconti
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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19
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Injectable biomimetic liquid crystalline scaffolds enhance muscle stem cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7919-E7928. [PMID: 28874575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells are a potent cell population dedicated to efficacious skeletal muscle regeneration, but their therapeutic utility is currently limited by mode of delivery. We developed a cell delivery strategy based on a supramolecular liquid crystal formed by peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that encapsulates cells and growth factors within a muscle-like unidirectionally ordered environment of nanofibers. The stiffness of the PA scaffolds, dependent on amino acid sequence, was found to determine the macroscopic degree of cell alignment templated by the nanofibers in vitro. Furthermore, these PA scaffolds support myogenic progenitor cell survival and proliferation and they can be optimized to induce cell differentiation and maturation. We engineered an in vivo delivery system to assemble scaffolds by injection of a PA solution that enabled coalignment of scaffold nanofibers with endogenous myofibers. These scaffolds locally retained growth factors, displayed degradation rates matching the time course of muscle tissue regeneration, and markedly enhanced the engraftment of muscle stem cells in injured and noninjured muscles in mice.
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20
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Mack DL. Reversion to embryonic transcriptional splicing patterns may underlie diabetic myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:686-688. [PMID: 28771754 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Mack
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Bioengineering, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Campus Box 358056, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109
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21
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Liu JM, Lan M, Zhou Y, Chen XY, Huang SH, Liu ZL. Serum Concentrations of Fibrinogen in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury and Its Relationship with Neurologic Function. World Neurosurg 2017; 106:219-223. [PMID: 28673884 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have focused on axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), and fibrinogen has been reported to be an inhibitory factor for axon regeneration. However, most of these studies were based on animal experiments and in vitro trials. Few studies reported serum concentrations of fibrinogen in patients with SCI. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the circulating serum concentrations of fibrinogen in patients with SCI and determine the relationship between fibrinogen concentrations and patients' neurologic function. METHODS A total of 306 patients who were diagnosed with acute SCI between January 2008 and March 2016 were included in this study. Patients with traumatic fractures of the extremities at the same period (220 of them with single fracture and 207 with multiple fractures) were enrolled as a control group. Additionally, 151 patients with no injury were involved as the normal group. The fibrinogen concentrations in each group were recorded and compared at different time points, and the correlation between fibrinogen serum concentrations and American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale in patients with SCI were analyzed. RESULTS The mean serum concentrations of fibrinogen within 2 days after injury were 2.63 ± 0.76 g/L in the SCI group, 3.03 ± 0.82 g/L in the single-fracture group, and 2.86 ± 0.91 g/L in the multiple-fractures group, respectively, which were significant higher than those in the normal group (2.33 ± 0.43 g/L). Additionally, the concentrations of fibrinogen in SCI group were significantly lower compared with those in single- and multiple-fractures groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001). The positive rate of fibrinogen concentrations was 12.42% in the SCI group, which was significantly lower than that of the single-fracture group (25.45%) and multiple-fractures group (25.13%) (P < 0.01). In patients with SCI, Spearman correlation analysis revealed that a significant correlation was found between fibrinogen serum concentrations and patients' American Spinal Injury Association impairment scales (r = 0.17, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The serum concentrations of fibrinogen in patients with SCI were significantly increased after injury and were correlated with the severity of neurologic deficit in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Min Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xuan-Yin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Shan-Hu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China.
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22
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Mignemi NA, Yuasa M, Baker CE, Moore SN, Ihejirika RC, Oelsner WK, Wallace CS, Yoshii T, Okawa A, Revenko AS, MacLeod AR, Bhattacharjee G, Barnett JV, Schwartz HS, Degen JL, Flick MJ, Cates JM, Schoenecker JG. Plasmin Prevents Dystrophic Calcification After Muscle Injury. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:294-308. [PMID: 27530373 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive or persistent calcium phosphate deposition within soft tissues after severe traumatic injury or major orthopedic surgery can result in pain and loss of joint function. The pathophysiology of soft tissue calcification, including dystrophic calcification and heterotopic ossification (HO), is poorly understood; consequently, current treatments are suboptimal. Here, we show that plasmin protease activity prevents dystrophic calcification within injured skeletal muscle independent of its canonical fibrinolytic function. After muscle injury, dystrophic calcifications either can be resorbed during the process of tissue healing, persist, or become organized into mature bone (HO). Without sufficient plasmin activity, dystrophic calcifications persist after muscle injury and are sufficient to induce HO. Downregulating the primary inhibitor of plasmin (α2-antiplasmin) or treating with pyrophosphate analogues prevents dystrophic calcification and subsequent HO in vivo. Because plasmin also supports bone homeostasis and fracture repair, increasing plasmin activity represents the first pharmacologic strategy to prevent soft tissue calcification without adversely affecting systemic bone physiology or concurrent muscle and bone regeneration. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mignemi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Masato Yuasa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Courtney E Baker
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie N Moore
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rivka C Ihejirika
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William K Oelsner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Toshitaka Yoshii
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Joey V Barnett
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Herbert S Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay L Degen
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhao L, Zeng Z, Xiao W, Chen P. Macrophage depletion impairs skeletal muscle regeneration: The roles of regulatory factors for muscle regeneration. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:228-238. [PMID: 27888539 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Though macrophages are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration, which is a complex process, the roles and mechanisms of the macrophages in the process of muscle regeneration are still not fully understood. The objective of this study is to explore the roles of macrophages and the mechanisms involved in the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle. One hundred and twelve C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into muscle contusion and macrophages depleted groups. Their gastrocnemius muscles were harvested at the time points of 12 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 d post-injury. The changes in skeletal muscle morphology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. The gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data showed that CL-liposomes treatment did affect the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, myogenin) after injury. In addition, CL-liposomes treatment decreased the expression of regulatory factors of muscle regeneration (HGF, uPA, COX-2, IGF-1, MGF, FGF6) and increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, RANTES) in the late stage of regeneration. Moreover, there were significant correlations between macrophages and some regulatory factors (such as HGF, uPA) for muscle regeneration. These results suggested that macrophages depletion impairs skeletal muscle regeneration and that the regulatory factors for muscle regeneration may play important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
