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Arani RM, Yousefi N, Hamidieh AA, Gholizadeh F, Sisakht MM. Tumor Organoid as a Drug Screening Platform for Cancer Research. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:1210-1250. [PMID: 37855289 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x268366230922080423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have been conducted on the application of 3D models for drug discovery, drug sensitivity assessment, and drug toxicity. Most of these studies focused on disease modelling and attempted to control cellular differentiation, heterogeneity, and key physiological features to mimic organ reconstitution so that researchers could achieve an accurate response in drug evaluation. Recently, organoids have been used by various scientists due to their highly organotypic structure, which facilitates the translation from basic research to the clinic, especially in cancer research. With this tool, researchers can perform high-throughput analyses of compounds and determine the exact effect on patients based on their genetic variations, as well as develop personalized and combination therapies. Although there is a lack of standardization in organoid culture, patientderived organoids (PDOs) have become widely established and used for drug testing. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in the application of organoids and tumoroids not only in cancer research for drug screening but also in clinical trials to demonstrate the potential of organoids in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Mahbubi Arani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yousefi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholizadeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mollapour Sisakht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Murabito A, Bhatt J, Ghigo A. It Takes Two to Tango! Protein-Protein Interactions behind cAMP-Mediated CFTR Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10538. [PMID: 37445715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, with the approval of the first molecular treatments, a breakthrough era has begun for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These molecules, known as CFTR modulators, have led to unprecedented improvements in the lung function and quality of life of most CF patients. However, the efficacy of these drugs is still suboptimal, and the clinical response is highly variable even among individuals bearing the same mutation. Furthermore, not all patients carrying rare CFTR mutations are eligible for CFTR modulator therapies, indicating the need for alternative and/or add-on therapeutic approaches. Because the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) represents the primary trigger for CFTR activation and a major regulator of different steps of the life cycle of the channel, there is growing interest in devising ways to fine-tune the cAMP signaling pathway for therapeutic purposes. This review article summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of cAMP signalosomes, i.e., multiprotein complexes bringing together key enzymes of the cAMP pathway, in the regulation of CFTR function, and discusses how modulating this signaling cascade could be leveraged for therapeutic intervention in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Murabito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Janki Bhatt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Kither Biotech S.r.l., 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Kither Biotech S.r.l., 10126 Torino, Italy
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3
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Ghigo A, De Santi C, Hart M, Mitash N, Swiatecka-Urban A. Cell signaling and regulation of CFTR expression in cystic fibrosis cells in the era of high efficiency modulator therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22 Suppl 1:S12-S16. [PMID: 36621372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP- and protein kinase A (PKA)-regulated channel, expressed on the luminal surface of secretory and absorptive epithelial cells. CFTR has a complex, cell-specific regulatory network playing a major role in cAMP- and Ca2+-activated secretion of electrolytes. It secretes intracellular Cl- and bicarbonate and regulates absorption of electrolytes by differentially controlling the activity of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in colon, airways, and sweat ducts. The CFTR gene expression is regulated by cell-specific, time-dependent mechanisms reviewed elsewhere [1]. This review will focus on the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational regulation of CFTR by cAMP-PKA, non-coding (nc)RNAs, and TGF-β signaling pathways in cystic fibrosis (CF) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Santi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Merrill Hart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nilay Mitash
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Agnieszka Swiatecka-Urban
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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4
