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Gaide N, Filaire F, Bertran K, Crispo M, Dirat M, Secula A, Foret-Lucas C, Payré B, Perlas A, Cantero G, Majó N, Soubies S, Guérin JL. The feather epithelium contributes to the dissemination and ecology of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in ducks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2272644. [PMID: 37847060 PMCID: PMC10627046 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2272644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Immature feathers are known replication sites for high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in poultry. However, it is unclear whether feathers play an active role in viral transmission. This study aims to investigate the contribution of the feather epithelium to the dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4b goose/Guangdong/1996 lineage H5 HPAIVs in the environment, based on natural and experimental infections of domestic mule and Muscovy ducks. During the 2016-2022 outbreaks, H5 HPAIVs exhibited persistent and marked feather epitheliotropism in naturally infected commercial ducks. Infection of the feather epithelium resulted in epithelial necrosis and disruption, as well as the production and environmental shedding of infectious virions. Viral and feather antigens colocalized in dust samples obtained from poultry barns housing naturally infected birds. In summary, the feather epithelium contributes to viral replication, and it is a likely source of environmental infectious material. This underestimated excretion route could greatly impact the ecology of HPAIVs, facilitating airborne and preening-related infections within a flock, and promoting prolonged viral infectivity and long-distance viral transmission between poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Filaire
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- THESEO France, LanXess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Malorie Dirat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Secula
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bruno Payré
- CMEAB, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Albert Perlas
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
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Golgol E, Mayahi M, Boroomand Z, Shoshtari A. Effect of Vaccination on Distribution and Immune Response of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 in Coturnix coturnix. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1746-1752. [PMID: 38828164 PMCID: PMC11139399 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.6.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza viruses can multiply in quails and be transmitted to other animal species. As vaccination reduces virus shedding in chickens, the effect of the killed H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) on tissue distribution and virus shedding was evaluated in quails. One hundred 20-day-old quails were divided into six equal groups, kept in separate pens, and fed ad libitum. Before vaccination, blood samples were randomly collected from the wing veins. Four groups were vaccinated with the inactivated H9N2 Razi Institute vaccine at 21 days subcutaneously at the back of neck. Three weeks later, two groups were re-vaccinated. Two weeks later, at the age of 56 days, three groups were challenged with 100 μL of allantoic fluid containing 105 EID50 H9N2 through the oculonasal route. Blood samples were collected from quails at 42, 56, 63, and 70 days from each group to determine AIV antibodies by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Three quails were randomly selected and euthanized from each group on days 1, 3, and 6 post-inoculation (PI). Tissue samples were collected, and the RT-PCR test was performed. No clinical signs or gross lesions existed in any of the groups during the experiment. However, the virus was detected in different tissues on the first, third, and sixth days after the challenge in unvaccinated challenged birds. Virus detection was significantly more frequent in the quails vaccinated once and challenged than in the twice-vaccinated challenged group (P≤0.05). On the third day of PI, the virus was detected in some organs of the challenged groups. On the sixth day of PI, the virus was detected only in the lungs of two unvaccinated and once-vaccinated challenged birds. It was concluded that the vaccination of quails against AIV H9 is necessary to protect them from clinical signs, as well as respiratory tract and intestine replication. Two-time vaccination significantly protects the respiratory and intestine tracts, compared to one-time vaccination (P≤0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Golgol
- DVSc. Candidate in Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Mayahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
| | - Z Boroomand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
| | - A Shoshtari
- Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
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Hasan SMM, Sturm-Ramirez K, Kamal AHM, Islam MA, Rahman M, Kile JC, Kennedy ED, Gurley ES, Islam MS. Quail Rearing Practices and Potential for Avian Influenza Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:167-177. [PMID: 37455270 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, human influenza surveillance identified a human infection with A/H9N2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh with evidence of exposure to a sick quail. We conducted in-depth interviews with household quail caregivers, pet bird retail shop owners, and mobile vendors, key informant interviews with pet bird wholesale shop owners, one group discussion with pet bird retail shop workers and unstructured observations in households, pet bird wholesale and retail markets, and mobile bird vendor's travelling areas to explore quail rearing and selling practices among households, mobile vendors, and retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets in Dhaka. Every day, quail were supplied from 23 districts to two wholesale markets, and then sold to households and restaurants directly, or through bird shops and mobile vendors. All respondents (67) reported keeping quail with other birds in