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24
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Gilbert A, Wyczalkowska-Tomasik A, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Czarkowska-Paczek B. Training differentially regulates elastin level and proteolysis in skeletal and heart muscles and aorta in healthy rats. Biol Open 2016; 5:556-62. [PMID: 27069251 PMCID: PMC4874357 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces changes in muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix that may depend on elastin content and the activity of proteolytic enzymes. We investigated the influence of endurance training on the gene expression and protein content and/or activity of elastin, elastase, cathepsin K, and plasmin in skeletal and heart muscles and in the aorta. Healthy rats were randomly divided into untrained (n=10) and trained (n=10; 6 weeks of endurance training with increasing load) groups. Gene expression was evaluated via qRT-PCR. Elastin content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme activity was measured fluorometrically. Elastin content was significantly higher in skeletal (P=0.0014) and heart muscle (P=0.000022) from trained rats versus untrained rats, but not in the aorta. Although mRNA levels in skeletal muscle did not differ between groups, the activities of elastase (P=0.0434), cathepsin K (P=0.0343) and plasmin (P=0.000046) were higher in trained rats. The levels of cathepsin K (P=0.0288) and plasminogen (P=0.0005) mRNA were higher in heart muscle from trained rats, but enzyme activity was not. Enzyme activity in the aorta did not differ between groups. Increased elastin content in muscles may result in better adaption to exercise, as may remodeling of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle. Summary: Endurance training increases elastin content in muscles but not in the aorta. The activities of enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling increase only in skeletal muscle. These changes seem to be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, E. Ciolka Street 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wyczalkowska-Tomasik
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka Street 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bozena Czarkowska-Paczek
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, E. Ciolka Street 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Xiao W, Liu Y, Luo B, Zhao L, Liu X, Zeng Z, Chen P. Time-dependent gene expression analysis after mouse skeletal muscle contusion. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 5:101-108. [PMID: 30356928 PMCID: PMC6191981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration are deeply understood, those involved in muscle contusion, one of the most common muscle injuries in sports medicine clinics, are not. The objective of this study is to explore the mechanisms involved in muscle regeneration after contusion injury. METHODS In this study, a total of 72 mice were used. Eight of them were randomly chosen for the control group, while the rest were subjected to muscle contusion. Subsequently, their gastrocnemius muscles were harvested at different time points. The changes in muscle morphology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. In addition, the gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The data showed that the expression of many genes, i.e., specific markers of immune cells and satellite cells, regulatory factors for muscle regeneration, cytokines, and chemokines, increased in the early stages of recovery, especially in the first 3 days. Furthermore, there were strict rules in the expression of these genes. However, almost all the genes returned to normal at 14 days post-injury. CONCLUSION The sequence of immune cells invaded after muscle contusion was neutrophils, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. Some CC (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4) and CXC (CXCL10) chemokines may be involved in the chemotaxis of these immune cells. HGF may be the primary factor to activate the satellite cells after muscle contusion. Moreover, 2 weeks are needed to recover when acute contusion happens as used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Beibei Luo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Wen-Jing L, Chuan-Qiang P, Hong-Hua L, Xiang-Hui L, Jie-Xiao L. A new modified animal model of myosin-induced experimental autoimmune myositis enhanced by defibrase. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1272-8. [PMID: 26788090 PMCID: PMC4697045 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.52883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of defibrase (a proteolytic enzyme extraction of Agkistrodon halys venom) on experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) in guinea pigs and explored the option of using a modified pig model of EAM to enhance the study of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups: group A (control group) was immunized with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA), then received 6 injections of saline weekly; group B (EAM group) was immunized with partially purified rabbit myosin emulsified with CFA, then received an injection of saline; group C (EAM + defibrase group) was immunized with purified rabbit myosin emulsified with CFA, then received an injection of defibrase. The animals were observed for their general health condition and the body weight was measured daily. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and creatine kinase (CK) were determined. Muscle tissues were examined histologically. RESULTS After immunizations for 6 weeks, incidence of EAM in groups A, B and C was 0 (0/7), 83.3% (10/12) and 100% (15/15), respectively. Guinea pigs with EAM presented angeitis symptoms of muscle weakness. Histological analysis revealed a significant difference. Muscles with EAM had scattered or diffuse inflammatory manifestations, which are also common pathological features of human idiopathic polymyositis (IPM). Defibrase-treated animals displayed extensive inflammation and fiber necrosis compared with the EAM group (histological score: 2.80 ±1.15 vs. 1.88 ±1.32, p < 0.05). Severity of inflammation of group B was mainly mild to moderate; 16.7% (2/12) of animals developed severe inflammation. Incidence of severe inflammation with a score up to 4 in group C was 40% (6/15). CONCLUSIONS Defibrase can exacerbate myosin-induced EAM; thus a new modified model was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Wen-Jing
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Chuan-Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hong-Hua
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Xiang-Hui
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Jie-Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Langkilde A, Petersen J, Henriksen JH, Jensen FK, Gerstoft J, Eugen-Olsen J, Andersen O. Leptin, IL-6, and suPAR reflect distinct inflammatory changes associated with adiposity, lipodystrophy and low muscle mass in HIV-infected patients and controls. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:9. [PMID: 26244048 PMCID: PMC4523999 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background HIV-infected patients could exhibit accelerated ageing, since age-associated complications like sarcopenia; increased inflammation; lipodystrophy with loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue and/or gain of visceral adipose tissue (VAT); and cardiovascular disease occur at an earlier age. Inflammation is involved in age-associated complications. However, it is not understood whether it is the same inflammatory changes that are involved in the various ageing-associated complications. Our objective was to study whether leptin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated distinctively with adiposity, lipodystrophy and sarcopenia, in HIV-infected patients and healthy Controls. Results Systemic leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with lipodystrophy than without, whereas there was no difference in IL-6 or suPAR levels. Leptin was significantly positively associated with fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal VAT, but not with lean mass index (LMI). IL-6 was significantly associated with both FMI and VAT, and low LMI. High suPAR was associated with low LMI, and weakly with high FMI and VAT. Conclusions Leptin reflected adiposity- and lipodystrophy-related inflammation, but not sarcopenia. IL-6 reflected both adiposity-, but also sarcopenia-related inflammation; and suPAR was a marker of sarcopenia-related inflammation. Our results indicate that different inflammatory processes can be active simultaneously contributing to the systemic low grade inflammatory state. Identifying major contributors to circulating leptin, IL-6, and suPAR levels could levels could therefore improve our understanding of which inflammatory processes are involved in the various age-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Langkilde