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Paulussen F, Kulkarni CP, Stolz F, Lescrinier E, De Graeve S, Lambin S, Marchand A, Chaltin P, In't Veld P, Mebis J, Tavernier J, Van Dijck P, Luyten W, Thevelein JM. The β2-adrenergic receptor in the apical membrane of intestinal enterocytes senses sugars to stimulate glucose uptake from the gut. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1041930. [PMID: 36699012 PMCID: PMC9869975 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1041930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of sugar in the gut causes induction of SGLT1, the sodium/glucose cotransporter in intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes), and this is accompanied by stimulation of sugar absorption. Sugar sensing was suggested to involve a G-protein coupled receptor and cAMP - protein kinase A signalling, but the sugar receptor has remained unknown. We show strong expression and co-localization with SGLT1 of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β 2-AR) at the enterocyte apical membrane and reveal its role in stimulating glucose uptake from the gut by the sodium/glucose-linked transporter, SGLT1. Upon heterologous expression in different reporter systems, the β 2-AR responds to multiple sugars in the mM range, consistent with estimated gut sugar levels after a meal. Most adrenergic receptor antagonists inhibit sugar signaling, while some differentially inhibit epinephrine and sugar responses. However, sugars did not inhibit binding of I125-cyanopindolol, a β 2-AR antagonist, to the ligand-binding site in cell-free membrane preparations. This suggests different but interdependent binding sites. Glucose uptake into everted sacs from rat intestine was stimulated by epinephrine and sugars in a β 2-AR-dependent manner. STD-NMR confirmed direct physical binding of glucose to the β 2-AR. Oral administration of glucose with a non-bioavailable β 2-AR antagonist lowered the subsequent increase in blood glucose levels, confirming a role for enterocyte apical β 2-ARs in stimulating gut glucose uptake, and suggesting enterocyte β 2-AR as novel drug target in diabetic and obese patients. Future work will have to reveal how glucose sensing by enterocytes and neuroendocrine cells is connected, and whether β 2-ARs mediate glucose sensing also in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Paulussen
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Chetan P. Kulkarni
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,3Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Unit, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Stolz
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- 4Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Graeve
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Suzan Lambin
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | - Peter In't Veld
- 6Department of Pathology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph Mebis
- 7Department of Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- 8Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,9Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- 3Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Unit, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- 1Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,2Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium,10NovelYeast bv, Bio-Incubator BIO4, Gaston Geenslaan 3, Leuven-Heverlee,, Belgium,*Correspondence: Johan M. Thevelein,
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5
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Arjmand B, Rabbani Z, Soveyzi F, Tayanloo-Beik A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Biglar M, Adibi H, Larijani B. Advancement of Organoid Technology in Regenerative Medicine. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 9:83-96. [PMID: 35968268 PMCID: PMC9360642 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Organoids are three-dimensional cultures of stem cells in an environment similar to the body's extracellular matrix. This is also a novel development in the realm of regenerative medicine. Stem cells can begin to develop into 3D structures by modifying signaling pathways. To form organoids, stem cells are transplanted into the extracellular matrix. Organoids have provided the required technologies to reproduce human tissues. As a result, it might be used in place of animal models in scientific study. The key goals of these investigations are research into viral and genetic illnesses, malignancies, and extracellular vesicles, pharmaceutical discovery, and organ transplantation. Organoids can help pave the road for precision medicine through genetic editing, pharmaceutical development, and cell therapy. Methods PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to search for all relevant papers written in English (1907-2021). The study abstracts were scrutinized. Studies on the use of stem-cell-derived organoids in regenerative medicine, organoids as 3D culture models for EVs analysis, and organoids for precision medicine were included. Articles with other irrelevant aims, meetings, letters, commentaries, congress and conference abstracts, and articles with no available full texts were excluded. Results According to the included studies, organoids have various origins, types, and applications in regenerative and precision medicine, as well as an important role in studying extracellular vesicles. Conclusion Organoids are considered a bridge that connects preclinical studies to clinical ones. However, the lack of a standardized protocol and other barriers addressed in this review, hinder the vast use of this technology. Lay Summary Organoids are 3D stem cell propagations in biological or synthetic scaffolds that mimic ECM to allow intercellular or matrix-cellular crosstalk. Because these structures are similar to organs in the body, they can be used as research models. Organoids are medicine's future hope for organ transplantation, tumor biobank formation, and the development of precision medicine. Organoid models can be used to study cell-to-cell interactions as well as effective factors like inflammation and aging. Bioengineering technologies are also used to define the size, shape, and composition of organoids before transforming them into precise structures. Finally, the importance of organoid applications in regenerative medicine has opened a new window for a better understanding of biological research, as discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rabbani