cages, feeding quail, cleaning feeding pots, removing quail faeces, slaughtering sick quail, and discarding dead quail. Children played with quail and assisted in slaughtering of quail. Most respondents (94%) reported rinsing hands with water only after slaughtering and disposing of wastes and dead quail. No personal protective equipment was used during any activities. Frequent unprotected contact with quail and their by-products potentially increased the risk of cross-species avian influenza virus transmission. Avian influenza surveillance in retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets, mobile vendors, and households may identify cases promptly and reduce the risk of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Murshid Hasan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Department of Society and Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Humanities, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James C Kile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin D Kennedy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Abolnik C, Ostmann E, Woods M, Wandrag DBR, Grewar J, Roberts L, Olivier AJ. Experimental infection of ostriches with H7N1 low pathogenic and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B highly pathogenic influenza A viruses. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109251. [PMID: 34656859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection dynamics data for influenza A virus in a species is important for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing effective control strategies. Seven-week-old ostriches challenged with H7N1 low pathogenic viruses (LPAIV) or clade 2.3.4.4B H5N8 high pathogenic viruses (HPAIV) were co- housed with non-challenged contacts. Clinical signs, virus shed in the trachea, cloaca, and feather pulp, and antibody responses were quantified over 14 days. H7N1 LPAIV-infected ostriches remained generally healthy with some showing signs of mild conjunctivitis and rhinitis attributed to Mycoplasma co-infection. Mean tracheal virus shedding titres in contact birds peaked 3 days (106.2 EID50 equivalents / ml) and 9 days (105.28 EID50 equivalents / ml) after introduction, lasting for at least 13 days post infection. Cloacal shedding was substantially lower and ceased within 10 days of onset, and low virus levels were detected in wing feather pulp up until day 14. H5N8 HPAIV -infected ostriches showed various degrees of morbidity, with 2/3 mortalities in the in-contact group. Mean tracheal shedding in contact birds peaked 8 days after introduction (106.32 EID50 equivalents/ ml) and lasted beyond 14 days in survivors. Cloacal shedding and virus in feather pulp was generally higher and more consistently positive compared to H7N1 LPAIV, and was also detectable at least until 14 days post infection in survivors. Antibodies against H5N8 HPAIV and H7N1 LPAIV only appeared after day 7 post exposure, with higher titres induced by the HPAIV compared to the LPAIV, and neuraminidase treatment was essential to remove non-specific inhibitors from the H5N8-positive antisera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Erich Ostmann
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Matthew Woods
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Daniel B R Wandrag
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - John Grewar
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Laura Roberts
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, Muldersvlei Road, Provate Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa
| | - Adriaan J Olivier
- South African Ostrich Business Chamber, Rademeyer Road, Oudtshoorn, 6220, South Africa
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Gaide N, Foret-Lucas C, Figueroa T, Vergne T, Lucas MN, Robertet L, Souvestre M, Croville G, Le Loc'h G, Delverdier M, Guérin JL. Viral tropism and detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in feathers of ducks and geese. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5928. [PMID: 33723295 PMCID: PMC7960704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses (HPAIVs) display a tissue pantropism, which implies a possible spread in feathers. HPAIV detection from feathers had been evaluated for H5N1 or H7N1 HPAIVs. It was suggested that viral RNA loads could be equivalent or higher in samples of immature feather compared to tracheal (TS) or cloacal swabs (CS). We investigated the suitability of feathers for the detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAIV in ducks and geese field samples. In the six H5N8 positive flocks that were included in this study, TS, CS and immature wing feathers were taken from at least 10 birds. Molecular loads were then estimated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targetting H5 and M genes. In all flocks, viral loads were at least equivalent between feather and swab samples and in most cases up to 103 higher in feathers. Bayesian modelling confirmed that, in infected poultry, RT-qPCR was much more likely to be positive when applied on a feather sample only (estimated sensitivity between 0.89 and 0.96 depending on the positivity threshold) than on a combination of a tracheal and a cloacal swab (estimated sensitivity between 0.45 and 0.68 depending on the positivity threshold). Viral tropism and lesions in feathers were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Epithelial necrosis of immature feathers and follicles was observed concurrently with positive viral antigen detection and leukocytic infiltration of pulp. Accurate detection of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIVs in feather samples were finally confirmed with experimental H5N8 infection on 10-week-old mule ducks, as viral loads at 3, 5 and 7 days post-infection were higher in feathers than in tracheal or cloacal swabs. However, feather samples were associated with lower viral loads than tracheal swabs at day 1, suggesting better detectability of the virus in feathers in the later course of infection. These results, based on both field cases and experimental infections, suggest that feather samples should be included in the toolbox of samples for detection of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses, at least in ducks and geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Timothée Vergne