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Henrik Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Frank Krieger Jensen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Eugen-Olsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
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28
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Gondin J, Théret M, Duhamel G, Pegan K, Mathieu JRR, Peyssonnaux C, Cuvellier S, Latroche C, Chazaud B, Bendahan D, Mounier R. Myeloid HIFs are dispensable for resolution of inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3389-99. [PMID: 25750431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Besides their role in cellular responses to hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in innate immunity and also have anti-inflammatory (M2) functions, such as resolution of inflammation preceding healing. Whereas the first steps of the inflammatory response are associated with proinflammatory (M1) macrophages (MPs), resolution of inflammation is associated with anti-inflammatory MPs exhibiting an M2 phenotype. This M1 to M2 sequence is observed during postinjury muscle regeneration, which provides an excellent paradigm to study the resolution of sterile inflammation. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo approaches in murine models, we demonstrated that deletion of hif1a or hif2a in MPs has no impact on the acquisition of an M2 phenotype. Furthermore, using a multiscale methodological approach, we showed that muscles did not require macrophagic hif1a or hif2a to regenerate. These results indicate that macrophagic HIFs do not play a crucial role during skeletal muscle regeneration induced by sterile tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gondin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marine Théret
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
| | - Guillaume Duhamel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Jacques R R Mathieu
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Cuvellier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claire Latroche
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
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29
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Rantala J, Kemppainen S, Ndode-Ekane XE, Lahtinen L, Bolkvadze T, Gurevicius K, Tanila H, Pitkänen A. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency has little effect on seizure susceptibility and acquired epilepsy phenotype but reduces spontaneous exploration in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 42:117-28. [PMID: 25506794 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a serine protease, converts plasminogen to plasmin. Activation of plasmin leads to degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is critical for tissue recovery, angiogenesis, cell migration, and axonal and synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that uPA deficiency would cause an abnormal neurophenotype and would lead to exacerbated epileptogenesis after brain injury. Wild-type (Wt) and uPA-/- mice underwent a battery of neurologic behavioral tests evaluating general reactivity, spontaneous exploratory activity, motor coordination, pain threshold, fear and anxiety, and memory. We placed particular emphasis on the effect of uPA deficiency on seizure susceptibility, including the response to convulsants (pentylenetetrazol, kainate, or pilocarpine) and kainate-induced epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The uPA-/- mice showed no motor or sensory impairment compared with the Wt mice. Hippocampus-dependent spatial memory also remained intact. The uPA-/- mice, however, exhibited reduced exploratory activity and an enhanced response to a tone stimulus (p<0.05 compared with the Wt mice). The urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficient mice showed no increase in spontaneous or evoked epileptiform electrographic activity. Rather, the response to pilocarpine administration was reduced compared with the Wt mice (p<0.05). Also, the epileptogenesis and the epilepsy phenotype after intrahippocampal kainate injection were similar to those in the Wt mice. Taken together, uPA deficiency led to diminished interest in the environmental surroundings and enhanced emotional reactivity to unexpected aversive stimuli. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency was not associated with enhanced seizure susceptibility or worsened poststatus epilepticus epilepsy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rantala
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Kemppainen
- Neurobiology of Memory Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - X E Ndode-Ekane
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Lahtinen
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tamuna Bolkvadze
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Gurevicius
- Neurobiology of Memory Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Tanila
- Neurobiology of Memory Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Pitkänen
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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30
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Guthrie HC, Martin KR, Taylor C, Spear AM, Whiting R, Macildowie S, Clasper JC, Watts SA. A pre-clinical evaluation of silver, iodine and Manuka honey based dressings in a model of traumatic extremity wounds contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Injury 2014; 45:1171-8. [PMID: 24908627 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of extremity war wound infection remains a clinical challenge. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen in delayed infection. We hypothesised that choice of wound dressings may affect bacterial burden over 7 days reflecting the current practice of delayed primary closure of wounds within this timeframe. A randomised controlled trial of 3 commercially available dressings (Inadine(®) (Johnson & Johnson, NJ, USA), Acticoat(®) (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK), Activon Tulle (Advancis Medical, Nottingham, UK)) was conducted in a rabbit model of contaminated forelimb muscle injury. A positive control group treated with antibiotics was included. Groups were compared to a saline soaked gauze control. The primary outcome was a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in tissue S. aureus at 7 days post-injury. Secondary outcome measurements included bacteraemias, observational data, whole blood determination, ELISA for plasma biomarkers, PCR array analysis of wound healing gene expression and muscle/lymph node histopathology. Antibiotic, Inadine and Acticoat groups had statistically significant lower bacterial counts (mean 7.13 [95% CI 0.00-96.31]×10(2); 1.66 [0.94-2.58]×10(5); 8.86 [0.00-53.35]×10(4)cfu/g, respectively) and Activon Tulle group had significantly higher counts (2.82 [0.98-5.61]×10(6)cfu/g) than saline soaked gauze control (7.58 [1.65-17.83]×10(5)cfu/g). There were no bacteraemias or significant differences in observational data or whole blood determination. There were no significant differences in muscle/loss or pathology and lymph node cross-sectional area or morphology. There were some significant differences between treatment groups in the plasma cytokines IL-4, TNFα and MCP-1 in comparison to the control. PCR array data demonstrated more general changes in gene expression in the muscle tissue from the Activon Tulle group than the Inadine or Acticoat dressings with a limited number of genes showing significantly altered expression compared to control. This study has demonstrated that both Acticoat(®) and Inadine(®) dressings can reduce the bacteria burden in a heavily contaminated soft tissue wound and so they may offer utility in the clinical setting particularly where surgical treatment is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Guthrie
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom; Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin R Martin
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail M Spear
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Whiting
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Macildowie
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Clasper
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Watts
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.