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Soveyzi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Biglar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Adibi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Rodenburg LW, Delpiano L, Railean V, Centeio R, Pinto MC, Smits SMA, van der Windt IS, van Hugten CFJ, van Beuningen SFB, Rodenburg RNP, van der Ent CK, Amaral MD, Kunzelmann K, Gray MA, Beekman JM, Amatngalim GD. Drug Repurposing for Cystic Fibrosis: Identification of Drugs That Induce CFTR-Independent Fluid Secretion in Nasal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12657. [PMID: 36293514 PMCID: PMC9603984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffer from severe respiratory disease due to a genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which impairs airway epithelial ion and fluid secretion. New CFTR modulators that restore mutant CFTR function have been recently approved for a large group of people with CF (pwCF), but ~19% of pwCF cannot benefit from CFTR modulators Restoration of epithelial fluid secretion through non-CFTR pathways might be an effective treatment for all pwCF. Here, we developed a medium-throughput 384-well screening assay using nasal CF airway epithelial organoids, with the aim to repurpose FDA-approved drugs as modulators of non-CFTR-dependent epithelial fluid secretion. From a ~1400 FDA-approved drug library, we identified and validated 12 FDA-approved drugs that induced CFTR-independent fluid secretion. Among the hits were several cAMP-mediating drugs, including β2-adrenergic agonists. The hits displayed no effects on chloride conductance measured in the Ussing chamber, and fluid secretion was not affected by TMEM16A, as demonstrated by knockout (KO) experiments in primary nasal epithelial cells. Altogether, our results demonstrate the use of primary nasal airway cells for medium-scale drug screening, target validation with a highly efficient protocol for generating CRISPR-Cas9 KO cells and identification of compounds which induce fluid secretion in a CFTR- and TMEM16A-indepent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W. Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Delpiano
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Violeta Railean
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Centeio
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Madalena C. Pinto
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shannon M. A. Smits
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle S. van der Windt
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper F. J. van Hugten
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam F. B. van Beuningen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco N. P. Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K. van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margarida D. Amaral
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael A. Gray
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gimano D. Amatngalim
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Member of ERN-LUNG, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Ghigo A, Murabito A, Sala V, Pisano AR, Bertolini S, Gianotti A, Caci E, Montresor A, Premchandar A, Pirozzi F, Ren K, Sala AD, Mergiotti M, Richter W, de Poel E, Matthey M, Caldrer S, Cardone RA, Civiletti F, Costamagna A, Quinney NL, Butnarasu C, Visentin S, Ruggiero MR, Baroni S, Crich SG, Ramel D, Laffargue M, Tocchetti CG, Levi R, Conti M, Lu XY, Melotti P, Sorio C, De Rose V, Facchinetti F, Fanelli V, Wenzel D, Fleischmann BK, Mall MA, Beekman J, Laudanna C, Gentzsch M, Lukacs GL, Pedemonte N, Hirsch E. A PI3Kγ mimetic peptide triggers CFTR gating, bronchodilation, and reduced inflammation in obstructive airway diseases. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl6328. [PMID: 35353541 PMCID: PMC9869178 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-elevating agents, such as β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonists and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, remain a mainstay in the treatment of obstructive respiratory diseases, conditions characterized by airway constriction, inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. However, their clinical use is limited by unwanted side effects because of unrestricted cAMP elevation in the airways and in distant organs. Here, we identified the A-kinase anchoring protein phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) as a critical regulator of a discrete cAMP signaling microdomain activated by β2-ARs in airway structural and inflammatory cells. Displacement of the PI3Kγ-anchored pool of protein kinase A (PKA) by an inhaled, cell-permeable, PI3Kγ mimetic peptide (PI3Kγ MP) inhibited a pool of subcortical PDE4B and PDE4D and safely increased cAMP in the lungs, leading to airway smooth muscle relaxation and reduced neutrophil infiltration in a murine model of asthma. In human bronchial epithelial cells, PI3Kγ MP induced unexpected cAMP and PKA elevations restricted to the vicinity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the ion channel controlling mucus hydration that is mutated in cystic fibrosis (CF). PI3Kγ MP promoted the phosphorylation of wild-type CFTR on serine-737, triggering channel gating, and rescued the function of F508del-CFTR, the most prevalent CF mutant, by enhancing the effects of existing CFTR modulators. These results unveil PI3Kγ as the regulator of a β2-AR/cAMP microdomain central to smooth muscle contraction, immune cell activation, and epithelial fluid secretion in the airways, suggesting the use of a PI3Kγ MP for compartment-restricted, therapeutic cAMP elevation in chronic obstructive respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy,Kither Biotech S.r.l.; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murabito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy,Kither Biotech S.r.l.; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Pisano
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D; 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Bertolini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D; 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Ambra Gianotti
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Caci
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Montresor