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lucas
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Luc Robertet
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie Souvestre
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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6
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Sánchez-González R, Ramis A, Nofrarías M, Wali N, Valle R, Pérez M, Perlas A, Majó N. Pathobiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H7N1 and H5N8 in different chicken breeds and role of Mx 2032 G/A polymorphism in infection outcome. Vet Res 2020; 51:113. [PMID: 32912265 PMCID: PMC7488313 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). However, the severity of infection varies depending of the viral strain and the genetic background of the host. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenesis of two HPAIVs (H7N1 and H5N8) and assessed the susceptibility to the infection of local and commercial chicken breeds from Spain. Eight chicken breeds were intranasally inoculated with 105 ELD50 of A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999 (H7N1) or A/Goose/Spain/IA17CR02699/2017 (H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4. B) and monitored during 10 days. Chickens were highly susceptible to both HPAIVs, but H7N1 was considerably more virulent than H5N8 as demonstrated by the highest mortality rates and shortest mean death times (MDT). Both HPAIVs produced severe necrosis and intense viral replication in the central nervous system, heart and pancreas; however, the lesions and replication in other tissues were virus-dependent. High levels of viral RNA were detected by the oral route with both viruses. In contrast, a low number of H5N8-inoculated chickens shed by the cloacal route, demonstrating a different pattern of viral shedding dependent of the HPAIV. We found a high variation in the susceptibility to HPAIVs between the different chicken breeds. The birds carrying the genotype AA and AG at position 2032 in chicken Mx gene presented a slightly higher, but not significant, percentage of survival and a statistically significant longer MDT than GG individuals. Our study demonstrated that the severity of HPAI infection is largely dependent of the viral isolate and host factors, underlining the complexity of HPAI infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sánchez-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España.
| | - Antonio Ramis
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Nabil Wali
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Rosa Valle
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Mónica Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Albert Perlas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
| | - Natàlia Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, España
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7
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Morris KM, Hindle MM, Boitard S, Burt DW, Danner AF, Eory L, Forrest HL, Gourichon D, Gros J, Hillier LW, Jaffredo T, Khoury H, Lansford R, Leterrier C, Loudon A, Mason AS, Meddle SL, Minvielle F, Minx P, Pitel F, Seiler JP, Shimmura T, Tomlinson C, Vignal A, Webster RG, Yoshimura T, Warren WC, Smith J. The quail genome: insights into social behaviour, seasonal biology and infectious disease response. BMC Biol 2020; 18:14. [PMID: 32050986 PMCID: PMC7017630 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a popular domestic poultry species and an increasingly significant model species in avian developmental, behavioural and disease research. RESULTS We have produced a high-quality quail genome sequence, spanning 0.93 Gb assigned to 33 chromosomes. In terms of contiguity, assembly statistics, gene content and chromosomal organisation, the quail genome shows high similarity to the chicken genome. We demonstrate the utility of this genome through three diverse applications. First, we identify selection signatures and candidate genes associated with social behaviour in the quail genome, an important agricultural and domestication trait. Second, we investigate the effects and interaction of photoperiod and temperature on the transcriptome of the quail medial basal hypothalamus, revealing key mechanisms of photoperiodism. Finally, we investigate the response of quail to H5N1 influenza infection. In quail lung, many critical immune genes and pathways were downregulated after H5N1 infection, and this may be key to the susceptibility of quail to H5N1. CONCLUSIONS We have produced a high-quality genome of the quail which will facilitate further studies into diverse research questions using the quail as a model avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Morris
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Matthew M Hindle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon Boitard
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - David W Burt
- The John Hay Building, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, QLD, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Angela F Danner
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lel Eory
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Heather L Forrest
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David Gourichon
- PEAT Pôle d'Expérimentation Avicole de Tours, Centre de recherche Val de Loire, INRAE, 1295, Nouzilly, UE, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France
- CNRS URA3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - LaDeana W Hillier
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, IBPS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hanane Khoury
- CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, IBPS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Christine Leterrier
- UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, Université François Rabelais, IFCE, INRAE, Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, Centre, France
| | - Andrew Loudon
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.001, A.V. Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew S Mason
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Francis Minvielle
- GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Frédérique Pitel
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - J Patrick Seiler
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimmura
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Alain Vignal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Robert G Webster
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wesley C Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Surgery, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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8
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Bertran K, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Criado MF, Lee DH, Balzli CL, Spackman E, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Pathobiology and innate immune responses of gallinaceous poultry to clade 2.3.4.4A H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:89. [PMID: 31675983 PMCID: PMC6824115 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2014-2015 Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4A H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the U.S., backyard flocks with minor gallinaceous poultry and large commercial poultry (chickens and turkeys) operations were affected. The pathogenesis of the first H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4A HPAI U.S. isolates was investigated in six gallinaceous species: chickens, Japanese quail, Bobwhite quail, Pearl guinea fowl, Chukar partridges, and Ring-necked pheasants. Both viruses caused 80-100% mortality in all species, except for H5N2 virus that caused 60% mortality in chickens. The surviving challenged birds remained uninfected based on lack of clinical disease and lack of seroconversion. Among the infected birds, chickens and Japanese quail in early clinical stages (asymptomatic and listless) lacked histopathologic findings. In contrast, birds of all species in later clinical stages (moribund and dead) had histopathologic lesions and systemic virus replication consistent with HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous poultry. These birds had widespread multifocal areas of necrosis, sometimes with heterophilic or lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, and viral antigen in parenchymal cells of most tissues. In general, lesions and antigen distribution were similar regardless of virus and species. However, endotheliotropism was the most striking difference among species, with only Pearl guinea fowl showing widespread replication of both viruses in endothelial cells of most tissues. The expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in Japanese quail, and IL-6 in chickens, were up-regulated in later clinical stages compared to asymptomatic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.,Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Charles L Balzli
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.,Battelle National Biodefense Institute, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research PI, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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9
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Nooruzzaman M, Haque ME, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Pathology of clade 2.3.2.1 avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in quails and ducks in Bangladesh. Avian Pathol 2018; 48:73-79. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1535165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Enamul Haque
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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10
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Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00960-17. [PMID: 28794040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00960-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014 and 2015, the United States experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. The pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses in the United States were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e., species for which the U.S. commercial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. Low mean bird infectious doses (<2 to 3.7 log10) support direct introduction and infection of these species as observed in mixed backyard poultry during the early outbreaks. Pathobiological features and systemic virus replication in all species tested were consistent with HPAI virus infection. Sustained virus shedding with transmission to contact-exposed birds, alongside long incubation periods, may enable unrecognized dissemination and adaptation to other gallinaceous species, such as chickens and turkeys. Genome sequencing of excreted viruses revealed numerous low-frequency polymorphisms and 20 consensus-level substitutions in all genes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1 and PB2. This genomic flexibility after only one passage indicates that influenza viruses can continue to evolve in galliform species, increasing their opportunity to adapt to other species. Our findings suggest that these gallinaceous poultry are permissive for infection and sustainable transmissibility with the 2014 initial wild bird-adapted clade 2.3.4.4 virus, with potential acquisition of mutations leading to host range adaptation.IMPORTANCE The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that occurred in the United States in 2014 and 2015 represents the worst livestock disease event in the country, with unprecedented socioeconomic and commercial consequences. Epidemiological and molecular investigations can identify transmission pathways of the HPAI virus. However, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of new HPAI viruses in different avian species is paramount. The significance of our research is in examining the susceptibility of minor gallinaceous species to HPAI virus, as this poultry sector also suffers from HPAI epizootics, and identifying the biological potential of these species as an epidemiological link between the waterfowl reservoir and the commercial chicken and turkey populations, with the ultimate goal of refining surveillance in these populations to enhance early detection, management, and control in future HPAI virus outbreaks.