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31
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Niebling J, E Rünker A, Schallenberg S, Kretschmer K, Kempermann G. Myelin-specific T helper 17 cells promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis through indirect mechanisms. F1000Res 2014; 3:169. [PMID: 25383186 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4439.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 + T cells provide a neuro-immunological link in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the exact mechanisms underlying enhanced neural precursor cell proliferation and the relative contribution of different T helper (Th) cell subsets have remained unclear. Here, we explored the pro-proliferative potential of interleukin 17-producing T helper (Th17) cells, a developmentally and functionally distinct Th cell subset that is a key mediator of autoimmune neurodegeneration. We found that base-line proliferation of hippocampal precursor cells in a T cell-deficient mouse model of impaired hippocampal neurogenesis can be restored upon adoptive transfer with homogeneous Th17 populations enriched for myelin-reactive T cell receptors (TCR). In these experiments, enhanced proliferation was independent of direct interactions of infiltrating Th17 cells with precursor cells or neighboring cells in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Complementary studies in immunocompetent mice identified several receptors for Th17 cell-derived cytokines with mRNA expression in hippocampal precursor cells and dentate gyrus tissue, suggesting that Th17 cell activity in peripheral lymphoid tissues might promote hippocampal neurogenesis through secreted cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Niebling
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette E Rünker
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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32
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Niebling J, E Rünker A, Schallenberg S, Kretschmer K, Kempermann G. Myelin-specific T helper 17 cells promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis through indirect mechanisms. F1000Res 2014; 3:169. [PMID: 25383186 PMCID: PMC4215755 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4439.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4
+ T cells provide a neuro-immunological link in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the exact mechanisms underlying enhanced neural precursor cell proliferation and the relative contribution of different T helper (Th) cell subsets have remained unclear. Here, we explored the pro-proliferative potential of interleukin 17-producing T helper (Th17) cells, a developmentally and functionally distinct Th cell subset that is a key mediator of autoimmune neurodegeneration. We found that base-line proliferation of hippocampal precursor cells in a T cell-deficient mouse model of impaired hippocampal neurogenesis can be restored upon adoptive transfer with homogeneous Th17 populations enriched for myelin-reactive T cell receptors (TCR). In these experiments, enhanced proliferation was independent of direct interactions of infiltrating Th17 cells with precursor cells or neighboring cells in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Complementary studies in immunocompetent mice identified several receptors for Th17 cell-derived cytokines with mRNA expression in hippocampal precursor cells and dentate gyrus tissue, suggesting that Th17 cell activity in peripheral lymphoid tissues might promote hippocampal neurogenesis through secreted cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Niebling
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette E Rünker
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Francis RM, Romeyn CL, Coughlin AM, Nagelkirk PR, Womack CJ, Lemmer JT. Age and aerobic training status effects on plasma and skeletal muscle tPA and PAI-1. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1229-38. [PMID: 24604072 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reductions in fibrinolytic potential occur with both aging and physical inactivity and are associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk. Plasmin, the enzyme responsible for the enzymatic degradation of fibrin clots, is activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), while plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibits its activation. Currently, fibrinolysis research focuses almost exclusively on changes within the plasma. However, tPA and PAI-1 are expressed by human skeletal muscle (SM). Currently, no studies have focused on changes in SM fibrinolytic activity with regard to aging and aerobic fitness. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to cross-sectionally evaluate effects of age and aerobic fitness on tPA and PAI-1 expressions and activity in SM. METHODS Twenty-six male subjects were categorized into the following groups: (1) young aerobically trained (n = 8); (2) older aerobically trained (n = 6); (3) young aerobically untrained (n = 7); and (4) older aerobically untrained (n = 5). Muscle biopsies were obtained from each subject. SM tPA activity was assessed using gel zymography and SM tPA and PAI-1 expressions were assessed using RT-PCR. RESULTS Trained subjects had higher SM tPA activity compared to untrained (25.3 ± 2.4 × 10(3) vs. 21.5 ± 5.6 × 10(3) pixels, respectively; p = 0.03) with no effect observed for age. VO2 max and SM tPA activity were also significantly correlated (r = 0.42; p < 0.04). SM tPA expression was higher in older participants, but no effect of fitness level was observed. No differences were observed for PAI-1 expression in SM. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of aerobic fitness are associated with increased fibrinolytic activity in SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Francis