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy,Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Laboratory "Daniele Lissandrini," Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Flora Pirozzi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University; 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Angela Della Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Mergiotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Wito Richter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine; AL 36688 Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Eyleen de Poel
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Matthey
- Department of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum; 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara Caldrer
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy,Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Laboratory "Daniele Lissandrini," Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari; 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Civiletti
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Costamagna
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Nancy L. Quinney
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina; NC 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cosmin Butnarasu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruggiero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Baroni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Damien Ramel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University; 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University; 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Carlo G. Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University; 80131 Naples, Italy,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Federico II University; 80131 Naples, Italy,Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University; 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renzo Levi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco; CA 94143 San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Lu
- School of life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University; 710049 Xi'an Shaanxi, P.R.China
| | - Paola Melotti
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona; 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy,Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Laboratory "Daniele Lissandrini," Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Virginia De Rose
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Vito Fanelli
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Department of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum; 44801 Bochum, Germany,Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn; 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn; 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; 10117 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner; 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht; 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy,Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Laboratory "Daniele Lissandrini," Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine; 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Gentzsch
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina; NC 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of North Carolina; NC 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gergely L. Lukacs
- Department of Physiology, McGill University; H3G 1Y6 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino; 10126 Torino, Italy,Kither Biotech S.r.l.; 10126 Torino, Italy
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8
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Zhang Q, Friedman PA. Receptor-Loaded Virion Endangers GPCR Signaling: Mechanistic Exploration of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Pharmacological Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010963. [PMID: 34681624 PMCID: PMC8535999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 exploits the respiratory tract epithelium including lungs as the primary entry point and reaches other organs through hematogenous expansion, consequently causing multiorgan injury. Viral E protein interacts with cell junction-associated proteins PALS1 or ZO-1 to gain massive penetration by disrupting the inter-epithelial barrier. Conversely, receptor-mediated viral invasion ensures limited but targeted infections in multiple organs. The ACE2 receptor represents the major virion loading site by virtue of its wide tissue distribution as demonstrated in highly susceptible lung, intestine, and kidney. In brain, NRP1 mediates viral endocytosis in a similar manner to ACE2. Prominently, PDZ interaction involves the entire viral loading process either outside or inside the host cells, whereas E, ACE2, and NRP1 provide the PDZ binding motif required for interacting with PDZ domain-containing proteins PALS1, ZO-1, and NHERF1, respectively. Hijacking NHERF1 and β-arrestin by virion loading may impair specific sensory GPCR signalosome assembling and cause disordered cellular responses such as loss of smell and taste. PDZ interaction enhances SARS-CoV-2 invasion by supporting viral receptor membrane residence, implying that the disruption of these interactions could diminish SARS-CoV-2 infections and be another therapeutic strategy against COVID-19 along with antibody therapy. GPCR-targeted drugs are likely to alleviate pathogenic symptoms-associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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9