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11
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Vidaña B, Dolz R, Busquets N, Ramis A, Sánchez R, Rivas R, Valle R, Cordón I, Solanes D, Martínez J, Majó N. Transmission and immunopathology of the avian influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) human isolate in three commonly commercialized avian species. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:312-321. [PMID: 28905526 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H7N9 virus infection is a global concern, given that it can cause severe infection and mortality in humans. However, the understanding of H7N9 epidemiology, animal reservoir species and zoonotic risk remains limited. This work evaluates the pathogenicity, transmissibility and local innate immune response of three avian species harbouring different respiratory distribution of α2,6 and α2,3 SA receptors. Muscovy ducks, European quails and SPF chickens were intranasally inoculated with 105 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 of the human H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) influenza isolate. None of the avian species showed clinical signs or macroscopic lesions, and only mild microscopic lesions were observed in the upper respiratory tract of quail and chickens. Quail presented more severe histopathologic lesions and avian influenza virus (AIV) positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which correlated with higher IL-6 responses. In contrast, Muscovy ducks were resistant to disease and presented higher IFNα and TLR7 response. In all species, viral shedding was higher in the respiratory than in the digestive tract. Higher viral shedding was observed in quail, followed by chicken and ducks, which presented similar viral titres. Efficient transmission was observed in all contact quail and half of the Muscovy ducks, while no transmission was observed between chicken. All avian species showed viral shedding in drinking water throughout infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vidaña
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), KT15 3NB, Pathology, Addlestone, UK
| | - R Dolz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Busquets
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Ramis
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Sánchez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Rivas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Valle
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Cordón
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Solanes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Martínez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Majó
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Carnaccini S, Stoute ST, Bickford AA, Shivaprasad HL. Pathology and Tissue Distribution of an LPAI H5N8 of North American Lineage Isolated from an Outbreak in Commercial Japanese Quail (Coturnix c. japonica) in the Central Valley of California. Avian Dis 2017; 61:70-76. [PMID: 28301241 DOI: 10.1637/11492-091416-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the pathology and tissue distribution of avian influenza (AI) antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the tissues of commercial layer quail from a natural outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N8. LPAI virus H5N8 of North American lineage was diagnosed in commercial Japanese quail hens ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) in California based on serology, reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and sequencing. The sudden increase in mortality in a flock of laying quail hens had prompted the submission of 15 live and 5 dead, 10- to 15-wk-old quail to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branch in the beginning of April 2014. There was mild bilateral swelling of the eyelids and greenish diarrhea in 4/15 live quail submitted. On postmortem examination, there were severe, extensive hemorrhages and multifocal, confluent pale foci in the pancreas in 10/20 birds. Liver gross lesions in five birds ranged from a few pale areas to numerous disseminated foci. Histology revealed moderate to severe necrosis of acinar cells in the pancreas with little or no inflammation in most of the birds. Livers had acute multifocal coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes with fibrin exudation and infiltration of few to large numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes randomly scattered throughout. The AI virus was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells and hepatocytes by IHC targeting the nucleoprotein of the AI virus. A few birds had AI antigen in the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, endothelial cells of the lungs, epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, and lamina propria of the intestine. The severity of the lesions observed in this natural outbreak of LPAI in quail was higher than that expected for the pathotypic presentation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - S T Stoute
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - A A Bickford
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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13