- Human Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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D'Souza DM, Al-Sajee D, Hawke TJ. Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Front Physiol 2013; 4:379. [PMID: 24391596 PMCID: PMC3868943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is defined as a group of metabolic diseases that are associated with the presence of a hyperglycemic state due to impairments in insulin release and/or function. While the development of each form of diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) drastically differs, resultant pathologies often overlap. In each diabetic condition, a failure to maintain healthy muscle is often observed, and is termed diabetic myopathy. This significant, but often overlooked, complication is believed to contribute to the progression of additional diabetic complications due to the vital importance of skeletal muscle for our physical and metabolic well-being. While studies have investigated the link between changes to skeletal muscle metabolic health following diabetes mellitus onset (particularly Type 2 diabetes mellitus), few have examined the negative impact of diabetes mellitus on the growth and reparative capacities of skeletal muscle that often coincides with disease development. Importantly, evidence is accumulating that the muscle progenitor cell population (particularly the muscle satellite cell population) is also negatively affected by the diabetic environment, and as such, likely contributes to the declining skeletal muscle health observed in diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge surrounding the influence of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle growth and repair, with a particular emphasis on the impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M D'Souza
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dhuha Al-Sajee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O. Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2298-314. [PMID: 23517218 PMCID: PMC3730538 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells ensure tissue regeneration, while overgrowth of adipogenic cells may compromise organ recovery and impair function. In myopathies and muscle atrophy associated with aging, fat accumulation increases dysfunction, and after chronic injury, the process of fatty degeneration, in which muscle is replaced by white adipocytes, further compromises tissue function and environment. Some studies suggest that pericytes may contribute to muscle regeneration as well as fat formation. This work reports the presence of two pericyte subpopulations in the skeletal muscle and characterizes their specific roles. Skeletal muscle from Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mice show two types of pericytes, Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+ (type-1) and Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+ (type-2), in close proximity to endothelial cells. We also found that both Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+ and Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+ cells colocalize with staining of two pericyte markers, PDGFRβ and CD146, but only type-1 pericyte express the adipogenic progenitor marker PDGFRα. Type-2 pericytes participate in muscle regeneration, while type-1 contribute to fat accumulation. Transplantation studies indicate that type-1 pericytes do not form muscle in vivo, but contribute to fat deposition in the skeletal muscle, while type-2 pericytes contribute only to the new muscle formation after injury, but not to the fat accumulation. Our results suggest that type-1 and type-2 pericytes contribute to successful muscle regeneration which results from a balance of myogenic and nonmyogenic cells activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/metabolism
- CD146 Antigen/genetics
- CD146 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/injuries
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Pericytes/cytology
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Pericytes/transplantation
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Regeneration/genetics
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Grigori N. Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2) in red sea bream Pagrus major. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Saclier M, Cuvellier S, Magnan M, Mounier R, Chazaud B. Monocyte/macrophage interactions with myogenic precursor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J 2013; 280:4118-30. [PMID: 23384231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle has the remarkable property of regenerating after damage, owing to satellite cells and myogenic precursor cells becoming committed to adult myogenesis to rebuild the muscle. This process is accompanied by the continuing presence of macrophages, from the phagocytosis of damaged myofibres to the full re-formation of new myofibres. In recent years, there has been huge progress in our understanding of the roles of macrophages during skeletal muscle regeneration, notably concerning their effects on myogenic precursor cells. Here, we review the most recent knowledge acquired on monocyte entry into damaged muscle, the various macrophage subpopulations, and their respective roles during the sequential phases of muscle repair. We also discuss the role of macrophages after exercise-induced muscle damage, notably in humans.
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38
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Macrophage plasticity and the role of inflammation in skeletal muscle repair. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:491497. [PMID: 23509419 PMCID: PMC3572642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/491497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective repair of damaged tissues and organs requires the coordinated action of several cell types, including infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident cells. Recent findings have uncovered a central role for macrophages in the repair of skeletal muscle after acute damage. If damage persists, as in skeletal muscle pathologies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), macrophage infiltration perpetuates and leads to progressive fibrosis, thus exacerbating disease severity. Here we discuss how dynamic changes in macrophage populations and activation states in the damaged muscle tissue contribute to its efficient regeneration. We describe how ordered changes in macrophage polarization, from M1 to M2 subtypes, can differently affect muscle stem cell (satellite cell) functions. Finally, we also highlight some of the new mechanisms underlying macrophage plasticity and briefly discuss the emerging implications of lymphocytes and other inflammatory cell types in normal versus pathological muscle repair.