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Caballol B, Gudiño V, Panes J, Salas A. Ulcerative colitis: shedding light on emerging agents and strategies in preclinical and early clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:931-946. [PMID: 34365869 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1965122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine. Progress in preclinical therapeutic target discovery and clinical trial design has resulted in the approval of new therapies. Nonetheless, remission rates remain below 30% thus underlining the need for novel, more effective therapies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews current experimental techniques available for drug testing in intestinal inflammation and examines new therapies in clinical development for the treatment of UC. The authors searched the literature for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'preclinical' OR 'drug target/drug name' (i.e. infliximab, vedolizumab, IL-12, IL-23, JAK, etc.). Studies that included preclinical in vivo or in vitro experiments are discussed. The clinicaltrial.gov site was searched for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'Recruiting' OR 'Active, not recruiting' AND 'Interventional (Clinical Trial)' AND 'early phase 1' OR 'phase 1' OR 'phase 2' OR 'phase 3.' EXPERT OPINION Using in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro models could increase the success rates of drugs moving to clinical trials, and hence increase the efficiency of this costly process. Selective JAK1 inhibitors, S1P modulators, and anti-p19 antibodies are the most promising options to improve treatment effectiveness. The development of drugs with gut-restricted exposure may provide increased efficacy and an improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Caballol
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Gudiño
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian Panes
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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The mystery behind the nostrils - technical clues for successful nasal epithelial cell cultivation. Ann Anat 2021; 238:151748. [PMID: 33940117 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research involving the nose reveals important information regarding the morphology and physiology of the epithelium and its molecular response to agents. The role of nasal epithelial cells and other cell subsets within the nasal epithelium play an interesting translational split between experimental and clinical research studying respiratory disorders or pathogen reactions. With an additional technical manuscript including a detailed description of important technical aspects, tips, tricks, and nuances for a successful culturing of primary, human nasal epithelial cells (NAEPCs), we here aim to improve the process of communication between experimentalists and physicians, supporting the purpose of a fruitful work for future translational projects. METHODS Based on previous work on various complex culture models of subject-derived NAEPCs, this additional manuscript harmonizes previously published facts combined with own experiences for a trouble-free implementation in laboratories. RESULTS A well-designed experimental question is essential prior to the establishment of different NAEPCs culture models. The correct method of cell extraction from the nasal cavity is essential and represent an important basis for successful culture work. Prior enzymatic processing of biopsy specimens, cell culture materials, collagenization procedure, culture conditions, and choice of culture medium are some important practical notes that increase the quality of the culture. Moreover, protocols on imaging techniques including histologic and electron microscopy must be adapted for NAEPC culture. Adapted flow cytometric protocols and transepithelial electrical resistance measurements can add valuable information. OUTLOOK A successful culturing of NAEPCs can provide an important basis for genetic studies and the implementation of omics-science, which is increasingly receiving broad attention in the scientific community. The common aim of in vitro 'mini-noses' will be a breakthrough in laboratories aiming to perform research under in vivo conditions. Here, organoid models are interesting models presenting a basis for translational studies.
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11
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Tallapragada NP, Cambra HM, Wald T, Keough Jalbert S, Abraham DM, Klein OD, Klein AM. Inflation-collapse dynamics drive patterning and morphogenesis in intestinal organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1516-1532.e14. [PMID: 33915079 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How stem cells self-organize to form structured tissues is an unsolved problem. Intestinal organoids offer a model of self-organization as they generate stem cell zones (SCZs) of typical size even without a spatially structured environment. Here we examine processes governing the size of SCZs. We improve the viability and homogeneity of intestinal organoid cultures to enable long-term time-lapse imaging of multiple organoids in parallel. We find that SCZs are shaped by fission events under strong control of ion channel-mediated inflation and mechanosensitive Piezo-family channels. Fission occurs through stereotyped modes of dynamic behavior that differ in their coordination of budding and differentiation. Imaging and single-cell transcriptomics show that inflation drives acute stem cell differentiation and induces a stretch-responsive cell state characterized by large transcriptional changes, including upregulation of Piezo1. Our results reveal an intrinsic capacity of the intestinal epithelium to self-organize by modulating and then responding to its mechanical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren P Tallapragada
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hailey M Cambra
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomas Wald
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Keough Jalbert
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana M Abraham