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Umar S, Guerin JL, Ducatez MF. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Coinfecting Pathogens: A Review of Experimental Infections in Avian Models. Avian Dis 2017; 61:3-15. [PMID: 28301244 DOI: 10.1637/11514-101316-review] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) usually causes mild disease or asymptomatic infection in poultry. LPAIV has, however, become a great threat to poultry industry due to mixed infections with other pathogens. Coinfections do frequently occur in the field but are not easily detected, and their impact on pathobiology is not clearly defined due to their complicated nature, but it is well known that there is an impact. One way to increase our knowledge of coinfections in poultry is to challenge birds in experimental and controlled conditions. While many articles report in vivo experiments with LPAIV in avian models, only a few have studied coinfections. Moreover, researchers tend to choose different bird types, ages, inoculation routes, and doses for their experiments, making it difficult to compare between studies. This review describes the state of the art for experimental infections with LPAIV alone or associated with coinfecting pathogens in avian models. It also discusses how best to mimic field infections in laboratory settings. In the field of avian diseases, experimental design is obviously directly linked with the research question addressed, but there is a gap between field and experimental data, and further studies are warranted to better understand how to bring laboratory settings closer to field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 37076 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 37076 Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 37076 Toulouse, France
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14
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Mishra A, Vijayakumar P, Raut AA. Emerging avian influenza infections: Current understanding of innate immune response and molecular pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:89-107. [PMID: 28272907 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1291640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. The outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. While the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity and mortality of the host. Therefore, innate immunity response in avian influenza infection has two distinct roles. However, the viral pathogenic mechanism varies widely in different avian species, which are not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and gaps in host-pathogen interaction of avian influenza infection in birds. In first part of this article, we summarized influenza viral pathogenesis of gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous avian species. Then we discussed innate immune response against influenza infection, cytokine storm, differential host immune responses against different pathotypes, and response in different avian species. Finally, we reviewed the systems biology approach to study host-pathogen interaction in avian species for better characterization of molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Wild aquatic birds act as natural reservoir of AIVs. Better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in natural reservoir is fundamental to understand the properties of AIV infection and development of improved vaccine and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Mishra
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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15
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Shichinohe S, Itoh Y, Nakayama M, Ozaki H, Soda K, Ishigaki H, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Comparison of pathogenicities of H7 avian influenza viruses via intranasal and conjunctival inoculation in cynomolgus macaques. Virology 2016; 493:31-8. [PMID: 26994587 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China has attracted attention to H7 influenza virus infection in humans. Since we have shown that the pathogenicity of H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses in macaques was almost the same as that in humans, we compared the pathogenicities of H7 avian influenza viruses in cynomolgus macaques via intranasal and conjunctival inoculation, which mimics natural infection in humans. H7N9 virus, as well as H7N7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, showed more efficient replication and higher pathogenicity in macaques than did H7N1 and H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These results are different from pathogenicity in chickens as reported previously. Therefore, our results obtained in macaques help to estimate the pathogenicity of H7 avian influenza viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shichinohe
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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16
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Carnaccini S, Crossley B, Breitmeyer R, Charlton BR, Bland M, Fowler K, De La Torre F, Torchetti MK, Wong SS, Wilson D, Jones A, Sentíes-Cué CG. Diagnosis and Control of a LPAI H5N8 Outbreak in a Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Commercial Flock in the Central Valley of California. Avian Dis 2015; 59:344-8. [PMID: 26473689 DOI: 10.1637/11018-011515-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In April 2014 an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 North American genetic lineage was diagnosed in a commercial quail operation in Stanislaus County, California. Sudden increase in mortality prompted the submission of 20 Japanese quail hens (Coturnix c. japonica) to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Turlock Branch. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs tested positive for influenza A virus H5N8 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The virus was subsequently isolated. In vivo assay and sequencing of the hemagglutinin protein cleavage site classified the virus as a North American genetic lineage of low pathogenicity for chickens. Following the diagnosis, a rapid and coordinated response took place to contain the outbreak. The affected premise was depopulated, cleaned, and disinfected. Three areas from the affected premises-a 3 kilometer (km) radius (High Risk Zone), a 3-10 km area (Buffer Zone), and a 10-20 km (Surveillance Zone)-were established for avian influenza testing of commercial and noncommercial poultry operations. Surveillance testing and rapid control measures were successful in the control and eradication of the outbreak and revealed no area of spread of the virus from the index flock. This report describes the history, diagnosis, surveillance, and control measures applied to manage this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Beate Crossley