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Díaz-Ramos À, Roig-Borrellas A, García-Melero A, Llorens A, López-Alemany R. Requirement of plasminogen binding to its cell-surface receptor α-enolase for efficient regeneration of normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50477. [PMID: 23239981 PMCID: PMC3519827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult regenerative myogenesis is central for restoring normal tissue structure and function after muscle damage. In muscle repair after injury, as in severe myopathies, damaged and necrotic fibers are removed by infiltrating inflammatory cells and then replaced by muscle stem cells or satellite cells, which will fuse to form new myofibers. Extracellular proteolysis mediated by uPA-generated plasmin plays a critical role in controlling inflammation and satellite-cell-dependent myogenesis. α-enolase has been described as plasminogen receptor in several cell types, where it acts concentrating plasmin proteolytic activity on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated whether α-enolase plasminogen receptor plays a regulatory role during the muscular repair process. Inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding: MAb11G1 (a monoclonal antibody against α-enolase) and ε-aminocaproic acid, EACA (a lysine analogue) inhibited the myogenic abilities of satellite cells-derived myoblasts. Furthermore, knockdown of α-enolase decreased myogenic fusion of myoblasts. Injured wild-type mice and dystrophic mdx mice were also treated with MAb11G1 and EACA. These treatments had negative impacts on muscle repair impairing satellite cell functions in vitro in agreement with blunted growth of new myofibers in vivo. Furthermore, both MAb11G1 and EACA treatments impaired adequate inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted extracellular matrix deposition in vivo, which resulted in persistent degeneration. These results demonstrate the novel requirement of α-enolase for restoring homeostasis of injured muscle tissue, by controlling the pericellular localization of plasmin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roser López-Alemany
- IDIBELL – Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Bellvitge, Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Research Group, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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40
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Kocić J, Santibañez JF, Krstić A, Mojsilović S, Ilić V, Bugarski D. Interleukin-17 modulates myoblast cell migration by inhibiting urokinase type plasminogen activator expression through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23183001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 belongs to a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines with pleiotropic effects, which can be associated with several inflammatory diseases of the muscle tissue. Although elevated levels of interleukin-17 have been described in inflammatory myopathies, its role in muscle homeostasis remains to be elucidated. The requirement of the urokinase type plasminogen activator in skeletal myogenesis was recently demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, suggesting its involvement in the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling, cell migration and myoblast fusion. Our previous results have demonstrated that interleukin-17 inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts in vitro concomitantly with the inhibition of cell migration. However, the involvement of urokinase type plasminogen activator in interleukin-17-inhibited myogenesis and migration remained to be analyzed. Therefore, the effect of interleukin-17 on the production of urokinase type plasminogen activator by C2C12 myoblasts was determined in the present study. Our results demonstrated that interleukin-17 strongly inhibits urokinase type plasminogen activator expression during myogenic differentiation. This reduction of urokinase type plasminogen activator production corresponded with the inhibition of cell migration by interleukin-17. Activation of p38 signaling pathway elicited by interleukin-17 mediated the inhibition of both urokinase type plasminogen activator expression and cell migration. Additionally, IL-17 inhibited C2C12 cells migration by causing the cells to reorganize their cytoskeleton and lose polarity. Therefore, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which interleukin-17 regulates myogenic differentiation through the inhibition of urokinase type plasminogen activator expression and cell migration. Accordingly, interleukin-17 may represent a potential clinical target worth investigating for the treatment of inflammatory muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kocić
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
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41
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The plasminogen activation system modulates differently adipogenesis and myogenesis of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49065. [PMID: 23145071 PMCID: PMC3493518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important functional role either in physiological or pathological conditions. The plasminogen activation (PA) system, comprising the uPA and tPA proteases and their inhibitor PAI-1, is one of the main suppliers of extracellular proteolytic activity contributing to tissue remodeling. Although its function in development is well documented, its precise role in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation in vitro is unknown. We found that the PA system components are expressed at very low levels in undifferentiated ESCs and that upon differentiation uPA activity is detected mainly transiently, whereas tPA activity and PAI-1 protein are maximum in well differentiated cells. Adipocyte formation by ESCs is inhibited by amiloride treatment, a specific uPA inhibitor. Likewise, ESCs expressing ectopic PAI-1 under the control of an inducible expression system display reduced adipogenic capacities after induction of the gene. Furthermore, the adipogenic differentiation capacities of PAI-1(-/-) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are augmented as compared to wt iPSCs. Our results demonstrate that the control of ESC adipogenesis by the PA system correspond to different successive steps from undifferentiated to well differentiated ESCs. Similarly, skeletal myogenesis is decreased by uPA inhibition or PAI-1 overexpression during the terminal step of differentiation. However, interfering with uPA during days 0 to 3 of the differentiation process augments ESC myotube formation. Neither neurogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, endothelial cell nor smooth muscle formation are affected by amiloride or PAI-1 induction. Our results show that the PA system is capable to specifically modulate adipogenesis and skeletal myogenesis of ESCs by successive different molecular mechanisms.
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42
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α-Enolase, a multifunctional protein: its role on pathophysiological situations. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:156795. [PMID: 23118496 PMCID: PMC3479624 DOI: 10.1155/2012/156795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is considered a multifunctional protein. α-enolase is expressed on the surface of several cell types, where it acts as a plasminogen receptor, concentrating proteolytic plasmin activity on the cell surface. In addition to glycolytic enzyme and plasminogen receptor functions, α-Enolase appears to have other cellular functions and subcellular localizations that are distinct from its well-established function in glycolysis. Furthermore, differential expression of α-enolase has been related to several pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. We have identified α-enolase as a plasminogen receptor in several cell types. In particular, we have analyzed its role in myogenesis, as an example of extracellular remodelling process. We have shown that α-enolase is expressed on the cell surface of differentiating myocytes, and that inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding block myogenic fusion in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. α-Enolase could be considered as a marker of pathological stress in a high number of diseases, performing several of its multiple functions, mainly as plasminogen receptor. This paper is focused on the multiple roles of the α-enolase/plasminogen axis, related to several pathologies.