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Veit G, Roldan A, Hancock MA, Da Fonte DF, Xu H, Hussein M, Frenkiel S, Matouk E, Velkov T, Lukacs GL. Allosteric folding correction of F508del and rare CFTR mutants by elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (Trikafta) combination. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139983. [PMID: 32853178 PMCID: PMC7526550 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its clinical benefits, Trikafta — the combination of folding correctors VX-661 (tezacaftor), VX-445 (elexacaftor), and the gating potentiator VX-770 (ivacaftor) — was FDA approved for treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) carrying deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) on at least 1 allele. Neither the mechanism of action of VX-445 nor the susceptibility of rare CF folding mutants to Trikafta are known. Here, we show that, in human bronchial epithelial cells, VX-445 synergistically restores F508del-CFTR processing in combination with type I or II correctors that target the nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1) membrane spanning domains (MSDs) interface and NBD2, respectively, consistent with a type III corrector mechanism. This inference was supported by the VX-445 binding to and unfolding suppression of the isolated F508del-NBD1 of CFTR. The VX-661 plus VX-445 treatment restored F508del-CFTR chloride channel function in the presence of VX-770 to approximately 62% of WT CFTR in homozygous nasal epithelia. Substantial rescue of rare misprocessing mutations (S13F, R31C, G85E, E92K, V520F, M1101K, and N1303K), confined to MSD1, MSD2, NBD1, and NBD2 of CFTR, was also observed in airway epithelia, suggesting an allosteric correction mechanism and the possible application of Trikafta for patients with rare misfolding mutants of CFTR. Trikafta, the combination of type I corrector VX-661, type III corrector VX-445, and the potentiator VX-770, may be applied for various CFTR folding mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Hancock
- SPR-MS Facility, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Maytham Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Elias Matouk
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Montreal Chest Institute, and
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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van Mourik P, Beekman JM, van der Ent CK. Intestinal organoids to model cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02379-2018. [PMID: 31023844 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02379-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Mourik
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Yin YB, de Jonge HR, Wu X, Yin YL. Mini-gut: a promising model for drug development. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1784-1794. [PMID: 31212027 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, major advances in drug development have been hampered by a lack of proper cell and tissue models; but the introduction of organoid technology has revolutionized this field. At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, the so-called mini-gut comprises all major cell types of native intestine and recapitulates the composition and function of native intestinal epithelium. The mini-gut can be classified as an intestinal organoid (IO), derived from pluripotent stem cells, or as an enteroid, consisting only of epithelial cells and generated from adult stem cells. Both classifications have been used as models to develop drugs against cystic fibrosis, cancer and infectious disease, as well as for drug screening, personalized medicine and the development of new medical tools. In this review, we highlight and discuss the importance of mini-guts for drug development and point out their limitations and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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15
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Yin YB, de Jonge HR, Wu X, Yin YL. Enteroids for Nutritional Studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801143. [PMID: 30883003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional studies are greatly hampered by a paucity of proper models. Previous studies on nutrition have employed conventional cell lines and animal models to gain a better understanding of the field. These models lack certain correlations with human physiological responses, which impede their applications in this field. Enteroids are cultured from intestinal stem cells and include enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and stem cells, which mimic hallmarks of in vivo epithelium and support long-term culture without genetic or physiological changes. Enteroids have been used as models to study the effects of diet and nutrients on intestinal growth and development, ion and nutrient transport, secretory and absorption functions, the intestinal barrier, and location-specific functions of the intestine. In this review, the existing models for nutritional studies are discussed and the importance of enteroids as a new model for nutritional studies is highlighted. Taken together, it is suggested that enteroids can serve as a potential model system to be exploited in nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
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16
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Yin YB, Guo SG, Wan D, Wu X, Yin YL. Enteroids: Promising in Vitro Models for Studies of Intestinal Physiology and Nutrition in Farm Animals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2421-2428. [PMID: 30739438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sophisticated in vitro models limits our current understanding of gastrointestinal functions in farm animals. Conventional 2D cell lines or primary cells fail to recapitulate the physiology of in vivo intestinal epithelium. In contrast stem cell-derived, nontransformed 3D enteroids partially recreate the villus-crypt anatomy of the native intestine and comprise most if not all intestinal cell types including enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and stem cells. This review summarizes the techniques used for generating and culturing enteroids of various farm animal species, focuses on important factors influencing the longevity of enteroids, and provides an overview of their current applications in modeling veterinary pathogens and in developing chemicals and bioactives for treating animal disease and improving production performance. It also mentions current limitations of enteroid models and potential solutions and highlights the opportunities for using these enteroids as a platform in studies regarding veterinary sciences and animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Erasmus MC University Medical Center , 3015 GD Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Song-Ge Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , Hunan 410128 , China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process , Changsha , Hunan 410125 , China
