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Shang H, Chang T, Yang W, Shi L, Hu S, Tian L, Ren J, Wang T, Wang J, Guo J, Cui Y. Analysis of influencing factors on long COVID in COVID-19 patients infected with omicron variant three months after discharge: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:36. [PMID: 38166694 PMCID: PMC10763267 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to analyze the influencing factors associated with Long-COVID in patients infected with Omicron variant of COVID-19 in Changchun City, Jilin Province, China three months after discharge in March 2022. METHODS In this study, we conducted a telephone follow-up based on the real-world data collected from the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun Tongyuan Shelter Hospital and Changchun Infectious Disease Hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic in Changchun in March 2022. We used the Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform Case Report Form for Post COVID condition as a follow-up questionnaire to collect the general information, past medical history, clinical symptoms, COVID-19 vaccine inoculation doses, and other relevant information to analyze the symptom characteristics of COVID-19 patients three months after discharge from the hospital and related factors affecting Long COVID. RESULTS A total of 1,806 patients with COVID-19 were included in this study, 977 males and 829 females, with a mean age of 38.5 [30.0, 49.4] years, and the number of female patients suffering from Long COVID (50.87%) was greater than male patients (p = 0.023). The binary logistic regression analysis of factors influencing Long COVID showed that smoking history (OR (95%CI) = 0.551(0.425-0.714), p < 0.001, taking never smoking as a reference), allergy history (OR (95%CI) = 1.618 (1.086-2.413), p-value 0.018, taking no allergy as a reference), first symptoms (OR (95%CI) = 0.636 (0.501-0.807), p < 0.001, with no first symptoms as reference) and COVID-19 vaccine inoculation doses (OR (95%CI) = 1.517 (1.190-1.933), p-value 0.001, with ≤ 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine inoculation doses as reference) constituted its influencing factors. The first symptoms of patients on admission mainly included fever (512 cases, 71.81%), cough (279 cases, 39.13%) and dry or itchy throat (211 cases, 29.59%). The most common symptoms of Long COVID were persistent fatigue (68 cases), amnesia (61 cases), insomnia (50 cases) and excessive sweating (50 cases). CONCLUSION The first symptoms on admission were predominantly fever, cough and dry or itchy throat. The most common symptoms of Long COVID were persistent fatigue, amnesia, insomnia and excessive sweating, and female patients were at a higher risk of Long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tianying Chang
- EBM office, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- EBM office, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Li Shi
- Pulmonary Disease Center, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shaodan Hu
- Pulmonary Disease Center, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Pulmonary Disease Center, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jixiang Ren
- the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Pulmonary Disease Center, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wang
- the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiajuan Guo
- the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
| | - Yingzi Cui
- EBM office, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
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Rai A, Mehta N, Kumar A, Majhee L, Verma P, Singh P, Haque ZU. Does Tobacco Use Enhance the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence from Eastern Indian Population. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:163-168. [PMID: 38026726 PMCID: PMC10658103 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Tobacco consumption causes altered immune and inflammatory responses which lead to various respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Studies have only confirmed the harmful effects of tobacco consumption on the severity of COVID-19. The present study aimed to explore the association between tobacco consumption and the initiation of COVID-19. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted to explore the relationship between tobacco consumption and COVID-19. A brief closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was prepared to record participants' responses. The Participants included the individuals who visited Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India for the COVID-19 diagnostic test. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were also used to predict the odds of getting infected with COVID-19. Findings A total of 521 valid responses were obtained and subjected to analysis. Moreover, 256 participants (49.13%) were COVID-19 positive and 57 participants (10.94%) were tobacco users. The odds ratio of tobacco consumption was higher in COVID-19-positive patients compared to COVID-19-negatives (OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.01, 3.13). The current tobacco users had a higher risk of developing COVID-19 as compared to the former users (OR=4.8; 95% CI 1.39, 16.61). The frequency and duration of tobacco use also affected the COVID-19 infectivity rate but these were statistically insignificant. Conclusion The COVID-19 positivity rate was significantly higher in tobacco users, especially in current tobacco users as compared to former users. Nevertheless, gender and occupation had no significant effect on COVID-19 incidence in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Rai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Department of Oral Health Sciences Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh - 160012, India
| | - Ansul Kumar
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
| | - Lakhan Majhee
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
| | - Pratik Verma
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
| | - Zeya Ul Haque
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009, India