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43
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Vidal B, Ardite E, Suelves M, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Janué A, Flick MJ, Degen JL, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Amelioration of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mdx mice by elimination of matrix-associated fibrin-driven inflammation coupled to the αMβ2 leukocyte integrin receptor. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1989-2004. [PMID: 22381526 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a persistently altered and reorganizing extracellular matrix (ECM) within inflamed muscle promotes damage and dysfunction. However, the molecular determinants of the ECM that mediate inflammatory changes and faulty tissue reorganization remain poorly defined. Here, we show that fibrin deposition is a conspicuous consequence of muscle-vascular damage in dystrophic muscles of DMD patients and mdx mice and that elimination of fibrin(ogen) attenuated dystrophy progression in mdx mice. These benefits appear to be tied to: (i) a decrease in leukocyte integrin α(M)β(2)-mediated proinflammatory programs, thereby attenuating counterproductive inflammation and muscle degeneration; and (ii) a release of satellite cells from persistent inhibitory signals, thereby promoting regeneration. Remarkably, Fib-gamma(390-396A) (Fibγ(390-396A)) mice expressing a mutant form of fibrinogen with normal clotting function, but lacking the α(M)β(2) binding motif, ameliorated dystrophic pathology. Delivery of a fibrinogen/α(M)β(2) blocking peptide was similarly beneficial. Conversely, intramuscular fibrinogen delivery sufficed to induce inflammation and degeneration in fibrinogen-null mice. Thus, local fibrin(ogen) deposition drives dystrophic muscle inflammation and dysfunction, and disruption of fibrin(ogen)-α(M)β(2) interactions may provide a novel strategy for DMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Vidal
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Ardite E, Perdiguero E, Vidal B, Gutarra S, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. PAI-1-regulated miR-21 defines a novel age-associated fibrogenic pathway in muscular dystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:163-75. [PMID: 22213800 PMCID: PMC3255978 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteolysis mediated by the uPA/PAI-1 system determines miR-21 expression in fibroblasts, which affects age-associated fibrogenesis and muscle deterioration in a muscular dystrophy model. Disruption of skeletal muscle homeostasis by substitution with fibrotic tissue constitutes the principal cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, yet the implicated fibrogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study identifies the extracellular PAI-1/urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) balance as an important regulator of microribonucleic acid (miR)–21 biogenesis, controlling age-associated muscle fibrosis and dystrophy progression. Genetic loss of PAI-1 in mdx dystrophic mice anticipated muscle fibrosis through these sequential mechanisms: the alteration of collagen metabolism by uPA-mediated proteolytic processing of transforming growth factor (TGF)–β in muscle fibroblasts and the activation of miR-21 expression, which inhibited phosphatase and tensin homologue and enhanced AKT signaling, thus endowing TGF-β with a remarkable cell proliferation–promoting potential. Age-associated fibrogenesis and muscle deterioration in mdx mice, as well as exacerbated dystrophy in young PAI-1−/− mdx mice, could be reversed by miR-21 or uPA-selective interference, whereas forced miR-21 overexpression aggravated disease severity. The PAI-1–miR-21 fibrogenic axis also appeared dysregulated in muscle of DMD patients, providing a basis for effectively targeting fibrosis and muscular dystrophies in currently untreatable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ardite
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Dragu A, Schnürer S, Surmann-Schmitt C, von der Mark K, Stürzl M, Unglaub F, Wolf MB, Leffler M, Beier JP, Kneser U, Horch RE. Gene expression analysis of ischaemia and reperfusion in human microsurgical free muscle tissue transfer. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:983-93. [PMID: 20345846 PMCID: PMC3922682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse various gene expression profiles of muscle tissue during normoxia, ischaemia and after reperfusion in human muscle free flaps, to gain an understanding of the occurring regulatory, inflammatory and apoptotic processes on a cellular and molecular basis. Eleven Caucasian patients with soft tissue defects needing coverage with microsurgical free muscle flaps were included in this study. In all patients, the muscle samples were taken from free myocutaneous flaps. The first sample was taken before induction of ischaemia in normoxia (I), another one after ischaemia (II), and the last one was taken after reperfusion (III). The samples were analysed using DNA-microarray, real-time-quantitative-PCR and immunohistochemistry. DNA-microarray analysis detected multiple, differentially regulated genes when comparing the different groups (I–III) with statistical significance. Comparing ischaemia (II) versus normoxia (I) educed 13 genes and comparing reperfusion (III) versus ischaemia (II) educed 19 genes. The comparison of reperfusion (III) versus normoxia (I) yielded 100 differentially regulated genes. Real-time-quantitative-PCR confirmed the results of the DNA-microarrays for a subset of four genes (CASP8, IL8, PLAUR and S100A8). This study shows that ischaemia and reperfusion induces alterations on the gene expression level in human muscle free flaps. Data may suggest that the four genes CASP8, IL8, PLAUR and S100A8 are of great importance in this context. We could not confirm the DNA-microarry and real-time-quantitative-PCR results on the protein level. Finally, these findings correspond with the surgeon’s clinical experience that the accepted times of ischaemia, generally up to 90 min., are not sufficient to induce pathophysiological processes, which can ultimately lead to flap loss. When inflammatory and apoptotic proteins are expressed at high levels, flap damage might occur and flap loss is likely. The sole expression on mRNA level might explain why flap loss is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dragu
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
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46
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Serrano AL, Mann CJ, Vidal B, Ardite E, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating fibrosis in skeletal muscle repair and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2011; 96:167-201. [PMID: 21621071 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385940-2.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The repair of an injured tissue is a complex biological process involving the coordinated activities of tissue-resident and infiltrating cells in response to local and systemic signals. Following acute tissue injury, inflammatory cell infiltration and activation/proliferation of resident stem cells is the first line of defense to restore tissue homeostasis. However, in the setting of chronic tissue damage, such as in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, inflammatory infiltrates persist, the ability of stem cells (satellite cells) is blocked and fibrogenic cells are continuously activated, eventually leading to the conversion of muscle into nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. This review explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying efficient muscle repair that are dysregulated in muscular dystrophy-associated fibrosis and in aging-related muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Serrano