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17
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Dey I, Bradbury NA. Physiology of the Gut: Experimental Models for Investigating Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Transport. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:337-381. [PMID: 30243437 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Once thought to be exclusively an absorptive tissue, the intestine is now recognized as an important secretory tissue, playing a key role in body ion and fluid homeostasis. Given the intestine's role in fluid homeostasis, it is not surprising that important clinical pathologies arise from imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion. Perhaps the most important examples of this can be seen in enterotoxigenic secretory diarrheas with extreme fluid secretion, and Cystic Fibrosis with little or no fluid secretion. A mechanistic understanding of the cellular pathways regulating ion and fluid transport has been obtained from a variety of approaches and model systems. These have ranged from the intact intestine to a single intestinal epithelial cell type. Although for many years a reductionist approach has held sway for investigating intestinal transport, the growing realization that physiologic processes should really be examined within a physiological context has seen a marked increase in studies using models that are essentially mini-intestines in a dish. The aim of this chapter is to provide a historical context for our understanding of intestinal ion and fluid transport, and to highlight the model systems that have been used to acquire this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
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18
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Faber SC, McCullough SD. Through the Looking Glass: In Vitro Models for Inhalation Toxicology and Interindividual Variability in the Airway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:115-128. [PMID: 31380467 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With 7 million deaths reported annually from air pollution alone, it is evident that adverse effects of inhaled toxicant exposures remain a major public health concern in the 21st century. Assessment and characterization of the impacts of air pollutants on human health stems from epidemiological and clinical studies, which have linked both outdoor and indoor air contaminant exposure to adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular health outcomes. Studies in animal models support epidemiological findings and have been critical in identifying systemic effects of environmental chemicals on cognitive abilities, liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction following inhalation exposure. Likewise, traditional monoculture systems have aided in identifying biomarkers of susceptibility to inhaled toxicants and served as a screening platform for safety assessment of pulmonary toxicants. Despite their contributions, in vivo and classic in vitro models have not been able to accurately represent the heterogeneity of the human population and account for interindividual variability in response to inhaled toxicants and susceptibility to the adverse health effects. Development of new technologies that can investigate genetic predisposition, are cost and time efficient, and are ethically sound, will enhance elucidation of mechanisms of inhalation toxicity, and aid in the development of novel pharmaceuticals and/or safety evaluation. This review will describe the classic and novel cell-based inhalation toxicity models and how these emerging technologies can be incorporated into regulatory or nonregulatory testing to address interindividual variability and improve overall human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Faber
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shaun D McCullough
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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19
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Zomer-van Ommen DD, de Poel E, Kruisselbrink E, Oppelaar H, Vonk AM, Janssens HM, van der Ent CK, Hagemeijer MC, Beekman JM. Comparison of ex vivo and in vitro intestinal cystic fibrosis models to measure CFTR-dependent ion channel activity. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17:316-324. [PMID: 29544685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New functional assays using primary human intestinal adult stem cell cultures can be valuable tools to study epithelial defects in human diseases such as cystic fibrosis. METHODS CFTR-mediated ion transport was measured in rectal organoid-derived monolayers grown from subjects with various CFTR mutations and compared to donor-matched intestinal current measurements (ICM) in rectal biopsies and forskolin-induced swelling of rectal organoids. RESULTS Rectal organoid-derived monolayers were generated within four days. Ion transport measurements of CFTR function using these monolayers correlated with ICM and organoid swelling (r = 0.73 and 0.79 respectively). Culturing the monolayers under differentiation conditions enhanced the detection of mucus-secreting cells and was accompanied by reduced CFTR function. CONCLUSIONS CFTR-dependent intestinal epithelial ion transport properties can be measured in rectal organoid-derived monolayers of subjects and correlate with donor-matched ICM and rectal organoid swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenique D Zomer-van Ommen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eyleen de Poel