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Intensive critical care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:29-42. [PMID: 36692461 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This century's most serious catastrophe, COVID-19, has been dubbed "the most life-threatening disaster ever". Asthmatic persons are even more prone to COVID-19's complex interplay with the underlying inflammatory condition. In order to protect themselves against COVID-19, asthmatic patients must be very vigilant in their usage of therapeutic techniques and drugs (e.g., bronchodilators, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors), which may be accessed to deal with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 indications. People with asthma may have more severe COVID-19 symptoms, which may lead to a worsening of their condition. Several cytokines were found to be elevated in the bronchial tracts of patients with acute instances of COVID-19, suggesting that this ailment may aggravate asthma episodes by increasing inflammation. The intensity of COVID-19 symptoms is lessened in patients with asthma who have superior levels of T-cells. Several antibiotics, antivirals, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs have been suggested to suppress COVID-19 symptoms in asthmatic persons. Furthermore, smokers are more likely to have aggravated repercussions in COVID-19 infection. Being hospitalized to critical care due to COVID-19, needing mechanical breathing, and suffering from serious health repercussions, are all possible outcomes for someone who has previously smoked. Smoking damages airways and alveoli, which significantly raises the risk of COVID-19-related health complications. Patients with a previous record of smoking are predisposed to severe COVID-19 disease symptoms that essentially require a combination of bronchodilators, mucolytics, antivirals, and antimuscarinic drugs, to cope with the situation. The present review discusses the care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection.
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Chethi Reddy BR, Musale D, Kadam D, Lanjekar K, Ogale G, Bhise M, Gore S, Chaturvedi P, Dikshit R, Budukh A. Challenges faced by tobacco quitline services during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2023.2167744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinesh Musale
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepa Kadam
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Kalpita Lanjekar
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ganesh Ogale
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahadev Bhise
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Suvarna Gore
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajesh Dikshit
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Atul Budukh
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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Young-Wolff KC, Slama N, Alexeeff SE, Sakoda LC, Fogelberg R, Myers LC, Campbell CI, Adams AS, Prochaska JJ. Tobacco Smoking and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Severity Among Adults in an Integrated Healthcare System in California. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:211-220. [PMID: 35368066 PMCID: PMC9825324 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between tobacco smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity is highly debated. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of >2.4 million adults in a large healthcare system to evaluate whether smoking is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. AIMS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study of 2,427,293 adults in KPNC from March 5, 2020 (baseline) to December 31, 2020 (pre-vaccine) included smoking status (current, former, never), socio-demographics, and comorbidities from the electronic health record. SARS-CoV-2 infection (identified by a positive PCR test) and COVID-19 severity (hospitalization, ICU admission or death ≤ 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis) were estimated in time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusting for covariates. Secondary analyses examined COVID-19 severity among patients with COVID-19 using logistic regression. RESULTS During the study, 44,270 patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Current smoking was associated with lower adjusted rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR = 0.64 95% CI: 0.61-0.67), COVID-19-related hospitalization (aHR = 0.48 95% CI: 0.40-0.58), ICU admission (aHR = 0.62 95% CI: 0.42-0.87), and death (aHR = 0.52 95% CI: 0.27-0.89) than never-smoking. Former smoking was associated with a lower adjusted rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR = 0.96 95% CI: 0.94-0.99) and higher adjusted rates of hospitalization (aHR = 1.10 95% CI: 1.03-1.08) and death (aHR = 1.32 95% CI: 1.11-1.56) than never-smoking. Logistic regression analyses among patients with COVID-19 found lower odds of hospitalization for current versus never-smoking and higher odds of hospitalization and death for former versus never-smoking. CONCLUSIONS In the largest US study to date on smoking and COVID-19, current and former smoking showed lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than never-smoking, while a history of smoking was associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19. IMPLICATIONS In this cohort study of 2.4 million adults, adjusting for socio-demographics and medical comorbidities, current tobacco smoking was associated with a lower risk of both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 illness compared to never-smoking. A history of smoking was associated with a slightly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a modestly higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness compared to never-smoking. The lower observed COVID-19 risk for current versus never-smoking deserves further investigation. Results support prioritizing individuals with smoking-related comorbidities for vaccine outreach and treatments as they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Young-Wolff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Slama