- B University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Richard Breitmeyer
- B University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bruce R Charlton
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Mark Bland
- C Cutler Associates International, 3562 Jomar Drive, Napa, CA 94558
| | - Kent Fowler
- D California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, 1220 N. Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Felicia De La Torre
- D California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, 1220 N. Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- E National Veterinary Services Laboratory, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010
| | - Sook-San Wong
- F Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678
| | - Dennis Wilson
- D California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, 1220 N. Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Annette Jones
- D California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, 1220 N. Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
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17
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Short KR, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Reperant LA, Richard M, Kuiken T. Influenza virus and endothelial cells: a species specific relationship. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:653. [PMID: 25520707 PMCID: PMC4251441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is an important cause of respiratory disease in humans. The original reservoirs of IAV are wild waterfowl and shorebirds, where virus infection causes limited, if any, disease. Both in humans and in wild waterbirds, epithelial cells are the main target of infection. However, influenza virus can spread from wild bird species to terrestrial poultry. Here, the virus can evolve into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Part of this evolution involves increased viral tropism for endothelial cells. HPAI virus infections not only cause severe disease in chickens and other terrestrial poultry species but can also spread to humans and back to wild bird populations. Here, we review the role of the endothelium in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in wild birds, terrestrial poultry and humans with a particular focus on HPAI viruses. We demonstrate that whilst the endothelium is an important target of virus infection in terrestrial poultry and some wild bird species, in humans the endothelium is more important in controlling the local inflammatory milieu. Thus, the endothelium plays an important, but species-specific, role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Leslie A Reperant
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Bertran K, Dolz R, Majó N. Pathobiology of avian influenza virus infection in minor gallinaceous species: a review. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:9-25. [PMID: 24467281 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.876529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can vary greatly among bird species. Chickens and turkeys are major avian species that, like ducks, have been extensively studied for avian influenza. To a lesser extent, minor avian species such as quail, partridges, and pheasants have also been investigated for avian influenza. Usually, such game fowl species are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic AIVs and may consistently spread both highly pathogenic AIVs and low-pathogenic AIVs. These findings, together with the fact that game birds are considered bridge species in the poultry-wildlife interface, highlight their interest from the transmission and biosecurity points of view. Here, the general pathobiological features of low-pathogenic AIV and highly pathogenic AIV infections in this group of avian species have been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- a Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain
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Yiu Lai K, Wing Yiu Ng G, Fai Wong K, Fan Ngai Hung I, Kam Fai Hong J, Fan Cheng F, Kwok Cheung Chan J. Human H7N9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e48. [PMID: 26038484 PMCID: PMC3824111 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
China is undergoing a recent outbreak of a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (nH7N9) infection that has thus far involved 132 human patients, including 37 deaths. The nH7N9 virus is a reassortant virus originating from the H7N3, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. nH7N9 isolated from humans contains features related to adaptation to humans, including a Q226L mutation in the hemagglutinin cleavage site and E627K and D701N mutations in the PB2 protein. Live poultry markets provide an environment for the emergence, spread and maintenance of nH7N9 as well as for the selection of mutants that facilitate nH7N9 binding to and replication in the human upper respiratory tract. Innate immune suppression conferred by the internal genes of H9N2 may contribute to the virulence of nH7N9. The quail may serve as the intermediate host during the adaptation of avian influenza viruses from domestic waterfowl to gallinaceous poultry, such as chickens and related terrestrial-based species, due to the selection of viral mutants with a short neuraminidase stalk. Infections in chickens, common quails, red-legged partridges and turkeys may select for mutants with human receptor specificity. Infection in Ratitae species may lead to the selection of PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutants and the conversion of nH7N9 to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yiu Lai
- Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | - George Wing Yiu Ng
- Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit Fai Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Fanny Fan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
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