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Kruisselbrink
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Oppelaar
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelotte M Vonk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hettie M Janssens
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marne C Hagemeijer
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Drost J, Clevers H. Translational applications of adult stem cell-derived organoids. Development 2017; 144:968-975. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.140566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Adult stem cells from a variety of organs can be expanded long-term in vitro as three-dimensional organotypic structures termed organoids. These adult stem cell-derived organoids retain their organ identity and remain genetically stable over long periods of time. The ability to grow organoids from patient-derived healthy and diseased tissue allows for the study of organ development, tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Review, we discuss the generation of adult stem cell-derived organoid cultures and their applications in in vitro disease modeling, personalized cancer therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Drost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
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21
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Boj SF, Vonk AM, Statia M, Su J, Vries RRG, Beekman JM, Clevers H. Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287550 DOI: 10.3791/55159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently-developed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-modulating drugs correct surface expression and/or function of the mutant CFTR channel in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Identification of subjects that may benefit from these drugs is challenging because of the extensive heterogeneity of CFTR mutations, as well as other unknown factors that contribute to individual drug efficacy. Here, we describe a simple and relatively rapid assay for measuring individual CFTR function and response to CFTR modulators in vitro. Three dimensional (3D) epithelial organoids are grown from rectal biopsies in standard organoid medium. Once established, the organoids can be bio-banked for future analysis. For the assay, 30-80 organoids are seeded in 96-well plates in basement membrane matrix and are then exposed to drugs. One day later, the organoids are stained with calcein green, and forskolin-induced swelling is monitored by confocal live cell microscopy at 37 °C. Forskolin-induced swelling is fully CFTR-dependent and is sufficiently sensitive and precise to allow for discrimination between the drug responses of individuals with different and even identical CFTR mutations. In vitro swell responses correlate with the clinical response to therapy. This assay provides a cost-effective approach for the identification of drug-responsive individuals, independent of their CFTR mutations. It may also be instrumental in the development of future CFTR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelotte M Vonk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht
| | | | - Jinyi Su
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology
| | | | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht;
| | - Hans Clevers
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology; Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht;
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barry
- Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick A Flume
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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23
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Lopes-Pacheco M. CFTR Modulators: Shedding Light on Precision Medicine for Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:275. [PMID: 27656143 PMCID: PMC5011145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening monogenic disease afflicting Caucasian people. It affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, glandular and reproductive systems. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF is the respiratory disorder caused by a vicious cycle of obstruction of the airways, inflammation and infection that leads to epithelial damage, tissue remodeling and end-stage lung disease. Over the past decades, life expectancy of CF patients has increased due to early diagnosis and improved treatments; however, these patients still present limited quality of life. Many attempts have been made to rescue CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression, function and stability, thereby overcoming the molecular basis of CF. Gene and protein variances caused by CFTR mutants lead to different CF phenotypes, which then require different treatments to quell the patients' debilitating symptoms. In order to seek better approaches to treat CF patients and maximize therapeutic effects, CFTR mutants have been stratified into six groups (although several of these mutations present pleiotropic defects). The research with CFTR modulators (read-through agents, correctors, potentiators, stabilizers and amplifiers) has achieved remarkable progress, and these drugs are translating into pharmaceuticals and personalized treatments for CF patients. This review summarizes the main molecular and clinical features of CF, emphasizes the latest clinical trials using CFTR modulators, sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying these new and emerging treatments, and discusses the major breakthroughs and challenges to treating all CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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