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Stacey E Alexeeff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Renee Fogelberg
- Richmond Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Myers
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia I Campbell
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alyce S Adams
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Young-Wolff KC, Slama NE, Alexeeff SE, Prochaska JJ, Fogelberg R, Sakoda LC. Electronic cigarette use and risk of COVID-19 among young adults without a history of cigarette smoking. Prev Med 2022; 162:107151. [PMID: 35809821 PMCID: PMC9259067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether use of e-cigarettes increases susceptibility to COVID-19. In a large clinical sample of young adults, we evaluated whether current or ever e-cigarette use was associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19. To address the confounding of combustible smoking, the sample was restricted to never smokers. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the electronic health records of 74,853 young adults (aged 18-35 years), without a history of cigarette smoking, who were screened for e-cigarette use (current, former, never) in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) healthcare system from 3/5/2020 (baseline) to 11/30/2020 (pre-vaccine). COVID-19 risk was estimated in time-to-event analyses using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for socio-demographics and medical comorbidities. E-cigarette status in the cohort was: 1.6% current, 1.2% former, and 97.2% never. During follow-up, 1965 (2.6%) patients acquired COVID-19. We did not find evidence that current (vs never) e-cigarette use was associated with risk of COVID-19 (aHR = 1.12 95%CI:0.77-1.62). However, we did find suggestive evidence that former (versus never) e-cigarette use may be associated with greater risk of COVID-19 (aHR = 1.39 95%CI:0.98-1.96). While e-cigarette use is associated with health risks for young adults, results from this study suggest that current use of e-cigarettes may not increase susceptibility for COVID-19 among young adults who have never smoked cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Young-Wolff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Natalie E Slama
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Stacey E Alexeeff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renee Fogelberg
- Richmond Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Boutou AK, Georgopoulou A, Pitsiou G, Stanopoulos I, Kontakiotis T, Kioumis I. Changes in the respiratory function of COVID-19 survivors during follow-up: A novel respiratory disorder on the rise? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14301. [PMID: 33932073 PMCID: PMC8236973 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Human Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory disorder that may result in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of this review was to investigate the incidence and type of respiratory function abnormalities during the follow-up of patients who recovered from COVID-19. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE was conducted, utilising various term combinations. Studies that assessed any respiratory function parameter during the re-evaluation of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and were published as full-text articles in English are included in this review. RESULTS Amongst 183 articles initially retrieved, 8 fulfilled the criteria and were included in this review; they involved a total of 341 adult patients. Four were retrospective studies, one was a prospective cohort study, one was a randomised control trial and two were case reports/case series. The follow-up time ranged from 1 month since symptom onset to 3 months after discharge. The most frequent abnormality was reduced lung diffusion for carbon monoxide (DLCO), followed by a restrictive pattern. Other findings are the lack of resting hypoxemia, the reduced respiratory muscle strength and the decreased exercise capacity, although relative data are extremely limited. CONCLUSION Patients who recovered from COVID-19 present with abnormal respiratory function at short-term follow-up, mainly with reduced lung diffusion and a restrictive pattern. However, results are currently very limited in order safe conclusions to be made, regarding the exact incidence of these abnormalities and whether they may be temporary or permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi K. Boutou
- 1Department of Respiratory MedicineG. Papanikolaou HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | - Athina Georgopoulou
- 1Department of Respiratory MedicineG. Papanikolaou HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- Department of Respiratory FailureAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Ioannis Stanopoulos
- Department of Respiratory FailureAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Theodoros Kontakiotis
- Department of Respiratory MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- 1Department of Respiratory MedicineG. Papanikolaou HospitalThessalonikiGreece
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Saurabh S, Verma MK, Gautam V, Kumar N, Jain V, Goel AD, Gupta MK, Sharma PP, Bhardwaj P, Singh K, Nag VL, Garg MK, Misra S. Tobacco, alcohol use and other risk factors for developing symptomatic COVID-19 vs asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case-control study from western Rajasthan, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:820-831. [PMID: 33444432 PMCID: PMC7928693 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding risk factors of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vis-à-vis asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severe disease and death is important. METHODS An unmatched case-control study was conducted through telephonic interviews among individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Jodhpur, India from 23 March to 20 July 2020. Contact history, comorbidities and tobacco and alcohol use were elicited using standard