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Cell Biology Unit, CIBERNED, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Krause MP, Moradi J, Nissar AA, Riddell MC, Hawke TJ. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 restores skeletal muscle regeneration in untreated type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:1964-72. [PMID: 21593201 PMCID: PMC3121432 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes leads to impairments in growth, function, and regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly defined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS With the use of Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice (model of adolescent-onset type 1 diabetes), muscle regeneration was characterized in terms of muscle mass, myofiber size (cross-sectional area), and protein expression. Blood plasma was analyzed for glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). PAI-039, an effective inhibitor of PAI-1, was orally administered to determine if PAI-1 was attenuating muscle regeneration in Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice. RESULTS Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice exposed to 1 or 8 weeks of untreated type 1 diabetes before chemically induced muscle injury display significant impairments in their regenerative capacity as demonstrated by decreased muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, myogenin, and Myh3 expression. PAI-1, a physiologic inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system and primary contributor to other diabetes complications, was more than twofold increased within 2 weeks of diabetes onset and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. Consistent with increased circulating PAI-1, regenerating muscles of diabetic mice exhibited excessive collagen levels at 5 and 10 days postinjury with concomitant decreases in active urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 with orally administered PAI-039 rescued the early regenerative impairments in noninsulin-treated Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data illustrate that the pharmacologic inhibition of elevated PAI-1 restores the early impairments in skeletal muscle repair observed in type 1 diabetes and suggests that early interventional studies targeting PAI-1 may be warranted to ensure optimal growth and repair in adolescent diabetic skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Krause
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin Moradi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aliyah A. Nissar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C. Riddell
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Thomas J. Hawke,
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48
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Novak ML, Bryer SC, Cheng M, Nguyen MH, Conley KL, Cunningham AK, Xue B, Sisson TH, You JS, Hornberger TA, Koh TJ. Macrophage-specific expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1448-57. [PMID: 21709151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mp) and the plasminogen system play important roles in tissue repair following injury. We hypothesized that Mp-specific expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is sufficient for Mp to migrate into damaged muscle and for efficient muscle regeneration. We generated transgenic mice expressing uPA only in Mp, and we assessed the ability of these mice to repair muscle injury. Mp-only uPA expression was sufficient to induce wild-type levels of Mp accumulation, angiogenesis, and new muscle fiber formation. In mice with wild-type uPA expression, Mp-specific overexpression further increased Mp accumulation and enhanced muscle fiber regeneration. Furthermore, Mp expression of uPA regulated the level of active hepatocyte growth factor, which is required for muscle fiber regeneration, in damaged muscle. In vitro studies demonstrated that uPA promotes Mp migration through proteolytic and nonproteolytic mechanisms, including proteolytic activation of hepatocyte growth factor. In summary, Mp-derived uPA promotes muscle regeneration by inducing Mp migration, angiogenesis, and myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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49
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Mann CJ, Perdiguero E, Kharraz Y, Aguilar S, Pessina P, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Aberrant repair and fibrosis development in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:21. [PMID: 21798099 PMCID: PMC3156644 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair process of damaged tissue involves the coordinated activities of several cell types in response to local and systemic signals. Following acute tissue injury, infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident stem cells orchestrate their activities to restore tissue homeostasis. However, during chronic tissue damage, such as in muscular dystrophies, the inflammatory-cell infiltration and fibroblast activation persists, while the reparative capacity of stem cells (satellite cells) is attenuated. Abnormal dystrophic muscle repair and its end stage, fibrosis, represent the final common pathway of virtually all chronic neurodegenerative muscular diseases. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle fibrosis has progressed, it has become evident that the muscle provides a useful model for the regulation of tissue repair by the local microenvironment, showing interplay among muscle-specific stem cells, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components of the mammalian wound-healing response. This article reviews the emerging findings of the mechanisms that underlie normal versus aberrant muscle-tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mann
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yacine Kharraz
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Nalla AK, Gogineni VR, Gupta R, Dinh DH, Rao JS. Suppression of uPA and uPAR blocks radiation-induced MCP-1 mediated recruitment of endothelial cells in meningioma. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1299-310. [PMID: 21426933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines play a vital role in recruiting various cell types in the process of tissue repair. Radiation, a major therapeutic modality in cancer treatment, has been described to induce inflammatory response that might lead to the expression of several chemokines. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induction by radiation in meningioma cell lines and the paracrine effect on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC). After radiation, meningioma cell lines (IOMM Lee and SF-3061) showed an increased expression of MCP-1. In addition, irradiated meningioma cancer cell conditioned medium (CM) showed an increased ability to attract HMEC and to stimulate MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP), VEGF and angiogenin expression in HMEC. This chemotactic activity and angiogenic stimulator effect on HMEC were almost abrogated by depleting MCP-1 from the irradiated cancer cell CM. Further, inhibition of either ERK activation/expression or NF-κB nuclear translocation hindered radiation-induced MCP-1 expression in both meningioma cell lines. Further, supplementing cancer cells with exogenous ATF-uPA (with and without radiation) activated ERK phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 sub-unit (Rel-A), and MCP-1 expression. Downregulation of uPA and uPAR, simultaneously by transfecting the cancer cells with bi-cistronic siRNA-expressing plasmid (pU) inhibited radiation-induced ERK activation, nuclear translocation of Rel-A, NF-κB DNA binding activity, and MCP-1 expression. In addition, pU-transfected cancer cells (with or without radiation) reduced radiation-induced MCP-1 and blocked the recruitment of other cell types during the inflammatory process induced by radiation both in in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Nalla
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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