tools. RESULTS Among 911 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, 47.5% were symptomatic, 14.1% had severe COVID-19 and 41 (4.5%) died. Older age, working outside the home, cardiac and respiratory comorbidity and alcohol use were found to increase the risk of symptomatic disease as compared with asymptomatic infection. Current tobacco smoking (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.26 to 0.78]) but not smokeless tobacco use (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.55 to 1.19]) appeared to reduce the risk of symptomatic disease. Age ≥60 y and renal comorbidity were significantly associated with severe COVID-19. Age ≥60 y and respiratory and cardiac comorbidity were found to predispose to mortality. CONCLUSIONS The apparent reduced risk of symptomatic COVID-19 among tobacco smokers could be due to residual confounding owing to unknown factors, while acknowledging the limitation of recall bias. Cross-protection afforded by frequent upper respiratory tract infection among tobacco smokers could explain why a similar association was not found for smokeless tobacco use, thereby being more plausible than the 'nicotinic hypothesis'. Those with comorbidities and age ≥60 y should be prioritized for hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurabh
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Verma
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Vaishali Gautam
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Vidhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Director, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
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9
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Haddad C, Bou Malhab S, Sacre H, Salameh P. Smoking and COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Tob Use Insights 2021; 14:1179173X21994612. [PMID: 33642886 PMCID: PMC7890709 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x21994612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking affects a person’s overall health and damages nearly every organ of the body. Since smoking tobacco affects and damages the lungs, it increases the risk of respiratory infections and makes it easier for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to invade the lung tissue, causing more severe symptoms and increasing the risk of death. However, debates are still ongoing as to the effect of cigarette smoking on vulnerability to COVID-19. Some studies, where active smokers were underrepresented among patients with COVID-19, claimed that a “smoker’s paradox” may exist in COVID-19 and that smokers are protected from infection and severe complications of COVID-19. However, other studies reported the opposite trend. The objective of this study is to review the findings of epidemiological and in vitro studies about the association between smoking and the risk of contracting COVID-19, taking into account disease severity. Several epidemiological studies have found a higher smoking prevalence among COVID-19 infected patients. Also, studies had shown that people with respiratory diseases caused by tobacco use are at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms. Studies have shown that in vitro, the acute exposure allows for more severe proximal airway epithelial disease from SARS-CoV-2 by reducing the mucosal innate immune response and the proliferation of airway basal stem cells and has implications for disease spread and severity in people exposed to cigarette smoke, with a more severe viral infection and cell death. Smoker patients with different comorbidities are at higher risk of contracting the COVID-19 virus and have a worse prognosis for the virus as well as for their comorbidities. Further investigations of the interaction between smoking and COVID-19 are warranted to accurately assess the risk of contracting COVID-19 among smokers, and the progression to mechanical ventilation or death in patients who suffer from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CH Esquirol, IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Sandrella Bou Malhab
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon.,School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
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10
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Mathioudakis AG, Vanfleteren LEGW, Lahousse L, Higham A, Allinson JP, Gotera C, Visca D, Singh D, Spanevello A. Current developments and future directions in COPD. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/158/200289. [PMID: 33268439 PMCID: PMC9488623 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0289-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Respiratory Society journals publish respiratory research and policy documents of the highest quality, offering a platform for the exchange and promotion of scientific knowledge. In this article, focusing on COPD, the third leading cause of death globally, we summarise novel research highlights focusing on the disease's underlying mechanisms, epidemiology and management, with the aim to inform and inspire respiratory clinicians and researchers. Current developments and future directions in COPD: a critical summary of some of the most recent ground-breaking research studies and policy documents from @ERSpublicationshttps://bit.ly/3oW0xDM
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Mathioudakis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Lowie E G W Vanfleteren
- COPD Center, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Dept of Bioanalysis, Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Higham
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - James P Allinson
- The Royal Brompton Hospital and The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carolina Gotera
- Dept of Pneumology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, ISCIII-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dina Visca
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.,Dept of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.,Dept of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy
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